Rhinitis (runny nose) is one of the most common diseases in both children and adults, as it is the body's response to a variety of irritants: viral or bacterial infections, adverse factors environment, occupational hazards and other external allergens (exoallergens).
The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity has its own flora, that is, a certain number of microorganisms (staphylococci, streptococci, etc.) that constantly live on the mucosa without harming it. But in the case of a decrease in the overall resistance of the body, the ingress of viruses and bacteria, the impact of other irritating factors, the previously “peaceful microorganisms” begin to actively multiply and, thereby, cause inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
Rhinitis (runny nose)- inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, manifested by profuse secretions, swelling and difficulty in nasal breathing.
Acute rhinitis
Acute rhinitis
Catarrh of the mucous membrane, manifested by swelling of the tissues (most pronounced in the nasal concha) and the production of a huge amount of mucus. The lesion extends to both halves of the nose.
Causes of acute rhinitis these are viral or bacterial infections (flu, SARS, measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, gonorrhea) that affect the nasal mucosa.
Symptoms of acute rhinitis depend on the stage of the disease:
- first stage lasts from several hours to 1-2 days and is manifested by a feeling of itching and dryness in the nasal cavity, sneezing, often tearing, headache, general malaise, fever, decreased sense of smell. The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is dry, hyperemic;
- in second stage watery discharge from the nose appears, there is difficulty in nasal breathing, nasality, the mucous membrane is moist, edematous, in the nasal passages - serous-mucous discharge;
- in the third stage nasal breathing improves, nasal discharge acquires a mucopurulent character, their number gradually decreases, the mucous membrane becomes less edematous, turns pale, mucopurulent discharge is determined in the nasal passages. Recovery occurs on average in 7-10 days.
Complication of acute rhinitis this is its transition to a chronic form (chronic rhinitis), which is the result of improper treatment or a very frequent recurrence of acute rhinitis.
Chronic rhinitis
Chronic rhinitis is a chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa, which becomes the outcome of acute respiratory diseases and recurrent acute rhinitis.
Causes of chronic rhinitis the same as in acute. Other reasons are: prolonged exposure adverse factors environmental and occupational hazards on the nasal mucosa, local circulatory disorders.
Symptoms of chronic rhinitis: nasal congestion, decreased sense of smell, discharge from the nose, which are not pronounced and appear periodically. The mucous membrane is somewhat hyperemic (i.e., has increased blood supply), thickened, the discharge is usually mucous, and during exacerbations they become mucopurulent.
Vasomotor rhinitis
Vasomotor rhinitis is a non-inflammatory neuroreflex disease characterized by signs such as frequent sneezing, obstructed nasal breathing, and runny nasal discharge.
Vasomotor rhinitis observed in persons with functional vasomotor disorders, in which reflex irritations (cooling, pungent odor) lead to a violent reaction from the nasal mucosa.
Vasomotor rhinitis subdivided into neurovegetative rhinitis and allergic.
Neurovegetative rhinitis
Neurovegetative rhinitis- an inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa, caused by a violation of the neuro-reflex mechanisms and proceeding in the form of seizures for no apparent reason.
Causes of neurovegetative rhinitis consist in functional disorders, in which reflex irritations (cooling, pungent odor) lead to a violent reaction from the nasal mucosa.
- It is characterized by copious watery-mucous discharge of a sudden nature.
- Manifested by nasal congestion (more often in the morning), frequent sneezing, copious watery-mucous discharge from the nose, sometimes lacrimation.
allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa associated with hypersensitivity to various allergens, characterized by acute and severe manifestations.
causes of allergic rhinitis are hypersensitivity reactions (sensitization) to various irritants - allergens.
- It is characterized by episodic discharge from the nose of a sharp and acute nature. The process extends to the mucous membrane of the pharynx and paranasal sinuses. There is a cyclical and seasonal nature of the disease, and during the period of remission, the picture can completely normalize.
- It is manifested by nasal congestion, copious discharge, itching in the nose and frequent sneezing.
The most common allergens that cause allergic rhinitis are:
- household- house, library and hotel dust, dust mites (present in upholstered furniture, carpets, mattresses, soft toys, etc.), hair and dander of cats, dogs, rabbits, hamsters and other animals; feathers and down pillows and blankets; dry food for fish and animals; cockroaches and rodents, their excrement and scales; mold spores, etc.
- vegetable- dry foliage, hay, mold and, of course, pollen of flowering plants: trees (birch, hazel, aspen, etc.), weeds and meadow grasses (ragweed, dandelion, wormwood, cocksfoot, timothy grass, etc.), cereals (rye, corn, etc.).
- Chemical- industrial chemicals, latex, rubber and plastic products, washing powders and detergents, cosmetics and perfumes.
Treatment of allergic rhinitis differs from the principles of therapy for other rhinitis, since here an allergic reaction of the body is involved in the inflammatory process. Therefore, antiallergic drugs are used - antihistamines, membrane stabilizers, Glucocorticoids.
Basic principles of pharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis:
- Antihistamines- inhibit the reaction of free histamine, thereby relieve swelling of the nasal mucosa and prevent its development, reduce the overall sensitization (hypersensitivity) of the body - tavegil, suprastin, diprazine, diazolin, phencarol, terfedinedine, loratadine.
- Membrane stabilizers for topical application- increase the resistance of mast cell membranes and prevent the release of histamine - sodium cromoglycate.
- Glucocorticoids intranasally- inhibit antigen-antibody reactions - beclomethasone dipropionate, budesonide.
- Local vasoconstrictors- provide an outflow of accumulated mucus and improve breathing - nazol, tizin, farmazolin, vibrocil, naphthyzinum, galazolin, menthol.
Treatment of rhinitis - pharmacotherapy
Treatment is usually symptomatic, aimed at removing the general inflammatory process, as well as local - to eliminate swelling and nasal congestion.
- Appoint antipyretic And diaphoretics (aspirin, phenacetin, paracetamol), as well as distraction procedures (mustard plasters to the feet, mustard foot baths).
- To reduce swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract are prescribed koldakt 1-2 capsules per day.
- Topically applied vasoconstrictors (nazol, tizin, farmazolin, vibrocil, naphthyzin, galazolin, menthol), which have a reflex, vasoconstrictive and weak antiseptic effect, as well as Kalanchoe, onion, garlic juices, which have antiseptic properties.
- Showing vitamins, desensitizing agents (calcium gluconate, sodium thiosulfate, magnesium sulfate) to relieve swelling.
- Local application drugs are aimed at thinning thick, viscous secretions and removing crusts from the nose, enhancing the function of the remaining glands of the nasal mucosa and improving its blood supply. For this purpose, apply 0.1% chymotrypsin solution, 0.1% trypsin solution, 0.125% ergocalciferol oil solution.
- At chronic catarrhal rhinitis apply topical astringents (1-1.5% solution of protargol or collargol) or cauterizing (2-5% silver nitrate solution) facilities.
