Since ancient times, people have attached great value their development and assessment of their own abilities. Centuries ago, there was an opinion according to which a person chose the wrong vector of development. In what sense? Instead of making efforts and engaging in self-development, people do not stop working on what surrounds them. Almost or completely without taking care of himself, a person tries to make the conditions around him as comfortable as possible. On the other hand, not all people have a materialistic mindset. Many people value things that money cannot buy. It is important to realize that the best "investment" is the effort made to improve the spiritual, social and physical capabilities of a person.
Do you have potential?
One well-known philosopher and psychologist, William James, who lived in the 20th century, came to the conclusion that most people do not realize the potential that was originally laid in them. According to him, every baby has such prospects that his parents do not even think about. That is why most people remain at a low level of development of their talents - they do not realize how wide the horizon of their abilities is.
Consider examples of how the development of human capabilities occurs. New social skills are formed quite quickly. If people understood that they could learn something so soon, then their life would be completely different. For example, in order to be able to play well on musical instrument and be considered a master of his craft, the average individual will need about one year. Is it a lot? Not at all! The possibilities are so incredible that even in such a short period of time he can learn something truly beautiful. Therefore, thoughts that you will not reach a certain level of development or a particular goal are often formed on the basis of stereotypes of lazy people. To see how amazing it is, it is enough just to set a goal and pursue it. But what will help to achieve goals and reveal new possibilities of a person?
The Importance of Systematic Effort
Most people never succeed because they don't persevere enough in their endeavors.
Patience and a little effort. This proverb accurately emphasizes the importance of systematic effort. Even if in an effort to develop some kind of talent or quality in oneself, attempts look unconvincing, and the results cannot be called victorious, it is important to continue to break through the road in the planned direction day after day and not give up.
Many people believe that special features are inherent in him from birth.
So, people celebrate talented individuals. In the same way, many justify themselves. Do not think that talented people were born as such. In most cases, we see not so much gifted people as hardworking and purposeful. It is important to make every effort to engage in the development of your personality. Such efforts bring great inner satisfaction.
The physical capabilities of a person develop according to the same principle. In this respect, of course, much does not depend on us. For example, a person whose height is 160 centimeters cannot become a professional basketball player, no matter how hard he tries. However, he is still capable of succeeding in this matter if he persistently strives for the goal.
Concentration
To stimulate the development of human capabilities, it is important to make the right choice and be able to concentrate efforts. Again, remember the proverb: "If you chase two hares, you won't catch one." In order to develop individual abilities and talents, it is important not only to go your own way, no matter what, but also to choose this path correctly, fully concentrating on it.
Let's go back to the example of a short man who is sure that the possibilities of a person are endless. He set himself the goal of becoming a professional basketball player. What is the positive side of this situation? Firstly, the fact that a person is not afraid to set ambitious goals. Secondly, he makes every effort and does not give up, despite the difficulties that he will definitely have to face. However, a person will still not be able to achieve his goal and become a professional basketball player. What's wrong? It's all about the wrong path.
people for best implementation opportunities, you should soberly assess your abilities and circumstances in order to set achievable goals. At the same time, it is important not to be distracted by extraneous tasks, the incidental solution of which can stop development and interfere with the conquest of peaks.
Motivation
Opportunities and can be revealed only if he is able to overcome such qualities of any personality as laziness, inertia. Understanding the value of the task - motivation - will help to cope with such obstacles on the way to the development of one's personality. In sports, people are motivated by the desire to be a winner, to win fame, fame, to have wealth. All this helps them to constantly improve and become more self-confident.
Unusual potential
Most people around are much more interested in seeing social opportunities man, but his unusual talents and abilities of the body. This is because extraordinary mental qualities are not striking, while phenomenal abilities human body everyone will notice.
People are used to believing that they have their limit. According to scientists, it is partly for this reason that a person sometimes cannot overcome some kind of barrier or height, although he has the potential for this. The limit of human capabilities can be tested in stressful situations, when the mental barrier - that which is holding back - ceases to operate in its usual mode. This is proven by many examples. Surely you have heard more than once about people who, out of fear of danger, in seconds overcame a height of more than two meters or showed strength ten times greater than their usual strength. All this suggests that human capabilities much larger than we are accustomed to think. With this in mind, we should not think that we can't do anything.
