The President has the right, at his own discretion, to preside at meetings of the Government, thereby taking the place of the Chairman of the Government (clause “b” of Article 83). This practice exists both in the Russian Federation and in foreign countries. At these meetings, the most important issues of state life are considered.
The decision on the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation, according to paragraph "c", can be taken by the President in three cases: at his own discretion, in the event of the Government submitting a letter of resignation, in the event of a vote of no confidence in the Government by the State Duma.
A special group is the powers of the President, enshrined in this article, to appoint and dismiss officials of the Russian Federation holding key positions at the federal level.
The Constitution provides for various procedures for the appointment of officials: independently by the President or with the participation of other officials or bodies, and this participation may be different in form and has different meanings.
The consent of the State Duma to the appointment of the head of the Government (paragraph "a" of Article 83) is expressed in the adoption of the relevant act by a majority vote of the total number of members of the Duma. This is not only a legal act, but also a political one, since the expression by the State Duma of consent to the appointment of the Chairman of the Government is also an expression of confidence in the future Government.
In the event that the State Duma rejects a candidate for the post of Prime Minister, the President submits a proposal for a new candidate within a week. If the Duma rejects the submitted candidates twice, the President, within a week from the date of rejection of the second candidate, introduces a third candidate.
The President has the right to propose the same candidate to the chamber twice or thrice, or to present a new candidate each time
Discussion and approval of candidates for the position of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation takes place in the terms and in the manner prescribed by the Regulations of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
After the State Duma rejects the submitted candidates three times, the President appoints the Chairman of the Government without her consent, dissolves the Duma and calls new elections (part 4 of article 111 of the Constitution).
When the President appoints and recalls diplomatic representatives in foreign states and international organizations (clause "m"), the consent of the relevant committees and commissions of the Federal Assembly is not required. They are consulted, which the President may take into account, but they are not mandatory. The consultations of the bodies of the Federal Assembly are aimed primarily at securing high prestige for persons appointed by the President who represent the Russian Federation abroad.
Appointment of plenipotentiary representatives of the President is made by him personally, he independently determines these persons, gives them instructions and empowers them with appropriate powers (clause “k” of Article 83).
As the head of state, having independent and very broad powers, the President forms his Administration (paragraph "i"). This body operates within the powers of the President and is directly subordinate to him.
The article under consideration reflects the idea of interaction between the President and the executive and legislative branches, which runs through the entire Constitution. It has already been noted above that the President cooperates with the head of the executive branch - the Chairman of the Government, in particular when forming the composition of the Government (clause "e"), as well as with the legislative branch when appointing individual officials of federal bodies.
The President submits to the State Duma candidates for appointment to the post of Chairman of the Central Bank and raises the question of his dismissal from the post before the Duma (paragraph "d"). Cooperation between the President and the State Duma, directly elected by the population, on the issue of the head of the Bank is very significant. After all, on the basis of part 2 of Art. 75 of the Constitution, the Central Bank of Russia performs its main function - protecting and ensuring the stability of the ruble - "regardless of other state authorities."
According to paragraph "e" Art. 83 The President submits to the Federation Council candidates for the appointment of judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Arbitration Court. These officials are appointed by the Federation Council.
The regulations of the Federation Council establish a unified procedure for considering candidates submitted by the President of the Russian Federation for appointment to the position of judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Arbitration Court. Candidates submitted for appointment to the positions of the Constitutional Court are preliminary discussed in the Federation Council Committee on Constitutional Legislation, and candidates for the positions of judges of the Supreme Court and the Supreme Arbitration Court - in the Committee on Legal and Judicial Affairs. The committees prepare an opinion on each nominee.
In the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of June 26, 1992 N 3132-1 "On the Status of Judges of the Russian Federation" (as amended on December 15, 2001), it is established that the President nominates candidates for judges of the Supreme Court and the Supreme Arbitration Court, taking into account the opinion of the chairmen of these courts.
The President personally appoints judges of other federal courts, which is provided for in Part 2 of Art. 128 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
The President also submits the candidature of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation to the Federation Council. In the same chamber of parliament, the President submits a proposal to dismiss the Attorney General from office. The issue of dismissal of judges is not raised, since, in accordance with Art. 121 of the Constitution, judges are irremovable.
The nobility, as the highest privileged class in Russia, arose on the basis of public service. The very term "nobleman" in Russia first appeared in the 2nd half of the 12th century and denoted people living at the princely court. According to the prominent genealogist L.M. Savelov, “the roots of the Russian nobility go to the very depths of our history, which, if it did not know a strictly organized estate, then knew a class of service people who fully corresponded to the concept of the nobility, although it was not as closed as it was among the peoples of the West. Our nobility has never broken its ties with the people, it has always been an integral part of it.
With the development of feudal relations in Russia, the nobles turned into small landowners, receiving small plots of land as a reward for military or administrative service. From princely servants, they turned into "sovereign service people." For the received land (estate), the nobles were obliged to faithfully serve the Grand Duke (Tsar) and subsequently began to be called landowners.
Under Peter I, the lifelong service of the nobles was enshrined in the Decree of 1701: "... all service people from the lands serve, and no one owns the lands for free." The first relief was made by Empress Anna Ivanovna, who established that the nobles should serve from 20 to 45 years of age, after which they could leave the service; one nobleman from each family was allowed not to attend the service at all, but to take care of the household.
Emperor Peter III in 1762 freed the nobles from compulsory service, and Empress Catherine II in 1785 confirmed this right with a Letter of Complaint for the rights, liberties and advantages of the nobility. In particular, the nobles were granted significant personal, property and class privileges.
The main privileges of the Russian nobility were;
1) the right to own the settlement estates (until 1861);
2) freedom from compulsory service (from 1762 until the introduction in 1874 of all-class military service);
3) freedom from corporal punishment, freedom from zemstvo duties (before the tax reforms of the 2nd half of the 19th century);
4) the right to enter the civil service and to receive education in privileged educational institutions;
5) the right of corporate organization - county and provincial noble assemblies;
6) the right to directly appeal to the supreme authority with their needs.
For persons of noble origin, there were a number of advantages in serving.
The Russian nobility was not a closed caste, it was constantly replenished by the most capable and zealous representatives of other classes. As N.V. wrote Gogol, “our nobility is the color of our own population. For the most part, merit to the Tsar, the people and the whole Russian land was elevated in our country to a noble family of people from all classes.
Having risen to a certain rank, a brave officer received the Russian nobility. An official who was awarded a high order became a nobleman. Often, sovereigns favored the nobility for personal services to the Fatherland. Thus, the Russian nobility was a constantly replenished class of faithful servants of the Russian state.
The Russian nobility was divided into hereditary and personal. In the period from 1722 (the introduction of the Table of Ranks by Emperor Peter 1) until 1845, hereditary nobility was given for the length of service of the first chief officer rank - ensign, cornet (14th grade according to the Table of Ranks) in military service and the rank of collegiate assessor (8 th class) - on the civil.
Lower ranks in the civil service provided personal nobility.
Hereditary nobility was given for awarding any of the orders of the Russian Empire (with a number of restrictions for the merchants from 1826 and 1832).
