Imagine a situation: there is an important task ahead that requires maximum concentration of mental abilities, and your brain, unfortunately, refuses to work. Thoughts are in the clouds, the head seems to be wadded, and the memory is “leaky”. But there is a whole group of drugs that improve cognitive function!
Norm and pathology
First of all, it would be good to determine the cause of the violations. Memory impairment, decreased mental performance, as well as headache and noise in the head can be the first signs of serious diseases associated with impaired blood flow in the brain.
As a rule, this occurs with vasoconstriction against the background of arterial hypertension or atherosclerosis. Both of these conditions, if left untreated, progress and often lead to grave consequences such as stroke or heart attack.
In addition, mental deterioration may be associated with a disease such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, at the first alarming signs, it is better to consult a doctor and figure out what is happening in the body. If the examination confirms the pathology, the person needs long-term and serious treatment.
However, fortunately, memory impairment can also be quite harmless. After all, we often work at a high pace, sparing no effort, and stress, physical and mental overstrain make themselves felt by natural fatigue. And what kind of intellectual success can we talk about if an exhausted organism directs all its efforts to ensure at least the uninterrupted operation of vital systems? This is where you can pay attention to nootropics.
"Smart" pills
The word "nootropic" was first proposed by the Romanian physiologist and chemist Cornelius Girge in 1972. He combined it from two Greek components: noos - mind and tropos - direction. The main task of nootropics is to improve cognitive function.
For decades, in the world psychiatry and neurology, disputes about the advisability of using this group of drugs have not subsided. healthy people. The reasons for this are the possible side effects of drugs along with unproven efficacy. Nevertheless, in 2015, the sales of this group's funds in the world exceeded $1 billion, and the demand for them is constantly growing.
According to the instructions for use, nootropics are able to accelerate the transmission of impulses between the hemispheres of the brain, normalize metabolic processes and enhance microcirculation. It is also said that nootropic drugs improve mental performance, learning and memory, and in addition increase the resistance of the brain to damaging factors, such as high stress or lack of oxygen.
Today, nootropics of different classes are used in domestic practice, including:
- racetams, a prominent representative of which is Piracetam;
- derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (Phenibut);
- herbal preparations such as ginkgo biloba extract;
- amino acids (glycine);
- substances of other groups with a nootropic effect, including correctors of cerebral circulation disorders (Vinpocetine, Cinnarizine) and general tonic drugs (ginseng extract, melatonin).
Let's look at the features of each group.
Briefly about the properties
Each representative of nootropics can be given a separate article, but we will try to characterize them briefly and to the point.
Piracetam. He owns the laurels of superiority: piracetam became the first "drug that improves cognitive function." It is produced under various trade names (Lucetam, Nootropil, Piracetam) in various forms of release (solution for intramuscular and intravenous injections, tablets, capsules) and is used for various conditions and diseases accompanied by intellectual disabilities.
It should be noted that piracetam is not used in the US. In accordance with the requirements of the Office of Quality Control and food products FDA, only drugs that are used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease are classified as drugs in the United States. The composition of food supplements should include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, plant compounds. Piracetam, alas, does not satisfy either the first or the second requirement, and therefore, according to American laws, it cannot be either a drug or a dietary supplement. But in European countries it is used, although some experts, including domestic ones, are extremely skeptical about its evidence base. Piracetam is even included in the well-known list of placebo drugs presented by Professor Vorobyov, Chairman of the Formulary Committee of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.
Derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The drugs of this series include Aminalon, Picamilon, Phenibut, etc. Phenibut, along with improving mental performance, eliminates tension, irritability and improves sleep. True, again in the West, unlike the CIS countries, the funds of this group are not used as nootropics. In addition, Picamilon and Phenibut were included in the list of Professor Vorobyov mentioned above.
Ginkgo biloba extract. According to the instructions for use, it has a combined nootropic, antihypoxic effect, improves blood circulation in the brain, thereby improving cognitive functions and improving memory. It is sold both in the form of drugs (Bilobil, Tanakan, Memoplant), and as part of dietary supplements. How dietary supplements are used in the West. However, clinical studies have not confirmed the beneficial effects of ginkgo biloba on intelligence and memory in healthy individuals.
Glycine. This amino acid regulates metabolic processes in the nervous system, normalizes excitation and inhibition, and at the same time has a very high safety profile. Therefore, over-the-counter Glycine is often used for various disorders of the psycho-emotional state: irritability, insomnia, as well as a decrease in mental performance, including in children. In the USA, glycine is used as a dietary supplement, and in some European countries, such as Poland, Italy, it is part of combined analgesic drugs (Alka-Prim). As an independent nootropic, it is mainly used in the territory of the post-Soviet space.