- At chronic hypertrophic rhinitis carry out sclerosing therapy, in which they are injected into the thickness of the hypertrophied mucosa and submucosa in large numbers(up to 10ml) 40% glucose solution, isotonic sodium chloride solution, glycerin(for a course of 4-5 injections with an interval of 1 week).
Treatment of rhinitis with folk remedies - herbal medicine
- Mustard plasters to the feet
Attach mustard plasters to the heels and bandage with flannel. Then put on woolen socks and keep mustard plasters for as long as possible (usually 1-2 hours). Then remove mustard plasters and quickly walk around for a while. If you do this in the evening, then the runny nose will stop at dawn. This procedure contraindicated in people suffering from cardiovascular diseases and kidney disease. Use with caution in children and the elderly. - Garlic sowing
At the very beginning of a runny nose, eat a clove of garlic, chewing it for a long time. - Kalanchoe pinnate
Lubricate the nose with the juice of a fresh Kalanchoe leaf ( indoor plant) 2-3 times a day. You can also instill 3-5 drops of this juice into your nose.
- menthol oil
Instill 3-5 drops of menthol oil into the nose, while lubricating the forehead, temples, and nose with it. You can mix menthol oil in half with camphor oil. - Menthol ointment
Camphor and menthol 0.5 g each, iodine (7% - 3.0) glycerin - 30 g. - Onion
Onion gruel (or juice) is injected into the nose with a cold and purulent otitis media. - Juice and water infusion of garlic bulbs and leaves
It is used for a runny nose in the form of lotions and rinses (2-3 crushed cloves per glass of boiling water, leave for 40-60 minutes). You can also breathe in the vapors of garlic. - Aloe juice
With a runny nose, instill 3-5 drops of aloe juice into each nostril 4-5 times a day, tilting your head back and massaging the wings of the nose after instillation. - beet juice
Bury in each nostril 5-6 drops of fresh beet juice, previously diluted with boiled water 1 to 5 or 1 to 10. You can also add honey to beet juice. - Drops on wild rosemary
For 100 ml of sunflower or olive oil, take a tablespoon with a top of chopped wild rosemary and leave for 21 days in a dark place, shaking daily, strain, squeeze. For the first time, instill 2-3 drops into each nostril. Then instill 1 drop 3-4 times a day for a week. - coltsfoot juice
Bury in the nose juice squeezed from fresh coltsfoot leaves. - Oregano
Dry abraded leaves and flower tops of oregano are sniffed with a runny nose and headache. - Decoction of strawberries and raspberries
It is very useful to use a decoction of fresh or dried strawberries or raspberries before going to bed and, at the same time, sniff a decoction of sage and wormwood leaves. - Warming up the turbinate area
With a runny nose, it is useful to warm the area of the maxillary sinuses with hard-boiled eggs, applying them hot on both sides of the nose. Keep until cool. - Foot baths
Make a very hot foot bath in the evening with the addition of dry mustard (a tablespoon for 5-8 liters of water) or a bath with baking soda, salt and mustard, and then put on warm stockings and sleep like that. It is not recommended for persons suffering from cardiovascular and kidney diseases. - Russian bath
To cure a runny nose, it is very useful to sweat in a Russian steam bath. At the same time, it is good to rub the sacrum with grated radish in half with grated horseradish or one of them mixed with a little honey and salt, and after leaving the bath, drink 2-4 cups of a decoction of linden flowers, elderberry or chamomile with an admixture of juice of sour berries.
In the chronic form of the common cold, such folk remedies are useful:
- Salty water
Every day, draw salt water into the nose (a teaspoon per glass of water). - Iodine drops
Often suck into the nose and rinse your mouth with this composition: 4 teaspoons of baking soda and 5 drops of iodine in a glass of water. - Salted water with tinctures
Rinse the nose with warm, slightly salted water with the addition of tincture of calendula or eucalyptus (a teaspoon per 0.5 liter of water). The procedure is performed as follows: bend over the vessel with the solution, draw in the solution with the nose and release it from the mouth. Do with chronic rhinitis twice a day. - A mixture of fragrant herbs
Prepare a mixture of powders of the following composition and sniff it 3 times a day: deciduous leaf grass - 10g, rue grass - 1g, hoof root - 10g.
Rhinitis treatment
If rhinitis appears on the background of an infectious disease accompanied by a high temperature, then you should definitely adhere to strict bed rest. In hyperthermic conditions (temperature 39 ° C), applying "heat to the legs" and hot foot baths should not be used due to the possible development of complications. At subfebrile temperatures, they have an effective effect (facilitate breathing and thereby help reduce hypoxia and improve the protective function of the nasal mucosa). For the same purpose, vasoconstrictors are prescribed in the nose: 1-2% solution of ephedrine, 3-4 drops (pre-heated), 0.05% solution of galazolin, 1 drop 2-3 times a day. After the use of vasoconstrictors, it is recommended to administer 2% protargol endonasally 2-3 times a day, which has both astringent and disinfectant properties.
Use as anemic drops a solution of adrenaline with boric acid in a ratio of 1:5000, a 20% solution of albucide, atrevin. For a longer effect, it is better to carry out not instillation, but the introduction of vasoconstrictors on turundas. However, prolonged use of vasoconstrictor drops can lead to undesirable consequences: swelling of the nasal mucosa, allergization. To restore breathing through the nose and improve the physiological functions of its mucous membrane, it is necessary to systematically clean the nose.
The most important thing is to blow your nose correctly so as not to cause the development of complications (otitis media, eustachitis, etc.). It is necessary to blow out the mucus from the nose without effort with a half-open mouth, alternately closing the right and then the left half of the nose. If the crusts dry up at the entrance to the nose, soften them with sterile (boiled) oil (olive, sunflower), petroleum jelly or oxycort and then carefully remove with a cotton wick. And after that, following the above recommendations, they spit out the mucus from the nose. Sometimes (in special cases) to obtain a quick effect, you can use belladonna tincture (5 ml) with valerian (10 ml) 10 drops 3 times a day per os or Belloid in the form of a dragee (2 tablets a day). Lowering the tone of the parasympathetic nervous system and reducing the secretory function of the glands, these drugs contribute to the regression of the inflammatory process and improve well-being.
To reduce the symptoms of intoxication, a plentiful warm drink is recommended (tea with lemon and raspberries, milk with honey). In cases of high temperature (above 38 ° C), antipyretics can be used. Although it must be borne in mind that antipyretics (aspirin, analgin, etc.), increasing sweating, can predispose to various complications and worsen the course of the disease, reducing the body's resistance to infectious aggression.
The nutrition of the patient should be complete, contain a sufficient amount of vitamins, be regular.
In special cases, antibacterial drugs can be used to prevent or relieve complications. It should be remembered that antibiotic solutions paralyze the action of ciliated epithelium, can cause allergic reactions or promote sensitization of the body.
There is some practice of prescribing antimicrobials in the form of sulfonamide infusions.