In the period from 1845 to 1856, hereditary nobility was given for length of service in military service, the rank of major (8th class), for civil service - the rank of state councilor (5th class), as well as awarding all degrees of the orders of St. George, St. Vladimir and the first degrees of other orders of the empire.
Personal nobility was given for all senior officer ranks below major in military service, for ranks 6 - 9-ro classes in the civil service and the awarding of the lower degrees of the orders of St. Stanislav and St. Anna.
All chief officers below a colonel and civil ranks of the 5th-9th grades in the civil service became personal nobles. The procedure for awarding the nobility in connection with the awarding of orders remained the same.
In the period from 1856 to 1900, hereditary nobility was given for length of service in military service, the rank of colonel or captain of the 1st rank (6th class), and in civilian service, the rank of real state councilor (4th class).
In the period from 1900 to 1917, the procedure for granting to the hereditary and personal nobility remained the same as in the previous period, with the exception of raising the qualification for the order: only the 3rd step awarded the Order of St. Vladimir could become a hereditary nobleman. Personal nobles were allowed to ask for hereditary nobility in the event that their fathers and grandfathers served for 20 years in the ranks of chief officers.
The procedure for obtaining noble dignity objectively contributed to the overall improvement in the quality of public service. The high social prestige of the nobility led to the fact that the qualification to receive the nobility was a powerful incentive for the proper performance of official duties by officers and officials. Many aspired to become nobles and made considerable efforts for this. Therefore, the number of the nobility during the nineteenth century. steadily grew, although after 1861 belonging to the nobility no longer gave any serious advantages and privileges. In 1858, there were about 610 thousand hereditary nobles in Russia, and in 1897 - 1 million 222 thousand.
Hereditary nobles were divided into 6 categories, each of which was entered in a separate part of the provincial genealogy book:
in the 1st part - the nobles elevated to the nobility by the personal grant of the emperor;
in the 2nd part - those who received the nobility through military service;
in the 3rd part - those who received the nobility in the civil service (persons who received the nobility by order were also included here, but in practice they were often included in the 1st part);
in the 4th part - foreign noble families that have passed into Russian citizenship;
in the 5th part - the titled nobility (barons, counts, princes, etc.);
in the 6th part - old noble families that could prove their nobility until 1685.
There were no differences in rights and obligations between these categories, but a number of privileged educational institutions (the Corps of Pages, the Imperial Alexander Lyceum, the Imperial School of Law) accepted children of nobles from the 5th and 6th parts of the genealogy book (as well as children of persons who had ranks of at least 4th class).
The upper layer of the hereditary Russian nobility was the titled nobility, that is, noble families that had baronial, count and princely family titles. However, the possession of a family title did not give special advantages, was not associated with a certain property status, and in many cases the barons, counts and princes were not rich.
Personal nobility gave all the rights of hereditary nobility, except for the right to own populated estates, belong to a noble society (provincial and county) and participate in the elections of officials elected by the nobility.
Personal nobility was not hereditary. Children of personal nobles had the right to enter the civil service, but during its passage they enjoyed less rights than hereditary nobles. Since 1832, the children of personal nobles received hereditary honorary citizenship.
Despite the fact that the nobles at the end of the eighteenth century. was granted the right to retire or not serve at all, not everyone used this right. In the overwhelming majority, the nobility remained a serving state class, seeking in service in the military and civil fields not so much salary as honor and benefit to the Fatherland. As noted by L.M. historian Savelov, “the freedom he received did not in the least affect the quality of his service to the state, as in the 16th and 17th centuries. Art. it died for the motherland near Kazan and Smolensk, so it died in the 18th and 19th centuries. near Izmail, Kars, Borodino, Leipzig.
The contribution of the Russian nobility to the formation of Russian statehood and the strengthening of the independence, strength and power of Russia is enormous. Outstanding military leaders Count P.A. covered their names with glory. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, Count A.V. Suvorov-Rymniksky, Prince of Italy, Prince N.V. Repnin, His Serene Highness Prince M.I. GolenishchevKutuzov-Smolensky, Prince P.I. Bagration, Prince M.B. Barclay de Tolly and many others.
N.M. Karamzin wrote: “The nobility is the soul and noble image of the whole people. I like to imagine Russian nobles not only with a sword in their hand, not only with the scales of Themis, but with the laurels of Apollo, with the rod of the God of Arts, with the symbols of the Goddess of Agriculture. This is exactly what the Russian nobility was like - not only a working class, but also a guardian, a distributor of education, knowledge, and culture. For centuries, the nobility represented the most educated and socially active part of Russian society. And it is no coincidence that among those who glorified Russia in the field of science, literature, art, the majority are nobles.
Many representatives of the Russian nobility made a significant contribution to the development of Russian and world science: mathematician P.L. Chebyshev, physicist and chemist N.N. Beketov, geologist V.I. Vernadsky, physiologist K.A. Timiryazev, biologist I.I. Mechnikov, chemist N.D. Zelinsky, surgeon N.V. Sklifosovsky, travelers P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and N.M. Przhevalsky, historians V.N. Tatishchev, Prince M.M. Shcherbatov, N.M. Karamzin, T.N. Granovsky, K.D. Kavelin, A.A. Kornilov, A.A. Kizevetter, historian and philologist Ya.K. Grot, philosopher N.A. Berdyaev and others.
The role of the Russian nobility in the creation of Russian culture is well known. Without the participation of the nobles, it is impossible to imagine either the history of Russian painting, or the history of Russian theater, or the history of Russian architecture. By order of the nobles, palaces and mansions were built in the capitals, architectural ensembles in estates, artists and sculptors worked. The nobles kept theaters, orchestras, collected libraries, works of art.
The everyday culture of the Russian nobility, especially the capital, influenced the culture of other strata of society. And such greatest phenomena of world culture as Russian literature and Russian music were glorified mainly by representatives of the first estate: G.R. Derzhavin, A.S. Pushkin, E.A. Baratynsky, A.S. Griboyedov, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, F.I. Tyutchev, N.A. Nekrasov, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Count L.N. Tolstoy, A.A. Fet (Shenshin), F.M. Dostoevsky, A, A, Blok, M.I. Glinka, A.S. Dargomyzhsky, M.A. Balakirev, M.P. Mussorgsky, P.I. Tchaikovsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, S.I. Taneev, S.V. Rachmaninov. The author of the Russian national anthem was a representative of an old noble family, a prominent musical figure A.F. Lvov.
Representatives of well-known Russian noble families (Sheremetevs, Golitsyns, Rumyantsevs, Demidovs, Stroganovs, Bezborodko, Naryshkins, Chertkovs and many others) were widely engaged in patronage and charitable activities.
The Russian nobles played a leading role (especially in the 18th - 1st half of the 19th century) in the development of social thought and social movement. They occupied positions of an extremely wide range: protective, educational, revolutionary.
Russian nobles were members of Masonic organizations, showed extreme opposition in the speech of the Decembrists, prevailed among Westerners and Slavophiles, and to a large extent shaped the course of liberalism.
The brightest reformers of the 19th - early 20th centuries also belonged to the Russian nobility by birth or length of service. (Count M.M. Speransky, Count M.T. Loris-Melikov, Count S.Yu. Witte, P.A. Stolypin and others).