Consider what human capabilities have been demonstrated in different areas. These real cases confirm that almost everything is achievable.
Being in a cold environment
The time that a person can spend in the water is an hour or an hour and a half. During this short period, death occurs due to shock, respiratory failure, or cardiac arrest. It would seem that the physical capabilities of a person simply do not allow expanding this frontier. But there are other facts.
During the Second World War, a sergeant of the Soviet troops swam 20 kilometers in cold water, thereby completing his combat mission. It took the soldier 9 hours to overcome such a distance! Does this not mean that the world of human possibilities is much greater than we imagine?!
Proves this fact and one British fisherman. Within 10 minutes of being shipwrecked in cold water, all of his comrades died due to hypothermia, but this man lasted about five hours. And after he reached the shore, he walked for another three hours barefoot. Indeed, with regard to the cold environment, human capabilities are much wider than is commonly believed. What about other areas?
Feeling of hunger, or How long can you live without food
There is a general opinion of experts that a person without food will survive for about two weeks. However, physicians in some countries have witnessed amazing records that help to realize the fantastic potential of the human body.
For example, one woman fasted for 119 days. During this period, she received a daily dose of vitamins to maintain her performance. internal organs. But such a 119-day hunger strike is not the limit of human capabilities.
In Scotland, two women checked into a clinic and began fasting to get rid of excess weight. It's hard to believe, but one of them did not eat for 236, and the second - for 249 days. The second indicator has not yet been surpassed by anyone so far. The resources of our body are really very rich. But if a person can not eat for so long, the question arises of how much he can not drink.
Water is life?
They say that without water a person can last no more than 2-3 days. In fact, this indicator depends on the individual capabilities of a person, his physical activity and temperature. environment. Scientists say that in optimal circumstances, without water, you can only live for a maximum of 9-10 days. Is it so? Is that the limit?
In the fifties, a man was found in the city of Frunze, who received a head injury and lay without help for 20 days in a cold and deserted place. When they found him, he did not move, and his pulse was barely palpable. However, the next day, the 53-year-old man was already able to speak freely.
And another case. In England, during the end of the Second World War, a steamship sank. ship wrecked in the Atlantic Ocean, escaped on a boat and stayed on it for four and a half months!
Other fantastic records
People can achieve far greater results than what is considered the norm, and sometimes even an incredible achievement. It's all about our brain, which on a subconscious level indicates a person to his limit. Such a mechanism, of course, benefits our body. However, by understanding how such a system works, we can achieve much great success in the area in which they decided to develop.
Not to list all the records showing that human capabilities are incredibly great. Such achievements have been made in sports, including in the field of power loads. There are also people who can not breathe for a very long time. Extraordinary abilities testify to the widest possibilities and prospects.
The fact that a person's potential is greater than he thinks is shown by one category of people, which, unfortunately, many do not treat with due respect. These are people with disabilities. How do such individuals confirm that the human body has great potential?
Manifestation of strengths
Many people with disabilities are meritorious in how to pursue their goals and not give up despite great obstacles. The development of a person in such difficult conditions not only gives its results, but also tempers the character. So, among the disabled there is a huge number of excellent writers, poets, artists, musicians, athletes, and so on. All these talents are largely the result of heredity, but it is the character that people with certain characteristics show that makes them professionals in their field.
History knows many great people who have achieved success in various fields of activity, although they were sometimes considered inferior. Here is just one example. Polina Gorenstein was a ballerina. After she fell ill with encephalitis, she became paralyzed. The woman lost her sight. Despite all the troubles caused by serious illness, the woman began to engage in artistic modeling. As a result, her few works are still among the exhibits of the Tretyakov Gallery.
Where is the limit of possibilities?
We can reasonably believe that our possibilities are truly limitless, both physically and mentally. Therefore, the level of development at which a person is at a given moment in time depends solely on his desire and efforts. It is important to strive for excellence at all costs, despite the obstacles that arise.
Academic year
Part A
1. The state is a concept:
a) political;
b) social;
c) geographical;
d) economic
2. Patriots are:
a) people who were born in the same place
b) those who love their homeland
c) citizens of one country
d) workers of an industrial enterprise.
