Accompanied by various deviations from the norm in the life of almost all systems human body. Ketosis, ketoacidosis, and diabetic coma are the most life-threatening. Fatty infiltration of the liver contributes to the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood (ketonemia) - incompletely oxidized products of fat metabolism (acetoacetic, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone), leading to a decrease in the reserve alkalinity of the blood and the development of acidosis, which causes the breakdown of tissue proteins. Violation of glucose reabsorption in the kidneys and the excretion of ketone bodies in the urine (ketonuria) increases the osmotic pressure in the renal tubules, contributes to the development of polyuria (frequent urination), leading to dehydration. The clinic of ketoacidotic conditions is characterized by symptoms of decompensation of diabetes mellitus, the severity of which depends on the degree of metabolic disorders in the patient's body and ketogenesis. Several levels of ketonuria can be distinguished depending on the content of ketone bodies in the urine, identified during its analysis.
With mild ketosis, there are traces of acetone and a weakly positive urine reaction to acetone, the level of ketone bodies is 0.10-0.20 mmol / l, the concentration of HCO2 ions in the blood plasma is normal, arterial blood pH is normal, glycemia levels are within fluctuations, normal for the patient, or slightly higher, the levels of glucosuria are normal for the patient or slightly higher. Clinical symptoms are absent or symptoms of mild decompensation of diabetes mellitus develop. To eliminate the cause that caused ketosis, it is necessary to strictly adhere to a diet in which fats are excluded from the patient's diet and it is recommended to increase the consumption of natural juices, unsweetened fruits, berries and alkaline drinks. Medical treatment carried out on a doctor's prescription on an outpatient basis.
With pronounced ketosis the reaction of urine to acetone is moderate to pronounced, the level of ketone bodies is 0.30-0.55 mmol / l, the concentration of HCO2 ions in the blood plasma is normal or slightly reduced, the arterial blood pH is normal, glycemic levels are above normal levels, often within 14-15 mmol/l, glucosuria levels are high, usually above 30-40 g/l. , there are symptoms of severe decompensation of the disease: weakness, thirst, dry mouth, polyuria. Treatment of a patient in a state of pronounced ketosis should be carried out in an endocrinological or therapeutic hospital.
With ketoacidosis urine reaction to acetone from pronounced to pronounced, the level of ketone bodies is more than 0.55 mmol / l, the concentration of HCO2 ions in the blood plasma is reduced, arterial blood pH is normal or below 7.35, glycemia levels are above 15-16 mmol / l, sometimes within the fluctuations usual for the patient, the levels of glucosuria are high, 50-60 g / l or more, symptoms of pronounced decompensation of diabetes mellitus: adynamia, polydipsia, polyuria, loss of appetite. Treatment of a patient in a state of ketoacidosis is carried out in an endocrinological or therapeutic hospital. Hospitalization is carried out on an urgent basis.
PI precome urine reaction to acetone is pronounced, the level of ketone bodies is more than 1.25 mmol / l, the concentration of HCO2 ions in the blood plasma is reduced, arterial blood pH is below 7.35, glycemia levels are above 16-18 mmol / l, sometimes within fluctuations usual for the patient, the levels of glucosuria are high, 50-60 g / l, often higher, there is a progression of symptoms of severe decompensation of diabetes mellitus: adynamia, drowsiness, anorexia, nausea, sometimes vomiting and mild abdominal pain, polyuria and polydipsia increase. Treatment of patients in a state of precoma is carried out in the intensive care unit (reanimation), in its absence - in the endocrinological or therapeutic department. Hospitalization on an emergency basis. In the absence of timely and adequate treatment, the state of severe ketoacidosis, precoma can turn into a coma.
Ketonemia is characterized by an increase in the blood composition of acetones, acetoacetic and betahydroxybutyric acids. Also known as acetonemia.
The condition can be observed with intestinal obstruction, prolonged fasting, accompanied by indomitable vomiting of toxicosis, after anesthesia with ether vapor.
Increased formation of ketone bodies in the blood is often concomitant symptom of diabetes mellitus including insulin hypoglycemia.
Signs of ketonemia:
- Prostration
- Headaches
- Dizziness
- Nausea
- Ketonemic vomiting
- Stomach ache
- Confused mind, fainting
Severe forms of ketonemia diabetes accompanied by the development of acidosis and the occurrence of ketonemic coma.
Causes
As a result of a sharp decrease in blood sugar, the breakdown of fats begins to replenish energy reserves. The released fatty acids accumulate in the liver, which leads to the formation of ketone bodies.