At the beginning of the 20th century, people from the Russian nobility became part of all the political parties that arose in Russia, in 1906-1917. actively participated in the work of the first representative legislative institution - the State Duma. After the February Revolution of 1917, representatives of the nobility were part of the Provisional Government (in March-July 1917 it was headed by one of the descendants of Rurik, Prince G.E. Lvov).
After the October Revolution of 1917, the Russian nobility, having officially lost all their titles and privileges, was persecuted. The Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of November 11, 1917 abolished estates, estate ranks and civil ranks. The official policy of the new government was the consistent eradication of the Russian nobility through physical destruction, exile, prohibition acts; many representatives of the estate participated in the armed struggle against the Soviet authorities and died in the fire of the Civil War, many were forced to leave their homeland. Most of those who remained had to “forget” about their origin in order to survive. It was dangerous to remember one's own parents or grandfathers and relatives in general if they were nobles. Family documents and letters were burned, portraits and photographs were destroyed, other family relics were hidden, and even surnames were sometimes changed. And only after many decades it became obvious that the eradication of the nobility was one of the reasons for the degradation of Russian society.
Back in the first half of the 19th century, the English historian and politician T. Macaulay wrote: “Woe to the state that ever decides to entrust the highest power to the majority of citizens, counting them without exception, for this is tantamount to the abolition of everything that is smart, beautiful, educated and rich ... And if power falls even for one hour into the hands of the most ignorant and poorest, and consequently, the most embittered part of the population, then science, culture, industry, trade, and along with them, inevitably, freedom will also drown in the sea blood and in the abyss of the most brutal, merciless violence...”.
Now, in the new Russia, the Russian Noble Assembly, noble unions and associations, genealogical societies have been re-created, scientific conferences on genealogy are being held, publications on the history of noble families are being published.
RANKS, RANKS AND POSITIONS IN THE MOSCOW STATE AND THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE:
Admiral - fleet commander. Naval rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of general-in-chief (general from infantry, from cavalry, from artillery, engineer-general) and a real secret adviser.
Adjutant - an officer who is attached to a senior commander and transmits his orders, as well as a staff position in a battalion, regiment, etc.
Assessor - assessor, middle-ranking official in various institutions.
Auditor - official, secretary and clerk in military courts. In 1797, the auditors were united in an audit department headed by an auditor general; subdivided into brigade and regimental; in 1867 replaced by military court officials.
Boyar - the highest service rank in the Russian state of the XIV - XVII centuries. The title of boyar gave the right to participate in meetings of the Boyar Duma. Canceled by Tsar Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century.
Brigadier - military rank of the 5th class according to the Table of Ranks in 1722 - 1799, which occupied an intermediate position between a major general and a colonel and corresponded to the ranks of a captain-commander of the fleet and a state adviser.
Brigade Major - an officer with the rank of major, who was with the brigadier as his closest assistant in managing the brigade, maintaining correspondence and the police unit in the camp and on the campaign. The title was established by Emperor Peter I and abolished by Paul I in 1799, along with the rank of brigadier.
Bunchuk comrade - rank in Little Russia, was under the hetman, to whom he was directly subordinate; corresponded to the rank of prime minister.
Burgomaster - an official of choice (for 3 years) of the city society, presiding over the magistrate and the town hall. The position was introduced by Tsar Peter I in 1699 instead of Zemstvo heads.
Vice Admiral - naval rank 3-ro class according to the Table of Ranks, corresponding to the rank of lieutenant general and privy councillor.
Vice Governor - government official in the provinces, the only deputy governor who directly controlled the activities of provincial institutions. He had, as a rule, a rank not lower than 5-6th grade according to the Table of Ranks.
Vice Chancellor - the name of the civil rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks for persons who headed the foreign ministry.
Governor - the head of the city administration with the county (the territory adjacent to the city, administratively subordinate); regimental governors headed each of the regiments or detachments of the Russian army.
Army foreman - military rank in the Cossack troops, in 1798-1884. - 8th class, corresponded to the rank of major, and since 1884. - 7th class, corresponded to the rank of lieutenant colonel.
Army comrade - rank in Little Russia in the XVIII century, corresponded to the rank of cornet.
Midshipman - a rank in the navy, established in 1716 for pupils of the senior companies of the Naval Academy, sent to the navy for practice.
Wardrobe master - court servant, caretaker of the imperial wardrobe.
Admiral General - naval rank 1-ro class according to the Table of Ranks, corresponding to the ranks of field marshal general and real privy councilor 1st class.
Adjutant General - one of the highest military ranks of persons who were under the emperor. Since 1808, the adjutant general was a member of the emperor's retinue. This honorary title was awarded by the emperor to military ranks, as a rule, 2nd - 3rd classes. They had the right to transmit oral orders of the emperor.
General-anshef - general rank of 2-ro class according to the Table of Ranks in the 18th century; a full general, who was below the rank of field marshal, corresponded to the ranks of admiral and actual privy councillor. Under Emperor Paul I in 1796-97. the rank of General-in-Chief was replaced by ranks according to the types of troops: general of infantry (infantry), general of cavalry, general of artillery, engineer-general.
Auditor General - head of the military office. His main duty was to direct the investigation and war crimes trial; was in the rank of 7th class according to the Table of Ranks.
Governor General - the highest official of the local administration in 1703-1917. He ruled over several provinces (in the 19th century, mostly outlying ones). He had, as a rule, a rank not lower than 2 - 3-ro class according to the Table of Ranks.
Inspector General - one of the highest positions in the army. The position of inspector general existed in the cavalry, infantry, artillery, engineering troops.
Quartermaster General - position in the field headquarters of the Russian army. He was responsible for the food supply, financial, medical, veterinary and clothing support of the army.
Generalissimo - the highest military rank in the armed forces of a number of countries. It was assigned to commanders who commanded several allied armies during the war, as well as sometimes to persons from reigning dynasties. In Russia, the title was not included in the Table of Ranks. During the existence of the Russian Empire, the title was awarded to only three persons: His Serene Highness Prince A.D. Menshikov (1727), Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg, father of the infant Emperor Ivan VI Antonovich (1740), c. A.V. Suvorov-Rymniksky, Prince of Italy (1799).
Quartermaster General - one of the highest staff positions in the army. He was in charge of studying the terrain, organizing the location and movement of troops, preparing military maps, and building fortifications. Under the quartermaster general, a quartermaster unit was created, which served as the basis for the formation of the General Staff.
General-Kriigskommissar - position in the central military administration of the Russian army in 1713 - 1864. He was in charge of supplying the army with clothing and monetary allowances, expenses for the maintenance of troops, etc.
Lieutenant General - military rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, introduced in the army in 1798 instead of the rank of lieutenant general. Corresponded to the ranks of Vice Admiral and Privy Councillor.
Major General - military rank of the 4th class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of rear admiral and real state adviser.
General of Infantry(from cavalry, from artillery, engineer-general) - general rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, replacing in 1796 - 97. rank of general-anshef; corresponded to the ranks of admiral and actual privy councillor.
Chief of Police General - official in the Russian army in 1812 - 1868 (in 1716 - 1812 he was called General-Gewaldiger), who performed military and police functions during the campaign; later, his duties were assigned to the commandant's office.
