Most often, vitamin deficiency in a child is observed in the winter. It is in such a cold time that a person in the diet has significantly fewer dishes and foods that are rich in vitamins.
Note that beriberi in a child can occur as a concomitant condition to a latent disease, or as a consequence of a cured disease.
Hypovitaminosis
It happens that a child does not have enough of any vitamins in the body. This condition is called hypovitaminosis. It may occur for various reasons. This condition needs to be corrected.
It is worth remembering that hypovitaminosis is not a complete lack of vitamins, but a deficiency of certain groups. Therefore, this disease fewer consequences, and it is treated faster.
Risk group
Who is affected by this disease? Adolescents who are in puberty, small children, people who abuse alcohol and cigarettes. Also at risk are pregnant and lactating women, as well as girls who are on strict diets. In addition, avitaminosis is prone to:
- people who have undergone serious illness or surgery;
- vegetarians;
- people with excessive stress (either mental or physical).
Also, hypovitaminosis can be caused by stress or taking certain medications that destroy useful elements, preventing them from being absorbed by the body.
When a baby is fed not with breast milk, but with goat or cow milk, or the wrong mixture is given, he may develop a similar ailment. Also, beriberi may appear due to improper complementary foods or too late introduction of it.
Causes of illness in children
Why does vitamin deficiency occur in a child? There can be many reasons. The disease occurs due to genetic and environmental, adverse factors, latent chronic diseases.
Also, beriberi in a child may appear due to problems with the digestive system, as a result of which vitamins are not absorbed.
Reduced immunity and metabolic disorders can also lead to the development of the disease.
If a child is fed food that contains few vitamins, then the appearance of this ailment is not excluded. Hypovitaminosis may also occur due to a monotonous diet, in which there are no vegetables, fruits, and some categories of products.
If a child is treated with medications, then they can destroy useful elements or prevent them from being absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, the baby will develop a similar disease
What appears on the skin? How does the child's behavior change?
If there is a suspicion of such a condition, then the child usually has weakness, heavy awakening in the morning. At the same time, he is lethargic and sleepy throughout the day. Also signs of beriberi are:
- tearfulness;
- distraction;
- decreased appetite;
- irritability;
- depression;
- frequent soreness;
- insomnia and other sleep problems;
- reduced immunity.
Also, if a child has beriberi, he cannot long time concentrate on anything, his performance in school decreases.
How else is avitaminosis manifested? Symptoms:
- peeling appears on the skin, it becomes very dry, thinned;
- cracks appear in the corners of the mouth;
- there is a change in taste, unusual addictions appear (for example, the child begins to use coal, chalk, clay, sand, etc.).
In addition, language changes are possible. There are other signs of beriberi in children. Pink pimples may appear on the skin. The child also has problems with the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.
In a severe form of the disease, stoop and deformation of the bones of the skeleton, curvature of the limbs may occur. Also, frequent fractures, convulsions and involuntary muscle contractions are not ruled out.
Signs of illness in young children
How does vitamin deficiency manifest itself in children 2 years old? Babies have the same symptoms as adults. As a rule, a two-year-old child becomes more capricious, painful. He also observes bad dream, appetite. In addition, peeling on the skin also appears.
Deficiency symptoms by vitamin groups
Let's look at the symptoms by which you can determine which element your child is missing:
1. Vitamin E deficiency. Usually, a lack of this element is observed in infants who are on artificial nutrition. Vitamin E deficiency can only be detected in the laboratory. Since the signs are not expressed.
2. Vitamin A deficiency. Signs: dry skin, pustules and rash, dry mucous membranes.
3. Vitamin B1 deficiency. The baby has serious disorders in the work of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. The child has seizures and involuntary muscle contractions. The amount of urine also decreases. There is nausea, vomiting. There is a decrease in appetite.
4. Vitamin B 6 deficiency. The child is weak, lethargic, there are convulsions, stomatitis in the mouth, dermatitis on the skin. At the same time, the tongue is bright red.
5. Vitamin B2 deficiency. Signs: a sharp decrease in body weight, insufficient growth, spots on the face and body, peeling. The child's behavior is lethargic, inhibited, there is a violation of coordination of movement. May be excitable and irritable.
6. Vitamin C deficiency. Scurvy occurs, there are symptoms of bleeding gums). Edema also appears, wounds heal for a long time. The child is whiny and irritable.
7. Vitamin D deficiency. It usually manifests itself in children under one year old. Rickets occurs. Signs: very thin limbs, bone deformity, severe protrusion of the abdomen.
8. Vitamin K deficiency. There are frequent bleeding, bleeding gums. The child has bruises on his body. Hemorrhages may occur during internal organs and in the brain.
9. Vitamin PP deficiency. Signs: weakness, fatigue, diarrhea. Crusts and blisters may appear on the skin. Also, the child's mouth, tongue becomes inflamed, and the skin becomes thick, folded.
10. Vitamin B deficiency 12. Weakness, decreased appetite, and shortness of breath are signs of a B12 deficiency. Hyperpigmentation, muscle atrophy, and mental disorders may also occur. The tongue becomes bright red.
Avitaminosis in children: treatment
Doctors do not always prescribe drug treatment. Sometimes it is enough to adjust the child's diet, introduce supplements, vitamin dishes and the disease recedes.
But sometimes the condition of a small patient is severe, then another therapy is required. Often in such cases, the child is hospitalized, vitamin preparations are administered with the help of droppers and injections.
A very important condition for a speedy recovery is a proper balanced diet.
If there is a suspicion of beriberi in a child, then you should consult a doctor. Only a doctor, having examined the baby, will be able to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the appropriate treatment.
Preventive measures. What can parents do?
How to prevent spring beriberi?
1. It is necessary to normalize the child's nutrition. Introduce more fresh fruits, dairy products, vegetables, fish, dried fruits and meat into his diet.
2. You should walk more often in the fresh air.
3. It is necessary to give vitamins, with beriberi in children, by the way, they are also prescribed.
4. Need to limit consumption harmful products(e.g. hamburgers, pizzas, sodas).
How to choose vitamins?
Now there is a fairly large selection of vitamins. Therefore, mothers do not know what to choose for their baby. Now we will give advice on the choice. For a child under two years old, the following drugs are suitable: Multi-Tabs (for children), Pikovit, Kinder Biovital, Pangeksavit, Vetoron, Multi-Tabs Kid.
What vitamins to give for children from 2 years to 5? For example, "Centrum" (for children); Alvitil. Also suitable for a child are "Unicap U" and "Alphabet Kindergarten".
We have already found out which ones are suitable up to 5. And if the child is older, then which complexes to use? As a prevention and treatment of this disease, the following are suitable:
- "Multi Tabs Classic";
- "Oligogal";
- "Vitrum";
- "Vitrum Plus";
- "Centrum" (for children);
- "Alphabet";
- "Triovit".
We treat the disease with natural vitamins!
Now we will tell you what should be introduced into the diet of a child with a shortage of one or another element. If vitamin B 1 is not enough, then add peas, wholemeal bread, bran (rice, wheat, oatmeal).
A child who is deficient in vitamin A should eat the following foods: sorrel, apricots, cod, carrots, peaches, fish oil, milk, liver, red pepper, spinach, butter, gooseberries, lettuce, egg yolk, black currant, parsley .
With a lack of vitamin B 2, it is useful to use cereals, peas, offal (stomachs, liver), eggs, milk.
If the child has a vitamin D deficiency, then fish oil and egg yolk should be added to the diet. It is also useful to walk on sunny days.
With a lack of vitamin E, it is worth adding meat, cereal sprouts, milk, green parts of plants, vegetable oil, fat and eggs to the diet.
In order to saturate the body with vitamin K, it is worth eating cauliflower, spinach, vegetable oils, rose hips, pork liver.
If there is a deficiency, add buckwheat, liver, kidneys, fruits, fish, milk, vegetables, meat to the diet.
Children who are deficient in vitamin B 6 should eat bananas, legumes, cereals, fish, meat, liver and kidneys.
With a deficiency of B 12, you need to add offal to the diet (kidneys and liver are especially useful) and soy.
If vitamin C is not enough, then you need to add citrus fruits, peppers, rowan berries, strawberries, black currants, potatoes, cabbage, strawberries, spinach, and horseradish.
