Localization of pain in the abdomen indicates which organ gastrointestinal tract a problem has arisen. In order to more accurately determine the cause of the pain, try to understand in which particular part of the abdomen the discomfort is felt.
Right side
Appendicitis
Symptoms: in acute form - sudden pain in the solar plexus or above the navel, pain in the abdomen without a specific localization is also possible, then it shifts to the right sigh. The pain is constant, moderate, aggravated by coughing, moving, changing the position of the body.
Vomiting in appendicitis develops as a reflex to pain, accompanied by a decrease in appetite, often a single one. The temperature rises, but does not rise above 37.0 -38.0 C. Dyspepsia in the form of constipation, more often diarrhea, occurs against the background of frequent urination, the color of urine is intense, dark.
Diagnosis: during palpation, there is muscle tension in the right iliac region, soreness and increased pain when pressed with a sharp release of the fingers.Pressing is done:
on the stomach in the region of the right iliac; at several points, to the right of the navel; at several points along a diagonal line from the navel to the right iliac tubercle (this bony protrusion of the pelvic bones is determined from the front in the iliac region).Liver
Symptoms: dull pain under the right rib; heaviness in the right side after eating fatty and spicy foods; skin itching; allergic reactions; frequent constipation and diarrhea; yellow coating on the tongue; dizziness and fatigue; red urine (similar to tea); increase in body temperature up to 37.0 -38.0 C; nausea and loss of appetite; light yellow stools.Diagnosis: in cases where the pain is associated specifically with problems in the liver, it is permanent, may be replaced by a feeling of severe heaviness in the right side, a pulling sensation and sharp colic. The pain may radiate to the lumbar region, intensify immediately after eating or with sudden movements. Relief of the situation occurs at a moment of rest, when a person lies on his right side and provides himself with warmth, but with the adoption of a vertical position, the pain resumes again.
It is worth remembering that the liver begins to hurt in cases of damage to other organs, for example, the pancreas, or the pain is caused by the passage of a stone through the bile ducts, inflammation of the gallbladder. Dull pains are characterized by acute inflammatory diseases of the liver, while chronic processes generally pass without any pain.
A sharp pain in the right hypochondrium, accompanied by heaviness, nausea, radiates to the right shoulder - most likely it is biliary (hepatic) colic. May indicate the presence of stones in gallbladder.
Dull pain accompanied by loss of appetite is most likely biliary dyskinesia. But it can also occur with an exacerbation of hepatitis C, or acute hepatitis A or B, cirrhosis of the liver.
Left side
Pancreas
Symptoms: a sharp pain of a girdle character, which can be localized in the umbilical region (at the beginning of the disease) or spread to the back. Such pain is felt almost constantly, or the intensity of the pain only intensifies - this pain with pancreatitis is fundamentally different from the symptoms that occur with other inflammatory processes in the organs abdominal cavity.Simultaneously with the appearance of pain, heaviness in the abdomen, bloating, nausea and vomiting occurs, which usually does not bring relief. In addition, the lack of pancreatic juice enzymes provokes indigestion, which is manifested by severe diarrhea.
Symptoms of inflammation of the pancreas often coincide with signs of osteochondrosis, herpes zoster, acute pyelonephritis and stomach ulcers. Also, pain in the left hypochondrium can occur from bleeding with a stomach or duodenal ulcer.
Diagnostics: the pain is aggravated after eating, in the supine position. When leaning forward in a sitting position, the pain weakens, as with fasting, applying cold to the umbilical region on the left.
The complete exclusion of any food for at least 24 hours - the lack of load on the cells of the pancreas helps to slow down the production of enzymes and unload the body;
Put a cold heating pad or ice pack on the abdomen (perumbilical region) - this slows down the development of edema in the inflamed pancreas;
Reception alkaline mineral water improves the conditions for the outflow of bile and pancreatic secretion - per day the patient should drink at least 2 liters of liquid without gas;
Reception of antispasmodics, preferably in the form of an injection.