Normalizing cerebral circulation. Representatives of this group act by improving the blood supply to the brain. For example, Vinpocetine is a synthetic analogue of an alkaloid isolated from periwinkle lesser. The drug was created by Hungarian pharmacologists and is used mainly in Eastern Europe. Cochrane Collaboration studies have not confirmed the positive effect of Vinpocetine on mental performance.
Another popular drug of this subgroup is Cinnarizine, in the West it is mainly used for seasickness, since it relieves nausea and vomiting in vestibular disorders, and in the post-Soviet space it is often prescribed as an affordable nootropic.
Ginseng extract. Presumably, ginseng extract increases mental and physical performance by stimulating the central nervous system. However, this herbal preparation has not defended its nootropic properties in clinical trials. According to the Cochrane Collaboration, there is no convincing evidence that ginseng extract helps improve mental performance.
To the rhetorical question “to drink or not to drink medicines to improve memory,” everyone can have their own answer. And the truth is its own: one, ugly, among scientists, and completely different, optimistic, among consumers. Despite the depressing research data, many patients readily take nootropics and feel better with treatment. Moreover, most of the funds in this group are well tolerated, and some, such as ginkgo biloba extract and glycine, are sold even without a doctor's prescription.
However, relying on the achievements of pharmacology, it would be good to help the body, which reacts to difficult working conditions and the lack of normal rest with a deterioration in mental abilities. Give yourself a break, switch to other activities, go to the pool or the gym. And, perhaps, soon you will see how deep your intellectual abilities are without any medicinal support.
Marina Pozdeeva
Photo istockphoto.com
Nootropics or neurometabolic stimulants are medicinal substances that improve the mental and mental activity of the brain. Nootropic drugs directly affect the higher state, and also protect the central nervous system from various negative factors and everyday phenomena. In this article, we will take a closer look at what nootropics are, how they affect processes in the human body, how this can affect.
Description and mechanism of action of the group
The first developments and Scientific research nootropic substances that could improve the psycho-emotional component of the human, began at the dawn of the 60s of the twentieth century. 
Since then, many neurometabolic stimulants have been developed that can improve brain function by stimulating blood microcirculation. Moreover, such stimulants protect the brain from all kinds of harmful external influences, including.
Did you know?Corneliu Giurgea is a Romanian psychologist and chemist who is considered the inventor of nootropics. In 1964, he isolated neurotransmitter substances from the Piracetam cocktail.
To date, there are two main groups of nootropics: true and neuroprotective. The substances that make up the first group contribute to the activation of the mnestic function of the brain, and no longer affect the psycho-emotional component in any way. 
While neuroprotectors are able to have a complex effect on the mental system. The effect of neurometabolic stimulants can be both primary (the substance binds directly to the neuron and interacts with it) and secondary (has antihypoxic and antiplatelet effects).
Physicians and scientists refer to nootropics with many different terms: neuroanabolic, neuroregulatory, neurodynamic, or eutotrophic.
The mechanism of action of such funds is complex, it is divided into several components.:
- The components of neuroregulatory substances contribute to the acceleration of the synthesis of proteins and RNA, which activate the activity of the central, in particular, its plastic component.
- Antioxidant and antihypoxic effects make it possible to enhance the processes of ATP synthesis, and this directly affects the energy component of the state of neurons.
- Neuroprotectors are the main utilizers of glucose.
- Synaptic transformation of impulses in the central nervous system increases significantly under the influence of nootropics.
- Stabilization of the functionality of the CNS membranes.
Moreover, nootropics are able to interact with neurotransmitters, substances that are responsible for the frequency and speed of impulses that transmit information to the central nervous system. The direct effect of neurometabolic stimulants on adenylate cyclase promotes the release of seratonin from sensory neurons.
Also, this effect helps the production of ATP in brain cells without the participation of oxygen, and this contributes to the normal functioning of the central nervous system in conditions of hypoxia (lack of oxygen).
Nootropic compounds are able to correct the processes of neuron-neuron interactions and prevent mental and intellectual developmental delay in adolescence.
The main mechanism of action of neurometabolic substances is aimed at stimulating the metabolism of nucleic acids and improved synthesis of protein, ribonucleic acid and ATP under extreme conditions. Classification by chemical composition
According to the chemical composition, nootropics are classified as follows::
- derivatives of dimethylaminoethanol;
- pyrrolidone derivatives;
- pyridoxine derivatives;
- derivatives of diaphenyllyrrolidone;
- analogs of neuropeptides and the neuropeptide itself;
- analogues and derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid;
- 2-mercantobenzimidazole derivatives;
- amino acids and analogues that have a stimulating effect on the amino acid system of the central nervous system;
- organic composites and polypeptides;
- funds based on vitamin complexes;
- other nootropic substances (psychostimulants, neuromodulators, adaptogens, antihypoxants, etc.).