In case of viral infections, it is recommended to administer intranasally interferon solutions, intramuscularly specific gamma globulin, and administer vaccines (anti-influenza, anti-measles). With specific bacterial lesions: with diphtheria - the introduction of parenteral anti-diphtheria serum (treatment should be carried out only in a hospital); with gonorrheal rhinitis - the mandatory introduction of antibacterial drugs according to specially designed schemes, and locally (intranasally) a 2% solution of protargol can be used.
During the period of exacerbation in catarrhal chronic rhinitis, the same medications are used as in acute rhinitis (vasoconstrictor drops, drops and ointments with drugs that have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial effects). Astringents are used: 2-5% solution of protargol (colargol) in the form of nose drops (5 drops in each half of the nose 3 times a day), Peach oil(10 ml) with menthol (0.1 g) as nasal drops.
Treatment of chronic subatrophic and atrophic rhinitis is based on a specific program: locally prescribed drugs that improve the condition of the nasal mucosa and stimulate the function of the mucous glands. Alkaline solutions are used in the form of drops, spraying, lubrication with a light massage, using iodine-glycerin, sodium bicarbonate, 1--2% yellow mercury and 5% white mercury ointment with the addition of 1 g of Shostakovsky's balm per 10 g of ointment, furatsilin ointment at the rate of 1:5000, 2% solution of potassium iodide. Instillation into the nose of a solution of adrenaline 1:1000 for several days can improve the blood circulation of the mucous membrane. Conduct courses of general strengthening therapy (autohemotherapy, protein therapy, vaccine therapy, injections of aloe extract, cocarboxylase, vitreous body, FIBS), vitamin therapy, proserin therapy according to generally accepted schemes.
When a hypertrophic process is combined with an atrophic one, treatment is carried out taking into account which type prevails at a given time.
Treatment of chronic hypertrophic rhinitis requires more radical measures: cauterization (produced by chemicals - trichloroacetic acid, lapis, chromic acid, etc.), galvanocaustics, diathermocoagulation, ultrasonic disintegration, cryotherapy, exposure to a laser beam, as well as sparing conchotomy.
In acute rhinitis, from physiotherapeutic methods, UVR is used locally and on the area of \u200b\u200bthe soles (6-8 biodoses); UHF (nasal area for 5--8 minutes, the first 3 days daily, and then every other day), microwave exposure to the nose area; inhalations are effective (warm-alkaline, alkaline-oil, oil-adrenaline, phytoncides, honey, etc.).
In chronic catarrhal rhinitis, UHF currents, sollux, ultraviolet irradiation, if there are no contraindications to them, microwave therapy, aerosols and negatively charged electric aerosols with antibiotics are more often prescribed.
However, they first find out their possible intolerance.
Thus, in the treatment of acute rhinitis and exacerbation of chronic rhinitis, several aspects of the impact of drug and non-drug agents are distinguished:
1) normalization of vegetoendocrine function (carried out mainly by a single dose of dimebon, pyrroxone);
2) the need for inhibition viral infection(for this purpose, leukocyte interferon is more often used);
3) induction of the production of endogenous interferon (ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, dibazol, curantin);
4) improvement of microcirculation (helium-neon laser);
5) normalization of the function of the ciliated epithelium (nasal shower with saline);
6) stimulation of mucosal immunity (endonasally: thymolin, lactoglobulin).
In acute (not influenza) rhinitis, the use of low-energy helium-neon laser radiation, which has anti-inflammatory, desensitizing effects, and the ability to stimulate local immunity, is justified. Pluzhnikov M.S. (1996) recommends using the method of remote irradiation of the nasal mucosa in anti-inflammatory doses for 5--7 days.
Laser physiotherapy in the treatment of acute rhinitis can be combined with laser puncture (contact exposure time is 1-4 minutes, during each daily procedure 4-5 points are affected, the course is 6-8 sessions).
Of the various forms of chronic rhinitis, low-energy laser radiation is more often used in the treatment of patients with chronic catarrhal rhinitis and subatrophic rhinitis, as well as the neurovegetative form of vasomotor rhinitis. The total exposure time for each half of the nose is 3-4 minutes. The power density at the end of the fiber should not be lower than 5–10 mW/cm2. The course of daily treatment is 10-12 procedures.
In the treatment of rhinosinusitis, the following methods of quantum hemotherapy are also used: intravenous blood irradiation with a helium-neon laser in combination with skin irradiation in the area of the vessel projection with an infrared laser. A pronounced positive effect (improvement of the general condition, decrease in temperature, intoxication, reduction of local symptoms - edema, secretion) is noted from such an impact to a large extent, especially in an acute process - more significant than in a chronic one.
Treatment of vasomotor rhinitis should be comprehensive and targeted. All types of proposed therapeutic effects on the body can be divided into specific and non-specific. The success of specific hyposensitization depends on the early detection of the allergen, as over time, patients develop polyallergies.
Taking into account the mechanisms of occurrence of vasomotor rhinitis (the basis of pathogenesis is swelling of the cavernous bodies and overflowing with blood, leading to difficulty in nasal breathing; the basis of the allergic component is the expansion of capillaries, abundantly supplying the nasal mucosa, an increase in their permeability with the formation of mucosal edema and abundant secretions of liquid secret) therapy is carried out more often stepwise. The leading component of complex basic therapy is the introduction of desensitizing drugs, hormones locally with ointments, in aerosols, by phonophoresis and electrophoresis, parenterally. Tactics of treatment depends on the severity of clinical manifestations.
They carry out novocaine blockades, cryotherapy, infrared coagulation (IRC), ultrasonic disintegration, vasotomy, hypobarotherapy in combination with hyposensitization, ultraviolet irradiation, therapeutic gymnastics, air and sunbathing and many other methods of physiotherapy, taking into account indications and contraindications.
The favorable effect of laser therapy in vasomotor rhinitis is associated with the improvement of transcapillary exchange in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, leading to the restoration of tissue mechanisms of homeostasis, elimination of edema and swelling. Laser physiotherapy for chronic vasomotor rhinitis should be used in anti-inflammatory doses, and for subatrophic forms - stimulating in combination with traditional medical methods of treatment.
With vasomotor rhinitis, application cryotherapy has a less pronounced anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effect, the treatment is often accompanied by a long reparation period.
According to indications, local administration of sclerosing drugs is sometimes used: alcohol 70%, 20% solution of salicylic sodium, 5% solution of quinine dihydrochloride. A mixture is injected intra-shell: 1 ml of a 2% solution of novocaine, 1 ml of a 6% solution of thiamine bromide and 0.5 ml of hydrocortisone emulsion.
The use of immunostimulants both parenterally and intramucosally intranasally (symnin, levomisole) has been developed.
In the absence of the effect of conservative therapy, in the presence of irreversible changes in the nasal mucosa, sparing surgical treatment is recommended. Various variants of submucosal operations performed on the turbinates are also performed: galvanocaustic, electrocaustic, osteoconchotomy, submucosal vaccine microsurgery, mucosotomy, conchotomy, and other methods.