Stomach
Pain at the very top in the center, under the pit of the stomach - indicates gastritis, but may be a symptom of a heart attack (especially if the pain radiates to the right arm), or appendicitis.
Pain in the middle of the abdomen most often occurs when overeating, but may indicate dysbacteriosis.Pain under the belly button may indicate irritable bowel syndrome. Sometimes it is the result of a viral infection.
kidneys
Symptoms:
pain in the kidney area: in the back, in the lower back;
changes in urination: burning and pain, rare or vice versa frequent, excessive urination - nocturia, polyuria, urine with blood impurities or discoloration of urine;
swelling of the legs and arms - the kidneys do not cope with their work of removing excess fluid from the body;
skin rash, which is the result of an increase in the concentration of toxins in the blood;
changes in taste and smell of ammonia from the mouth;
fever, nausea, vomiting and fatigue.
loss of appetite, weight loss;
deterioration of vision.Diagnostics:
To distinguish renal pathology from back pain, the doctor performs the following technique: he taps the lumbar region with the edge of his palm. With kidney disease, tapping is accompanied by the appearance of a dull internal pain.It is important to remember that such pain can cause problems with the back and spine, inflammation of the ovaries, osteochondrosis or appendicitis.
Pain in the right side at the level of the waist may be renal colic, which may be the cause urolithiasis, kink of the ureter or inflammation.
Bladder
Symptoms: in acute inflammation - frequent urge to urinate, accompanied by pain, while urine does not come out completely (even with a strong urge, urine comes out in small droplets). But signs of the disease can simply be pain in the lower abdomen and burning.
The danger lies in the fact that these signs can end as suddenly as they began. This can happen in just a couple of days, even without treatment.Diseases of the reproductive system
Chronic drawing, aching pain in the ovaries, in the lower abdomen and in the lumbar region.
It occurs in the form of seizures. Pain in the ovary radiates to the lower back, to the leg (with damage to the right ovary - to the right, with damage to the left - to the left).
Menstrual disorders. Sometimes menstruation can be excessively plentiful and prolonged, or absent altogether.
Some women have signs characteristic of premenstrual syndrome: there are sharp mood swings, swelling in the legs, breast engorgement, pain in the lower abdomen. But similar pain can also be caused by cystitis, endometriosis, ectopic pregnancy or just constipation.This information is taken from medical sources, but is for informational purposes only, a doctor's consultation is required.
Representing the structure and location of the internal organs of a person, you can independently determine the source of pain and which specialist should be contacted for help in the first place. Every organ human body takes certain place and has its own unique structure.
In this regard, you should know the location of the internal organs of a person in order to independently diagnose the localization of pain and immediately contact the right doctor.
The structure, location and function performed are closely interconnected, the images in the article and the video after will help to facilitate the process of remembering. Conditionally human body It is customary to divide into three cavities, inside which all organs of the human body are located:
- Thoracic cavity - from the neck to the end of the sternum.
- Abdominal cavity - from the end of the sternum to the hip joint.
- The pelvic cavity (small and large pelvis) - within the boundaries of the hip joints.
The chest cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by a special muscle - the diaphragm, designed to expand the lungs. The internal organs of a person: the layout and structural features begin to be studied, as a rule, from top to bottom - from the neck to the pelvic organs. Therefore, the first organ is the thyroid gland, located in the neck, usually under the Adam's apple.
However, its location in adult not always . It can grow in size or get smaller, in some cases, there is a prolapse of this organ of the endocrine system.
Location of organs in the chest cavity
The location of the photo below shows the internal organs of a person more clearly. Here are the heart, lungs, bronchi and the mysterious thymus gland, also called the thymus.
A heart
An important element of the cardiovascular system, the heart, is responsible for ensuring the movement of blood in the vessels. The place of its localization is the chest, above the diaphragmatic muscle. To the right and left of it are the lungs.