Each of the above positions of nootropic substances has a different chemical composition, is produced by manufacturers under various names. Accordingly, the mechanism of action of each of the substances will differ. Indications for use
At first, any classes of neurometabolic stimulants were used only in the fight against mental impairment in age.
A little later, when various world laboratories began to speak out about their supposedly proven effectiveness of nootropics, they began to be used in narcology, pediatrics, psychiatry, and neurology. 
To date, a doctor can prescribe a therapeutic course of treatment with such chemicals in cases of the following diseases:
- Alzheimer's disease and or senile dementia;
- neuroinfection, intoxication;
- neurosis-like or neurotic disorder;
- psychoorganic syndrome;
- vegetovascular dystonia;
- craniocerebral and impaired blood circulation in the brain;
- cerebrovascular insufficiency of a chronic type;
- chronic (withdrawal, encephalopathy);
- syndromes and intellectual-mnestic disorders.
Popular drugs
To date, there are many nootropic drugs, in particular the new generation, which are derivatives of various chemical substances, they provide various activities on the CNS. 
We provide a list of nootropics that are best taken for various clinical indications below, but which ones will be most effective for you should be decided by your healthcare provider.
Piracetam (Nootropil)
This drug belongs to chemically active substances, the effect on human body which has not been fully proven. 
"Nootropil" is a prominent representative of the group of neurostimulating substances, which, according to manufacturers, is able to improve brain activity, promote the synthesis of ribonucleic acid, and improve cerebral microcirculation of red blood cells.
In our country, this drug is often used for Alzheimer's disease and various diseases CNS. 
Many medical professionals around the world believe that "Piracetam", except for the "Placebo effect", has no effect, but recent clinical studies have confirmed the fact that this drug helps to reduce platelet aggregation, thereby improving blood microcirculation in the brain.
Pramiracetam
Like the previous substance, it is a neurometabolic stimulant (a derivative of piracetam), but with a more pronounced effect, and therefore is used in lower dosages. 
According to manufacturers, it stimulates and. The full effect of the drug has not been proven, therefore Pramiracetam considered to be a homeopathic remedy.
Cavinton (Vinpocetine)
It is a Hungarian neurodynamic drug that has a therapeutic effect on the affected areas of the brain. It improves blood microcirculation in ischemic areas by relaxing smooth muscles. 
Since the mid-80s, it has been manufactured synthetically based on vincamine. It is used to treat cerebral (acute) with impaired cerebral blood flow. The effectiveness of "Cavinton" for many decades has often been questioned. AT early XIX century, the drug was included in the list of biologically active additives (BAA).
It is a pharmaceutical preparation, the main component of which is hopantenic acid, which is involved in many processes of brain activity. This tool shows its greatest effectiveness in the treatment of chronic intoxication, as well as during periods of increased risk of hypoxia. 
"Pantogam" stimulates various functional actions in the system of neurons and helps to accelerate the transmission of neuron-neuron signals.
This sedative drug is included in the list of the best nootropics. latest generation, the effect of which has been proven to a large extent. Clinical studies have shown that Pantogam is able to improve the mental activity of adolescents who have speech and writing disorders.
Domestic tableted nootropic drug, which is used in the medical practice of Russia (in other countries of the world it has not found its application).
Included in the list of the most important medicines. Widely used as a neuroprotective, antihypoxic and psychostimulant agent. 
Employees of medical institutions often prescribe "Semax" for recovery from ethanol intoxication, inflammation of the nerves in areas near the brain, and chronic disorders of cerebral blood flow.
In addition, this drug has been used in pediatrics for more than a dozen years, where its effectiveness and safety has been repeatedly proven.
"Semax" is not addictive and "withdrawal" syndrome. Moreover, it easily overcomes the blood-brain barrier and stabilizes all brain processes.
It is a neurometabolic stimulant that has a stimulating, anticonvulsant and antitoxic effect. In 2007, Phenotropil was recognized as an obsolete drug, the frequency of its use for therapeutic purposes has sharply decreased. 
Moreover, this drug was recognized as one of those nootropics, the effectiveness of which has not been proven. However, "Phenotropil" has found its application in the world, where it is actively used as a doping, some global companies even produce the active substance "Phenotropil" under a different name.
Nootropic agent, a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is a domestic drug, which was included in the list of important medicines in the mid-70s. 
The developers talked about what would lower stress levels and stabilize too elevated level CNS activity. Almost all tablets based on gamma-aminobutyric acid are able to calm and improve sleep, in addition, they enhance the effect of sleeping pills and narcotic drugs.
Important!"Phenibut" with prolonged use can be addictive.
With stuttering, chronic stress, Meniere's disease. Phenibut can be shown as a medicine. The main substance of Phenibut directly affects neurons and reduces their activity, which helps to calm and. 