Lieutenant General - military rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, which existed in the Russian army until 1798. Corresponded to the ranks of Vice Admiral and Privy Councilor
Provision Master General - rank and position in the central military administration of the Russian army in 1716 - 1864. He was in the 5th class of ranks according to the Table of Ranks, he was in charge of the food part of the army.
Attorney General - the highest official of the civil administration, who oversaw the legality of the activities of the state apparatus. The position of Prosecutor General was established in 1722 by Emperor Peter I to oversee the activities of the Senate. With the formation of ministries (1802), the prosecutor general became at the same time the minister of justice.
Requetmaster General - an official in charge of receiving complaints and petitions addressed to the emperor. Field Marshal General - the highest military rank in the army. First introduced in the Russian army in 1699. Corresponded to the ranks of Admiral General, State Chancellor and Actual Privy Councilor 1st class.
Feldzeugmeister General - rank and position of chief artillery commander in the Russian army. General clerk - one of the highest officials in Little Russia, keeper of the press and archives, head of external relations and general office work.
Judge General - one of the highest officials in Little Russia, the head of legal proceedings. King of Arms - the position of the head of the central state institution (Heroldy), created in 1722. His duties included compiling noble lists, monitoring that nobles did not evade service, entering military ranks not from the nobles who had reached the rank of chief officer into the noble lists, representing at the request of the Senate, candidates for vacancies, as well as the compilation of coats of arms, noble genealogical books.
Streltsy head - an officer rank in the archery army, under whose command five hundreds of archery regiments consisted.
Mayor - representative of the local administration, headed the administrative and police authorities in county towns; position abolished in 1862.
City nobleman - a title denoting the category of the best (by merit, equipment, kinship) from the provincial nobles.
State Chancellor - civil rank of the 1st class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of Field Marshal General, Admiral General and Actual Privy Councilor 1st class. Secretary of State - an official, as a rule, of the 2nd - 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, who headed the State Chancellery, which was in charge of the clerical work of the State Council. The position was created in 1810.
Knight Marshal - court rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1726. He was in charge of affairs to the contentment of the court, arranging receptions and travels, and was in charge of court servants. One of the main duties of the marshal's part was the maintenance of the table of the imperial family.
Chamberlain - court rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1727. Managed the palace economy and the staff of the courtiers.
Chamberlain - court rank. Position for ladies. She was in charge of the court ladies' staff and the offices of empresses and grand duchesses.
Hoff Junker - court rank of the 12th class according to the Table of Ranks.
Mayor - the head (as a governor) of an administrative-territorial unit, which included a city with an adjacent territory, separated from the provinces, was appointed personally by the emperor (in the capitals) or on the proposal of the minister of internal affairs; they headed the city police, supervised trade and shipping, the post office, the condition of fortifications, port and public buildings, offices, etc.
Governor - the highest government official in the provinces, appointed by the emperor and performing administrative, police and military functions. He had, as a rule, a rank not lower than the 4th class according to the Table of Ranks.
The Butler - court position, manager of the royal household, which was the order of the Grand Palace with nourishing, fodder, grain and living yards.
Acting State Councilor - civil rank of the 4th class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of major general and rear admiral.
Active Privy Councilor - civil rank 2-ro class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of general-in-chief (or general from infantry, from cavalry, from artillery, engineer-general) and admiral.
Active Privy Councilor 1st Class - Civilian rank 1-ro class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of Field Marshal and General Admiral.
Boyar children - nobles, the bulk of the service class, which constituted the core of the army - the local cavalry; for the service received estates.
Dumb nobleman - the third rank of the Boyar Duma; persons who, for the most part, did not belong to the titled or boyar aristocracy, the humble, the tsar's favorites, and the relatives of the queens.
Dumny clerk - an official who was a member of the Boyar Duma (the lowest duma rank after the boyar, roundabout and duma nobleman). Drafted and ruled the drafts of the Boyar Duma and the most important royal decrees, was in charge of the office work of the Duma.
Dyak - an official who was in charge of the clerical work of state or local government and diplomatic negotiations and served for a salary.
Jägermeister - court rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1743. He was engaged in the organization of the imperial hunt.
Esaul - a person who was on campaigns under the king, for various assignments; in the Cossack army of the 17th century - assistant chieftain, senior officer.
Residents - the lowest rank of the capital's nobility, recruited from the district nobles, who were appointed in turn to Moscow to guard the royal palace and occupy administrative positions.
icon comrade - rank in Little Russia in the 18th century, corresponded to the rank of non-commissioned officer.
Cabinet Minister - member of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty., the highest state institution in 1731 - 1741, created as a Council under the Empress "for the best and decent administration of all state affairs." By decree of 1735, the signatures of the three Cabinet Ministers were equal to those of the Empress.
Treasurer - keeper of the royal treasury and jewels.
Chamberlain - court rank, first introduced in Russia in 1711. From 1737 he was in the 6th class of ranks according to the Table of Ranks, in 1809 he was transferred to the 4th class, and later the title acquired the character of an honorary award. Since 1836, only nobles who were in the civil service and had the rank of 3rd - 5th class, that is, not lower than the state councilor, and since 1850 - 3rd - 1st class (as a distinctive sign, had a key sewn over the left pocket of his uniform).
Chamber page - a special court rank for young men who studied in the senior classes of the Corps of Pages. Their duties included duty with the emperor, empress and grand duchesses, as well as participation in court ceremonies and festivities (accompanying members of the Imperial Family, carrying trains, etc.).
Maid of honor - senior court rank for maidens, first introduced in 1742.
Chamber Juncker - originally a court rank of the 9th class according to the Table of Ranks, from 1737 - the 6th class, from 1742 - the 5th class, after 1809 - a junior court rank, from 1836 for persons who had the rank 4 - 9- first class, and since 1850 - 5th - 8th class. The duties of the chamberlains and chamberlains included daily (in order of priority) duty with the empresses and other members of the imperial family, as well as special duties with them during court ceremonies, balls and when visiting theaters.
Captain - chief officer rank 9th class, and from 1884 - 8th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, artillery, engineering troops and 7th class - in the guard. The rank of captain corresponded to: in the cavalry - the rank of captain, in the Cossack troops - the captain, in the navy - the captain-lieutenant (then senior lieutenant), in the civil ranks - the collegiate assessor.
Captain 1st rank - naval rank of the 4th class according to the Table of Ranks in 1713 - 1732 and 1751 - 1917 Corresponded to the ranks of colonel and collegiate adviser.
Captain 2nd rank - naval rank of the 7th class according to the Table of Ranks in 1713 - 1732 and 1751 - 1917 Corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant colonel and court adviser.
Captain Commander - naval rank of the 5th class according to the Table of Ranks, in 1707 - 1732, 1751 - 1764, 1798 - 1827, and then was finally abolished. Corresponded to the ranks of brigadier and state councillor.
Lieutenant Commander - naval rank 8-ro class according to the Table of Ranks in 1798 - 1884 and 1907 - 1911 In 1911, he was abolished and replaced with the rank of senior lieutenant.
Quartermaster - an officer in charge of accommodating troops, supplying them with food and fodder.
Collegiate assessor - rank of the 8th class according to the Table of Ranks, corresponding to the military rank of major.