In blood healthy person there is always a certain amount of acetic acids, but they have time to be oxidized by peripheral tissues and converted into energy.
Excess formation of ketones is ahead of the rate of oxidative processes, which leads to the accumulation of harmful acids in physiological fluids.
Ketonemia, as a rule, is accompanied by ketonuria - a condition in which acetone bodies are found not only in the blood, but also in the urine, which facilitates the diagnosis of the disease.
Methods of treatment
To eliminate the symptoms of ketonemia, therapy is used to stimulate the liver. Patients require bed rest.
The therapeutic and prophylactic measure is to limit the amount of fat in the patient's diet and take medicines lipotropic action. This may be methionine in combination with lipocaine, as well as intramuscular administration of vitamin B12 and insulin.
Scheme of taking methionine: 3-4 times a day for half an hour before meals. The drug can be dissolved in syrup, jelly, milk.
Dosage by age:
- 0 - 12 months: 0.2-0.3 g;
- 1 - 4 years: 0.4 g;
- 5-14 years - 0.5 g.
Lipocaine is used 2-3 times a day for 0.1 g, the regimen for taking vitamin B12 and insulin should be determined by the doctor in each individual case individually.
Forecast: as a rule, complete recovery of the patient.
Ketone bodies are a product of metabolic processes occurring in the body. Ketones are formed in the liver. They play an important role in the body, but their excess in the blood and urine provokes, which is characterized by its own causes and symptoms.
Ketonuria and its role in the body
Ketone bodies are a product of metabolic processes. They are presented in the form of acetone and acetoacetic acid. Acetone is toxic to the body and especially to the brain. For this reason, its concentration in the blood is minimal. At the same time, ketone bodies in the human body play a significant biological role. Due to their presence, the energy balance is maintained throughout the human body.
Acetone bodies act as a kind of fuel for the kidneys, as well as muscle tissues. It is hypothesized that ketones reduce the production of fatty acids. Their role is markedly enhanced during human starvation, when the body lacks energy. Ketone bodies at the same time serve as the basic source of energy for the brain itself.
With the development of a number of diseases in a person, as well as for other reasons, the presence of acetone in an amount significantly exceeding the norm can be noted in urine. This pathology is called ketonuria.
Types of ketonuria
Ketonuria or acetonuria has several varieties. There are several criteria for classification this disease. Depending on the cause of ketonuria, it is divided into physiological and pathological.
Physiological acetonuria is further subdivided into two subspecies:
- alimentary, arising due to energy hunger due to a lack of carbohydrates in the body and an excess of protein foods;
- emotional, arising from constant stress and overwork.
The alimentary variety of ketonuria is more common in children whose daily diet contains a small amount of carbohydrates. Emotional ketonuria occurs in people of any age. main reason at the same time - a lot of stress. Physiological acetonuria is not associated with the development of pathology in the human body and is usually eliminated with the normalization of nutrition and emotional state.
Pathological ketonuria is associated with the development of a serious disease in the body. The state is divided into two subtypes:
- acetonuria in the presence of normoglycemia;
- acetonuria on the background of hyperglycemia.
In both cases, in addition to the concentration of ketones in urine, the content of sugar in the blood is taken into account. In the first case, ketones are found in the urine, but the level of glucose in the blood is normal. Acetonuria with normoglycemia may indicate the presence of the following diseases in a person:
- fever;
- tuberculous type meningitis;
- scarlet fever.
Acetonuria with hyperglycemia ( increased level blood sugar) often confirms the development of diabetes mellitus or hyperketonemic coma in a person.
Secondary acetonuria according to this classification occurs due to the influence of pathological processes that are not associated with a malfunction of the endocrine system. It appears when:
- fasting;
- protein diet;
- dysentery;
- pregnancy;
- infections (, scarlet fever);
- head injuries.
With all types of ketonuria, there is an excess of the norm of the content of ketones in urine.
Normal levels of ketone bodies in urine
In a healthy body, acetone bodies in the urine are completely absent. The presence in urine of no more than 50 mg of ketones during the day is allowed. Such a quantity of substances is not detected by diagnostic methods for recognizing acetone bodies. In this case, we can talk about the absence of pathological processes in the body.
Quantitative data ranging from 0 to 0.5 mmol / l are considered the norm for the content of acetone in human urine. Exceeding this indicator indicates the development of the following pathologies:
- 0.5 mmol / l - borderline condition, indicating a mild form of ketonuria (repeated, confirming or refuting the preliminary diagnosis);
- 0.5-1.5 mmol / l - the development of ketonemia;
- 1.5 mmol/l or more is a serious condition, indicating the development of life-threatening diabetic ketoacidosis.