In high doses, it exhibits an analgesic effect. For children under 10 years old and people who constantly use drugs and alcohol, Phenibut is contraindicated.
This pharmacy drug refers to nootropics, the derivatives of which are simple amino acids. developed on the basis of aminoacetic acid, it has a calming, sedative, anti-stress and hypnotic effect. 
Moreover, according to the manufacturers, "Glycine" helps to improve memory and protect the central nervous system from various unpleasant external stimuli (the consequences of intoxication with drug addiction and alcoholism).
And "Glycine" is one of the few drugs that can reduce and stimulate the production of serotonin (which makes people happy).
Side effects and contraindications
Side effects from the use of neurometabolic stimulants may occur from the side of the psychological component. Often such effects occur with overdoses or prolonged use of drugs. 
Patients may experience hyperactivity of the CNS processes, which manifests itself in the form of increased, impaired. in 5% of cases causes side effects with increasing dosages.
Cancellation of the drug entails the disappearance of any side effect ov. In addition, "Piracetam" and "Acephen" should not be used as sedatives and mild sleeping pills, as they stimulate the central nervous system.
Did you know?Every fourth Harvard student takes nootropics, although these substances are not medicinal substances in their country (medics say that they are practically ineffective).
From the side of the neuralgic component, tendon reflexes, tremor, dizziness may occur. From the side of the somatic system, there are also a number of unpleasant side effects.
Sometimes there may be a loss of taste, dry mouth. Elderly people complain of high blood pressure and dizziness with long-term use of nootropics. 
In addition, improper and uncontrolled intake of neurometabolic stimulants can cause various types. "Pyriditol" can complicate the course of the disease in people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis.
Also, nootropics are prohibited for use by people who have had a hemorrhagic stroke and those who suffer from a hereditary disease of the central nervous system - Hettington's chorea.
Who Prescribes Nootropics?
Nootropics have a wide range of applications in the medical practice of our country. Almost every other country in the world homeopathic preparations have long since receded into the background. However, our doctors prescribe nootropics for a variety of diseases, as we have already talked about. 
For example, the drug "Fenibut" can be prescribed even by a cardiologist. The whole point is that patients with vegetovascular dystonia, for the most part, first of all turn to a cardiologist because of jumps in blood pressure and a constant “feeling” of rhythm.
And since VVD is not serious, which can lead to unpleasant consequences, the cardiologist often prescribes various homeopathic medicines, among which there are nootropics.
Important!Some nootropic substances in high dosages can cause drug intoxication.
But to a greater extent, nootropic drugs are prescribed by psychiatrists, neurologists and pediatricians. In addition, toxicologists and narcologists can also prescribe nootropics with caution.
It can be concluded that the safety of the use of nootropics is quite high, but the effectiveness has not been fully proven. Therefore, it is up to you to decide whether to take such drugs or not.
Nootropics are a group of psychotropic drugs that affect the higher functions of the brain and increase its resistance to negative exogenous factors: excessive stress, intoxication, trauma or hypoxia. Nootropics improve memory, increase intelligence, stimulate cognitive activity.
From the ancient Greek language, the term "nootropics" means "the desire for thinking." For the first time this concept was introduced in the last century by pharmacologists from Belgium. Cerebroprotectors activate neurometabolic processes in the brain and increase the overall resistance of the body to the action of extreme factors.
Nootropics were not singled out as an independent pharmacological group, they were combined with psychostimulants. Unlike the latter, nootropics are antihypoxants, but they do not have a negative effect on the body, do not disrupt brain activity, do not affect motor reactions, and do not have a hypnotic and analgesic effect. Nootropics do not increase psychophysical activity and do not cause pharmacological dependence.
All nootropics are divided into 2 large groups:
- "True" nootropics that have the only effect - improving memory and speech;
- with antihypoxic, sedative, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant effects.
Nootropics have a primary effect, which is a direct effect on the structures of the nervous system, and a secondary effect, aimed at improving microcirculation in the brain, prevention and hypoxia. Nootropics stimulate metabolic processes in the nervous tissue and normalize them in case of poisoning and traumatic injury.
Currently, pharmacologists are developing and synthesizing the latest nootropic drugs that have fewer side effects and are more effective. They are characterized by low toxicity and practically do not cause complications. The therapeutic effect of nootropics develops gradually. They should be taken continuously and for a long time.
New generation nootropics are used in various medical fields: pediatrics, obstetrics, neurology, psychiatry and narcology.
Mechanism of action
Nootropics have a direct impact on a number of brain functions, activate them, stimulate mental activity and memory processes. They facilitate the interaction of the right and left hemispheres, as well as the main centers located in the cerebral cortex. Nootropics rejuvenate the body and prolong life.