A small conclusion
Now you know how vitamin deficiency manifests itself in children, why it occurs. We also gave advice on the treatment and prevention of this disease. We hope that the information provided in the article was useful to you. Be healthy!
It is known that vitamins are very important for the functioning of all organs and systems of the body. Vitamin deficiency can lead to serious health problems.
Most of the vitamins and nutrients enter the human body with food. Avitaminosis- this is a state of the body when there is a lack or insufficient content of vitamins of a particular group.
Most often, vitamin deficiency develops in children. At risk there are children living in adverse conditions, premature (born weighing less than 2.5 kg), children with allergies. decreased immunity, the presence of frequent infectious diseases also increases the risk of developing a deficiency of vitamins and trace elements.
Is it possible to remove atheroma from a child's head? find out right now!
Causes
Symptoms of beriberi on the skin of the hands in children - photo:
Factors contributing to the development of vitamin deficiencies include:
You can learn about whether retinal angiopathy in a child is treated from ours.
When does it appear?
Most often, this condition occurs during early spring when during the winter all the accumulated vitamins are consumed, and new ones come in insufficient quantities.
How to detect vitamin deficiency?
There are a number of signs that allow us to conclude that the child does not receive enough vitamins and minerals:
Symptoms
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Substance |
Clinical manifestations of deficiency |
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The child lags behind in development, grows worse, gains weight. Various dental problems are possible (for example, development, glossitis). The child's vision deteriorates (in particular, "night blindness" develops). |
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Violations of the emotional state (the child becomes whiny, irritable, restless). Sleep is disturbed. There are problems in the work of the digestive tract, manifested in the form of abdominal pain, stool disorders, nausea. Often a manifestation of a deficiency of vitamins of this group becomes. The child has a mental retardation. |
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The presence of frequent inflammatory processes in the body, frequent colds, deterioration of hair and nails, weakening of muscle tone, chronic fatigue. |
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Deformations of the musculoskeletal system (softening of the bones, impaired posture), lag in growth rates, development of rickets. There may be pain in the extremities. |
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Dry skin, blurred vision, deterioration of hair, nails, developmental disorders of the reproductive system, pathology of the cardiovascular system. |
Treatment
To eliminate the consequences of beriberi, it is necessary, first of all, fix your child's diet.
Depending on which vitamin deficiency of which group occurs, the following foods should be included in the diet:
- with a deficit vitamin A shows the use of peaches, broccoli, carrots, liver, egg yolks;
- with a lack vitamin B group it is necessary to consume legumes, cereals, offal, bananas, meat, eggs, dairy products;
- with a deficit vitamin C it is useful to use berries, citrus fruits, cabbage, sweet bell pepper;
- absence vitamin D compensate by taking special vitamin preparations (in particular "Akvadetrim"), or with the help of UV therapy;
- insufficient content vitamin E replenish with the use of cauliflower, greens, liver.
In addition to proper nutrition, a special vitamin complex is selected for a small patient, depending on the age, weight and other characteristics of the child.
Before taking vitamin preparations consult a doctor.
Prevention
How to prevent spring beriberi in children? Prevent the development of beriberi possible if:
- Adhere to the rules of proper nutrition.
- Follow the daily routine.
- Set aside time for exercise.
- Often visit the air, take moderate sunbathing (at the time allowed for this).
Persistent vitamin deficiency can cause significant harm to the child's body.
After all, it is known that vitamins are simply irreplaceable for the functioning of all organs and systems, and their absence disrupts the normal functioning of the body.
As a result the body's defenses are reduced, the child gets sick more often, gets tired faster, develops worse.
Pediatricians for the treatment of viral sore throat in children can be found on our website.
Consultation on the prevention of beriberi in children in this video:
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The site provides background information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!
Signs of beriberi A
The main role of retinol (vitamin A) is to protect the body against the action of free radicals (molecules that provoke oxidative processes in the body). With vitamin A deficiency, protective functions are reduced, as a result of which patients become more vulnerable to various diseases. Among the signs beriberi, which are most common, problems with the skin and mucous membranes, visual impairment, decreased immunity can be noted. The consequences of beriberi A for the eyes
Symptoms of beriberi A on the part of the organs of vision are:- accumulation of crusts in the corners of the eyes;
- xerosis (lesion of the conjunctiva and the eye cornea);
- Bitot spots (spots on the eye sclera);
- keratomalacia (softening of the cornea);
- hemeralopia (inability to adapt to low light);
- color blindness (inability to distinguish colors).
Prolonged deficiency of retinol leads to the development of xerosis, which affects the conjunctiva (the tissue that covers the eyes and the inner surface of the eyelids) and the cornea of the eyes. In this case, plaques appear on the surface of the eye, which are called Bitot's spots and can be gray or white. Subsequently, the conjunctiva acquires a gray color, loses its luster and sensitivity. Patients experience burning, sensation of a foreign body, blurred vision.
The next stage of xerosis is keratomalacia, which is characterized by softening and, in some cases, disintegration of the cornea and conjunctiva. With beriberi in children, keratomalacia is the cause of complete or partial loss of vision.
Another symptom of vitamin A deficiency is hemeralopia, the second name of which is night blindness. With this pathology, the eyes do not adapt well to insufficient lighting, and a person begins to see worse in the dark and at night. Often, with beriberi A, color blindness develops, in which a person ceases to distinguish colors.
Rash on the skin with avitaminosis A
Avitaminosis A has a negative effect on the functioning of the sebaceous and sweat glands. For this reason, the skin becomes dry and rough. Over time, the skin begins to peel off and a nodular rash appears on its surface. With a pronounced deficiency of retinol, follicular hyperkeratosis develops. This disease is caused by the growth of the stratum corneum and the blockage of the follicles by the scales of the epidermis. Outwardly, the pathology manifests itself as "goosebumps", which covers large areas of the body in the area of the elbows, knees, and hips. To the touch, such skin is dense, rough and rough.Consequences of beriberi A
Vitamin A deficiency causes pathological changes from the internal organs. Young children suffer most severely, in whom beriberi provokes a deterioration in appetite, stunted growth and weight gain, and mental retardation. An insufficient amount of retinol leads to the fact that the production of the enzyme lysozyme, which protects the body from bacteria, is disrupted. Therefore, with a deficiency of this element, a person becomes more susceptible to infections of the respiratory and digestive tract. Symptoms of a lack of retinol are often various diseases of the genitourinary system. Women may develop mastopathy (growth of breast tissue), erosion of the cervix. In men, vitamin A deficiency is manifested by a lack of libido and/or erection problems. Patients with avitaminosis A are at an increased risk of oncological diseases.Manifestations of beriberi E
Vitamin E deficiency can be manifested by both internal and external pathologies. The lack of this vitamin negatively affects the appearance of a person, his physical and mental health. Muscle weakness in avitaminosis E
Muscle weakness is a characteristic symptom of tocopherol deficiency. Disturbed muscle tone leads to a decrease in efficiency, passivity, increased fatigue. Weakness can manifest itself both in the whole body and in its individual parts. The lower and upper extremities are most commonly affected. In addition to loss of muscle tone, with vitamin E deficiency, patients often complain of numbness and tingling in the arms and legs, loss of sensation, weakening of grasping and other reflexes.In older people, a lack of vitamin E often manifests itself as severe pain in the calf muscles that occurs when walking. In an effort to reduce pain, patients with beriberi E change their gait, which leads to lameness.
The effect of beriberi E on the libido of women and men
One of the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency is the deterioration of sexual life. In men, inadequate amounts of tocopherol reduce the volume and quality of sperm produced. In women, beriberi E brings the onset of menopause closer and disrupts the menstrual cycle. All these factors lead to a decrease in sexual desire and various disorders of the sexual sphere.Symptoms of beriberi E during pregnancy
The term tocopherol translated from Greek means bearing offspring. So, vitamin E was designated at the beginning of the last century, when it was found that normal conception and pregnancy would be impossible without it. This element favorably affects ovulation and egg maturation. Tocopherol also prepares female body to fertilization and fixation of the fetus in the uterus. Therefore, one of the symptoms of beriberi E is the inability of a woman to become pregnant. With the development of tocopherol deficiency in the process of bearing a child, signs of this pathological condition appear already from the first trimester.Signs of beriberi E during pregnancy are:
- muscle spasms;
- severe toxicosis;
- retardation of the fetus in development;
- risk of miscarriage .