3. A young person becomes an adult at:
a) 15 years; b) 16 years old; in 17 years; d) 18 years old;
4. The one who offers a job is called:
a) an employee;
b) a manager;
c) an economist;
d) employer
5. Head of State Russian Federation is:
a) Prime Minister;
b) Chairman of the Federation Council;
c) the President of the Russian Federation;
d) Chairman of the State Duma.
6. The very first democratic state appeared in:
a) Ancient Egypt;
b) Ancient Babylon;
in) Ancient Greece;
d) Ancient Rome.
7. Our Motherland is called:
a) Russian empire;
b) the Russian Republic;
c) Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic;
d) Russian Federation.
8. The subject of the Russian Federation in which you live is called:
a) Saratov region;
b) Saratov region;
c) Saratov province;
d) Saratov Land.
9. In what version is the error? Man differs from animals in that
a) knows how to make tools;
b) speaks;
c) has a mind;
d) lives by instincts.
10. You can independently manage the received income with:
a) 18 years old; b) 14 years old; c) 16 years old; d) 21 years old.
11. You can make small everyday transactions with:
a) 14 years old; b) 16 years old; c) 6 years; d) 18 years old.
12. An example, something perfect, the highest goal of aspirations is called:
a) morality
b) value;
c) ideal;
d) law
13. According to the law, the source of power in the Russian Federation is:
a) multinational people;
b) the President of the Russian Federation;
in) Federal Assembly;
d) the Government of the Russian Federation.
14. Truth, Beauty, Goodness, Usefulness, Justice, Freedom. These concepts are united by the fact that they are:
a) an ideal
b) spiritual values;
c) good;
d) morality.
15. The majority of the population of our country are:
a) residents of metropolitan areas;
b) residents of cities;
c) summer residents;
d) residents of suburban areas.
Part B
B 1. Establish true or false statements "yes" or "no"
a) Everyone has the right to choose a profession
b) The law allows night work for everyone
c) The constitution is called the fundamental law of the land
d) In Russian society, individualism, egoism is more valued
e) Consciousness is inherent in both man and animal
Answers:
B 2. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are values.
1) Find and indicate the "extra" word
2) Explain its meaning
Morality, goodness, ethics, noble deeds, evil
Answers:
1) ___________________________________________________________________
2) ____________________
B 3. Paste the right words instead of passes:
1) The sciences that study animate and inanimate nature are called ________________.
2) The sciences that study a person, the forms of people's joint life are called _____________.
B 4. From the proposed list, select only the features of rural life:
a) their life is not rich historical events
b) there is running water, heating ...
c) increased noise, dustiness of the atmosphere
d) a person is engaged in housework, crafts
d) poor health
f) "poking" and addressing each other by name is recognized here
g) non-working neighbors look after the children
h) a large number of yards, highways, parks
Answer: ____________________ .
B 5. Collect the words from the fragments:
INSTALLATION OF THE REQUIREMENT NKT ENN
Answer 1) _______________________
2) _______________________ .
Task 2.
According to modern ideas, a person is a product
A) material development c) community development
B) spiritual activity d) intervention of extraterrestrial intelligence
2. Individuality is
A) the biological characteristics of a person
B) a specific manifestation of human, social, spiritual and psychological characteristics
B) developed personality
Man, according to modern ideas, is a creature
A) spiritual c) biological
B) social d) biosocial
Human capabilities and abilities
A) depend only on the personal efforts of a person c) are completely conditioned by the social environment
B) are entirely biologically determined d) are determined as hereditary traits,
social environment and human will
People have always been interested in what lies beyond ordinary perception, what is inaccessible to the majority. However, along with interest, there was also fear due to the lack of reliable information and the unknown. Recently, the paranormal or unusual abilities of people have become the subject of social and scientific research, narrow-minded gossip and newspaper publications. What are these abilities? Where do they come from? Official science cannot yet give an explanation for this.
Despite the fact that the human body has already been well studied by doctors and scientists, there are still mysteries that are beyond our understanding. There are many amazing cases that happened to ordinary people and published in the press. Some events simply cannot be explained by modern science. So, perhaps the most famous case occurred when a mother was walking with her little son and was distracted. The child ran out onto the road and was hit by a car. Seeing this picture, the baby's mother rushed to his aid and lifted the car. It is this case that in our time is most often described by scientists as proof that the human body has hidden abilities.