Neurometabolic cerebroprotectors are nootropic drugs that received a second name due to their biogenic origin and effect on cellular metabolism. These medicines increase the utilization of glucose and the formation of ATP, stimulate the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA, inhibit the process of oxidative phosphorylation, and stabilize cell membranes.
Mechanisms of action of nootropics:
- Membrane stabilizing;
- Antioxidant;
- Antihypoxic;
- Neuroprotective.
As a result of the course use of nootropic drugs, mental and cognitive processes improve, intelligence increases, metabolism in the nervous tissue is activated, and the resistance of the brain to the negative effects of endogenous and exogenous factors increases. Cerebrovasoactive drugs also have a special mechanism of vasodilating action.
The effectiveness of nootropics increases when combined with angioprotectors and psychostimulants, especially in debilitated individuals.
Nootropic drugs are most often prescribed for the elderly and children. In old age, it is necessary to correct impaired functions of the intellect: attention and memory, as well as increase creative activity. For children, neurometabolic stimulants will help in the fight against mental retardation.
Main Effects
Nootropics have the following effects on the human body:
spectrum of action of nootropics
- Psychostimulating - stimulation of brain functions in mentally inert individuals suffering from hypobulia, apathy, psychomotor retardation.
- Antihypoxic - formation of resistance of brain cells to oxygen deficiency.
- Sedative - soothing, inhibiting effect on the body.
- Antiasthenic - elimination of symptoms of asthenic syndrome.
- Antidepressant - the fight against depression.
- Antiepileptic - prevention of convulsions, loss and confusion of consciousness, behavioral and autonomic disorders.
- Nootropic - stimulation of cognitive activity.
- Adaptogenic - the development of the body's resistance to the effects of negative factors.
- Vasovegetative - acceleration of cerebral blood flow and elimination of the main symptoms.
- Lipolytic - the use of fatty acids as an energy source.
- Antitoxic - neutralization or excretion of various toxic substances from the body.
- Immunostimulating - strengthening the immune system and increasing the overall resistance of the body.
Indications and contraindications
Indications for the use of nootropics:
Nootropics are contraindicated in individuals with individual hypersensitivity to the main active ingredient of the drug, severe psychomotor agitation, hepatic-renal insufficiency or bulimia, as well as those who have had acute, suffering from Hettington's chorea, who have severe renal dysfunction, pregnant and lactating women.
Side effects
Side effects that occur during treatment with nootropic drugs:
- hyperexcitability,
- Weakness,
- Insomnia,
- Anxiety, anxiety,
- dyspeptic symptoms,
- Hepato- or nephrotoxicity,
- eosinophilia,
- Frequent attacks of angina pectoris
- Convulsions, epileptic seizures,
- imbalance,
- hallucinations,
- Ataxia,
- confusion,
- Fever,
- Thrombophlebitis and pain at the injection site,
- motor disinhibition,
- Feeling of heat and flushing of the face,
- Eruptions on the face and body like urticaria.
Description of drugs
List of the best nootropic drugs that have become widespread in medical practice:
- "Piracetam" has a positive effect on metabolic processes in the brain. The drug is prescribed for the treatment, memory improvement, correction of dyslexia, cerebrosthenia and in children. "Piracetam" is an emergency remedy for withdrawal symptoms and delirium in alcoholics. It is used for viral neuroinfections and in the complex therapy of myocardial infarction.
- "Vinpocetine"- a neurometabolic agent that dilates the vessels of the brain and improves microcirculation. The drug supplies the brain tissue with oxygen and nutrients lowers systemic arterial pressure. Vinpocetine tablets thin the blood and improve its rheological properties. The drug has an antioxidant and neuroprotective effect. First, the drug is administered intravenously drip for 14 days, and then proceed to oral intake tablets.
"Fenibut" appoint patients with asthenia, neurosis, insomnia, dysfunction of the vestibular apparatus. Children "Fenibut" helps to cope with stuttering and tics. The drug normalizes metabolism in tissues, has a psychostimulating, antiplatelet and antioxidant effect. Phenibut is low toxic and non-allergic.- "Pantogam"- an effective nootropic agent, widely used for the treatment of children. The main active ingredient of the drug is vitamin B 15. This is a physiologically active substance found in almost all plants and products.
- Phenotropil- a drug of the latest generation, which is popular with both patients and doctors. It has a pronounced adaptogenic effect and increases the body's resistance to stress. The drug does not cause dependence. It is often recommended to students during preparation for a session.