In this case, the heart is not located with symmetrical accuracy in the center of our body, but slightly at an angle. Two-thirds of the cardiomuscle is located to the left of the midline, and a third to the right. The shape of the heart is an individual sign and depends on age, gender, body constitution, health status, etc.
Lungs
The location of the internal organs of a person in the picture, which schematically reflects the structure of the chest cavity, continues the most important elements of the respiratory system - the lungs. Their volume is slightly less than the cavity, and the dimensions themselves depend on the phase of the respiratory cycle: they expand on inspiration, and contract on exhalation. The shape of the lungs resembles a truncated cone. The base of this cone rests on the diaphragmatic muscle in the form of a dome, and the apex is directed to the subclavian region.
Bronchi
Anyone who is familiar with the structure of the bronchial tree, the continuation of the trachea outside the windpipe, will be able to show the location of the internal organs of a person in the chest cavity. Each of the branches of this tree is in a strict hierarchy and has its own name and structural features. Directly from the trachea are two main bronchi, each of which goes to the corresponding lung. The thin, long and not so vertical left main bronchus can be easily distinguished from the right in the figure.
In the lungs of the internal organs of a person, the location depends on the place of their localization: on the surface of the lung or inside it. Therefore, the bronchial branches of the first and second order are called extrapulmonary, and all the rest will be intrapulmonary. Each order has its own name: the first is equity, the second is segmental, the third is subsegmental, etc. Branching ends with bronchioles, gradually passing into the alveoli of the lungs.
Thymus
For a long time, why same exactly intended thymus iron for scientists remained a mystery. If you look at the location of the internal organs of a person in the video, you can see that it is located at the very top of the sternum.
To date, its role has also been studied. It is now known that the thymus gland is the most important element of the immune system. The name is identified with appearance: the shape of the gland resembles a two-pronged fork.
Location of organs in the abdominal cavity
The abdominal cavity is the center of almost all elements of the gastrointestinal tract, digestive glands and organs of the excretory system. The incoming "food lump" begins to be digested in the stomach, then it enters the intestines, from where the ducts of the pancreas and gallbladder open, collecting the secret of the liver.
Absorption is completed in the large intestine, while filtration continues in the kidneys and spleen. The adrenal glands are also present here, controlling many processes in our body. A drawing will help to better understand the location of the internal organs of a person.
Stomach
The abdominal cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm, therefore, immediately below it, to the left of the midline, is the stomach - a sac-like outgrowth of the digestive canal. Its main function is the primary reservoir for food and the first stage in the breakdown of incoming complex nutrients into simpler elements.
The fullness of the stomach determines its size. Food from the esophagus enters the stomach, where gastric juice biological oxidation processes begin.
Pancreas
The location of the internal organs of a person in the peritoneal region is subject to their role in metabolic processes. Therefore, immediately below the stomach, closer to the spine, there is a place of permanent localization of the pancreas. This is one of the largest secretory organs of the human body, performing a dual function.
The pancreatic juice produced by it is saturated with digestive enzymes and is a waste product of the exocrine gland. At the same time, the pancreas secretes a whole complex of hormones that regulate the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as it should be for the endocrine glands.
Liver
Describing the internal organs of a person, the layout of which is limited to the abdominal region, one cannot help but dwell on the liver - one of the vital elements of our body. The liver is located on the right side of the stomach under the dome of the diaphragm and is an organ of purification.
It consists of two unequal lobes: a small left and a large right, occupying the upper right position under the diaphragm. She is in charge of a whole range of physiological programs, the slightest failure in the implementation of which is detrimental to the body:
- neutralization of medicines and other unsafe substances into less toxic substances;
- excretion of excess hormones and other substances;
- satiety and blood glucose control;
- regulation of fat metabolism, production of cholesterol and lipids;
- participation in the hematopoietic processes of the embryo, etc.
gallbladder
The main function of this organ is the accumulation of bile (a greenish viscous liquid) synthesized by the liver, and its excretion into the duodenum with the help of bile and cystic channels. It is located in the lower part of the liver, on the border of its lobes. The shape of the gallbladder resembles a longitudinal sac with very thin walls.