The most effective method of treatment is to stop the patient's contact with the allergen. Drug therapy includes two main aspects of exposure: specific immunotherapy with an etiologically significant allergen and the use of antihistamine drugs (both the first generation - diphenhydramine, diazolin, tavegil, pipolfen, etc., and the second generation - histimet (levokabastin), terfenadine, loratadine, cetirezin). Antihistamines of the first generation have a number of side effects (pronounced sedative effect (hypnotic), atropine-like effect, peripheral vasodilation). Therefore, the use of these drugs should be carried out with caution (a certain group of people - drivers, etc. should refuse them).
Treatment of allergic rhinitis is also carried out in a complex and phased manner.
The first stage is elimination, consisting of reducing the contamination of mites, fungi, animal epidermis and bacteria, etc., secretion evacuation due to irrigation therapy using mineral water, decoction of black tea, massage of the nasal mucosa, acupressure of the wings of the nose and the collar zone; enterosorption (removal of metabolic products, toxins, immune complexes using coal sorbents and Sums-1 for these purposes (30–40 g 3 times a day for 10 days).
The second stage is drug therapy:
a) local (histimet);
b) systemic (gismanal, zirter, claritin), etc., antihistamines;
c) mast cell membrane stabilizers (derivatives of sodium chromate);
d) mucolytics (sinupret, gelomitrol).
According to the indications, antibacterial drugs are used (augmentin and other antibiotics and resistant to the effects of beta-lactamase).
The third stage is specific and non-specific immunocorrective therapy, which increases the content of class A immunoglobulins, especially secretory immunoglobulins. As immunostimulants of bacterial origin, ribomunil, bronchovacone, bronchomunal are used.
Specific immunotherapy is carried out by the causative allergen. No matter how strange the treatment of allergic rhinitis with surgical interventions may seem, it is nevertheless real. The existing changes in chronic allergic rhinitis, characterized by edema, polyposis changes and hypertrophy of the nasal mucosa and other factors, predetermine surgical correction to improve physiological conditions and further drug therapy.
The stages of surgical therapy (consisting of preoperative preparation, the course of surgical intervention and postoperative therapy), proposed by Piskunov G.Z. (1999) are very effective.
Thus, the treatment of allergic rhinitis should be, first of all, pathogenetically justified, taking into account individual characteristics, the etiological factor, the severity of clinical manifestations, and should be carried out in specialized medical institutions to avoid possible complications both the disease itself and the therapy.
Rhinitis (acute runny nose)
|
Acute runny nose (rhinitis) is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, which at the same time produces great amount mucus. Acute rhinitis is one of the most common diseases. In fact, this is the body's response to a wide variety of stimuli: general or local hypothermia, infections, chemicals, dust. Influenza and SARS are always accompanied by an acute runny nose, runny nose is also observed in acute and chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, adenoiditis and adenoid vegetations, when foreign bodies enter the nasal cavity. Microorganisms are constantly present on the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, but with a decrease in the overall resistance of the body, as well as under the action of irritating factors, they begin to become more active and cause inflammation. Acute coryza is always bilateral. Symptoms and course: The disease always goes through three stages.The first is dry, the onset is acute, there is dryness in the nose, a feeling of a foreign body, sneezing, nasal congestion. Body temperature is elevated headache. The second stage is wet, the feeling of nasal congestion gradually increases, nasal breathing is sharply impaired or may be absent, the sense of smell decreases, abundant mucous discharge from the nose appears, lacrimation, dryness in the throat. The third stage is suppuration, the swelling of the mucous membrane decreases, nasal breathing improves, the discharge becomes mucopurulent, at first in large quantities, then gradually the amount of discharge decreases and recovery occurs. On average, the inflammatory process lasts 7-8 days. A runny nose does not always end well, there may becomplications: The transition of the inflammatory process to the mucous membrane of the pharynx (pharyngitis), larynx (laryngitis), trachea and bronchi (tracheobronchitis); a serious complication such as pneumonia (pneumonia) may develop; Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, ethmoiditis, sphenoiditis); With improper and strong blowing of the nose (especially through both halves of the nose at the same time), mucus can enter the middle ear cavity, then acute otitis media occurs (inflammation of the middle ear); Conjunctivitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes; Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin of the vestibule of the nose. Treatment: uncomplicated runny nose is treated at home.First of all, the treatment is aimed at relieving nasal congestion. For this purpose, vasoconstrictor nasal drops are used, the instillation of these drugs into the nasal passages quickly leads to narrowing of the vessels of the nasal mucosa, the swelling of the nasal mucosa and the amount of mucus produced decrease.
many vasoconstrictor drugs for children under 2 years of age are contraindicated; vasoconstrictor drugs should not be used during pregnancy. After instillation of vasoconstrictor drops, oil solutions can be instilled into the nose: peach or olive oil, 2-3 drops in each half of the nose 3-4 times a day. You can use the drug Pinosol 1-2 drops 3-4 times a day, this combined preparation contains a mixture of essential oils and vitamin E, it has an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect. It should be remembered that it should not be used in children under 1 year old. There may be an allergic reaction to the drug. Polypous rhinitis
|
It happens that a runny nose worries a person for one week, the second, the third. It would seem that nothing but nasal congestion is noted, and rhinitis does not go away. There are many reasons that lead to the chronicity of the disease. It is no wonder that many are interested in how to cure a chronic runny nose at home quickly.
Why can nasal congestion persist for more than a month? This predisposes:
- improper treatment of acute rhinitis;
- constant contact with a provoking factor;
- immunodeficiency against the background of concomitant severe pathology of internal organs;
- chronic infection of the nasopharynx;
- adenoids.
The cause of nasal congestion can also be a deformed septum, anomalies in the structure of the nasopharynx, or trauma. In this case, drug therapy may be ineffective.
Forms of the disease
The type of rhinitis depends on the causative factor and background pathology in humans:
- the infectious form develops due to the presence of pathogenic pathogens in the nasopharyngeal mucosa. They support the inflammatory process, provoking the onset of symptoms. The exacerbation of the disease occurs due to a decrease in immunity or after hypothermia;
- allergic - differs in frequency if the allergen acts on a person in a certain season of the year, for example, with hay fever. An allergic reaction can develop after inhaling pollen, taking a certain drug, or coming into contact with household chemicals;
- vasomotor rhinitis - often diagnosed in people with diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous system, with vegetative-vascular dystonia. Symptoms of rhinitis can be seen at night. In the “lying on your side” position, congestion appears in the nostril that is located below.
Also, a runny nose can develop due to frequent hypothermia, prolonged breathing in polluted, dry air, or the influence of occupational hazards. There are several forms of rhinitis depending on the nature of the inflammation and the predominant processes in the nasopharyngeal mucosa:
- catarrhal - accompanied by hyperemia, swelling of the mucosa and hypersecretion. In most cases, it is observed with frequent colds and is manifested by abundant rhinorrhea;
- atrophic - characterized by thinning and atrophy of the mucous membrane, glands against the background of prolonged exposure to negative factors (dust, chemical fumes). A person is worried about dryness, itching in the nose, dry crusts with ichor. The appearance of bloody streaks indicates damage to small blood vessels. Nasal discharge is viscous;
Often the cause of atrophic rhinitis in our time is the long-term use of drops with a vasoconstrictive effect.