Causes of ketonuria and its symptoms in children and adults
The reasons for the appearance and adults are similar. But at the same time, certain features of the phenomenon are noted in people of different ages and gender. In children common causes acetonuria are:
- hypothermia;
- transferred infections;
- lack of enzymes;
- dysentery;
- uncontrolled use of antibiotics;
- starvation;
- excessive consumption of fats, proteins;
- heredity;
- stressful situations;
- damage to the body by worms;
- excessive activity;
- elevated temperature.
In adults, the main causes of ketonuria include:
- excess protein in the body and lack of carbohydrates;
- development of anemia;
- influenza and other viral infections;
- prolonged fasting;
- pregnancy;
- oncological diseases;
- development of diabetes.
Pregnancy is one of the physiological causes of acetonuria. An increased concentration of ketones in the urine of a pregnant woman is especially characteristic in the first trimester of pregnancy. At the same time, it is impossible to talk about the development of a pathological process in the body. It is enough for a woman to adjust her diet, and the acetone content in urine will return to normal in a few days.
The protracted nature of ketonuria in pregnant women indicates that she has problems with digestion and liver. Acetone is present in urine in excess also due to toxicosis. In late pregnancy, acetonuria is a sign of a woman developing gestational diabetes or thyrotoxicosis. Gestational diabetes develops only in pregnant women. One of the signs of the development of the disease is an excessive concentration of ketone bodies in the urine.
In adults, ketonuria is also possible against the background of excessive alcohol consumption and in case of poisoning of the body with low-quality alcohol or heavy metals. Acetone in urine is typical for people with malignant tumors of the pituitary and adrenal glands. When sick, the body produces excess corticosteroids.
Common symptoms associated with ketonuria include:
- feeling of dryness in the mouth;
- acetone taste in the mouth;
- strong smell of acetone when urinating;
- poor appetite;
- the appearance of nausea up to vomiting after eating;
- thirst;
- lethargy;
- increased fatigue;
- pale skin tone;
- increased body temperature (especially in children);
- headaches;
- enlarged liver.
In especially severe cases, symptoms may include:
- severe poisoning of the body;
- dehydration;
- damage to the central nervous system.
Therapeutic diet for ketonuria
In the treatment of the disease, the main emphasis is on adjusting the human diet. His daily menu should include the following dishes:
- vegetables;
- meat without fat (rabbit, turkey, beef);
- vegetable soups;
- cereals;
- nuts (walnuts or hazelnuts);
- green tea;
- low-fat dairy products;
- berry fruit drinks;
- lean fish;
- fruits other than citrus.
The diet for acetonuria requires the exclusion of the following dishes from the diet:
- offal;
- dairy products with high fat content;
- alcohol;
- fast food;
- any fried, canned or smoked food;
- coffee;
- mushrooms;
- fat meat;
- sweet;
- any kind of citrus;
- tomatoes.
Additionally, to remove acetone from the body, the patient needs to drink frequently. Water is consumed 4 times within an hour in small volumes. It is useful to drink alkaline water without gas, chamomile decoctions and dried fruit compotes. If necessary, the patient is given an enema, consisting of a 2% solution of soda and water.
In severe forms of acetonuria, patients are given droppers based on the preparations Regidron, Cerucal. The latter is indicated in the presence of vomiting. It is recommended to cleanse the body by taking adsorbents, which include Activated carbon and the drug "Sorbeks". In case of inflammation, Ketonal is additionally prescribed.
Ketone bodies are a collective concept that combines several chemical substances- acetone, acetoacetic acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid. Normally, they are only an intermediate link in metabolic processes, and after formation they are quickly broken down in tissues into simpler compounds and excreted from the body.
Therefore, when ketone bodies appear in the urine, this in any case indicates a violation of carbohydrate and fat metabolism. This condition requires immediate correction, since a progressive increase in the concentration of these substances in the bloodstream can lead to serious complications.
The main synthesis of ketone bodies occurs in the liver cells during the metabolism and breakdown of glucose, the metabolism of a number of amino acids. After formation, these compounds enter the systemic circulation and from there to all organs and tissues.
They are "included" in further processes of vital activity and energy supply of cells, take part in the synthesis of cholesterol, some amino acids, phospholipids.