Symptoms of beriberi E on the skin
Tocopherol is an effective antioxidant (a substance that fights aging). With a lack of this element, the barrier functions of the skin deteriorate, as a result of which it is more exposed to the negative effects of factors. environment. Integuments with a deficiency of tocopherol lose their tone, become less elastic and flabby.A lack of vitamin E negatively affects blood clotting and inhibits the healing of scratches and other skin lesions. Also, in the absence of the required amount of tocopherol, the metabolism in the body is disturbed. Under the influence of these factors, patients with beriberi E suffer from acne and other skin rashes. A common symptom of vitamin E deficiency is the appearance of red spots on the human body. Often, due to a lack of tocopherol, anemia develops, which is manifested by pallor of the skin.
Symptoms of beriberi E on the hands
With a deficiency of vitamin E, the synthesis of melanin (pigment substance) increases, as a result of which pigment spots form on the skin. Most often, pigmentation of the skin is observed on the hands.Dryness and flaking of the skin are also symptoms of beriberi E.
The skin becomes thinner and begins to crack. Nail plates lose their strength and become brittle.
Disorder of coordination in vitamin E deficiency
A common symptom of vitamin E deficiency is ataxia. With this disease, coordination of movements is disturbed. This happens due to the destruction of nerve fibers, which occurs when the body is inadequately provided with tocopherol. Strength in the upper and lower extremities is greatly reduced and the patient's movements become inaccurate. People lose their dexterity, the sequence of actions is upset, in some cases the balance may be disturbed.Symptoms of beriberi B1 (thiamine)
Vitamin B1 or thiamine is a substance that is involved in many energy processes in the body, but mainly acts as an enzyme in the reactions of nervous tissue (this vitamin is also called anti-neurotic). Therefore, the deficiency of this vitamin mainly affects the activity nervous system.Symptoms of vitamin B1 vitamin deficiency from the nervous system are:
- increased fatigue;
- sleep disturbance;
- increased tearfulness;
- muscle weakness.
Severe vitamin B1 deficiency is known as beriberi disease.
Vitamin deficiency thiamine or beriberi
This form of avitaminosis mainly occurs when there is insufficient intake of the vitamin from food. Occurs in people who eat exclusively white rice. AT modern society beriberi disease is rare.There are several forms of this pathology, which differ in the systems of the body involved in the pathological process.
The clinical forms of beriberi are:
- dry form;
- cerebral form;
- wet form.
This form is also called peripheral polyneuropathy, as it is characterized by damage to the nerve endings of the lower extremities. The term polyneuropathy refers to a pathological process in the nerve endings, which is accompanied by a loss of function of the area that is innervated by this nerve.
Polyneuropathy beriberi is characterized by multiple, but at the same time, symmetrical lesions of the peripheral nerves.
Complaints of patients with polyneuropathy are:
- burning sensation in the feet;
- paresthesias (disorders of sensitivity) in the lower extremities;
- convulsions (involuntary contractions with severe pain) in the calf muscles;
- weakness and fatigue when walking.
cerebral form
The cerebral form of beriberi is also called hemorrhagic polioencephalitis or Korsakov-Wernicke syndrome. This pathology is also a manifestation of severe vitamin B1 deficiency. Initially, symptoms such as a memory disorder and a violation of orientation in space appear. Then join the symptoms associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and which are symptoms of encephalopathy.
Symptoms of beriberi encephalopathy include:
- ophthalmoplegia- paralysis of the muscles of the eye, in which the eyeball becomes motionless (because the oculomotor nerves are affected);
- ataxia- violation of gait and coordination of movements;
- confusion- patients are disoriented in time and space, and sometimes in their own personality.
wet form
With this form of beriberi, the cardiovascular system is affected. It is characterized by the development of cardiodystrophy (damage to the heart muscle) and impaired vascular tone. The wet form of avitaminosis B1 manifests itself in two variants - hypodynamic and hyperdynamic. In the hypodynamic variant, there is a low cardiac output, so its main manifestations are low blood pressure. In the hyperdynamic variant, cardiac output, on the contrary, is increased. Therefore, the main manifestations of this form are increased arterial pressure and tachycardia (rapid heartbeat). It is also characteristic fast development heart failure, in which edema appears, shortness of breath up to pulmonary edema.
Symptoms of beriberi in children
In children, thiamine deficiency is extremely rare. It typically occurs in infants around 2 to 4 months of age who were born to mothers with severe beriberi. This pathology manifests itself with a very diverse symptomatology.Symptoms of beriberi in children are:
- signs of heart failure- bluish discoloration of the skin, wheezing in the lungs, low cardiac output;
- signs of damage to the nervous system- anxiety, sleep disturbance, lack of tendon reflexes;
- aphonia- a condition in which the sonority of the child's voice is impaired;
- prolonged absence of stool(constipation) and other disorders of the gastrointestinal system;
- visual impairment.
Signs of beriberi B2 (riboflavin)
Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is involved in the regulation of cell growth and reproduction. It is involved in the main redox reactions of the body, and is also necessary for the formation of red blood cells. Riboflavin is also called the beauty vitamin, because it ensures a healthy condition of the skin and its appendages (hair and nails). Organs that are affected by a lack of riboflavin include:
- skin and its derivatives (hair, nails);
- mucous membranes - mucous membrane of the tongue, conjunctiva;
- eyes - sclera, cornea.
Manifestations of avitaminosis B2 on the skin
Skin manifestations in avitaminosis B2 are the earliest among all signs of avitaminosis. The skin at the same time becomes dry and flaky, cracks appear on it. Manifestations of vitamin B2 vitamin deficiency are seborrheic dermatitis and angular cheilitis.Symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis are:
- redness of the skin;
- peeling and dry skin;
- accumulation of sebum in the hair follicles;
- sometimes the formation of whitish or yellow scales.
Angular cheilitis is a lesion of the skin and at the same time the mucous membrane in the region of the corners of the mouth. Initially, there is a slight maceration (softening) in the corners, which is further complicated by the appearance of cracks. In the people, these inflamed cracks are called jams. Further, when the infection is attached, the seizures can become inflamed and bleed.
A lack of vitamin B2 can also be manifested by various rashes, which most often look like red scaly spots. Sometimes the periungual bed may become inflamed. However, most often the nails themselves become brittle. Hair also loses its shine, splits and falls out.
Inflammation of the tongue with avitaminosis B2
Glossitis or inflammation of the tongue with vitamin B2 deficiency is a very common symptom. With glossitis, the tongue swells and acquires a bright red color. The mucous membrane of the tongue becomes dry, which provokes difficulties in the process of digestion. The patient also complains of burning, tingling and other unpleasant sensations in the tongue. Initially, the taste buds of the tongue (of which there are a large number) stand out and the tongue acquires a clear pattern. However, over time, they atrophy, and the tongue becomes very smooth. In the clinic, this phenomenon is called "polished tongue".Similarly, with avitaminosis of vitamin B2, there is constant dryness mucous membranes of the lips and eyes.
Eye symptoms in vitamin B2 deficiency
Eye symptoms in riboflavin deficiency are manifested in photophobia, burning sensation and pain in the eyes. All these symptoms are associated with the development of blepharitis, keratitis and conjunctivitis. With blepharitis, the edges of the eyelids become inflamed, with keratitis, the cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye is affected. In severe cases of vitamin deficiency, there may also be a cataract, in which the lens becomes cloudy and the patient loses sight. A common manifestation of eye symptoms is conjunctivitis. With this manifestation, the mucous membrane of the eye is always red and swollen, and the patient is tormented by photophobia, a burning sensation and a feeling of sand (or other foreign body) in the eyes.In the later stages, when severe deficiency of vitamin B2 develops, symptoms of damage to the nervous system and anemic syndrome join. Dysfunction of the nervous system is manifested in impaired coordination of movements (ataxia), impaired sensitivity (paresthesias) and increased tendon reflexes. Anemic syndrome is characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood. With anemia, there is also increased fatigue associated with oxygen deprivation, rapid heartbeat, and excessive sleepiness.