- hypertrophic - develops due to the growth of the nasopharyngeal mucosa, which leads to the appearance of constant nasal congestion, nasal voice and lack of smell.
Preparatory stage of treatment
In order to choose the right drugs, it is necessary to conduct a complete diagnosis in adults. The otolaryngologist first interrogates the patient's complaints and analyzes the life history. To obtain a complete picture of the disease, an additional examination is prescribed. It may include:
- rhinoscopy;
- x-ray examination of the paranasal sinuses, which makes it possible to confirm or exclude sinusitis, as well as to identify anomalies in the structure of this zone;
- blood test (PCR, ELISA);
- allergy tests;
- study of immunological status;
- microscopic examination of swabs from the nasopharynx;
- bakposev material (mucus from the nasopharynx).
It is impossible to cure chronic rhinitis with the help of folk remedies, therefore they are used only as auxiliary methods of therapy. A complex approach in the treatment allows you to eliminate the cause of the disease and save a person from annoying symptoms. What is prescribed for treatment?
- drugs of local and systemic action;
- washing the nasal cavities;
- warming procedures;
- massage;
- inhalation;
- homeopathic preparations;
- folk remedies in the form of drops, ointments.
Features of therapy for various forms of the disease
| Form of the disease | Treatment Methods | Drug names | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| infectious | Sanitation of the infectious focus | Local antiseptics (Furacilin, Chlorhexidine, Miramistin, Bioparox, Polydex), systemic drugs (Flemoclav, Ceftriaxone, Azithromycin) | Vasoconstrictors in the form of a nasal spray are used in a short course to temporarily eliminate nasal congestion and facilitate nasal breathing (Tizin, Evkazolin) |
| allergic | Elimination of the allergen, blocking the mechanism of allergy development | Local drugs (Allergodil), systemic drugs (Erius, Suprastin) | Need to consult an allergist, conduct allergy tests |
| Vasomotor | Removing the cause | Vasoconstrictor (Lazorin, Otrivin), local hormonal agents (Baconase) | The underlying disease is being treated |
| catarrhal | Antiseptic and antibacterial solutions, ointments and tablets | Hormonal agents are prescribed only for severe pathology | Treatment methods are chosen depending on the cause. |
| atrophic | Moisturizing the mucosa, protecting against damage | Oil drops Pinosol, folk remedies based on essential oils | The main task is to stop the use of vasoconstrictor drops for the nose or the action of another provoking factor |
| hypertrophic | Medical or surgical treatment (removal of hypertrophied lesions) | Hydrocortisone injections | Medical treatment is carried out only at the initial stage |
Washing the nasal cavities
Cleansing the nasopharyngeal mucosa is the basis of the treatment of chronic rhinitis. Regular washing allows you to moisturize the mucous membrane, prevent its damage, remove mucus with toxins and restore the functioning of the cilia. The procedure can be carried out to treat or prevent diseases. Washing of the nasal cavities is carried out:
- ready-made saline solutions (Humer, No-salt, Salin, Dolphin, saline);
- a solution of food or sea salt. For preparation, it is enough to dissolve 5 g of salt in warm water with a volume of 230 ml. You can also add a drop of iodine;
- infusion of garlic (5 chopped cloves per 700 ml of boiling water). After cooling, you can also mix with aloe juice 1: 2;
- herbal infusion. To prepare, it is enough to pour 30 g of eucalyptus, oak bark, chamomile, calendula or sage with boiling water (400 ml). After 15 minutes can be used to wash the nose. In addition, you can add 25 ml of aloe juice;
- a weak solution of potassium permanganate (2 crystals per glass of warm water);
- fresh beet juice, which is mixed with 240 ml of water and 2 g of salt;
- lemon juice diluted with water 1:10.
Nasal drops
Nasal drops can be prepared independently from simple ingredients:
- onion or garlic juice, diluted with water 1:3;
- chop the onion or garlic, select 50 g, add 50 ml of water, 5 ml of dissolved honey. After mixing, we insist for an hour and use it for instillation of the nose;
- aloe juice can be used pure or diluted (1:2 with water);
- 17 bay leaves are poured with 270 ml of boiling water, infused for a little more than half an hour and 5 ml of liquid honey is added;
- honey should be diluted with water 1:1 and add aloe juice 1:1;
- onion juice can be added to aloe juice 2: 1, then diluted with water twice;
- aloe can be mixed with honey and lemon juice in the same volume.
With atrophic rhinitis, many dry crusts form, which can be dealt with using oil products. To prepare a medicine, it is enough to mix olive oil with aloe juice 3: 1. After heating the mixture in a water bath to 40 degrees, you can lubricate the nasopharyngeal mucosa twice a day.
Ointments
Ointments based on natural ingredients can protect the mucous membrane from irritation, moisturize it and accelerate regeneration. Here are some recipes:
- 30 g of aloe juice should be mixed with 15 ml of melted honey, 15 g of crushed rose hips and 5 drops of eucalyptus oil. The ingredients are thoroughly mixed. A cotton swab should be moistened in a medicinal mixture and inserted into the nasal passage for 15 minutes;
- leaves walnut it is necessary to crush and mix with vaseline 1:10. Lubricate the nasal mucosa twice a day, especially at night. You can also use calendula instead of walnut leaves;
- Propolis, butter, and peach oil should be mixed in equal volumes. To use, you will need cotton turundas, which must be moistened in a healing mixture.
Inhalations
Cold inhalations can be done with onions, garlic or horseradish:
- to prepare a medicine for inhalation, it is enough to chop the onion, garlic and wrap the mass with a scarf. Inhale aromas for 15 minutes three times a day;
- chopped horseradish should be put in a container with a lid. During the day, every 2 hours you need to open the container and take 5-7 deep breaths through the nose. Keep refrigerated.
For hot inhalations, you can use essential oils(eucalyptus, fir), sea salt or sea buckthorn oil. Hot inhalations are prohibited in case of fever.
Massage
Massage is used in a complex of therapeutic methods in acute and chronic course of the disease. The fingers should be warm, the movements smooth, and the pressure on the special points of moderate force.
Where are the points located?
- brow zone (at the intersection with the bridge of the nose);
- outer corner of the eye (one centimeter from the corner);
- near the wings of the nose;
- above the upper lip in the projection of the outer edge of the wings of the nose.
The duration of the massage is 15 minutes. It allows:
- accelerate blood circulation;
- increase local protection;
- eliminate nasal congestion;
- reduce swelling of the nasal mucosa.
Massage can be used to prevent and treat rhinitis. The effect of medicines can be enhanced by dripping medicine into the nose immediately after the massage or before its completion.