Ultimately, the metabolism of ketone bodies ends with their breakdown to water and carbon dioxide, which are excreted in the urine and, to a lesser extent, as part of the secretion of the sweat glands and exhaled air.
A constant source of energy for any person is glucose. From the outside, it comes with carbohydrate-rich foods, in addition, it is synthesized in the liver. The excess of this compound is deposited as glycogen. When glucose circulating in the blood (normally this figure is 3.3 - 5.1 mmol / l for an adult and in a smaller amount in children) is not enough to cover the energy needs of the body, glycogen is broken down and additional glucose is released into the bloodstream.
But if compensation for these costs does not occur, the processes of lipolysis (fat breakdown) are activated. Thus, the body directs all available resources to provide the tissues with the energy necessary for their normal functioning. As a result, the blood enters a large number of fatty acids that are metabolized in the liver to form ketone bodies.
But due to disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, the breakdown of ketone bodies is disturbed, and they circulate unchanged in the bloodstream. These compounds are toxic to all cells without exception. First of all, the organs richly supplied with blood - the brain, heart, digestive tract - suffer. Some of these compounds are also excreted through the kidneys, which causes the presence of ketone bodies in the urine. In medicine, this condition is called ketonuria.
Depending on the severity of the symptoms, there are three degrees of severity of this syndrome.
At the initial stage, you should pay attention to:
- subtle smell of acetone from the mouth;
- constant thirst;
- pain in the epigastric region;
- frequent urination;
- general deterioration of well-being;
- excessive dryness of the epidermis.
As the concentration of ketone bodies increases, the patient's condition worsens. This is accompanied by:
- lowering blood pressure;
- deterioration of mental activity;
- weakness and lethargy;
- vomit;
- stool disorders;
- tachycardia, shortness of breath;
- intensifying pain in the abdomen (this is due to irritation of the mucosa of the digestive tract);
- increasing specific odor from the mouth;
- decrease in urine output.
If appropriate therapeutic measures are not taken, the most severe, third degree of ketonuria develops.
Symptoms of this condition are:
- dysuric disorders;
- violations of respiratory activity;
- loss of consciousness up to a coma;
- lack of reaction to light, injections and other irritants;
- pronounced smell of acetone in the exhaled air.
The famous pediatrician E.O. Komarovsky, in his forum and in books, emphasizes that an increase in the number of ketone bodies is especially dangerous for a child. At an early age, glycogen stores are small, which causes the rapid and rapid progression of the symptoms of ketonuria. Tests for the analysis of ketone bodies at home are now quite available. This will help identify violations in early stages and timely prevent complications.
Urinary ketones are normal in adults and children, possible causes of ketonuria syndrome
The main reason for the appearance of such compounds in the urine is the depletion of glycogen stores in the body.
This may occur in the background:
- inaccuracies in nutrition, especially with a low- or no-carbohydrate diet, starvation or vice versa, excessive consumption of protein, fats;
- too intense physical exercise;
- severe systemic infectious diseases accompanied by prolonged fever;
- intoxication of the body;
- frequent and profuse vomiting, diarrhea (for example, with dysentery);
- severe head injury;
- pathology of the thyroid gland, hypothalamic-pituitary system;
- severe stress, especially against the background of malnutrition, short time of night rest;
- malignant neoplasms;
- diabetes;
- complications during pregnancy.
The rate of ketones in the urine in both an adult and a child is tenths of a mg (0.1 - 0.3). Standard laboratory methods such a low concentration is extremely difficult to determine, since most of the reagents used do not react to it. Therefore, with a negative result, a dash is simply put in the form with the interpretation of the urinalysis data.
But if the content of these compounds in the urine exceeds the proper concentration, their exact amount is usually not fixed either. The severity of the syndrome is indicated by a "+" sign (from one to three). The more of them, the worse the patient's condition. And if with one plus it is advised to sign up for a consultation with a doctor, then with three “pluses” it is necessary to urgently call an ambulance for urgent hospitalization.
Ketonuria: diagnostic methods, course features in children and adults
Determination of the level of ketone bodies in the urine can be carried out in any laboratory. But many patients prefer to use convenient diagnostic test strips. They are sold in any pharmacy, they are relatively inexpensive, in addition, they can be purchased individually. It is simple to carry out such a test - it is necessary to collect a portion of urine (in a satisfactory condition of a sick person, the first morning, in a critical situation - any) in a special glass.
Then you should lower the strip with the side with the applied reagent into the urine for several minutes. The degree of ketonuria is determined by the color of the test. The color is compared with the scale on the box, which indicates the correspondence of the obtained color with the concentration of ketone bodies. Usually a yellow or beige hue means a negative result, and another color indicates an excess of the norm (from 0.5 to 10-15 mmol / l, or the number “+” is indicated).