Another fairly well-known incident occurred during the war. The pilot's steering jammed due to a bolt in the mechanism. Under pain of death, the pilot began to pull the handle with all his might and miraculously managed to straighten the plane. After landing, the mechanics carefully examined the control, and found a sheared bolt. As a result of the examination, it turned out that in order to cut off such a bolt, a force of 500 kilograms would be required.
Some researchers claim that a person uses his abilities only by 10%. And this applies to both the body and the brain. Now many people demonstrate the ability to hold rather heavy objects on the chest, on the forehead and other parts of the body. The hypnologist Vul demonstrated an amazing ability - he had the ability to inspire at a distance. Vul sent a letter by mail, in which the word was written in his handwriting: "Sleep!" If before that the patient had already been at the reception of this doctor, then when he received the letter, he immediately fell into a dream.
A pop artist from France, Michel Lotito, had an amazing ability - he can eat everything he sees. When he was still a child, he "ate" the TV, and from the age of 15 he began to entertain people for money by eating rubber, glass and metal. For the fact that Michel ate the plane (although it took about 2 years to eat it), he was included in the Guinness Book of Records. Biologist K. Richardson can spend the whole night in a cage with lions. For unknown reasons, the lions mistake Richardson for their own. Thai Ngoc from Vietnam hasn't slept at all since 1973, after he had a fever.
There are many similar inexplicable phenomena in our world. Monica Tejada from Spain demonstrates an amazing phenomenon to scientists. Under her gaze, even metal objects bend. There are no tricks here. Scientists placed a steel wire into a sealed glass vessel. However, this did not stop Monica from bending a hard thread into the shape of a dinosaur with a closed mouth. Instruments during this process recorded an increase in the girl's body temperature and a decrease in her blood pressure. This combination leads doctors to a dead end. At the same time, the electroencephalograph showed biocurrents characteristic of a sleeping person. Monica has another gift - she can diagnose diseases.
In the state of New Jersey on the outskirts of Trenton in the 40s, there lived a 90-year-old man named Al Herpin. There was no couch or bed in his hut—Al Herpin had never slept in his entire life. An old man who lived to that age outlived the doctors who examined him. Al Herpin's appetite and health were good, mental capacity average. Of course, after a day's work he was tired, but he could not sleep. The old man simply sat in an armchair and read until he felt rested. After the restoration of physical strength, he again set to work. The doctors could not explain the chronic insomnia of their patient, just as they could not explain the source of his longevity.
A case is known that occurred in a Russian village. There lived an old sick woman named Matryona. She could not hear well, could not see, and hardly walked. One night her house caught fire. The whole village fled to the fire. What was the surprise of people when they saw this old woman climbing over a high fence. Moreover, in her hands she held a large chest, which later several men could not lift. Where are the limits of human possibilities? And do they even exist?
In New York in 1935, an absolutely normal-looking child was born. However, he lived only 26 days. After an autopsy, it turned out that the child had no brain. Although it is known that even the slightest damage to the cerebral cortex can lead to death.
In Mexico City at the 1968 Olympic Games, an athlete named Robert Beamon was able to jump almost 9 meters. Of course, this seems impossible, but Robert's record was broken. And the record, which was set in 500 BC in Ancient Greece, looks absolutely fantastic - the athlete Fail then jumped almost 17 meters in length.
The fact that there are people in the world living with foreign objects in the body does not surprise anyone now. But here's an incident that occurred in a hospital in New York, it seems simply incredible. A man was admitted to the hospital with a slight indisposition. Doctors conducted an examination and found more than 250 objects in his body. There were only 26 keys in the patient's body. About how in his body so many objects, the man did not tell.
An equally striking case occurred with a 12-year-old Russian boy who went to a hospital in a small town complaining of dizziness and weakness. On examination, doctors found a bullet wound in the heart area. It is not known how the boy received such a wound, and most importantly, how he survived after that. X-ray determined that the bullet was in the solar artery. The boy was urgently sent to Moscow, where the bullet was removed from the body. She made an incredible journey in the body - pierced the lung and hit the heart, which pushed her into the aorta. The bullet traveled through the vessel until it hit the solar artery.