Collegiate Secretary - civil rank of the 10th class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant, centurion and midshipman.
Collegiate Counsel - civil rank of the 6th class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of colonel and captain of the 1st rank.
Rear Admiral - naval rank of the 4th class according to the Table of Ranks. Introduced in Russia in 1699. Originally called Schautbenacht. Corresponded to the ranks of major general and real state adviser.
stableman - the court rank, originally in charge of the grand ducal horses, then acquired the value of an honorary title, denoting primacy among the boyars.
Kravchy - court rank, which was in charge of organizing royal feasts, for which he served the sovereign, and sending out treats on solemn days, granted by the tsar to ambassadors, boyars and persons of other ranks.
Landrat - in the Baltic provinces - a member of the landrat collegium (a body of noble self-government), an adviser from the nobles of the county under the governor.
Life Guard - privileged part of the Russian army. Until 1884, ranks in the guard were considered 2 classes higher than in the army, and from 1884 they began to be considered 1 class higher than the army (for example, the rank of lieutenant in the guard was equal to the rank of captain in the army). All posts in the guards were replaced by higher ranks than in the army (for example, major generals commanded guard regiments, colonels commanded battalions, etc.).
Lieutenant - military rank of 12th class according to the Table of Ranks in the army and engineering units, 10th class in artillery and 9th class in the guard; in 1730 he was replaced by the rank of lieutenant. Naval rank of the 9th class in 1798 - 1917
Stalker - court position, in charge of royal animal hunting.
Major - military rank in the Russian army until 1798 in the guard of the 6th class according to the Table of Ranks, in the artillery and engineering troops of the 7th class, in the infantry of the 8th class. Since 1798 - in the infantry, artillery and engineering troops of the 8th class, and in the guards it was canceled. In 1731 - 1797. The rank of major was divided into two levels - prime major and second major. In 1884, the rank of major in all military branches was abolished.
Minister - the highest official is the head of the ministry, appointed by the emperor. The position was first introduced in Russia in 1802 with the creation of ministries. He was, as a rule, in the 2nd - 3rd grade according to the Table of Ranks.
Midshipman - naval rank in the Russian fleet, was in the 13th class according to the Table of Ranks, from 1764 - in the 12th, since 1884 - in the 10th class. Corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant and collegiate secretary.
Moscow nobleman - a title considered higher than a city nobleman, but lower than court ranks. In the seventeenth century the title of Moscow nobleman was also given as a reward to those nobles who did not have estates near Moscow.
Murza - title of nobility among the Tatars.
Outside Advisor - civil rank of the 7th class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant colonel, military foreman and captain of the 2nd rank.
Punishment ataman - the title assigned to all the chiefs of the military and civil administration in the Cossack troops.
Viceroy - an official appointed by the Grand Duke, the king in the cities and heading the local government. In the Russian Empire - the position of head of local government, introduced in 1775. The viceroy (governor-general) headed the administration of 2 - 3 provinces. In 1796, the position of governor was abolished, but at the beginning of the 19th century. restored (governorships existed in the Kingdom of Poland, in the Caucasus, and at the beginning of the 20th century in the Far East).
Chief Marshal - court rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1726.
Ober chamberlain - court rank 2-ro class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1722. Managed the staff and finances of the court,
Chief Hoffmeister - the highest court rank and position for ladies. She was in charge of the court ladies' staff and the office of the empresses. For the first time, Chief Chamberlain at the Russian court was appointed in 1727.
Ober-jägermeister - court rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1736. He was in charge of the imperial hunt.
Ober chamberlain - court rank 2-ro class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1727. He supervised the court cavaliers (chamberlains and chamberlains) and represented the members of the Imperial Family of persons who received the right to an audience.
Chief Quartermaster - an officer who was engaged in the deployment of troops, supplying them with food, fodder.
Ober Commandant - head of the fortress; in the cities, a specially appointed official or military commander who monitored order and discipline in the local troops and the appointment of guards.
Chief Commissar - military officer in charge of the money.
Ober-kriegs-commissioner - military officer in charge of supplying the army.
Chief officer ranks - military and civil ranks of the 9th - 14th grades according to the Table of Ranks.
Chief Prosecutor - an official who supervised the organizational work of the department of the Senate; consisted, as a rule, in the 4th grade according to the Table of Ranks; civil official who directed the activities of the Holy Synod.
Ober-sarvaer - chief shipbuilder.
Ober-fiscal - the positions of fiscals were established in 1711 by Tsar Peter 1 to supervise higher and local government; they were headed by the chief fiscal at the Senate, at the collegiums - special fiscals, in the provinces - provincial and city fiscals. After the establishment of the positions of prosecutors at the colleges in 1775, the positions of fiscals were abolished.
Ober-Vorschneider - court rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1856 ("forschneider" in German - a cutter of dishes).
Master of Ceremonies - court rank 3-ro class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1727. He was in charge of the procedural side of court ceremonies.
Ober-schenk - court rank of the 2nd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1723, at the disposal of which were palace reserves.
Chief ringmaster - court rank 2-ro class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1726, heading the court stables (the imperial stables and related households).
Okolnichy - court rank and position in the Russian state until the beginning of the 18th century, the second rank after the boyar of the Boyar Duma.
Gunsmith - a court position in charge of the storage and manufacture of the royal ceremonial military and hunting weapons.
Pyazh - a special court rank for young men studying in the Corps of Pages.
Printer - in the Russian state, the keeper of the large and medium state seals.
Platz Major - Assistant Commandant.
tribute at bells - rynda assistant.
Podkomory - in the Commonwealth, a zemstvo official whose duties included surveying lands, resolving land disputes and maintaining documentation on this issue in any area.
Lieutenant Colonel - military rank of the 8th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 6th class - in the artillery and engineering troops, 5th class - in the guard until 1798. Since 1798 - 7th class in all branches of the military, except for the guard, where this rank was eliminated. Corresponded to the ranks of captain 2-ro rank, military foreman and court adviser.
Second Lieutenant - military rank of the 13th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, the 12th class - in the artillery and engineering troops and the 10th class - in the guard until 1884. In 1884 - 10th class in the guards and 12th class in other branches of the military. Corresponded to the ranks of a cornet in the cavalry, a cornet in the Cossack troops and a provincial secretary in the civil service.
Podskarbiy - treasurer in the Commonwealth.
clerk - an official who was subordinate to the clerk and was engaged in office work.
Chief of Police - chief of the city police of the provincial city. The position was first created in 1718 in St. Petersburg (general police chief), in 1722 - in Moscow (chief police chief). Everywhere in the provincial cities introduced in 1782 by the Charter of the deanery. The chief of police headed the council of the deanery, and from the 2nd half of the 19th century, the city police department.
Colonel - military rank of the 6th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 5th class - in artillery and engineering troops and 4th class - in the guard until 1798, and then 6th class in all branches of the military. Corresponded to the ranks of captain 1-ro rank and collegiate adviser.
School District Trustee - an official of the Ministry of Public Education, who was in the 3rd - 4th grade according to the Table of Ranks, who managed educational institutions in the territory under his jurisdiction, which included several provinces. In 1803, all educational institutions of the Ministry of Public Education were administratively divided into 6 educational districts; by the beginning of the twentieth century. the number of educational districts increased to 12.