Avitaminosis B2 in pregnant women
Since vitamin B2 plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth and renewal, its deficiency during pregnancy is accompanied by the development of severe anomalies in the fetus. Anomalies in the development of the skeleton, anemia in newborns, damage to the nervous system are most often observed.If vitamin B2 beriberi is accompanied by other types of beriberi, then there are also malformations of the heart and its vessels, anomalies gastrointestinal tract.
Manifestations of beriberi B3 (vitamin PP)
There are several synonyms for vitamin B3, the most popular of which are niacin, nicotinic acid, vitamin PP. This vitamin is involved in many vital body reactions. However, the main role is the generation of energy and the normalization of the cardiovascular system (heart and blood circulation). Since niacin breaks down fats for energy, it also has an anti-cholesterol effect. Symptoms of vitamin B3 vitamin deficiency are:
- dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract;
- elevated cholesterol.
Depression with a lack of vitamin PP
Vitamin B3 or niacin is known to be a major source of energy. When there is a lack of a vitamin, it begins to be synthesized from an amino acid such as tryptophan. The biological role of tryptophan is that serotonin is subsequently produced from it. In the central nervous system, serotonin is the main stimulus. It regulates sleep, wakefulness, our mood, concentration of attention and other important mental functions. With its deficiency, symptoms such as insomnia, irritability, and low mood appear. Prolonged depression and low mood can turn into depression. All this is reinforced by a reduced energy metabolism in nerve cells, as a result of which the course of depression is even more aggravated.
Thus, vitamin PP deficiency indirectly leads to a lack of serotonin and the development of depressive disorders.
Violation of the function of the gastrointestinal tract with a deficiency of vitamin PP
In addition to the activating effect on the cerebral cortex, niacin has a stimulating effect on the motor function of the stomach and intestines. Also, this vitamin stimulates the secretion of amylase and lipase by the pancreas. It has a vasodilating effect, and also improves blood circulation in the intestinal loops. Its deficiency disrupts physical activity intestines, the secretion of pancreatic enzymes decreases and diarrhea (frequent stools) often develops.Elevated cholesterol levels with avitaminosis PP
Since niacin is involved in the metabolism of lipids and proteins, it helps to reduce the level of cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins in the blood. Therefore, it has been successfully used in complex treatment diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and various dyslipidemias (lipid metabolism disorders). The lack or complete absence of niacin leads to an increase in the concentration of cholesterol in the blood (more than 5 millimoles per liter), as well as to an increase in low-density lipoproteins. It is low-density lipoproteins that are the transport form of cholesterol, that is, they contribute to the development of the atherosclerotic process. Thus, avitaminosis of vitamin PP provokes the development of atherosclerotic process.A severe degree of vitamin PP deficiency is called pellagra.
Symptoms of pellagra or beriberi PP
This pathology is characterized by the classic triad of symptoms, which includes dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia (in the people - dementia).Dermatitis
Dermatitis is called inflammation of the skin, namely its upper layer - the epidermis. Pellagra dermatitis is characterized by rough and rough skin. This is the main manifestation of pellagra, because this term is translated from Italian as “rough skin”. The skin is inflamed, bright red and constantly flaky. These manifestations are especially noticeable on the face, neck, shoulders, that is, on those parts of the body that are open to the action of ultraviolet rays.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea is a bowel disorder in which stools are observed more than 3 times a day. At the same time, the stool is liquid, unformed, with an admixture of undigested particles of food. Diarrhea is associated with such symptoms of beriberi as loss of appetite and impaired digestion.
dementia
Dementia (dementia) is an extreme degree of damage to the nervous system in pellagra. First, symptoms such as weakness, memory loss, confusion appear. Patients begin to forget elementary things, become distracted. Then such symptoms as disorientation in time and in space join. Senile dementia develops, which means a complete breakdown of mental functions. In the people, this condition is called senile insanity.
Symptoms of beriberi B6
Pyridoxine is involved in many vital body functions. Therefore, vitamin B6 deficiency provokes many pathologies from various organs. The most vulnerable to a lack of pyridoxine are hair, skin, nervous system. The effect of beriberi on the condition of the hair
Vitamin B6 takes an active part in the processes that ensure healthy hair. With a lack of this element, the hairline does not receive sufficient nutrition and hydration, which affects the condition of the hair. Symptoms of beriberi B6 are poor growth, dryness and brittle hair. With a prolonged deficiency of pyridoxine, hair loss begins, the intensity of which progresses. Pyridoxine regulates the activity of the sebaceous glands of the scalp. Therefore, with avitaminosis B6, the function of the sebaceous glands is impaired, which leads to various pathological conditions. Common signs of vitamin B6 deficiency are dry and itchy scalp. Many patients begin to worry about dry type dandruff.The effect of vitamin deficiency on a person's weight
Pyridoxine takes part in the process of metabolism of fats and proteins, ensuring the breakdown of these elements and their assimilation. Also, this vitamin is involved in the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids. Vitamin B6 acts as a diuretic (diuretic), preventing water retention in the body. Lack of vitamin B6 provokes a violation of lipid-protein metabolism and hampered the breakdown of fatty acids. As a result, the body does not consume nutrients fats, and they are transformed into a fatty layer. This leads to the fact that patients with B6 deficiency are often overweight, which they cannot get rid of even with diets and sports.Drowsiness with avitaminosis B6
Drowsiness is one of the most common symptoms of beriberi B6. Lack of vitamin B6 provokes a number of pathological processes. As a result, a patient with a lack of pyridoxine does not sleep well at night. Chronic sleep deprivation leads to absent-mindedness, inability to concentrate and reduced work capacity.Factors that provoke drowsiness are:
- impaired production of neurotransmitters (hormones that transmit nerve impulses);
- poor-quality supply of nerve cells with glucose;
- muscle spasms during sleep.
Spasms of the calf muscles at night, which are a frequent occurrence in vitamin B6 deficiency, also disrupt the rest process. At the same time, convulsions have a pronounced character, patients wake up in the middle of the night and cannot fall asleep for a long time.
Manifestations of beriberi B6 on the face
Skin lesions are included in the triad of symptoms that accompany pyridoxine deficiency. Most often, skin problems take the form of seborrheic dermatitis, the localization of which is the face.Symptoms of beriberi B6, which appear on the face, are:
- peeling of the face (complete or partial);
- dry patches of skin in the area of nasolabial folds;
- peeling of the skin above the eyebrows and around the eyes.
Symptoms of beriberi B6 on the lips
Often, a disease such as cheilosis acts as a symptom of vitamin deficiency B6. This pathology is manifested by dystrophy (cell damage) of the skin in the lip area. At the same time, the border of the lips swells and turns red, becomes painful. Cracks can form perpendicular to the border. Patients complain of burning sensation, dryness and itching of the lips. Often, border dystrophy is accompanied by swelling of the lips, which disrupts speech and makes it difficult to eat.Why does vitamin B6 deficiency lead to irritability?
Vitamin B6 is involved in the production of serotonin (hormone). This substance regulates the functioning of the nervous system and controls a person's response to stressful situations. With an insufficient amount of pyridoxine, the synthesis of serotonin is inhibited. As a result, the patient becomes irritable, quick-tempered and loses the ability to adequately respond to conflict circumstances.Signs of beriberi B12
Deficiency of vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin is manifested by various disorders of the hematopoietic, nervous and gastrointestinal systems (the classic triad of symptoms). These symptoms are explained by the fact that vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of red blood cells, choline and fatty acids necessary for the brain. Also, with a lack of cyanocobalamin, toxic methylmalonic acid is formed in the body, which causes toxic damage to the lateral cords of the spinal cord and the development of funicular myelosis. Signs of vitamin B12 deficiency are:
- megaloblastic anemia;
- damage to the nervous system;
- damage to the gastrointestinal tract.
Anemia in vitamin B12 deficiency
Anemia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells and the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. With vitamin B12 deficiency, anemia is the most common manifestation.The cause of anemia is insufficient and poor-quality formation of blood cells, for the formation of which this vitamin is necessary. With cyanocobalamin deficiency, hemoblastosis develops, which is characterized by large forms of leukocytes, platelets and the rapid destruction of erythrocytes. A distinctive characteristic of B12 deficiency anemia is that along with mature red blood cells, young forms of red blood cells (called reticulocytes) also decrease. This means that the pathological process is realized already at the stage of erythrocyte formation. There is not only a decrease in the number of blood cells (erythrocytes, reticulocytes, platelets), but also a change in their shape. They increase in size, but at the same time, their wall becomes brittle and therefore they quickly collapse. For hemoblastosis with B12 avitaminosis, a decrease in the number of leukocytes and platelets is also characteristic.