A similar condition at an early age develops very quickly and leads to a strong deterioration in well-being. In a child, the first sign of an increase in ketone bodies is the smell of acetone from the mouth, lethargy and weakness. Therefore, pediatricians recommend stocking up on test strips in advance and, at the first signs of pathology, monitor urine parameters.
In adults, ketonuria is often observed in diabetes mellitus, especially in violation of the dosage of prescribed drugs or skipping meals. Deterioration due to malnutrition, hunger, physical exhaustion is quite rare. An adult is able to independently adjust the diet, the amount of food consumed at the first symptoms of deterioration.
Ketones in the urine: manifestations during pregnancy, methods of therapy and prevention
The process of bearing a child affects all types of metabolism. Therefore, a slight increase in ketone bodies in the urine is a variant of the norm. However, the level of ketonuria should not exceed 0.4 g. Often, this condition is reversible and manifests itself during early toxicosis.
But in some cases, the presence of such compounds in urine may be the first sign of late preeclampsia, or, no less dangerous, gestational diabetes. The toxic effect of ketone bodies on the placenta can lead to serious, sometimes intractable malformations of the fetus, and adversely affect the condition of the woman.
Risk factors for ketonuria during pregnancy are:
- nutritional errors, especially when a woman seeks to reduce weight by removing carbohydrates from the diet, replacing them with protein foods;
- liver pathology;
- burdened family history of diabetes;
- pathologies of the endocrine system associated with pregnancy;
- severe course of toxicosis with profuse vomiting and dehydration;
- transferred viral and bacterial pathologies.
At a positive result test for ketonuria, therapeutic measures should be taken immediately.
If the test showed only one "+", you must:
- limit the amount of animal and vegetable fat in the diet as much as possible;
- give a plentiful alkaline drink (in pharmacies you can buy the appropriate mineral water), give the child "Regidron" and other similar drugs intended for dilution in water;
- a long course of herbal and synthetic hepatoprotectors (Karsil, Legalon, Essentiale Forte, Heptral, Silimar and others);
- the introduction of adequate doses of insulin (if ketonuria is provoked by diabetes mellitus);
- alkaline enemas;
- sorbents accelerating the elimination of toxins (Atoxil, Polysorb, Laktofiltrum, Enterosgel).
Urinary ketones require a comprehensive diagnosis and examination of the patient. First of all, it is necessary to exclude serious pathologies of the nervous, endocrine, digestive systems. With a predisposition to ketonuria, you need to constantly monitor the concentration of these substances in the urine, adhere to diet food, consume enough liquid.
Ketonuria is a complication of diabetes mellitus and can cause severe consequences. The danger of such a phenomenon means the need for its early detection and correct treatment. These complications can be avoided in diabetes by taking preventive measures.
general characteristics
Ketonuria is a condition when the amount of acetone (ketone) bodies in the urine increases sharply. Such a violation often accompanies ketonemia - an increased content of ketone bodies in the blood fluid.
It is considered normal when no more than 40 mg of ketone bodies are excreted with urine during the day. In a diabetic, this figure is increased to 50 mg.
In diabetes, glycogen stores in the liver are sharply reduced. For certain organs and tissues (including muscle), this means energy hunger. The cells testing it cause excitation of the metabolic centers in the central nervous system. This leads to a sharp increase in lipolysis. An increased amount of fatty acids enters the liver, against which ketone bodies are intensively formed. Due to their extremely high concentration, tissues do not have time to oxidize them. Ketonemia begins, and against its background, ketonuria.
There are three degrees of severity of ketonuria. Each is characterized by certain symptoms.
This pathology occurs more often in insulin-dependent diabetics, therefore type I diabetes is at risk.
Causes
Ketonuria causes an acute deficiency of glucose in the body. This occurs when blood sugar levels drop sharply. Such a violation can occur for the following reasons:
- incorrectly selected dose of insulin;
- delayed administration of insulin;
- thyroid pathology;
- high physical activity;
- stress;
- pregnancy;
- intoxication;
- high fat intake.
Diabetes mellitus is one of the possible causes of ketonuria. This condition can provoke other pathologies. These are cancer, anemia, severe infections, colds, dysentery, thyrotoxicosis, pancreatitis. Increases the risk of ketonuria fever and profuse vomiting.
Ketonuria means severe intoxication of the body with acetone. In this case, treatment cannot be postponed.