Lieutenant - military rank of 12th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 10th class - in artillery and engineering troops and 9th class - in the guard until 1798, then 10th class in all branches of the military, except for the guard, where he stayed in 9th grade. He corresponded to the ranks of a centurion, midshipman and collegiate secretary.
Posadnik - elected official in Novgorod and Pskov. The posadnik, representing the most noble boyar families, convened a veche, led the troops, fortified the city and its suburbs, and negotiated issues of war and peace.
Bedding - a court position, whose duties included monitoring the cleanliness, decoration and safety of the royal bed. The boyars close to the tsar were usually appointed bed wardens.
Honorable guardian - an honorary title equivalent to the 3rd class of civil service officials according to the Table of Ranks. Established in 1798 to reward members of the boards of trustees (bodies in charge of charitable institutions) and was given to the nobles who made large donations to charitable purposes.
Ensign - military rank of 14th class according to the Table of Ranks in the infantry, 13th class - in artillery and engineering troops and 12th class - in the guard until 1884. Since 1884 he was transferred to the 13th class and was assigned to reserve officers in wartime.
Marshal of the nobility(provincial, county) - a representative of the nobility of the province or county, elected by the relevant Noble Assembly for 3 years (could be re-elected), in charge of the class affairs of the nobility and holding an influential place in the local administration and self-government bodies. For the duration of his duties, the provincial marshal of the nobility enjoyed the rights of the 4th class according to the Table of Ranks, and the county - 5th class. Those who served in elections in this position for three terms received the right to this rank.
Prime Major - in 1731 - 1797 the upper step of the military rank of the 8th class according to the Table of Ranks (major).
Captain - military rank in the cavalry, until 1884 - 9th, and since 1884 - 8th class according to the Table of Ranks, corresponded to the rank of captain.
Rynda - royal squire, bodyguard, appointed from the stolniks and solicitors, guards of honor at the reception of ambassadors.
Retinue of His Imperial Majesty - from the beginning of the 19th century. consisted of generals, admirals and officers of the land and naval forces, who were especially close to the emperor and had a special retinue rank (general, attached to the Special E.I.V., adjutant general, retinue E.I.V. major general or rear admiral, adjutant wing), granted to them in addition to the general military ranks they had. Award to E.I.V. was carried out at the direct discretion of the emperor, and the number of persons in the retinue was not limited. The duties of the members of the Retinue included the fulfillment of special assignments of the emperor, as well as duty with the emperor in his residences or at ceremonies outside them. An important privilege of the adjutant generals on duty was to announce the emperor's oral orders.
Retinue E.I.V. major general - retinue rank, assigned to persons who had the corresponding military rank of the 4th class according to the Table of Ranks.
Retinue E.I.V. rear admiral - retinue rank, assigned to persons who had the corresponding naval rank of the 4th class according to the Table of Ranks.
Retinue E.I.V. quartermaster - service quartermaster unit of the Russian army, later transformed into a service of the General Staff.
Second Major - in 1731 - 1797 the lower step of the military rank of the 8th class according to the Table of Ranks (major).
Senator - member of the ruling Senate, established in 1711 as the highest state institution, and in the XIX - early XX centuries. acting as the highest judicial instance and the highest body of administrative supervision. He was appointed by the emperor and was in the rank of at least 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks.
Centurion - commander of a unit (hundreds) in the Russian army until the beginning of the 18th century; military rank in the Cossack troops, in 1798 - 1884. - 12th grade, since 1884 - 10th grade according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant, midshipman and collegiate secretary.
sleeping bag - court rank in the Russian state until the beginning of the 18th century. He was subordinate to the bedkeeper, was on duty in the sovereign's room, undressed and dressed him, accompanied him on trips. Station bailiff - the official of the county police, who was in charge of police relations with the camp, a certain part of the county, was subordinate to the police officer.
State lady - court honorary title for ladies. The title was awarded mainly to spouses of major civil and military ranks, most of them belonged to well-born noble families, many were cavalry ladies (who had the ladies' order of St. Catherine). They did not have any specific duties at court, they could not even take part in court ceremonies and appeared at court only on solemn occasions. Of the state ladies, chamberlains and obergofmeisterins were appointed.
State Councillor - civil rank of the 5th class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of the brigadier of the army and the captain-commander of the fleet.
Secretary of State H.I.V.- in the 18th century this title was worn by persons who acted as personal secretaries of the emperor. Since the middle of the 19th century, it has been an honorary title bestowed personally by the emperor on major dignitaries of the civil department, as a rule, not lower than the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks. They had the right to transmit oral orders of the emperor.
Stolnik - a petty court rank, whose duties included serving at the table during feasts and performing various tasks for the king. Almost all representatives of aristocratic families began their service in the stolniks, later advancing to the boyar ranks, and also the nobles served, for whom the rank of stolnik was the pinnacle of their career. The stolniks, who were part of the tsar's inner circle, were called room stewards.
Solicitor - a petty court rank, whose duties included watching the king's dress and serving it when dressed. Like the stewards, the lawyers also carried out various assignments of the king, served as city and regimental governors. Solicitor with a key - palace housekeeper.
Privy Councilor - civil rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of lieutenant general and vice admiral.
Titular Advisor - civil rank of the 9th class according to the Table of Ranks. Corresponded to the ranks of staff captain, staff captain, lieutenant.
Comrade Minister - the position of deputy minister, introduced in 1802 with the creation of ministries in Russia. He was, as a rule, in the 3rd - 4th grade according to the Table of Ranks. Each minister had one or more comrades (deputies).
Tysyatsky - military commander who led the ancient Russian city militia ("thousand"). Later in Novgorod - elective position, assistant posadnik; led the Novgorod army. Flag Captain - officer position in the squadron, corresponding to the senior adjutant.
Adjutant Wing - junior retinue rank, assigned to the headquarters of the chief officers of the army and navy. For the adjutant wing, there were preferential conditions for promotion to ranks, regardless of vacancies. The rank was retained for those whose rank was not higher than the rank of colonel or captain of the 1st rank, and was removed from the general ranks during production (often the former adjutant wing, who received the military rank of major general or rear admiral, was enlisted in the retinue of E.I. .AT.).
maid of honor - junior court rank for maidens. When you get married, it was automatically removed. But, despite this, they retained the right to be introduced to the Empress and receive invitations to balls in the Great Hall of the Winter Palace along with their husbands, regardless of the rank of the latter.
Master of Ceremonies - court rank of the 5th class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1743. Participated in court ceremonies.
Chashnik - official of the royal administration, who led a special palace institution, which was in charge of drinking affairs, a also beekeeping; served the king at dinner parties and festive feasts, were among the closest advisers to the sovereign.
Shlyakhtich - a nobleman in the Commonwealth; in the eighteenth century so the Russian nobles were also called.
Headquarters officers - military and civil ranks of the 6th - 8th grades according to the Table of Ranks.
Staff captain - rank of officer of the infantry, artillery and engineering troops, in 1797 - 1884. - 10th class, and since 1884 - 9th class according to the Table of Ranks, 8th class - in the guard. Corresponded to the ranks of staff captain, lieutenant and titular adviser.