Possible Complications
If errors are made in the treatment (incorrect dosages, a short course of therapy), the risk of complications increases. They are associated with the spread of infection and inflammation to surrounding healthy tissues. As a result, it develops:
- otitis. Puffiness of the auditory tube leads to a deterioration in the airway function, a violation of the sanitation of the ear cavity and the activation of opportunistic microbes. Symptomatically, the disease is manifested by hearing loss, ear pain and tinnitus;
- pharyngitis, tonsillitis;
- adenoiditis, if the inflammation covers the adenoids;
- sinusitis. The accumulation of mucus in the paranasal cavities leads to inflammation (frontitis, sinusitis). Clinically, the pathology is manifested by pain in the paranasal zone, bridge of the nose, and between the eyebrows.
Preventive actions
To avoid chronic inflammation in the nasopharyngeal mucosa, it is necessary to follow some recommendations:
- avoid contact with the allergen;
- strictly observe the doses and duration of use of vasoconstrictor drugs for the nose;
- strengthen immunity;
- drink enough fluids;
- timely treatment of diseases of the upper respiratory tract;
- eat healthy food;
- as often as possible to walk in the fresh air (in the forest area, mountains, along the sea coast).
The ENT organs are closely interconnected, so inflammation from the nasopharynx often passes to the ear zone, throat and larynx. Simple rules of prevention will avoid the chronicity of the process and reduce the risk of recurrence of rhinitis. Do not neglect your health, as it is quite difficult to treat a chronic runny nose.
Chronic rhinitis is a disease in which the mucous membrane in the nose becomes inflamed and swells, but, despite treatment, unpleasant symptoms do not subside within 12 weeks, or recur 3-4 times a year.
Despite the apparent safety of the disease, a violation of the outflow of mucus can lead to difficulty breathing, as well as provoke a constant headache and sensitivity in the nasolabial region.
According to ICD 10, chronic rhinitis is code J31.0. Most often, adolescents and adults suffer from the disease. The chronic form can be triggered by improperly selected treatment, a deviated nasal septum, and circulatory disorders.
There are several forms of chronic rhinitis, which differ slightly in etiology, symptoms and treatment methods. Despite the variety of subspecies of the disease, they are considered the most effective and safe today.
Chronic catarrhal rhinitis
This form of the disease is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, and constant profuse discharge. Chronic catarrhal rhinitis is the most common complication of classic acute rhinitis.
A distinctive feature from other forms of chronic disease is a sharp decrease in the flow of oxygen into the nasal passages and the development of stagnant processes in the limited space of the cavity.
A persistent runny nose (despite the name) does not last all year round, but appears in cool weather, and can completely disappear in the summer, in dry and hot weather. In this case, the patient may complain of:
- Feeling of a foreign body in the throat;
- Deterioration of smell;
- Deterioration of the work of taste buds;
- Non-intense headaches.
You can also notice the mucus collected in the threads that close the nasal passages. The mucous membranes themselves in the nasal zone are covered with grayish crusts, or have a bluish tint.
How to treat chronic catarrhal rhinitis?
Home treatment is mainly symptomatic, and consists in the use of vasoconstrictor drugs. However, it must be taken into account that the uncontrolled and continuous use of drugs of this type can lead to a complication of the disease.
In addition to the development of resistance, the risk of complete blockage of the nasal passages increases, which can only be eliminated in a professional clinic.
Chronic rhinitis should be treated by a specialist otorhinolaryngologist (ENT). Unauthorized selection of drugs is strictly prohibited. Medicines are prescribed only after determining the exact causes of the disease. In particular, the following may be written:
- Antihistamines (Loratadine tablets, Allergodil for external treatment of the nasal mucosa);
- Decongestants based on xylometazoline and oxymetazoline;
- Glucocorticoids (nasonex, mometasone);
- Antibiotics of the tetracycline and cephalosporin group.
If it is not possible to consult a doctor for advice, then it is better to temporarily abandon synthetic medications and use a variety of natural nasal preparations based on oils of peppermint, eucalyptus, fir ( Evkasept, Pinosol).
But it is possible to completely cure a chronic runny nose only on an outpatient basis. The doctor will select a whole set of procedures that positively affect the trophism of the nasal mucosa, as well as normalize vascular tone.
The initial outpatient therapy program may include warming and quartzing the nose. As soon as the liquid secretions become viscous, regular use of saline or glycerin solutions is prescribed.
Pharmaceutical preparations can be used ( Aquamaris, Lugol's solution with glycerin), or cook own funds at home.
Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis
This form of the disease differs from catarrhal by painful swelling of the lining of the nose. Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis is more common in adult men as a result of the influence of unfavorable working conditions, the presence of foci of infections in the upper respiratory tract.
Symptoms practically do not differ from the signs of the catarrhal form of the disease. However, hypertrophy of the mucous membranes can lead to a complete blockage of breathing through the nose, as well as be accompanied by snoring, deterioration in the quality of sleep.
Chronic rhinitis can be cured by the same methods as catarrhal. However, at the stage when hypertrophic processes have already led to a complete blockage of breathing and local symptomatic therapy may not be enough.
Surgery is usually prescribed to prevent recurrence of the disease. The specialist will remove the overgrown mucous neoplasms, restore the normal lining of the nasal passages, which will lead to the normalization of breathing. But even in this case, without eliminating the true causes of a constant runny nose in an adult, the absence of relapse is not guaranteed.
Chronic atrophic rhinitis
Chronic atrophic rhinitis is divided into primary (the causes of which are not exactly known) and secondary (provoked by constant exposure to adverse industrial factors: chemical substances, dust, abnormally high or low temperature, radiation).
Symptoms of chronic atrophic rhinitis differ significantly from other forms of the disease. In particular, instead of a constant flow from the nose, there is:
- Drying of the mucous membranes;
- The appearance of yellow or gray crusts;
- Sensation of the presence of viscous contents in the nasopharynx.
During endoscopy, the ENT may see that the nasal passages look pale, and the back wall of the nasopharynx is covered with a thin network of vessels. A complete dry rhinitis develops.
Treatment methods for the atrophic form of the disease
You can get rid of an unpleasant disease only by completely eliminating the impact of adverse factors. As a drug therapy, angioprotectors (Agapurin, Pentoxifylline), as well as vitamins can be prescribed to improve the nutrition of desiccated mucous membranes.
If the tests show that anemia has become one of the reasons for the drying of the nasal membrane, then iron preparations are prescribed, as well as a diet with a lot of liver, red meat and fish.
Important! In the atrophic form of rhinitis, it is better to refuse saline washings in favor of glycerin tamponade.
If the cause of the disease is a violation at the cellular level, then systemic administration of medicines (injections, droppers) can be prescribed. Trimetazidine, Cytochrome C activate cellular metabolism, which also improves tissue nutrition.
If possible, it is better to organize spa treatment in places with high humidity. They will help to overcome chronic atrophic rhinitis and walks in coniferous forests, inhalation of sea air.
Chronic vasomotor rhinitis
Vasomotor chronic rhinitis occurs when the blood vessels inside the nose lose their ability to constrict. Constantly dilated vessels provoke swelling and accumulation of mucus in the nose.