Phezam is a nootropic drug intended for the complex treatment of cerebrovascular disorders. It has an effective effect on the nervous system, dilates blood vessels, stimulates the functioning of the organ of hearing and vision. "Phezam" eliminates the effects of hypoxia, relieves headache, struggles with dizziness and amnesia. Persons who have had a stroke, or TBI, take Phezam for a long time. It helps patients recover quickly and eliminates the negative consequences of pathologies. Piracetam and Cinnarizine, which are part of the drug, dilate the vessels of the brain, improve brain nutrition, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, stimulate local blood flow, and reduce blood viscosity. Thanks to both components, the antihypoxic effect and antiplatelet activity are enhanced, the metabolism in the cells of the nervous system improves.- "Cinnarizine"- a nootropic drug that strengthens the walls of cerebral vessels and causes them to dilate without changing the performance blood pressure. "Cinnarizine" has a sensitizing effect, suppresses nystagmus and is an effective prophylactic against motion sickness. It dilates small arteries and peripheral capillaries. The drug is released in the only dosage form- in the form of tablets for oral administration. "Cinnarizine" is prescribed not only for the treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency, but also for the prevention of migraine attacks and kinetosis. The medicine stops the symptoms of vegetovascular dystonia and: weakness, headache, dizziness. "Cinnarizine" is used to alleviate the condition in menopause. The drug normalizes sleep, relieves irritability, eliminates.
"Cerebrolysin"- a complex nootropic drug that has passed clinical trials that confirmed its effectiveness and safety. The drug is produced in the form of tablets and solution for injection. Cerebrolysin is prescribed for the treatment of patients with various forms mental and neurological diseases. According to reviews, "Cerebrolysin" activates the processes of mental activity and improves mood. Long-term use of the drug improves memory processes, increases concentration and learning ability.- "Actovegin"- antihypoxant, intended for the treatment of metabolic and vascular disorders of the brain and promotes rapid healing of wounds. The drug is used for the prevention and treatment of radiation skin lesions, peripheral vascular disorders, diabetic polyneuropathy. "Actovegin" is produced in tablets for oral administration, as well as in the form of a solution for intramuscular, intravenous and intra-arterial injections. Gel, ointment and cream "Actovegin" is used topically.
Nootropics have been developed to boost metabolism and improve the functioning of nervous system cells. To date, nootropics, the effectiveness of which has been proven in the course of research, are used mainly for the treatment of neurological diseases.
Nootropic drugs contain chemical compounds that enhance brain activity, stimulate the nervous system and metabolic processes in general. Increased stress on the nervous system slows down the activity of the brain and leads to impaired blood circulation.
These drugs can increase energy, speed of thinking and remembering information. No wonder they are also called "smart drugs".
Nootropics with proven effectiveness affect the activity of nerve impulses, speeding up the work of the brain. Piracetam (the first nootropic substance) was invented in 1964 in Belgium as a pyrrolidone derivative. From this stage, the synthesis and development of neurometabolic stimulants began.
Nootropics with proven effectiveness help with neuralgic diseases. The list of drugs will help you choose the best ones.
The most common nootropics are:
- pyrrolidone derivatives;
- derivatives of diaphenylpyrrolidone;
- derivatives of amino acids;
- neuropeptides.
Complex preparations containing a combination of stimulating substances have been developed.
Indications for admission
When the properties of nootropics were just beginning to be studied, they were used to treat senile dementia. Over time, the range of application of these drugs has expanded to the areas of pediatrics, neurology, narcology and psychiatry.
In the CIS countries, nootropics are prescribed for the treatment of:
- pathological damage to the vessels of the brain;
- degradation of the integrative function;
- neurotic disorder;
- infectious lesions of the nervous system;
- complications of traumatic brain injury;
- decrease in integrative functions of the brain;
- alcohol addiction.
In the field of pediatrics, nootropics are prescribed for:
- mental retardation;
- damage to the nervous system at birth;
- chronic anomalies of the brain;
- delayed speech development.
In addition to these cases, nootropic drugs are used to treat private neurological pathologies and in complex treatment various diseases.
Contraindications
The effectiveness of nootropics has been proven in many cases, but do not forget about the contraindications to taking neurostimulants.
Depending on the type, nootropic drugs should not be taken by patients with:
- severe diseases of blood vessels and heart;
- pronounced psychomotor activity;
- diabetes mellitus;
- diseases of the urinary system;
- hypotension;
- individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
- stomach ulcer.
Also, nootropics are not advisable to take during pregnancy and with muscle cramps.
Instructions for use
Nootropic drugs are available in the form of tablets, ampoules for injection, intranasal drops. The dosage depends on the reason for prescribing the drug. AT initial days reception is assigned the maximum dosage for accelerated achievement of the result. In the following days, the dosage is gradually reduced. Nootropics have a cumulative effect in the body.
A sharp refusal to take neurostimulants is contraindicated. It is not recommended to take these drugs in the afternoon, as side effects in the form of sleep disturbance are possible. After intravenous injections, it is desirable to reduce motor activity for the next half hour.