Staff captain - rank of cavalry officer in 1797 - 1884 - 10th class according to the Table of Ranks, since 1884 - 9th class, and in the guard - 8th class. Corresponded to the rank of staff captain, lieutenant and titular adviser.
Ringmaster - court rank of the 3rd class according to the Table of Ranks, first introduced in 1773 and in charge of the court stables, grooms, carriages.
Executor - an official who was in charge of the economic part of the institution and supervised the external order in the work of clerical servants.
Literature: Shcherbachev O.V. // Noble calendar: A reference genealogical book of the Russian nobility. SPb., 1999; Shepelev. // L.E. The bureaucratic world of Russia in the 18th - early 20th centuries. SPb., 1999; Fedorchenko F. // Noble families that glorified the fatherland. M. Olma-Press. 2001.
Note. An official in this Code should be understood as a person who permanently, temporarily or in accordance with special powers, exercising the functions of a representative of power, that is, endowed in the manner prescribed by law with administrative powers in relation to persons who are not in official dependence on him, as well as a person performing organizational and administrative or administrative and economic functions in state bodies, bodies of state off-budget funds of the Russian Federation, local governments, state and municipal organizations, as well as in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations of the Russian Federation. Those who have committed administrative offenses in connection with the performance of organizational and administrative or administrative and economic functions, managers and other employees of other organizations, arbitration managers, as well as those who have committed administrative offenses provided for in Articles 9.22, 13.25, 14.24, 14.25, 14.55, 14.56, part 3 of Article 14.57, 14.61, 14.63, 14.64, 15.17 - 15.22, 15.23.1, 15.24.1, 15.25, 15.26.1, 15.26.2, 15.29 - 15.31, 15.37, 15.38, part 9 of Article 19.5, Articles 19.7.3, 2 of this of the Code, members of the boards of directors (supervisory boards), collegial executive bodies (boards, directorates), counting commissions, audit commissions (auditors), liquidation commissions of legal entities and heads of organizations exercising the powers of sole executive bodies of other organizations, individuals who are founders ( participants) of legal entities, heads of organizations exercising the powers of sole executive bodies in organizations that are founders of legal entities, bear administrative responsibility as officials. Persons acting as a member of the commission for the procurement of goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs, contract managers, a contract service worker who have committed administrative offenses provided for in Articles 7.29 - 7.32, 7.32.5, parts 7, 7.1 of Article 19.5, Article 19.7.2 of this Code, bear administrative responsibility as officials. Persons exercising the functions of organizing and carrying out procurement in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of procurement of goods, works, services by certain types of legal entities, including members of the procurement commission who have committed administrative offenses under Article 7. 32.3, part 7.2 of article 19.5, article 19.7.2-1 of this Code, bear administrative responsibility as officials. Persons exercising the functions of a member of the licensing commission and who have committed an administrative offense under Article 19.6.2 of this Code shall bear administrative responsibility as officials. Persons engaged in entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity who have committed administrative offenses shall bear administrative responsibility as officials, unless otherwise provided by this Code. Persons exercising the functions of organizing and conducting auctions that are mandatory in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, including members of the tender commission, auction commission, who have committed administrative offenses provided for in Article 7.32.4 of this Code, bear administrative responsibility as officials. Persons carrying out activities in the field of fire risk assessment (fire safety audit) who have committed administrative violations provided for by Part 9 of Article 20.4 of this Code shall bear administrative responsibility as officials. Individuals carrying out activities in the field of expertise in the field of procurement of goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs, who have committed an administrative offense under Article 7.32.6 of this Code, bear administrative responsibility as officials.
OFFICIALS OFFICIALS - within the meaning of the articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on malfeasance, persons who permanently, temporarily or by special authority perform the functions of a representative of power or organizational, administrative, administrative and economic functions in state bodies, local self-government bodies, state and municipal institutions, as well as in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations of the Russian Federation.
Big legal dictionary. - M.: Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. 2003 .
See what "OFFICIALS" is in other dictionaries:
Officials- 1.31. Officials of the enterprise ensure in their areas of work: compliance with labor protection legislation, labor safety standards, rules, norms and other legal documents on labor protection; implementation of agreements on labor protection ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
officials- within the meaning of the articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on malfeasance, persons who permanently, temporarily or by special authority perform the functions of a representative of power or organizational and administrative, administrative and economic functions in state ... ... Big Law Dictionary
Officials- Officials in the articles of this chapter are recognized as persons who permanently, temporarily or by special authority perform the functions of a representative of the authorities or perform organizational and administrative, administrative and economic functions ... ... Dictionary of legal concepts
Officials- these are civil servants who exercise powers of a state-imperious nature, that is, they have the right to perform power actions within their competence that entail legal consequences (issue acts of management, perform ... ... Administrative procedural law: a dictionary of terms and concepts
A group of officials of the highest rank in the Commonwealth. They made decisions on key issues of government. There were two separate symmetrical sets of posts both in Poland proper and in the Grand Duchy ... ... Wikipedia
Officials of CIS bodies- Officials of persons approved by the Commonwealth bodies on the proposal of the Parties in accordance with the quotas assigned to each Party for positions ... Source: AGREEMENT ON THE LEGAL STATUS OF OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES OF THE COMMONWEALTH BODIES ... ... Official terminology
Officials of the Secretariat of the Customs Union Commission- officials of persons approved by the Commission on the nomination of the Parties in accordance with the quotas for positions established for each Party by the Interstate Council of the Eurasian Economic Community when it performs the functions of the highest ... ... Official terminology
Officials executing resolutions on the deprivation of a special right- the decision of the judge on the deprivation of the right: to drive a vehicle, with the exception of a tractor, self-propelled machine and other types of equipment, is executed by officials of the internal affairs bodies; driving a tractor, self-propelled machine or ... ...
Officials who decide on the initiation of cases on administrative offenses and the conduct of an administrative investigation- the decision to initiate a case on an administrative offense and conduct an administrative investigation is made by an official authorized to draw up a protocol on an administrative offense, in the form of a ruling, and the prosecutor in ... ... Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book of the head of the enterprise
Officials considering cases of administrative offenses on behalf of state statistical bodies- OFFICIALS CONSIDERING CASES ON ADMINISTRATIVE VIOLATIONS ON BEHALF OF STATE STATISTICAL ACCOUNTING BODIES: head of the federal executive body authorized in the field of state statistical ... Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book of the head of the enterprise
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We all often hear about certain officials holding high positions and performing important functions. Who are they and how do they differ from ordinary citizens? The answer to this question is provided by the Russian Administrative Code - the Code of Administrative Offenses. Officials, their status and duties will be discussed in this article.
The concept of an official
A Russian citizen exercising the functions of a representative of the authorities is called an official. Moreover, the power does not have to be state. A person can acquire the status in question by holding a commanding position in a public institution, a party, an enterprise, or even a production organization. In most cases, the functions that an official implements are closely related to administrative, economic and organizational and administrative activities.
There are several definitions of the term "official". The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation states about an individual who committed an administrative offense. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation points to a criminal offense, and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - to civil legal relations. If you look at the concept through the prism of the Russian elite, then we are talking about a representative of a state authority of the Russian Federation. Next, consider the definition provided by the Russian Administrative Code.