The famous psychiatrist and neurologist Cesare Lombroso had a very solid reputation in the scientific world. In his book "And what after death" he told the story of a 14-year-old girl. She became blind, but at the same time she had a completely new and amazing ability to see. Dr. Lombroso conducted studies, as a result of which it turned out that the girl sees with her left earlobe and nose. To exclude the slightest possibility of the participation of the girl's eyes, during the experiment, the doctors covered them with a bandage so that peeping was completely excluded. However, despite Taken measures, the girl easily read blindfolded and perfectly distinguished colors. When a bright light flashed near her earlobe, she blinked, and when the doctor wanted to put a finger to the tip of her nose, she jumped back screaming that he wanted to blind her. There was an amazing movement of the senses, which affected not only vision. When the experimenter brought the ammonia solution to the girl's nose, she did not react. But as soon as he brought the solution to his chin, she twitched in pain. She picked up scents with her chin.
I must say that some people are able to completely control the abilities of their body. These include primarily Indian yoga. Perhaps the most amazing ability of yogis is that they know how to stop the beating of their own heart. Yogis can put themselves into a state of "death" - the work of the heart and breathing slow down, and other life processes stop. A yogi can stay in this state for quite a long time. So what are the forces hidden in man? Based on the foregoing, it can be assumed that the possibilities of the human body are endless. You just need to learn how to control them.
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These individual psychological characteristics are called the abilities of the individual, and only such abilities are singled out that, firstly, are psychological in nature., Secondly, vary individually. All people are capable of walking upright and mastering speech, but they do not belong to the actual abilities: the first - because of the non-psychological nature, the second - because of the generality.
Capabilities- these are individual psychological characteristics related to the success of any activity, not reducible to the knowledge, skills and abilities of the individual, but explaining the speed and ease of their acquisition.
However, the development of ability must have some kind of “beginning”, a starting point. Makings- this is a natural prerequisite for ability, anatomical and physiological features that underlie the development of abilities. There are no abilities, both outside of activity and outside of inclinations. Inclinations are innate and static, unlike dynamic abilities. The deposit itself is not defined, it is not aimed at anything, it is ambiguous. It receives its definiteness only by being included in the structure of activity, in ability dynamics.
Perhaps, from some natural inclination, a person will develop, for example, mathematical abilities, and possibly others. The problem is that, contrary to common and simplified everyday ideas, in human brain there is no unambiguous and clear localization of higher mental functions. From the same physiological "material" different psychological abilities can develop. This is definitely the orientation of the individual and the effectiveness of the activity.
A person has many different abilities: elementary and complex, general and special, theoretical and practical, communicative and subject-activity.
A person's abilities not only jointly determine the success of activities and communication, but also interact with each other, exerting a certain influence on each other. Depending on the presence and degree of development of individual abilities, they acquire a specific character.
Ability and activities
In psychology, there are two main approaches to understanding abilities, their origin and place in the system of activity, psyche and personality.
Activity approach
The first approach can be called active, and behind it are the works of many domestic researchers, starting with B. M. Teplov. The second approach is no less developed, combined with the first, but is referred to as the knowledge approach. Ability problems were also studied by A. R. Luria (1902-1977), P. K. Anokhin (1898-1974), V. D. Nebylitsin (1930-1972) and others.
Let's start from the position of B. M. Teplov, whose work on psychology musical ability, performed in the 1940s, has not lost its scientific significance even today.
Emphasizing the connection of abilities with successful activity, one should limit the range of individually varying features only to those that provide an effective result of activity. capable people from the incapable are distinguished by a faster development of activities, the achievement of greater efficiency in it. Although outwardly abilities are manifested in activities: in the skills, abilities and knowledge of the individual, but at the same time, abilities and activities are not identical to each other. So, a person can be well technically prepared and educated, but little capable of any activity. For example, at the exam to the Academy of Arts, V. I. Surikov was denied training, because, according to the examiners, he completely lacked the ability to visual activity. The inspector of the Academy, having looked at the drawings presented to him, said: “For such drawings, you should even be forbidden to walk past the Academy.” The mistake of the teachers of the Academy was that in the exam they did not evaluate the ability at all, but only the presence of certain skills and abilities in drawing. In the future, Surikov refuted this mistake by deed, having mastered the necessary skills and abilities within 3 months, as a result of which the same teachers considered him worthy of enrolling in the Academy this time. Thus, it can be said that abilities are manifested not in the knowledge, skills and abilities themselves, but in the dynamics of their acquisition, in how quickly and easily a person masters a particular activity. The quality of the performance of the activity, its success and level of achievement, and also how this activity is performed depends on the abilities.