In this kind of sac, bile produced by the liver is collected, which is then portioned out into the duodenum to regulate the process of digestion of fats received from food. Some internal organs, the location of the photo will only help to find out, for example, the gallbladder is localized in the lower third of the liver can be seen in the pictures at the end of the article.
Spleen
Considering the location of the internal organs of a person in the pictures in the peritoneum, at the top left you can see the spleen in shape resembling a flattened hemisphere. In shape, it is represented by a hemisphere, which is flattened. Both in a child and in an adult, this organ performs hematopoietic and immune functions, through the formation of lymphocytes.
Also, the spleen filters the flow of platelets and red blood cells if their structure is damaged. If we continue talking about filtration, it can be noted that the spleen also does not allow protozoa, foreign particles and bacteria to pass. It is also worth noting that this body takes an active part in the exchange of food.
Functions of the spleen
The spleen is actively involved in both the hematopoietic and immune processes of our organism, namely:
- formation of lymphocytes and filtration of microorganisms;
- participation in metabolic reactions and filtration of damaged blood cells;
- platelet accumulation and platelet organ and hematopoietic organ at the initial stage of embryonic development.
Intestines
It is quite simple to imagine the location of the internal organs of a person below the stomach, since all this space is occupied by a compactly laid intestine. A long tangled tube starting immediately from the stomach is the small intestine, which on the right is transformed into the large intestine. The latter describes a kind of circle, the end point of which is the anus.
The smooth functioning of the intestines is the key to the health of the human body. Two-thirds of all cells that provide immunity are localized in this area of the internal organs of a person: the location of such a large number immunocytes is the best proof of the importance of this organ. A glass of warm water drunk on an empty stomach starts peristalsis, while the whole body is cleansed of accumulated toxins.
kidneys
One of the few organs represented by a pair. One of the few organs represented by a pair. The kidneys are paired bean-shaped elements of the urinary system. They are located to the right and left of the spinal column in the lumbar region. Their dimensions do not exceed 10-12 cm, while the right kidney is slightly smaller than the left. By studying the location of human internal organs on video, you can understand the main function kidneys, which is maintaining invariability in the internal environment and in urination. It is the main organ of the urinary system.
The localization of the kidneys in the body is the lumbar region, behind the intestines, and, accordingly, the parietal abdominal sheet. Without pathology, this organ has a weight of 110 to 190 grams. The main functions of the kidneys are the secretion and filtration of urine, the regulation of chemical homeostasis.
The kidneys are divided into cortex and medulla. On its side is the renal pelvis, in which there is an opening for the renal vein, artery, and also for the ureter. From above, this organ is covered with a fibrous membrane.
adrenal glands
Localized on the top of the cortical substance of the kidney from the outside. These are paired, like the kidneys, endocrine glands. Like the kidneys, they consist of a cortical (outer) substance and a medulla (internal). The activity of the adrenal glands is regulated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
They, in turn, regulate metabolism, and also help the body adapt to changes in the external environment. The latter function is due to the fact that the synthesis of norepinephrine, adrenaline, corticosteroid hormones and androgens, which are the main hormones of the human reproductive system, is carried out in the adrenal glands.
On the upper parts of the kidneys are localized paired endocrine glands - the adrenal glands, consisting of the medulla and cortical substance. Their main function is to regulate metabolic processes, especially during stressful situations and the adaptation period.
How are the organs of the large and
Between hip joints the location of the internal organs of a person in the figure fits into the following sequence: if the body is female, then the ovaries and uterus are localized here, if the male body is the testicles and prostate gland. This is the location of the bladder.
ovaries
These are the glands of the reproductive system, represented by a pair and performing an endocrine function. They synthesize female sex hormones (steroid, estrogen, partly androgens), as well as the maturation and excretion of cells of the reproductive system.