With anemia, a person experiences constant headaches, dizziness, weakness, and increased exhaustion. The reason for this is oxygen deficiency, which always accompanies anemia (since hemoglobin is an oxygen carrier). For B12-deficiency anemia, a specific color of the skin is characteristic. So, the patient's skin acquires a shade of lemon color. This color is due to the release of a large amount of bilirubin from erythrocytes into the bloodstream. It also gives the skin a specific shade.
Laboratory picture of blood in B12-deficiency anemia
Intestinal damage in vitamin B12 deficiency
The intestinal lesion is based on a violation of the formation of the mucous layer at the level of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It is known that vitamin B12 is used as a building material in cell synthesis (participates in the formation of DNA and RNA). Since epithelial cells are updated faster than all other cells (epithelial change occurs in a month), they are the most sensitive to a lack of cyanocobalamin.Signs of damage to the gastrointestinal tract with beriberi vitamin B12 are:
- periodic constipation;
- lack of appetite and, as a result, weight loss;
- glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), manifested by a burning sensation and fullness.
It should be noted that despite the abundance of symptoms from the gastrointestinal system, the clinical picture is often blurred. The above symptoms may periodically appear and disappear or be replaced by other symptoms. This is the reason why patients do not seek medical help for a long time. Lethargy and weakness headache, periodic nausea, as well as poor appetite do not give a vivid clinical picture.
Damage to the nervous system in vitamin B12 deficiency
Damage to the nervous system with a lack of vitamin B12 often speeds up the diagnosis of beriberi. The neurological syndrome in cyanocobalamin deficiency is called funicular myelosis. The cause of neurological symptoms is the lack of myelin in the nervous system. Vitamin B12 is involved in the reactions of myelin metabolism, which later forms the myelin sheath of nerve fibers. This sheath ensures that the nerve impulse is carried along the nerve fiber 10 times faster than along unmyelinated fibers. Therefore, in funicular myelosis, degeneration of the myelin sheath occurs with further development motor and sensory disturbances. This pathology is characterized by damage to both the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord.Manifestations of neurological syndrome in vitamin B12 deficiency are:
- emotional lability - increased irritability, low mood;
- unsteady gait;
- numbness of the lower extremities;
- stiffness in the legs;
- severe muscle weakness;
- convulsions (sharp muscle contractions);
- in later stages loss of deep sensitivity.
Symptoms of vitamin deficiency folic acid (vitamin B9)
Folic acid or vitamin B9 plays an important role in the growth and differentiation of body cells. Folic acid deficiency is especially dangerous for pregnant women, because it affects the formation of the fetus. That is why all pregnant women are prescribed folic acid to prevent the development of abnormalities in the fetus. In the body, folic acid and cyanocobalamin function together. Thus, under the action of cyanocobalamin, the inactive form of folic acid is transformed into an active one. Further, components for DNA are synthesized from the active form of folic acid. Thus, a lack of vitamin B12 is almost always accompanied by a deficiency of vitamin B9, because it is necessary for the conversion of folic acid into its active form. Because of this joint functioning of vitamins, folic acid deficiency manifests itself with symptoms similar to vitamin B12 deficiency.
Anemia due to folic acid deficiency
Anemia in folic acid deficiency is called megaloblastic. It is characterized by the appearance of large forms of erythrocytes (macrocytes) of an irregular oval shape. Basophilic granularity in erythrocytes and hypersegmentation of nuclei in leukocytes are also detected. This picture is specific for megaloblastic anemia and does not occur in other types.The reason for the development of anemia with a lack of folic acid is a violation of DNA synthesis and, as a result, abnormal mitosis (cell division as a way of their reproduction). As a result, in the bone marrow, there is a delay in the maturation of erythrocytes, and their further reproduction (since there is not enough building material). Thus, the process of hematopoiesis itself is disrupted, which concerns not only red blood cells, but also other blood cells.
Blood picture with folic acid avitaminosis
laboratory sign | Interpretation |
Hyperchromic anemia |
|
Leukopenia | White blood cells less than 4 x 10 to the ninth degree |
Thrombocytopenia | Platelets less than 180 x 10 to the ninth power |
Reticulocytopenia | Reticulocytes ( young forms of erythrocytes) less than 2 percent. |
Anisocytosis | A blood smear contains cells of various sizes. |
Poikilocytosis | The presence of red blood cells various shapes, for example, club-shaped or pear-shaped. |
Hypersegmentation of leukocytes | Leukocytes with several segments of nuclei are found. |
Megaloblastosis | presence of megaloblasts. Megaloblasts are called large-sized precursors of erythrocytes with delayed nuclear maturation, with normal cytoplasm. |
Gastrointestinal (GIT) damage due to folic acid deficiency
Abnormal mitosis (cell division) occurs not only at the level of the bone marrow, but also at the level of other systems. Thus, the appearance of giant epithelial cells at the level of the gastrointestinal mucosa leads to the development of inflammatory processes.Inflammatory phenomena in folic acid deficiency include:
- stomatitis - inflammation of the oral mucosa, which is accompanied by severe pain;
- glossitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the tongue, which is manifested by a burning sensation and fullness in the tongue;
- gastritis - an inflammatory lesion of the gastric mucosa, which is characterized by pain in the stomach, nausea, vomiting;
- enteritis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, accompanied by a disorder of the stool.
Folate deficiency in pregnant women
The most dramatic effect is vitamin deficiency of folic acid in pregnant women. This vitamin makes a decisive decision in the development of the fetus at an early stage of pregnancy (namely, in the first trimester). He is involved in the formation of the neural tube, the processes of hematopoiesis and in the formation of the placenta itself.The consequences of folic acid deficiency in pregnant women are:
- anomalies in the development of the nervous system, which are most often incompatible with life - cerebral hernia, hydrocephalus ("dropsy of the brain"), anencephaly;
- anomalies in the formation and attachment of the placenta;
- vascular anomalies, which leads to termination of pregnancy;
- premature birth and, as a result, the birth of premature babies;
- mental retardation and mental disorders in children.
Manifestations of beriberi C (scurvy)
Vitamin C deficiency is one of the most common beriberi. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid regulates the most important functions of the body. In order to understand how dangerous a lack of vitamin C is, it is necessary to know its functions and biological role. The functions of ascorbic acid in the body are:
- the function of detoxification and neutralization of superoxide radicals;
- function of immunomodulation, due to the restoration of vitamin E and interferon;
- promotes the absorption of iron;
- stimulates collagen synthesis;
- participates in the formation of serotonin from tryptophan;
- has a strengthening effect on blood vessels;
- takes part in the formation of bile acids.
It is customary to distinguish between a lack of vitamin C and its complete absence. The lack of ascorbic acid develops within one to three months of its deficiency in the diet. The complete absence of vitamin C in the body is called scurvy. This condition develops after three to six months of ascorbic acid deficiency. There are three levels of vitamin C deficiency.
The levels of vitamin C deficiency in the body include:
- first degree- manifested by symptoms such as muscle pain, fatigue, gum enlargement;
- second degree- manifested by weight loss, mental exhaustion, periodic nosebleeds;
- third degree- characterized by hemorrhages in the internal organs, gangrenous gingivitis, tooth loss.
First degree beriberi C
Begins with mild symptoms of malaise and fatigue. The reason for this is anemia (a decrease in blood hemoglobin) and a decrease in immunity. Anemia develops due to impaired iron absorption at the level of the gastrointestinal tract. So, ascorbic acid is involved in the transfer of ferric iron to ferrous. Iron, which enters the body with food and is used for the synthesis of hemoglobin, has a third degree of valence, but only iron of the second valence is absorbed at the level of the mucous membrane. Vitamin C converts ferric iron to ferrous iron, thereby ensuring its absorption. Further, heme, a part of hemoglobin, is synthesized from iron. When there is a lack of vitamin C, iron is not absorbed by the mucosa, because it remains trivalent. This leads to its deficiency and, as a result, to the development of anemia. Since hemoglobin is an oxygen transporter, when it is deficient, oxygen starvation develops. Therefore, a person experiences fatigue, severe weakness, muscle pain.The gums are slightly swollen and often bleed. The first degree of beriberi is also characterized by small hemorrhages. They arise due to excessive fragility of blood vessels and increased permeability of the vascular wall. Ascorbic acid plays a major role in increasing the tone and resistance of blood vessels. With its deficiency, blood vessels become brittle and fragile, so any blow provokes the formation of hematomas and hemorrhages.