As A. V. Petrovsky notes, in relation to the skills, abilities and knowledge of a person, abilities act as some kind of opportunity. Here we can draw an analogy with a grain thrown into the ground, the transformation of which into an ear is possible only under many conditions that favor its development. Abilities are only the possibility of a certain development knowledge, skills and abilities whether it becomes a reality depends on various conditions. So, for example, the mathematical abilities revealed in a child are by no means a guarantee that the child will become a great mathematician. Without appropriate conditions (special education, creative teachers, family opportunities, etc.), abilities will die out and never develop. It is not known how many geniuses have not been recognized by society. The life story of Albert Einstein, who was a very ordinary student in high school, can be indicative.
However, knowledge, skills and abilities remain external to abilities only until they are mastered. Being found in activity as it is mastered by a person, abilities develop further, forming their own structure and originality in activity. Mathematical human ability will not show up in any way if he has never taught mathematics: they can only be established in the process of mastering numbers, rules for working with them, solving problems, etc. For example, phenomenal counters are known - persons who perform complex calculations in their minds with extreme speed, while possessing very average mathematical abilities.
Knowledge approach
Let us turn to the second psychological approach, to understanding the connections between ability and activity. Its main difference from the previous concept lies in the actual equating of abilities to the current level of knowledge, skills and abilities. This position was held by the Soviet psychologist V. A. Krutetsky (1917-1989). The knowledge approach is accentuated, as it were, on the operational aspect of abilities, while the activity approach highlights the dynamic aspect. But after all, the speed and ease of development of abilities is ensured only by appropriate operations and knowledge. Since the formation does not start “from scratch”, it is not predetermined by innate inclinations. Relevant knowledge, skills and abilities of the individual are in fact inseparable from the understanding, functioning and development of abilities. Therefore, numerous works of the "knowledge" approach, devoted to mathematical, mental, pedagogical abilities, as a rule, are widely known and promising.
Ability Hierarchy
Abilities exist and develop or perish in exactly the same way as psychologically “initial” needs, motives for activity. The personality has its own dynamic hierarchy of abilities. In this structure, special personal formations are also distinguished, called giftedness.
giftedness- a qualitatively unique, personal combination of abilities.
According to the position of B. M. Teplov, giftedness, like ability, is not innate, but exists in development. It is very important that this concept, first of all, quality. In this regard, the author strongly opposed his interpretation of giftedness and the concept of "intelligence quotient" common in Western psychology as a universal quantitative measure of giftedness.
Any giftedness is complex, i.e. includes some general and special moments. Under general giftedness refers to the development of relatively broad and universally involved psychological components, such as memory and intelligence. However, ability and giftedness can exist only in relation to a certain specific activity. Therefore, general giftedness should be attributed to a certain universal activity. Such is the whole human psyche, or life itself.
Special talent has a narrower conceptual content, since it refers to some special, i.e. regarding a specific activity. But such a gradation of activity is conditional. Thus, the structure of artistic activity includes perception, and drawing, and composition, and imagination, and much more, which requires the appropriate development of special abilities. Therefore, general and special abilities really exist in a personal, activity-based unity.
A high degree of giftedness is called talent, when describing the qualities of which a lot of expressive epithets. These are, for example, outstanding perfection, significance, passion, high efficiency, originality, diversity. B. M. Teplov wrote that talent as such is multilateral. According to the laws of probability theory, not everyone can be “outstanding”, therefore, in reality, there are few talented people.
Genius- this is the qualitatively highest degree of development and manifestation of giftedness and talent.
A genius is characterized by uniqueness, the highest creativity, the discovery of something previously unknown to mankind. A genius is unique, not like other people, and sometimes so much so that it seems incomprehensible, even superfluous. It is extremely difficult to unequivocally define, recognize someone as a genius. That is why there are many more "unrecognized geniuses" than they really are. However, geniuses have always been, are and will be manifested, since they are necessary for society. Geniuses are as diverse as the abilities, talents, circumstances, and activities that form them. That's why they are geniuses.