Pathological dilatation of blood vessels can be triggered by a variety of unrelated factors, including:
- Constant exposure to irritants (smog, dust, cigarette smoke);
- Sharp changes in climatic conditions;
- Infection with viral infections;
- Regular use of aspirin, beta-blockers, sedatives, antidepressants, hormonal changes;
- Excessive use of nasal vasoconstrictors.
The most important symptom of chronic vasomotor rhinitis is a persistent runny nose, which can last for several months in a row; randomly appear and disappear throughout the year. Rarely, a nasal discharge may be accompanied by a headache.
Treatment of chronic vasomotor rhinitis in without fail starts with a medical consultation. There are times when a runny nose occurs as a result of constant exposure to a particular allergen. And the methods of therapy for patients are fundamentally different from the treatment programs for vasomotor rhinitis.
How to deal with chronic vasomotor rhinitis?
Due to the fact that it develops under the influence of a certain trigger, treatment is usually aimed at combating the cause of the disease. However, to facilitate breathing, it is allowed to use:
- Pharmacy or homemade saline nasal rinses;
- Decongestants based on pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine;
- Corticosteroid nasal sprays or drops (eg, fluticasone).
If after taking the above over-the-counter medicines, the symptoms do not disappear, or side effects appear, then you should contact the otolaryngologist for the appointment of more serious drugs, including:
- Potent hormonal sprays and ointments with anti-inflammatory action (Mometasone, Sanomen, Nasonex);
- Antihistamine nasal preparations (Allergodil, Cromofarm);
- Anticholinergics (including in oral form).
Important! The above drugs are for reference only. It is not recommended to buy and use them on your own. After all, if improperly selected medicines enter the body for a long time, complications may arise.
It must be remembered that the treatment of chronic rhinitis should take place under the strict supervision of doctors. Even if there is a clear improvement in the condition and the complete disappearance of the common cold, the prescribed therapy must be completed.
serious
disease
With such a problem as a runny nose, at least once in a lifetime, every person has encountered. Mucous discharge from the nose not only causes discomfort and an outwardly unattractive picture, but can also indicate the presence of dangerous diseases in the body that require urgent medical treatment. This ailment is considered to be a symptom of a cold, but in fact there are many more reasons that cause snot from the nose. Often we ourselves note that the discharge from the sinuses has a different consistency, color or smell, and sometimes, as it seems to us, a runny nose occurs completely for no reason.
Runny nose as a symptom of various diseases
As a rule, mucous discharge from the nose indicates a viral or bacterial infection in the body ...
The main methods of treatment of the common cold
In order for the treatment to be successful, the doctor must first conduct a comprehensive diagnosis ...
A common belief is that if a runny nose is not treated, then it will last for weeks will pass in and of itself is fundamentally wrong. It all depends on what form and nature this disease is, rhinitis develops in adults or children. If you miss the moment, and do not take up treatment in time, a runny nose or nasal congestion will turn into acute, and then chronic stage. The disease is not as harmless as it seems at first glance. After all, it is not for nothing that the doctor who prescribes the treatment is called ear-nose-throat. These organs are closely interconnected, and persistent inflammation or infection of the nose can lead to severe complications in the hearing, throat, and even some parts of the brain. Only a specialist is able to understand the cause of a particular form of rhinitis, but everyone should have general information about the symptoms, diagnosis and methods of treating diseases of the ENT organs. There are a great many causative agents of rhinitis, as well as methods of therapy and the use of folk remedies.
What is a runny nose?
Most often, we associate the appearance of a runny nose with colds or viral diseases, the onset of dampness and cold weather in the offseason. However, nasal discharge has a different nature and character, which can only be determined by a specialist.
The main causes of a runny nose:
- . Symptoms - slight perspiration in the nasopharynx and throat, general weakness, malaise, congestion;
- . A runny nose occurs against the background of the body's predisposition to natural and chemical allergens. As a rule, such a runny nose is seasonal, and the patient himself, over time, already clearly understands why the discharge appears;
- . This type of runny nose occurs as a result of the body getting used to a certain group of drugs;
- Doctors have noted cases of runny nose and nasal congestion in patients with a foreign body in their nose for more than 5 years!
- Pathologies cause chronic runny nose and constant nasal congestion, and are treated exclusively by surgery.
But even if you can confidently say about the nature of the rhinitis that has arisen, determine the form and stage of the disease and prescribe a qualified effective treatment only a doctor can.
How to treat?
It is known that the main category of diseases that cause such a symptom as a runny nose are colds. Having identified the first signs of rhinitis - a slight "tickle" in the nasopharynx and throat, it is necessary to take urgent measures and try to stop the process.
The so-called "hot" procedures can block the development of the disease. The main purpose is to rinse the nasal mucosa as much as possible, preventing pathogenic bacteria from multiplying, covering the entire body with infection.
Treatment at home
On the first day, we take active measures:
And, of course, generally accepted measures - airing the room, air ionization, warm, warm clothes and drinking plenty of water. At the same time, one should not forget that a doctor's consultation, even in cases of minor colds or allergies, is mandatory!
In addition, untreated rhinitis can provoke a number of complications, ranging from dysfunctions of the nervous system, due to chronic lack of oxygen, and ending with serious inflammatory intracranial and intraocular processes. Incorrectly performed or out of time prescribed treatment provokes severe complications in the form of acute and chronic sinusitis and sinusitis, inflammation of the middle ear, brain, meningitis and even sepsis.
To understand the nature of the discharge that has appeared in you and to take the right treatment means to conduct a high-quality and effective fight against the disease, quickly achieve recovery, and prevent the development of serious pathologies.
Rhinitis or runny nose is an inflammation of the nasal cavity. Often, rhinitis is only a symptom of the disease. So, for example, a runny nose can appear both with a viral infection and with a bacterial one, and even be the result of mechanical irritation.
In addition, rhinitis is divided into acute and chronic. Its causes can be both viral, fungal, bacterial infections, as well as a weakening of the immune system, and hypothermia of the body in the cool season.
A very important role in the progress of the disease is played by lifestyle, predisposition to allergies and hereditary diseases. If time does not attach importance to the treatment of rhinitis, then in the future this disease can lead to complications or the transition of the disease into a chronic form, the treatment of which will take a long time.
In this article, we will look at the features of rhinitis in adults, its symptoms and topical home treatments.
Causes
Causes rhinitis of non-infectious etiology can be:- Long-term residence in ecologically unfavorable conditions;
- Harmful working conditions;
- Endocrine diseases;
- Cysts, nasal polyps;
- Circulatory disorders (generalized or local);
- Diseases of the kidneys, liver, lungs;
- Heart defects, myocarditis;
- Mechanical burn of the nasal mucosa;
- Allergic reactions of the body (cold allergy, sensitization in response to the penetration of gases, vapors, pollen, animal hair, the general reaction of the body to the administration of drugs or food products);
- Other diseases of the oropharynx and sinuses (, adenoiditis, etc.).