The effect of taking some medications is not felt immediately, but after a while, mostly 1-2 weeks.
In certain cases, nootropics can be addictive and "withdrawal". These drugs should not be combined with the intake of alcoholic beverages. Nootropics can be prescribed to professional athletes to restore the body.
Possible side effects
Side effects from taking pyrrolidone derivatives are mainly manifested in people with mental disorders.
It is rare to observe such reactions:
- dizziness;
- irritability;
- difficulty falling asleep;
- malfunctions of the digestive tract.
Anticholinesterase drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease can cause the following side effects:
- salivation;
- vomit;
- diarrhea;
- lack of coordination;
- lack of appetite;
- stomach colic.
Also, sometimes there may be an increase in temperature, pressure surges and motor overexcitation. In general, negative effects from taking nootropic drugs are very rare.
List of proven nootropics for children and adults. Overview of drugs, cost
Nootropics with proven effectiveness are presented on today's market in a large assortment.
The most popular of them are presented in the table:
| Name | Effect | Is it for children | Average price, rub |
| Nootropil | Improving memory, increasing the stability of neural connections | Yes | 240 |
| Phenotropil | Improves the perception of information, improves mood | No | 850 |
| Biotredin | Brain booster, stress reliever | from 15 years old | 140 |
| Calcium hopantenate | Neuroprotective and sedative | Yes | 260 |
| Semax | Enhances attention and concentration | Yes | 400 |
| Glycine | Relieves stress, improves performance | Yes | 50 |
Nootropil
Nootropil is one of the first and most common representatives of nootropics from the racetam group. This drug goes on sale in the form of tablets or ampoules for intravenous injection.
Under the action of Nootropil, the level of norepinephrine and dopamine in the blood increases, microcirculation and metabolic processes in tissues improve. There is an increase in the cognitive abilities of a person, which contributes to the improvement of memory and the rapid perception of information.
Nootropil acts cumulatively, so after taking one tablet or administering one injection of the drug, you should not expect a visible result. However, after the end of therapy with pyrrolidine derivatives, which include Nootropil, the agent continues to act for 2-4 weeks.
The drug Nootropil is prescribed for both children and adults, depending on the diagnosis. He has successfully established himself in the treatment of alcohol dependence and senile dementia.
The negative aspects of this remedy include insomnia and irritability, which are extremely rare. The drug should not be used by pregnant and lactating women, as well as patients with acute kidney disease.
Phenotropil
Nootropics with proven effectiveness occupy a strong place in the market of drugs that stimulate mental activity. These include the well-known remedy Phenotropil.
This modification of piracetam acts in many ways in the body:
- stimulation of integrative functions;
- production of hormones of joy and pleasure;
- neuromodulatory effect;
- increasing the protective properties of the body;
- antidepressant action.
Phenotropil is characterized by a faster effect on the body, since its molecules are actively perceived through the blood-brain barrier. Phenotropil tablets are used to treat neurosis, depression and chronic alcoholism. The drug is not addictive, but may cause loss of appetite. This neurostimulator is prescribed only for adult patients.
Contraindications for admission:
- pregnancy;
- lactation;
- diseases of the liver and kidneys.
The disadvantages of Phenotropil include the high cost and sale only with a doctor's prescription.
Biotredin
Biotredin tablets contain the active substances threonine and pyridoxine hydrochloride. The main direction of application of the drug is the treatment of alcohol dependence. Biotredin also relieves nervousness and tension, improves memory and concentration.
In addition to enhancing the cognitive functions of the brain, the drug has an antidepressant effect.
Biotredin is able to eliminate anxiety and irritability, restoring the resistance of the nervous system to heavy loads. A 10-day course is enough to feel the benefits of the drug. According to the instructions, Biotredin is prescribed only for adult patients who do not have hypersensitivity to vitamin B.
The active substance pyridoxine does not accumulate in the body, but is processed and excreted through the excretory system. Biotredin should not be taken in conjunction with other medications that stimulate the nervous system. The drug has practically no side effects.
Calcium hopantenate
Calcium hopantenate is one of the few neurotropic drugs used to treat young children.
Indications for taking hopantenic acid derivatives:
- mental retardation;
- dysfunction of the brain;
- infections of the nervous system;
- neurotic disorders;
- cerebral paralysis;
- perinatal damage to the nervous system.
In the treatment of childhood pathologies, calcium hopantenate improves motor skills, increases concentration and reduces hyperexcitability.
The tool has the following types of effects:
- increasing the body's resistance to stressful situations;
- stimulation of cognitive functions of the brain;
- moderate sedative and analgesic effect;
- rise in general tone.
With great intellectual and emotional stress, the drug helps to normalize the mental state. The simultaneous use of sedatives is undesirable.