Symptoms of ketonuria in diabetes mellitus
In most cases, the development of ketonuria occurs within a few days. Sometimes this can take a matter of hours. This pathology is manifested by certain signs:
- a constant feeling of thirst, which subsides briefly after drinking;
- dry skin;
- a sharp weight loss;
- loss of strength and disability;
- confusion and lack of concentration;
- memory impairment;
- abdominal pain due to indigestion;
- nausea, vomiting;
- abnormal heart rhythm (usually palpitations);
- fainting;
- acetone breath.
The initial stage of the development of pathology is characterized by frequent urination. In the future, urine may be almost completely absent.
According to the symptoms, you can determine the severity of ketonuria:
- In a mild form, it is manifested by thirst, frequent and profuse urination, abdominal discomfort, and a slight smell of acetone from the mouth.
- With moderate ketonuria, urination is markedly reduced. Digestive system becomes upset, causing severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Blood pressure falls, and the heartbeat becomes palpable. Thinking slows down nervous system functions worse, because the reaction is disturbed.
- In severe ketonuria, urination is greatly reduced or disappears altogether. The sugar level reaches a critical point. The liver enlarges, the acetone smell from the mouth becomes strong. Muscle reflexes are significantly impaired, the pupils do not respond to any stimuli. Often a person loses consciousness. In breathing, wheezing is heard, breaths are taken rarely, but deeply. The skin begins to peel due to severe dryness. Saliva is absent, the mucous membranes dry up, leading to pain in the eyes.
If, with severe ketonuria, a person is not provided with urgent medical care, then a ketonemic coma may begin. In diabetes, this is one of the most serious complications that can be fatal.
Diagnostics
Ketonuria is determined by laboratory diagnosis. Normally, ketone bodies are not detected during the analysis, since they are excreted during the day along with urine.
In laboratory conditions, Lange and Lestrade tests are carried out to determine ketones in urine. For such analyses, indicator substances are used.
Ketonuria can be detected even at home. For this, there are special test strips that change color from exposure to acetone acids. The more intense the color, the greater the content of unwanted substances.
These test strips can be purchased at pharmacies and do not require a prescription from a doctor. Such a diagnosis is called the Legal test. Special strips are impregnated with an alkaline substance that reacts chemically with acetone acids.
There is another home method for determining ketones. In a container with urine, you need to drip a little ammonia. Bright red color indicates the presence of violations.
Therapy for ketonuria in diabetes
The main direction of therapeutic measures is to lower the level of sugar in the blood. To stabilize the indicators, it is necessary to increase the dosage of insulin. Such treatment is advisable if the pathology manifested itself in a mild form.
When ketonuria enters the last stage, ketoacidosis develops. In this case, the patient needs emergency medical care. The following activities are required:
- Increase the dosage of short-acting insulin. In this case, it is necessary to check the level of sugar in the blood every hour.
- Infuse saline solution (drip). This is necessary for dehydration due to acidosis.
- Inject electrolyte solutions into the blood. This procedure restores the water-salt balance.
- Improve acid-base balance (parameter of homeostasis). Such procedures reduce the concentration of acetone acids in the blood and normalize its pH level.
- Reduce blood viscosity that occurs against the background of dehydration. For this purpose, the patient needs anticoagulants.
- To prevent the development of inflammation. Antibacterial therapy copes with this task.
If blood sugar is very low or there is such a risk, then the patient may need to administer a glucose solution. This will help avoid hypoglycemia.
If the treatment of ketonuria is started in a timely and correct manner, the patient's condition will quickly stabilize. In this case, complications can be avoided completely or they can be stopped quickly.
Diet
With ketonuria, a strict diet must be followed. In no case should you starve, but some foods from the diet must be removed. To protect yourself from an increase in ketones in the urine, you can exclude from the diet:
Prevention
Should be avoided in diabetes possible complications. In the case of ketonuria, the most important preventive measure is the correct use of insulin. This means that the dosage must be prescribed by a doctor. Regular monitoring of sugar levels will allow, if necessary, to adjust the dose of the drug in a timely manner. It is also important to take insulin at the same time every day.
For preventive purposes, it is also necessary to conduct healthy lifestyle life. Apart from proper nutrition this means moderate exercise, outdoor exercise and timely and complete treatment chronic diseases.
Ketonuria occurs against the background of complications in diabetes mellitus. Help reduce the risk of this happening preventive measures. If the pathology could not be avoided, then treatment should be started immediately by contacting doctors for help.