Allergic rhinitis is associated primarily with individual features nasal mucosa in some people. In particular, with excessive sensitivity to various stimuli, the so-called. exogenous allergens. Also, the causes of allergic rhinitis include increased sensitization to viral and bacterial infections.
Symptoms of rhinitis
Depending on the type and stage of rhinitis, symptoms can vary from dry irritation in the nasal cavity to serous and mucopurulent discharge with bloody inclusions. In chronic rhinitis, headache, drowsiness, fatigue, reduced sleep quality, sometimes accompanied by snoring, are often observed.
The main symptoms of acute rhinitis in adults are:
- loss of the ability to breathe freely through the nose;
- frequent sneezing;
- increased lacrimation;
- feeling of drying of the mucous membrane;
- the formation of crusts in the nasal passages;
- pain in the head;
- nasal congestion;
- burning sensation, severe itching in the nasal passages;
- the appearance of transparent discharge from the nose, having a mucous consistency (with purulent rhinitis, the discharge becomes thicker and acquires a greenish tint);
- complete or partial loss of the ability to recognize odors;
- drainage of mucous discharge along the posterior pharyngeal wall.
The symptoms of rhinitis should not be ignored, no matter how minor they seem. Rhinitis left untreated can lead to serious complications such as sinusitis or sinusitis.
Chronic rhinitis
The chronic form of rhinitis in adults has the following manifestations.
- catarrhal. It is accompanied by congestive hyperemia of the mucosa, uniform swelling of the turbinates and periodic difficulty in nasal breathing, and a disorder of smell.
- atrophic. Appears as a result of atrophy of the nasal mucosa, leads to various violations of the processes of air exchange and vascular function.
- hypertrophic. It develops as a result of hypertrophy of the soft tissues of the nasal cavity and is accompanied by a violation of nasal breathing.
- Vasomotor. It is associated with diseases of the autonomic nervous system and, in addition to secretions of mucous secretions, is also accompanied by alternate nasal congestion.
- medical. It affects those patients who, during the treatment of rhinitis, have become a kind of dependence on drugs (nasal sprays, for example).
- Allergic. Accompanied by episodic violation of nasal breathing, sneezing, mucous discharge from the nose; its nature is determined by immediate type allergic reactions. The disease can be seasonal or year-round.
In this regard, the symptoms of chronic rhinitis can vary significantly depending on the cause that causes the disease. For example, nasal congestion is not always accompanied by copious mucus secretion, as happens with acute rhinitis. An increase in temperature in chronic forms also occurs infrequently. In this case, a deterioration in general well-being can be pronounced. It is characterized by the following features:
- sleep disturbance;
- loss of appetite;
- decrease in working capacity;
- decreased sensitivity to odors.
Therefore, properly treating a chronic runny nose is no less important than an acute one, and it may also require a visit to a doctor.
Diagnostics
Rhinitis is recognized on the basis of the listed symptoms, but in each case it is necessary to differentiate them from specific rhinitis, which are symptoms of an infectious disease - diphtheria, measles, scarlet fever, as well as gonorrhea, syphilis, etc. Each of infectious diseases has its own clinical picture.
An objective examination of the ENT organs (rhinoscopy - examination of the nasal cavity), clarifies the form of rhinitis. If the development of complications of rhinitis is suspected, an x-ray examination of the paranasal sinuses, lungs, middle ear, consultation of a pulmonologist, allergist, oculist, infectious disease specialist, instrumental examination of the ear, pharynx, and larynx are prescribed.
How to treat rhinitis?
Acute uncomplicated rhinitis is treated at home. Therapy is carried out depending on the stage of development of the inflammatory process. In the treatment of acute rhinitis in adults, both symptomatic agents and special drugs are used to reduce inflammatory processes in the nasal cavity. In case of bacterial infections, the use of antiseptic agents is justified, with the help of which the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is washed and cleaned.
If rhinitis is an independent disease, and is not a consequence of acute respiratory diseases, it is recommended to start treatment with the following actions:
- washing the nasal cavity with an isotonic solution (1 tsp of food salt dissolved in 200 ml of boiled water cooled to room temperature);
- with nasal congestion, mustard foot baths (2 tablespoons of mustard powder mixed with 3 liters of hot water) will bring relief.
Also, with rhinitis, a plentiful warm drink is recommended (tea with lemon and raspberries, milk with honey). In cases of high temperature (above 38), antipyretics can be used. Although it must be borne in mind that antipyretics, increasing sweating, can predispose to various kinds of complications and worsen the course of the disease, reducing the body's resistance to infectious aggression.
Medical therapy
Most often, time-tested medications are used to treat rhinitis:
- Vasoconstrictor- symptomatic agents that reduce swelling of the mucous membrane and reduce nasal congestion. Naphthyzin, Galazolin, Nazol, Xymelin, etc.) help relieve breathing for a while. Preparations of this kind are not recommended to be used for longer than 7-10 days, as this can be an impetus for the development of a vasomotor form of rhinitis.
- Moisturizing solutions and emollient ointments– Marimer, Physiomer, Aqua Maris, are used as an adjunct treatment.
- (Claritin, Tavegil, Suprastin, Allergodil, etc.) block the production of specific antibodies that cause allergic reactions.
- Antibiotics - only for bacterial rhinitis and complications, usually in the form of a nasal spray or drops (Bioparox);
- Antiseptic preparations local action (isotonic solution, furatsilin, etc.) are used as a nasal rinse.
- Vitamins and immunostimulants.
During the period of exacerbation in chronic rhinitis, the same medicines are used as in acute rhinitis (vasoconstrictor drops, drops and ointments with drugs that have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial effects). Astringents are used: 2-5% solution of protargol (colargol) in the form of nose drops (5 drops in each half of the nose 3 times a day).
Physiotherapy procedures
Physiotherapy treatment, which has shown its high efficiency and the minimum percentage of contraindications in the treatment of this disease, are the following:
- electrophoresis with mineral applications (muds, salts);
- UHF therapy;
- phototherapy;
- inhalation;
- breathing exercises.
Such treatment will speed up the healing process and shorten the rehabilitation period after rhinitis complicated by concomitant diseases of the upper respiratory tract.
Prevention
Preventive measures to prevent rhinitis include:
- Prevention of colds.
- A timely visit to the doctor, at the first signs of the disease, will prevent the occurrence of possible complications, especially in infants.
- Nutrition should be complete, high-calorie, and most importantly observed correct mode. The diet should consist of the consumption of fruits and vegetables with a high content of vitamin C. It is recommended to drink tea with raspberries, rosehip infusion, milk with honey.
- Periodic wet cleaning and ventilation in the room will prevent the ingress and spread of infection.
- It is not recommended to abruptly move from a warm room to a cold one, not to be in drafts, not to drink ice water and other soft drinks.
- It is recommended to carry out hardening procedures. Dousing with cold water (start gradually, from using warm water to cool). Regular exercise.
In general, the prevention of rhinitis - a disease with a fairly wide "family tree" - should be aimed primarily at strengthening the body's resistance.