Problems of diagnosing abilities
The problems of diagnosing abilities have never lost their relevance. They are especially acute in today's Russia in the context of the modernization of education. Let us outline only some controversial, unresolved issues, for example, the problem of creating elite schools and other educational institutions for gifted children. The giftedness of young generations is the key to a worthy future for any country. But the main question is whether there are reliable objective criteria for giftedness in science. It should be said that there are no such valid criteria in modern scientific psychology for large-scale measurements. But then their place will be taken by semi-professional, status, financial and other criteria of children's giftedness. Perhaps it would be more expedient and more humane to invest appropriate efforts and funds in work with “ordinary” children?
Abilities and inclinations are singled out as one of the parameters of the integral mental make-up of a person. They give a psychological description of a person from some specific side that is vital. The words "able" or "unable" are widely used in everyday life, especially in the practice of teaching. The concept of ability is debatable, contains difficult universal, psychological, including ethical, moral issues. This concept intersects with many other psychological categories and phenomena. Consider the actual psychological interpretation of abilities, which often differs from their everyday understanding.
In the modern Russian school, the trend of ever earlier diagnostics of “special” abilities and inclinations of students is being spread more and more widely. Almost from the first year of study, it is determined what the student is capable of: for the humanities or the natural sciences. Not only is there no proper scientific consistency behind such a diagnosis, it is simply not ethical and directly harms the entire education, the entire mental and personal development of the child.
However, from actual problems ongoing modernization of education in Russia is the profiling of schooling. Someone has allegedly already proved that the sooner a student chooses a profile of education, the better for him and for society. Someone believes that a teenager is already able to make an unmistakable choice of a future profession, and that in most cases he does it.
Any person does not have a more direct and reliable way to develop their abilities and personality as a whole than public, well-organized, but not lightweight and simplified, but optimally intense, developing and creative training.
Today we will consider such a psychological and even somewhat philosophical category as:.
Each of us has our own abilities bestowed by nature: intellectual, physical, mental and others. They are mediated by the level of development of the human psyche and the degree of our evolutionary development.
That is, abilities are individual personal properties that act as subjective conditions for success, the effectiveness of any activity.
They are not reduced to the skills, knowledge, and skills available to a particular individual.
They can be found in the depth, speed, strength of mastering techniques, methods, methods of activity, being internal regulators, which simultaneously determine the possibility of acquiring them.
Opportunities are the directions of development that are present in every life process; appearing as an upcoming action, explaining his motives, reasons.
Psychologists determine the place in the overall process mental development as a concretization of the general properties of the brain, the psyche.
Namely: as a reflection of the objective world, differentiated into specific mental functions, which determines individual expression.
Mankind has always been interested in its abilities, their limits, means, ways of realization (opportunities), the admissibility of going beyond natural limits.
Thanks to this interest, the phenomenal and paranormal abilities of man are being explored today. In addition, a number of scientists single out reserve abilities as a separate category.
For modernity, of particular interest are the specific points where the capabilities and abilities of a person, that is, those facets in which there is a direct transition from the first to the second, because not all abilities can become our capabilities.
Even primitive people tried their abilities by subordinating the supernatural beginning of nature: inventing complex magical rituals, performing rituals.
Somewhat later, the first systems of personal development and self-improvement appeared. One of the oldest systems is Hindu yoga, dating back several millennia.
However, biological development, further physiological evolution at the present stage and over the previous many millennia did not occur.
Thus, in the present period of human civilization, we can only talk about the expansion of mental, intellectual capabilities arising from the corresponding abilities.
While physical capabilities are limited by the limit (norm) established by nature, God.
Therefore, they should direct their efforts to the development of precisely mental abilities, such as: memory, thinking, imagination, creativity, reason, intellect, etc.
It is pointless to deny their existence. Today there are even special schools for the development of superpowers. This is due to the relationship and current limits of the categories " capabilities and abilities of a person».
Moreover, we are talking not only about a standard set of psycho-emotional abilities, but also about superpowers that are revealed spontaneously under the influence of strong external, internal factors or due to the purposeful work of the individual himself.