The second degree of avitaminosis C
With the second degree of vitamin C deficiency, a person begins to lose weight. He develops severe anemia, resulting in massive vascular damage. Abundant nosebleeds appear, the skin of patients becomes dark color. The gums become swollen and bluish in color, also covered with small sores. The teeth begin to loosen. Also, the second degree of beriberi is characterized by mental exhaustion, in which patients become irritable, lethargic and sleep poorly.Third degree beriberi C
With the third degree of avitaminosis C, patients are in a very serious condition. Extensive hemorrhages develop in the muscles, internal organs, which entails various complications. Trophic ulcers appear on the lower extremities due to infection with hematomas. Gingivitis acquires a gangrenous character - the gums constantly bleed, swell, and also become ulcerated. All this leads to the fact that the teeth begin to fall out altogether.Numerous hemorrhages in the internal organs are often complicated by the addition of an infection. Therefore, mortality at this stage due to sepsis is very high.
Symptoms of scurvy
Scurvy or scurvy is manifested by various symptoms. At the initial stage, it is characterized by general symptoms, manifested in the form of weakness, fatigue and pain in the legs. Subsequently, weakness, apathy, and drowsiness join these manifestations. However, the specific symptoms for scurvy are frequent bleeding and gum disease.The gums become bluish, swell and are easily injured when brushing your teeth. The gum tissue becomes loose and the teeth begin to loosen. Over time, the fixation of the teeth in the jaw weakens so much that the teeth begin to fall out.
Due to impaired collagen synthesis, the vascular wall becomes very brittle. This entails frequent hemorrhages and the formation of hematomas (blood accumulations). These hematomas can form in the internal organs, in the skin, in the subperiosteal space. If the hematoma is localized between the bone and the periosteum (most often this occurs on the lower limb), then this provokes severe pain. This symptom is often observed in vitamin C deficiency in children.
Hemorrhages in the skin can be in the form of a small rash (at the initial stage) or in the form of dark red spots (ecchymosis). With the development of large hemorrhages, the skin under them can be torn off. So, scurvy ulcers are formed. Violation of the integrity of blood vessels in the internal organs is accompanied by nasal, gastric, intestinal, renal bleeding. Scurvy is always accompanied by anemia, physical and mental exhaustion.
Symptoms of beriberi in children
Vitamin D and C deficiency is most common in children. Vitamin D deficiency is the most severe. So, in young children, it leads to damage to the bone apparatus and nervous system. Causes of beriberi D
Vitamin D deficiency is a common pathology, the occurrence of which is facilitated by climatic conditions, dietary habits, or certain diseases.Factors that lead to beriberi D are:
- overweight;
- lack of sunlight;
- vegetarian food system;
- deterioration in the absorption (digestibility) of the vitamin;
- poor processing of the vitamin into an active form;
- taking medications that interfere with vitamin metabolism.
Most people whose weight index exceeds 30 (the norm varies from 18.5 to 25) suffer from a lack of vitamin D. Deficiency develops because adipose tissue absorbs this vitamin in large quantities.
Sunshine deficiency
One form of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is synthesized in the body when exposed to sunlight. Therefore, residents of the northern regions often lack this element. Also, a deficiency of this vitamin affects people who a large number of time is spent in rooms where sunlight does not penetrate. The production of cholecalciferol is significantly reduced when using sunscreens, as they do not allow the skin to absorb ultraviolet radiation. Inhibits the synthesis of vitamin D melanin (natural skin pigment), so people with dark shade skin is more at risk of developing beriberi.
Vegetarian food system
Vitamin D comes in two forms (cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol) and both are found in animal products. Therefore, people who adhere to a strict vegetarian diet and refuse fish, liver, eggs, are prone to this pathology.
Impaired vitamin absorption
In the presence of certain diseases, the body's ability to absorb vitamin D from food is significantly reduced. Inflammatory processes in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) worsen the absorption functions of the mucosa, which leads to a deficiency of this element. Avitaminosis D often occurs in patients with Crohn's disease (inflammatory lesions of the gastrointestinal tract), cystic fibrosis (pathology of organs that secrete mucus, including the intestines).
Poor processing of the vitamin into its active form
In order for vitamin D to be absorbed by the body, it must be converted to its active form. The processing takes place in the liver, then in the kidneys. Therefore, with a deterioration in the functionality of these organs, a deficiency of this vitamin may develop. The most susceptible to beriberi D due to its poor-quality transformation are people in old age.
Taking medications that interfere with vitamin metabolism
The group of drugs that inhibit the metabolism of vitamin D include antacids (drugs to reduce the acidity of gastric juice). Reduce the quality of assimilation of this vitamin drugs designed to combat high cholesterol. Mineral and synthetic laxatives worsen the exchange of vitamin D.
Signs of vitamin D deficiency in children
In children, a lack of vitamin D affects the state of the bone and nervous system. The first signs of the disease appear at the age of 2-3 months. The child becomes irritable, whiny, does not sleep well. There is an increased susceptibility to external stimuli - he is frightened by loud sounds, flashes of light. First of all, the baby does not sleep well, he hardly falls asleep, and when he falls asleep, he often wakes up. Sleep is very shallow and interrupted. During sleep, the child's parents notice that he begins to sweat profusely. This sweating is especially noticeable on the scalp, in the back of the head. The child begins to rub the back of the head against the pillow, which leads to areas of baldness in this area.The child's muscles become sluggish, and muscle hypotonia develops. It should be noted that children of this age, on the contrary, are characterized by increased muscle tone (hypertonicity). Therefore, when physiological hypertonicity is replaced by hypotonicity, it is immediately noticeable. Children become inactive and lethargic.
Vitamin D deficiency has a major impact on bone structure. So, with avitaminosis D, softening of bone structures and resorption of elements occurs. bone tissue. This phenomenon is called osteomalacia. It is caused by a violation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, which occurs with a lack of vitamin D. It is known that the biological effect of the vitamin is to ensure the absorption of calcium and phosphorus at the intestinal level. After the absorption of these trace elements, they are transported by the blood plasma to the bone structures. Under the influence of parathyroid hormone, bones are saturated with calcium and phosphorus. However, this does not happen with a vitamin deficiency. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency is accompanied by impaired phosphorus-calcium metabolism.
The bone structures of the child become soft and, first of all, this is noticeable on the bones of the skull. The sutures of the skull become pliable, and there is also a delay in the closure of the large fontanel. Later, the curvature of the bones of the arms, legs and spine develops. There is such a symptom as "rachitic rosary". Rosaries are thickenings that form at the junction of the cartilaginous and bone parts of the costal arch. Also, what parents pay attention to is the delay in the appearance of the first teeth, the development of rickets.
Before use, you should consult with a specialist.The answer to the question of what vitamin deficiency in an infant can be from is both internal and external causes. Internal causes are a violation of the ability of the child's body to properly digest and assimilate incoming elements. This is due to problems with digestion, dysbacteriosis, other diseases and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Especially often, infants suffering from colds and viral diseases, allergies, anemia, rickets, etc. are exposed to beriberi. Observing how the pathology manifests itself, doctors also revealed its connection with prematurity. Since the main vitamin supply is formed in the third trimester of pregnancy, a premature baby may suffer from beriberi.
As for external causes, beriberi can cause malnutrition and, as a result, an insufficient amount of vitamins received with food. On the early dates, the reason for this lies in the mismatch of the composition of the milk mixture with the real needs of the baby.
Symptoms
The first sign that an infant has vitamin deficiency is expressed in a slow weight gain or a complete lack of dynamics of physical development. During the period when other infants begin to grow rapidly, a baby with vitamin deficiency manifests exhaustion. The child is whiny, gets tired quickly, lags behind in development from peers. A characteristic manifestation of beriberi in infancy is the late eruption of the first teeth.