Localized on both sides of the walls of the uterus. As already mentioned, a pair of female sex glands - the ovaries, not only produces hormones (estrogen, steroids and weak androgens), but also serves as a place for the development and maturation of eggs.
Uterus
The uterus is a hollow organ made of smooth muscles, the purpose of which is to carry the fetus during pregnancy. The pelvis is a relatively small cavity, so the location of the internal organs of a person in this area is described relative to each other. So, the uterus is located in front of the rectum directly behind bladder.
The rounded lower part ends with the cervix. The size of this organ depends on the presence / absence of pregnancy and the stage of embryonic development. During gestation, the uterus increases along with the fetal egg, and after childbirth returns to its usual size, not exceeding 10 cm.
Bladder
In the lower third of the small pelvis is a hollow smooth muscle element of the excretory system - the bladder. Its functionality is associated with the reservation of urine secreted by the kidneys and its subsequent excretion during urination. In the male body, the prostate gland is located under it, and in the female body, behind it is the vagina.
By imagining the location of the internal organs in your body, you can quickly identify the suffering organ and build a constructive conversation with the doctor. And this, in turn, will lead to a more accurate diagnosis and the appointment of a timely and effective treatment which will have a positive effect on the speed of recovery.
Location of internal organs: table and figures
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Video: Anatomy through human eyes
Knowing the structure and location of internal organs is extremely important. Even if you do not study this issue thoroughly, then at least a superficial understanding of where and how this or that organ is located will help you quickly navigate when pain occurs and at the same time react correctly. Among the internal organs, there are both organs of the chest and pelvic cavity, and organs of the abdominal cavity of a person. Their location, diagrams and general information presented in this article.
Bodies
The human body is a complex mechanism, consisting of a huge number of cells that form tissues. From their individual groups, organs are obtained, which are commonly called internal, since the location of organs in a person is inside.
Many of them are known to almost everyone. And in most cases, until somewhere it hurts, people, as a rule, do not think about what is inside them. Nevertheless, even if the layout of human organs is only superficially familiar, in the event of a disease, this knowledge will greatly simplify the explanation to the doctor. Also, the recommendations of the latter will become more understandable.
Organ system and apparatus
The concept of a system refers to a specific group of organs that has anatomical and embryological kinship and also performs a single function.
In turn, the apparatus, whose organs are closely interconnected, has no kinship inherent in the system.
Splanchnology
The study and location of organs in humans are considered by anatomy in a special section called splanchnology, the study of the insides. We are talking about the structures that are in the body cavities.
First of all, these are the organs of the human abdominal cavity involved in digestion, the location of which is as follows.
Next comes the genitourinary, urinary and reproductive systems. The section also studies the endocrine glands located next to these systems.
The internal organs also include the brain. In the cranium is the head, and in the spinal canal - the dorsal. But within the limits of the section under consideration, these structures are not studied.
All organs appear as systems functioning in full interaction with the whole organism. There are respiratory, urinary, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, nervous and other systems.
Location of organs in humans
They are in several specific cavities.
So, in the chest, located within the boundaries of the chest and the upper diaphragm, there are three others. This is a pelicard with a heart and two pleurals on both sides with lungs.
The abdominal cavity contains the kidneys, stomach, most of the intestines, liver, pancreas and other organs. It is a body located below the diaphragm. It includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
The abdomen is divided into the retroperitoneal space and the peritoneal cavity. The pelvis contains the excretory and reproductive systems.
To understand in more detail the location of human organs, the photo below serves as an addition to the above. On one side, it depicts cavities, and on the other, the main organs that are located in them.
The structure and layout of human organs
The first in their tubes have several layers, which are also called shells. The inside is lined with a mucous membrane, which plays mainly a protective function. Most organs on it have folds with outgrowths and depressions. But there are also completely smooth mucous membranes.
In addition to them, there is a muscular membrane with circular and longitudinal layers separated by connective tissue.