Official: Art. 2.4 Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation
The Administrative Code of Russia provides an exhaustive definition of the presented concept. According to the law, an official is a citizen who is endowed with certain powers in the manner prescribed by law. A person extends his functions to citizens who are not dependent on him.
Officials, according to the definition of the Code of Administrative Offenses, implement the functions of an administrative-economic and administrative-organizational nature. Such persons may exercise their powers in the following public areas:
- Russian Armed Forces;
- local authorities;
- state and municipal organizations.
Persons who violate the duties and powers assigned to them will be punished in accordance with the articles of the Code of Administrative Offenses "On Officials". Some of these articles will be discussed in detail below.
About the status of an official
Who is an official under the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation? It is possible to answer this question, but only by first determining the status of the person. To do this, it is necessary to pay attention to the legal regulation of the assigned powers. At the same time, the status does not depend on the objective implementation of the functions carried out. 
An official has the right to exercise the rights entrusted to him, or to abstain from them. However, a citizen cannot refuse duties. Thus, in this area, an equal ratio of imperative and dispositive principles prevails. In administrative law, it is possible to identify private and public activities, which relate to the conduct of an official. It should be noted that such identification is possible only in the field of administrative law. So, in the criminal sphere, a person has the opportunity to exercise only public powers.
Features of an official in administrative law
The Code of Administrative Offenses establishes the types of liability for both legal entities and officials. In most cases, sanctions are imposed on a citizen for improper performance of duties, or for their complete failure to perform. 
Officials may be responsible both in the administrative sphere and in any other. In particular, it will not be uncommon for a citizen to be punished in accordance with criminal law. In the legislation of the criminal type, officials are understood as citizens temporarily or permanently exercising the functions of a representative of power. Chapter 30 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is entirely devoted to officials.
The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation provides a much broader and more voluminous definition. In administrative law, the subject of liability is the person who has committed an offense in the sphere of his authority. These are not only leaders and representatives of the commanding staff, but also ordinary government employees who perform administrative, economic and administrative functions.
Officials and ordinary citizens
In the administrative-legal sphere, both representatives of state power and some ordinary employees are considered officials. So what is the difference between ordinary people and officials? According to the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, the category of officials includes citizens working in state bodies and performing a number of administrative and economic functions there. This should also include individuals engaged in entrepreneurial activities - the so-called individual entrepreneurs. This is where a lot of criticism and controversy arises. 
One might think that individual entrepreneurs are far from the definition of the Code of Administrative Offenses "official". If we take the activities of individual entrepreneurs, as well as violations in the field of exercise of authority, then the legal nature will resemble the activities of ordinary legal entities. persons. The motives, the nature of the acts, the composition of the violations - all this indicates the remoteness of the IP from the officials. And this is no coincidence. Recently, the legislator has really begun to move away from the identification of individual entrepreneurs and official citizens. A number of special cases showed that the responsibility of entrepreneurs increasingly began to be formed based on the affairs of legal entities. A simple example is a recent note to article 16.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Responsibility of individual entrepreneurs now belongs to the category of legal entities. persons, but not in all cases. So far, a similar rule applies to Article 7.34 of the Code of Administrative Offenses on violation of the use of land.
Offenses of officials
The "special part" of the Russian Administrative Code contains 442 articles. Of these, 330 are devoted to the responsibility of officials - this is almost three-quarters. Most of the articles are devoted to entrepreneurial and organizational and economic activities of citizens. Here it is worth highlighting the offenses in the following areas:
- infringement on civil rights (50 articles from Chapter 5 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation);
- protection of property (29 articles from Chapter 7 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation);
- ecology, nature management and environmental protection (38 articles from Chapter 8 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation);
- agriculture, melioration and veterinary medicine (14 articles from chapter 10);
- communication and information (23 articles from Chapter 13 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation);
- industry, energy and construction (14 articles from chapter 9);
- finance and taxes, as well as entrepreneurial activity (59 articles from chapters 14 and 15);
- customs sphere (21 articles from chapter 16);
- encroachment on state authorities of the Russian Federation (10 articles from chapter 17);
- military registration (4 articles from chapter 21);
- management order (19 articles from chapter 19).
Thus, the responsibility of officials in the Code of Administrative Offenses is provided almost everywhere.
Sanctions for offenses
Are there any special types of sanctions for officials? The Russian Administrative Code states that sentencing an organization does not exempt officials from responsibility. The most common type of punishment for such citizens is an administrative fine and disqualification. 
In the latter case, we are talking about the deprivation of the opportunity to hold a professional position for a period determined by the court. A simple example is the highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The governor, head of the republic, district or any other region may be dismissed for any offense. Sometimes disqualification may coincide with lustration - but only in cases of a change of power throughout the country.
Examples of officials
It is not so easy to determine an official by legal status alone. The Code of Administrative Offenses, unfortunately, does not provide detailed information about certain types of professions. That is why it is worth considering examples from practice.
Often, citizens get a job, after which they cannot understand in any way whether they are officials. Rights and obligations in this case is the best way to determine the status. Let's take a storekeeper as an example. It would seem, can such an employee acquire the status in question? In fact, it can, if he signs a document on liability. In the same case, he will have administrative powers, he will receive the right to accept or issue goods at his own discretion. This happens, but not often: sometimes employers decide to entrust some of their own functions to their subordinates. Whether this is good or not is debatable. Ordinary workers, having received the status of an official, acquire a special type of responsibility. Therefore, sanctions can be imposed on them in case of violations by the entire organization.
Rights and obligations of officials
It is worth moving from the problem of imposing responsibility on officials to the problem of imposing responsibility on behalf of such citizens. Officials from the system of state bodies have as their duty the protection of the state system and the fight against lawlessness. Their main task is to ensure the expedient, conscientious, fair and legal bringing of violators of the order to administrative responsibility. For this, a circle of statesmen is determined, who are officials, after which they are vested with powers. 
More than sixty supervisory bodies consider administrative cases, of which there are about four hundred in the Code of Administrative Offenses. For example, police departments deal with 50 types of violations, among which are the areas of traffic, law enforcement, etc. In the police department, officials are heads and their deputies. It is these persons who consider cases of violation of the law.
Tasks of officials
It is worth considering the work of officials in identifying offenses using the example of the Department of Internal Affairs. It is this instance that implements most of the functions in the field of prevention and suppression of offenses. The following cases are being considered:
- violation of the rules of stay at the state border;
- appearance in public places in a drunken state;
- petty hooliganism;
- drinking alcohol in public places;
- violation of road safety rules, etc.
The power of the police department affects many areas of public life, but it is not unlimited. It is also worth noting that actions and omissions of an official that do not comply with the law can be identified and condemned by another official.
Authorized authorities
Which officials have the right to decide cases of administrative offenses? It all depends on the severity of the violation of the law. So, you should pay attention to the following instances:
- customs and tax authorities, military registration and enlistment offices, border services;
- executive agencies;
- collegiate administrative commissions;
- commissions on juvenile affairs;
- justices of the peace, as well as judges from district and regional courts.
Civil servants in Russia are divided into federal and regional. At the federal level, there are the Parliament, the Government and the President. At the regional level - the highest official of the subject of the Russian Federation, regional authorities and courts.