A complete list of signs of the disease directly depends on which vitamin is lacking in the baby's body. If we are talking about vitamin C deficiency, then it is manifested by bleeding gums, long healing of scratches and abrasions. The lack of vitamins belonging to category A is expressed in dry skin and mucous membranes. Abscesses appear on the skin of the baby, a characteristic rash. Monoavitaminosis associated with group D elements is accompanied by problems in bone formation. In a child, muscle cramps can often be identified. He sweats rapidly, indicating rickets. B vitamins have an effect on appetite. With their deficiency, insomnia, increased restlessness, and anxiety are noted. In general, absolutely all cases of mono- and polyavitaminosis are accompanied by a violation of natural biochemical processes.
Diagnosis of beriberi in newborns
To diagnose vitamin deficiency in baby, it is enough to study the clinical picture. Even before laboratory tests, beriberi becomes obvious to a specialist, thanks to its characteristic features. In the process of visual examination, the doctor examines the skin, assesses the degree of moisture of the mucous membranes. Additionally, the diet and diet of the baby is specified.
Laboratory tests and hardware diagnostics are prescribed when it comes to monoavitaminosis. If there is a suspicion of a lack of vitamins of group A, the infant is referred to an ophthalmologist to assess the quality of visual function. To diagnose vitamin C deficiency, a capillary resistance vacuum test is performed. Analyzes of biological fluids - blood, urine, etc. - are carried out in order to assess the quantitative content of vitamins.
Complications
Why is beriberi dangerous in infancy? First of all, the risk of lagging behind in physical and intellectual development. In addition, vitamin deficiency reduces the protective functions of the body, and the baby is more often exposed to complex diseases.
Treatment
It is possible and necessary to treat vitamin deficiency in infants. To date, there are specific and non-specific methods of combating beriberi. In the case of a specific method, a large amount of vitamins is introduced into the child's body in an amount exceeding their natural content. Procedures are performed until the deficit is fully replenished. What to do next is decided, taking into account the real results of dynamic observation. The introduction of vitamins is possible intramuscularly, intravenously or in tablet format. Concerning non-specific method, then this is a combination of vitamin therapy with diet, walks, sunbathing, etc.
What can you do
Parents should know what to do with beriberi in order to solve the problem and avoid possible complications. It is impossible to cure pathology with the help of alternative medicine, especially when it comes to a neglected form. It is important to remember that in the later stages, the child needs intensive care, and not dubious "home" measures.
What does a doctor do
The task of the doctor is to provide adequate first aid baby. Medications in the complex of specific treatment are prescribed, taking into account the condition, age and other characteristics of the child. AT without fail possible comorbidities are taken into account. Including chronic ones, for example, dysbacteriosis, hormonal disorders, etc. If there is a suspicion, the child is scheduled for examinations by specialized specialists.
Prevention
Preventing vitamin deficiency is much easier than getting rid of it. The basis of prevention is proper nutrition, sleep and lifestyle. It is important to provide the child with a complete, balanced diet from an early age. Frequent walks, sunbathing, etc. are necessary.
Articles on the topic
Avitaminosis is a disease that occurs when there is an insufficient amount or absence of a certain vitamin in food (or several vitamins, then polyavitaminosis occurs).
There are a large number of vitamins necessary for the normal development and functioning of the body. All of them are cofactors of enzymes (protein molecules, or their complexes that accelerate chemical reactions in the body), therefore, metabolic disorders in vitamin deficiency are usually called a violation of enzyme systems. Nowadays, due to the abundance in the market huge amount multivitamins, dietary supplements and access to all types of food, true beriberi (as a result of an absolute lack of a vitamin) is rare. Partial insufficiency of a particular vitamin is more common - hypovitaminosis.
Causes of beriberi in children
A- and hypovitaminosis occurs when there is a violation of the intake of vitamins C food products with improper, insufficient or poor-quality nutrition; violation of the absorption of vitamins in the intestines, with an increased need for vitamins in the body (metabolism in children, pregnant women).
Vitamin A hypovitaminosis
Vitamin A (retinol) is a fat-soluble vitamin and a powerful antioxidant. Found in animal products plant origin. It needs fats and minerals to be absorbed. Creates reserves in the body, so there is no need to replenish them every day. Vitamin A exists in two forms: retinol (the vitamin itself) and carotene (provitamin A), from which vitamin A is synthesized in the body. Retinol has a yellow-red color. This color comes from the red plant pigment beta-carotene.
A large amount of vitamin A is found in the liver and fish oil. Butter, egg yolks, cream are rich in retinol. Among vegetable products, carrots, pumpkin, spinach, broccoli, peaches, apricots, soybeans, peas are considered leaders in the content of provitamin A.
Vitamin A contributes to normal metabolism, is involved in the regulation of protein synthesis, the formation of bones and teeth, body fat, and the construction of new cells. Supports night vision due to the formation of the pigment rhodopsin, and also protects the eyes from drying out. It is necessary for the maintenance and restoration of the epithelium, which is an integral part of the skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is necessary to maintain normal immunity - it increases the barrier function of the mucous membranes, increases the phagocytic activity of leukocytes. It is a necessary factor in the fight against infection. It has been proven that children in developed countries (with affordable good nutrition) more easily tolerate infectious diseases such as measles, chickenpox, while in countries with low level children often die from these viral infections. Interestingly, a sufficient supply of retinol prolongs the life of AIDS patients.
Vitamin A is a powerful anticancer factor, necessary for normal embryogenesis (fetal development), helps prevent cataracts and degeneration of the optic nerve head. With vitamin A deficiency, twilight vision deteriorates (“night blindness”), dryness of the mucous membrane appears (discomfort is felt in the eyes and the child is drawn to wipe his eyes all the time), ulcers may also appear on the mucous membrane of the eyes. There are dry skin, peeling, hyperkeratosis (keratinization of the skin), inflammation of the hair follicles, abscesses.
The child develops more slowly, often loses weight and lags behind in growth, disorders of the nervous system appear, the child often gets sick. There is an excessive formation of enamel and cement of the tooth, stomatitis, glossitis are characteristic. The daily dose of vitamin A for a child becomes 400-1000 mcg. With hypo- and beriberi, this dose can be increased to 3000 mcg.
Hypovitaminosis of B vitamins
The B vitamins are water soluble vitamins and are usually considered in combination. They represent a complex of substances united by the presence of nitrogen in the composition of the molecule. The combination of all these nitrogenous substances is known as the B vitamins.
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) takes part in the conversion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates into energy carriers, supports the correct and stable functioning of the digestive, nervous and cardiovascular systems. Thiamine deficiency in young children is characterized by hyperesthesia (hypersensitivity), tearfulness, sleep disturbances, the extinction of tendon reflexes (detected during a neurological examination of the child), general and partial stiffness. Older children may complain of irritability, poor sleep, memory impairment, a feeling of chilliness in the arms and legs, and pain along the nerves. Also often there are pains in the abdomen, vomiting, disorders of the stomach and intestines. A change in the tongue is characteristic: on examination, it is dryish, saturated red in color, with slightly pronounced papillae.
Most of all thiamine is found in the liver, pork, eggs, bread and cereals, nuts.
The daily dose of vitamin B1 is different for children of different ages. For children from 1 to 10 years old, it becomes 0.8-1.2 mg; for adolescents (11-17 years old) - 1.5-1.7 mg.
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) responsible for energy generation metabolic processes, the synthesis of hemoglobin, contributes to the normal development and growth of children, maintains the normal condition of the skin and mucous membranes, visual functions. Lack of riboflavin leads to peeling of the skin with thickening of the skin, inflammation of the lips and tongue, and visual impairment. The nervous system is characterized by drowsiness, anxiety, dizziness; the child is dominated by the processes of excitation, and with the aggravation of the deficit - inhibition. Young children may have seizures. Riboflavin deficiency can cause structural and functional changes in the adrenal glands, disrupt the processes of blood formation, iron metabolism, and impaired immunity.
Rich in riboflavin liver, meat, eggs, whole grain bread, cereals, nuts.
Daily requirement for children 1 - 10 years old - 0.9-1 mg; 11-17 years old - 1.7-2 mg.