On the human body there are smooth and striated muscles. Smooth - prevail in the respiratory tube, urinary organs. In the digestive tube, striated muscles are located in the upper and lower sections.
In some groups of organs there is another shell, where the vessels and nerves pass.
All components digestive system and lungs have a serous membrane, which is formed by connective tissue. It is smooth, thanks to which there is an easy sliding of the insides against each other.
Parenchymal organs, unlike the previous ones, do not have a cavity. They contain functional (parenchyma) and connective (stroma) tissues. The cells that perform the main tasks form the parenchyma, and the soft framework of the organ is formed by the stroma.
Male and female organs
With the exception of the sex organs, the arrangement of human organs - both men and women - is the same. IN female body, for example, are the vagina, uterus and ovaries. In the male - the prostate gland, seminal vesicles and so on.
In addition, male organs tend to be larger than female organs and therefore weigh more. Although, of course, it also occurs vice versa, when women have large forms, and men are small.
Dimensions and functions
As the location of human organs has its own characteristics, so does their size. Of the small ones, for example, the adrenal glands stand out, and of the large ones, the intestines.
As is known from anatomy and shows the location of human organs in the photo above, the total weight of the viscera can be about twenty percent of the total body weight.
In the presence of various diseases, the size and weight can both decrease and increase.
The functions of the organs are different, but they are closely interconnected with each other. They can be compared to musicians playing their instruments under the control of a conductor - the brain. There are no unnecessary musicians in an orchestra. Also, however, in the human body there is not a single superfluous structure and system.
For example, due to respiration, the digestive and excretory systems, the exchange between the external environment and the body is realized. The reproductive organs provide reproduction.
All of these systems are vital.
Systems and Apparatus
Consider common features individual systems.
The skeleton is the musculoskeletal system, which includes all the bones, tendons, joints and somatic muscles. Both the proportion of the body and the movement and locomotion depend on it.
The location of organs in a person of the cardiovascular system ensures the movement of blood through the veins and arteries, saturating the cells with oxygen and nutrients, on the one hand, and removing carbon dioxide with other waste substances from the body, on the other. The main organ here is the heart, which constantly pumps blood through the vessels.
The lymphatic system consists of vessels, capillaries, ducts, trunks and nodes. Under slight pressure, the lymph moves through the tubes, ensuring the removal of waste products.
All internal organs of a person, the layout of which is given below, are regulated by the nervous system, which consists of a central and peripheral sections. The main part includes the spinal cord and brain. Peripheral consists of nerves, plexuses, roots, ganglia and nerve endings.
The functions of the system are vegetative (responsible for the transmission of impulses) and somatic (connecting the brain with the skin and ODP).
The sensory system plays the main role in fixing the reaction to external stimuli and changes. It includes the nose, tongue, ears, eyes and skin. Its occurrence is the result of the work of the nervous system.
endocrine together with nervous system regulates internal reactions and sensations environment. Emotions, mental activity, development, growth, puberty depend on her work.
The main organs in it are the thyroid and pancreas, testicles or ovaries, adrenal glands, pineal gland, pituitary gland and thymus.
The reproductive system is responsible for reproduction.
The urinary system is located entirely in the pelvic cavity. It, like the previous one, differs depending on gender. The need for the system is to remove toxic and foreign compounds, an excess of various substances through the urine. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, urethra, ureters, and bladder.
The digestive system is the human internal organs located in the abdominal cavity. Their layout is as follows:
Its function, logically coming from the name, is to extract and deliver nutrients to cells. Location abdominal organs a person gives a general idea of the process of digestion. It consists of mechanical and chemical processing of food, absorption, breakdown and excretion of waste products from the body.
The respiratory system consists of the upper (nasopharynx) and lower (larynx, bronchi and trachea) sections.
The immune system is the body's defense against tumors and pathogens. It consists of thymus, lymphoid tissue, spleen and lymph nodes.
The skin protects the body from temperature extremes, drying out, damage and the penetration of pathogens and toxins into it. It consists of skin, nails, hair, sebaceous and sweat glands.
Internal organs - the basis of life
The photo shows the location of the internal organs of a person with a description.
We can say that they are the basis of life. Without lower or upper limb Life is hard, but it's possible. But without a heart or a liver, a person cannot live at all.
Thus, there are organs that are vital, and there are those without which life is difficult, nevertheless possible.
At the same time, some of the first components have a paired structure, and without one of them, the entire function passes to the remaining part (for example, the kidneys).
Some structures are able to regenerate (this applies to the liver).
Nature endowed human body the most complex system, to which he must be attentive and protect what is given to him in the allotted time.
Many people neglect the most elementary things that can keep the body in order. Because of this, it becomes unusable ahead of time. Diseases appear and a person passes away when he has not yet done all the things that he should have done.
The internal organs include the digestive, respiratory, urinary organs, glands that do not have ducts and other vital organs of the human body. Most of the internal organs are located under the ribs and interact closely with each other.
Brain
The brain is located inside the skull and controls thinking and all nervous activity. It consists of four main departments:
- The cerebral hemispheres (the largest parts) - control mental processes and conscious movements.
- The cerebellum (located under the cerebral hemispheres at the back of the skull) maintains the balance of the body and controls muscle reflexes.
- The pons (located at the base of the skull below the cerebellum) receives impulses from the cerebral hemispheres and transmits them further.
- The medulla oblongata (located below the pons, passes into the spinal cord) - transmits signals from other parts of the brain.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is made up of nerves that are located in the spinal canal and are connected to the brain. It starts from the medulla oblongata and extends to the lower back. The nerves that form the spinal cord are sensory, they transmit signals from all organs to the brain or to motor nerves. Motor nerves run from the brain to all parts of the body and are responsible for movement.
Pituitary
The pituitary gland is located in a special recess at the base of the skull. This gland produces hormones that are very important for the functioning of other glands, which is why it is often called the master gland.
Language
The tongue is located in the oral cavity and is a muscular organ that is covered with a mucous membrane. The muscles of the tongue help to chew food and speak, and the mucous membrane helps to feel the taste of food.
Pharynx
The pharynx is located behind the region of the mouth and nose. Air and food pass through the throat. At the bottom, the pharynx divides into the esophagus, into which food enters, and the larynx, into which air passes.
palatine tonsils
The palatine tonsils are two glands that are located on both sides of the pharynx. It is believed that the tonsils trap bacteria and prevent them from entering the body.
Adenoids
Adenoids are located on the back of the upper part of the pharynx, behind the nasal cavity. Their purpose has not been precisely established. In young children, adenoids often grow and become inflamed, they have to be removed.
Larynx
The larynx is the upper part of the trachea (windpipe). Outside, on the neck on the larynx, a bulge is visible, which is called the “Adam's apple”. Inside it are the vocal cords, which vibrate when we speak or sing.
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is located on the front side of the neck on both sides of the trachea. This gland produces a hormone that regulates the breakdown of food into chemicals and controls the restoration of worn-out body cells.
Parathyroid glands
The parathyroid glands (there are four of them) are located behind the thyroid gland. They produce a hormone that controls the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the body.
Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube that runs from the throat down to the stomach. Through the esophagus, the food we swallow enters the stomach.
Trachea
The trachea (windpipe) starts from the larynx and in its lower part, in the chest, is divided into two bronchi. When you inhale, air enters the lungs through the trachea, and when you exhale, it exits the lungs through the trachea.
Bronchi
The bronchi connect the trachea to the lungs.
Lungs
The lungs are inside chest, protected on all sides by ribs. The lungs expand on inhalation and contract on exit. They take in oxygen from the incoming air, and also remove carbon dioxide from the body.
mammary glands
These glands are present in women and men, but are fully developed only in women. mammary glands produce milk to feed the baby.