Vitamin B3(vitamin PP, niacin or nicotinic acid) is involved in the synthesis of proteins and fats, metabolic processes, regulates the functioning of the nervous and circulatory systems, adrenal glands. Hypovitaminosis PP can lead to pellagra (hence the name of the vitamin - Pellagra Proventing - from the English. - "Warning pellagra"). The disease is characterized by a massive lesion of the skin and mucous membranes (the skin is very flaky, deep ulcers appear on it that do not heal for a long time), nervous system disorders - chronic fatigue, irritability, hallucinations, depression, numbness and "crawling" in the arms and legs. Mental retardation often occurs in young children.
Children from 1 to 10 years old need 10-15 mg of nicotinic acid per day, children 11-17 years old - 15-19 mg.
The highest amounts of niacin are found in liver, poultry, fish, eggs, whole grain breads, cereals, nuts, and legumes.
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) takes part in the processes of carbohydrate and protein metabolism, the synthesis of hemoglobin and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Regulates the activity of the nervous system; promotes the regeneration of red blood cells; the formation of antibodies. Primary hypo - and avitaminosis B6 characteristic of infants receiving artificial feeding. Secondary - equally occurs in children and adults. On the part of the skin and mucous membranes, seborrheic dermatosis of the face and scalp, neck, as well as stomatitis, glossitis and cheilosis occur. On the part of the nervous system, peripheral polyneuropathies (peripheral nerve damage) are frequent - paresthesias (spontaneously occurring sensations of numbness, tingling or burning) with a gradual loss of reflexes. Babies often have seizures. Characterized by anemia, lymphopenia (decrease in the level of lymphocytes in the blood).
A large amount of pyridoxine is found in bananas, eggs, bread and cereals, nuts, legumes. Lentils, liver, meat, poultry.
Daily requirement for children: 1-3 years old - 0.9 mg, 4-6 years old - 1.3 mg, 7-10 years old - 1.6 mg, 11-17 years old - up to 2 mg.
Vitamin B9 (folic acid). Promotes the formation of nucleic acids and cell division; the formation of red blood cells; yu is necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system and bone marrow. With a lack of vitamin B9, weakness, exhaustion, depression, insomnia, impaired coordination of movements, paresthesia, paralysis and paresis occur. From the side digestive system observed dyspepsia, lack of appetite, nausea. Often there may be ulcers of the oral mucosa, the hair becomes dull and brittle.
Vitamin is found in the following foods: liver, cod liver, bread (rye and whole grain), legumes, parsley, spinach, lettuce, green onions.
The daily requirement is 0.18-0.2 mg.
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) ensures the normal activity of folic acid, promotes the formation of red blood cells; participates in the processing of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, ensures the growth and activity of the nervous system. The causes of hypovitaminosis are not only its insufficient intake with food, but also chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastritis), intestinal invasion. Often occurs due to a genetically inherited violation of the synthesis of the Castle factor (a protein that protects the vitamin from destruction in the intestine). With a deficiency of cyanocobalamin, thought processes are disturbed, memory and attention deteriorate. There is a decline in the nervous system, depression of consciousness, problems with speech, impaired sensitivity and movements in the arms and legs. . May lead to anemia, atrophy of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.
Wheat sprouts, liver, kidneys, meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, yeast, cheese are rich in vitamin B12.
Daily dose for children: 1-3 years - 1 mcg, 4-6 years -1.5 mcg, 7 - 10 years -2 mcg, 11 - 17 years - 3 mcg.
Vitamin C hypovitaminosis
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is easily destroyed by high temperatures, the action of light and oxygen, which must be taken into account when preparing foods rich in ascorbic acid. It is a powerful antioxidant, normalizes redox processes in the body. It has anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects, stimulates the production of interferon (thus protecting the body from infections), strengthens the immune system. Participates in the production of collagen, hematopoiesis processes, normalizes capillary permeability. Lack of vitamin C in the body provokes the occurrence of scurvy, which is characterized by pallor and dry skin, bleeding gums, loosening and loss of teeth, the appearance of dark red hemorrhages (hemorrhages) on the skin due to increased vascular fragility, delayed tissue repair after physical damage (wounds, bruises). ). Also, with hypovitaminosis of ascorbic acid, there may be tarnishing and hair loss, brittle nails, lethargy, fatigue, weakening of muscle tone, rheumatoid pain in the sacrum and extremities (especially lower ones, pain in the feet), weakening of the immune system.
There are a large number of foods rich in ascorbic acid. Among them are dried rose hips, black currants, red and bell peppers, horseradish, citrus fruits, sorrel, strawberries, radishes, gooseberries, cabbage, tomatoes, broccoli, mangoes, parsley, peaches, apricots, apples, persimmons, sea buckthorn, mountain ash, oats, spinach, pomelo, melon.
The physiological need for children is from 30 to 90 mg / day. For viral and colds, the dose can be increased to 2000 mg / day.
Vitamin D hypovitaminosis
Vitamin D (ergocalciferol D2 and cholecalciferol D3) is a fat-soluble vitamin. Activated by ultraviolet radiation. AT human body this process takes place in the skin. Vitamin D regulates the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body, regulates their level in the blood, their entry into bone tissue and teeth. Together with vitamin A and calcium or phosphorus, it protects the body from colds, diabetes, skin and eye diseases. Prevents dental caries and gum disease, prevents osteoporosis, accelerates the healing of fractures. Vitamin D deficiency in a child's body leads to such a serious disease as rickets, which is characteristic of infants and young children, due to a violation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism. At the same time, the process of bone formation is disrupted, the lack of their mineralization, which is based on calcium deficiency during the period of active growth of the body. The bones become weak and soft, and the legs and spine may be bent. The skull becomes flat, there is a delay in teething. In the initial period of the disease (2-4 weeks), neurological and vegetative symptoms predominate: children are capricious, restless, irritable, shy, sleep poorly. Appetite is disturbed, the child sucks sluggishly. Excessive sweating often occurs, especially on the scalp. In this case, severe itching occurs, and the child rubs his head against the pillow. So there is alopecia of the occipital region characteristic of rickets. Muscle tone is weakened. Changes in the bones are not yet observed, but the edges of the large fontanel may already be pliable. During the peak period, bone changes begin to progress: osteomalacia occurs (softening of the bones) chest, skull, lower extremities, excessive osteogenesis (formation of bone tissue, resulting in rachitic "rosary" on the ribs, "bracelets" on the hands, "strings of pearls" on the fingers). The child may lag behind in psycho-motor and physical development. During the period of convalescence (recovery), the clinical and laboratory symptoms of rickets gradually disappear. After past illness postural disturbances, changes in the chest, X- or O-shaped lower limbs, flat rachitic pelvis in women.
Rickets is treated dosage forms vitamin D, calcium preparations, massage, sufficient insolation, rational nutrition. For prevention, even during pregnancy, women are prescribed vitamin D at a dose of 400-500 IU per day (during the last two months of pregnancy).
For young children, the daily requirement becomes 150 - 400-500 IU per day (at the same time, its content in adapted mixtures is taken into account). Children are prescribed prophylaxis from 2-3 weeks of life to 1-1.5 years. For the period of active insolation (from March to August) take a break.
Among animal products, vitamin D is found in butter, cheese and other dairy products, egg yolk, fish oil, caviar. Among vegetable products, mushrooms, sunflower seeds, alfalfa, parsley, horsetail, nettle are rich in pherols.
Vitamin E hypovitaminosis
Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a fat-soluble vitamin. It is a powerful antioxidant, improves cell nutrition, slows down the aging process, strengthens the walls of blood vessels and the myocardium (heart muscle), prevents the formation of blood clots, strengthens the immune system, improves peripheral circulation, promotes the absorption of vitamin A. In case of tocopherol deficiency in the body, dry skin, decreased visual acuity, brittle nails, muscular dystrophy, anemia, degenerative changes myocardium. The reproductive system suffers.
The daily requirement for tocopherol for infants becomes 3-4 IU (usually completely obtained with mother's milk), children preschool age- 6-7 IU, schoolchildren - 7-8 IU.
It is found in sufficient quantities in foods such as vegetable oils (olive, argan), wheat germ, apples, almonds, peanuts, cereals, legumes, green leafy vegetables, bran bread, nuts, Brussels sprouts, wild rose, soy. Among animal products, they are rich in eggs, liver, milk and dairy products, beef, lard.