A heart
The heart is a hollow organ with four chambers located in the chest below the sternum. Most of the heart is located on the left side of the chest, and only a small part goes to the right side of the chest. This organ consists of muscles that constantly contract and relax, pumping blood through all organs.
adrenal glands
The adrenal glands are located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, similar in shape to triangles. They produce hormones: adrenaline and cortisone, and also monitor the content chemical substances in blood.
Liver
The liver is the largest internal organ and is located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, below the diaphragm. The liver accumulates proteins, fats and carbohydrates, and then releases them into the blood, and this organ also cleanses the blood of harmful products.
gallbladder
The gallbladder is shaped like a pear and is located under the liver. The gallbladder stores bile that comes from the liver. The bile duct carries bile to the intestines as needed to help digest fats.
Spleen
The spleen is located on the left side of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. The shape of the spleen is similar to a bean. Before the birth of a child, this organ produces red blood cells of the child, and after birth, obsolete red cells are destroyed.
Pancreas
This internal organ is located in the middle of the abdominal cavity, below the stomach. The pancreas produces the hormone insulin, which controls blood sugar levels and secretes digestive juices that enter the intestines to help digest food.
Stomach
The stomach is located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, connecting above with the esophagus, and below with small intestine. Food enters the stomach from the esophagus, and the muscles of the stomach grind it. Also in the stomach is the digestion and absorption of certain types of sugar.
Small intestine
This organ is a long muscular tube that connects the stomach to the large intestine. If the small intestine could be straightened, it would be over six meters long. The first section of the small intestine is called the duodenum, the second section is the jejunum, and the third section is the ileum. Bile enters the small intestine from the liver and gallbladder, and digestive juices from the pancreas. On the walls of the small intestine are tiny glands that secrete intestinal juice. Bile, digestive and intestinal juices help digest nutrients. Digested food, mineral salts and vitamins are absorbed into the walls of the small intestine and transferred to the liver, from where they are supplied to those organs that need them, or are stored in the liver until they are needed.
Colon
The large intestine absorbs water from the stool and moves it forward until it is excreted from the body. This organ consists of the cecum (connects to the small intestine in the lower right side of the abdominal cavity), the ascending colon (goes from bottom to top along the right side of the abdominal cavity), the transverse colon (crosses the abdominal cavity from right to left), the descending colon (goes down in the left side of the abdominal cavity), rectum (located in the lower part of the abdominal cavity), anus (the end of the rectum, through which feces are stooled). If the colon could be straightened, it would be more than two meters long.
Appendix
The appendix is a small extension of the large intestine that is connected to the caecum in the lower right side of the abdomen. It is believed that it does not do any work, sometimes the appendix becomes inflamed and then it is usually removed.
kidneys
The kidneys are located in the back of the abdomen below the ribs, on either side of the spine. In shape, they are similar to beans the size of a fist. The kidneys purify the blood from harmful substances, and also ensure that the substances necessary for the body are stored in the blood.
Ureters
The ureters are two long tubes that connect the kidneys and bladder and carry urine to the bladder. The ureters are located in the lower part of the abdominal cavity.
Bladder
This organ is located in the lower abdomen. It is connected to the ureters from above and the urethra from below. The bladder stores urine.
Urethra
The urethra is a tube that carries urine out of the bladder.
Figure a) shows the front view, and figure b) shows the rear view.
1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - thyroid gland; 3 - windpipe (trachea); 4 - left clavicle; 5 - sternum; 6 - left shoulder blade; 7 - left lung; 8 - ribs; 9 - heart; 10 - liver; 11 - stomach; 12 - spleen; 13 - transverse colon; 14 - loops of the jejunum; 15 - descending colon; 16 - ilium; 17 - sigmoid colon; 18 - pubic bone; 19 - ischium; 20 - bladder; 21 - rectum; 22 - loops of the ileum; 23 - ascending colon; 24 - right lung; 25 - right shoulder blade; 26 - right clavicle; 27 - spine; 28 - right kidney; 29 - sacrum; 30 - coccyx; 31 - left kidney.