Derivatives of butyric acid have a positive effect on the energy of the neuron, neurodynamics, blood circulation in the nervous system. There is an optimal combination of stimulating and calming action of calcium hopantenate.
Neurobutal
Neurobutal refers to nootropic drugs with a sedative function. The active substance is calcium hydroxybutyrate.
The effect of treatment with this remedy:
- tranquilizing;
- adaptogenic;
- soothing;
- antihypoxic;
- anesthetic.
The drug is attributed to smoothing various neurotic conditions, with insomnia and withdrawal symptoms. Neurobutal tablets are quickly absorbed in the body, without having a cumulative effect. The complex and rapid action of the drug allows it to be used in the treatment of panic attacks.
The negative effect can be expressed in sleep disturbance and headaches. At the moment, Neurobutal is not sold in pharmacies Russian Federation.
Semax
Nootropics with proven effectiveness are available not only in the form of tablets, but also in the form of nasal drops. Convenient shape the release of Semax allows the active substance to penetrate the cell membrane of the body faster.
This remedy is a synthetic analog of the hormone, which has a nootropic and adaptogenic effect. The psychostimulating effect of Semax is used in pediatrics, neurology, ophthalmology and narcology.
The main indications for the use of the product:
- complications of traumatic brain injury;
- rehabilitation after a stroke;
- neurotic disorders;
- senile dementia;
- withdrawal syndrome treatment;
- glaucoma;
- ischemic attacks.
Semax also allows you to increase the intellectual-mnestic functions of the brain, favorably affects the hemodynamics and blood circulation of the brain. The drug activates mental and labor activity.
The main directions of influence on the body:
- neurometabolic;
- neuroprotective;
- antioxidant;
- antihypoxic.
Semax is contraindicated in acute mental disorders and pregnancy.
Acefen
Acephen (active compound - meclofenoxate) is a derivative of plant growth hormone that improves metabolic processes in the body. The drug has a moderate neurostimulating effect, restoring the blood supply to brain cells. An unusual function of this nootropic is its rejuvenating effect on nerve cells.
Acefen is also characterized by such functions:
- mnemotropic;
- neurotransmitter;
- antihypoxic.
Indications for taking the drug: treatment of traumatic brain injury, mental retardation, dyscirculatory encephalopathy, psychopathological disorders. Can be used in combination with piracetam. To date, Acefen is not available for sale in Russia.
Glycine
Glycine is one of the well-known nootropics that is approved for use by adults and children. Psycho-emotional stress and excessive mental stress can lead to impaired concentration and sleep. To maintain the body's resistance to such influences, you can take advantage of this budgetary funds.
The complex action of Glycine tablets is:
- improving attention and thinking;
- influence on the assimilation of information;
- elimination of lethargy;
- stimulation of impulses;
- reducing nervousness.
The drug is prescribed with a decrease in mental performance, diseases of the nervous system, disorders of cerebral circulation. The tool effectively helps with frequent stress and nervousness. Glycine is practically harmless and has no contraindications. Combination with tranquilizers is undesirable. The drug can be prescribed to children from 3 years.
The stimulating effect of nootropics helps to normalize the mental state and increase cognitive abilities. The effectiveness of these drugs has been proven in experimental studies with moderate doses of therapy.
Article formatting: Lozinsky Oleg
Video about nootropics with proven effectiveness
Top 7 Best Nootropics:
Nootropics (Greek noos mind + tropos direction)
The main N. page used in medical practice is piracetam, which chemically is a cyclic analogue of γ-aminobutyric acid (). N.'s properties with. some other analogs of GABA also possess, for example, aminalon, pantogam, and a number of drugs belonging to other classes of chemical compounds (acephen, pyriditol, etc.). Along with nootropic activity, drugs of this group also have other pharmacological properties. For example, piracetam, pantogam, and aminalon show some anticonvulsant activity, while pyriditol has antidepressant and sedative properties. N.'s mechanisms of action with. little studied. It is established that N.'s stimulating influence of page. memory and learning are mainly due to their effect on metabolic processes in the nervous tissue. So, it is known that many N. with. stimulate tissue, increase the turnover rate and enhance the utilization of glucose by brain cells. Most of N. with. have antihypoxic properties. N.'s ability with. to improve energy processes in the nervous tissue is one of the main reasons for increasing the resistance of the brain to hypoxia and toxic effects on it under the influence of drugs of this group. Caused by some N. with. an increase in cerebral blood flow, apparently, also plays a role in the mechanisms of their action on the processes of memory, thinking, and learning. Obviously, for this reason, some drugs (for example, cavinton, nicergoline), which mainly improve, have nootropic activity. Apply N. with. mainly in violation of memory, attention, speech, etc., caused by vascular diseases of the brain (atherosclerosis, chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, stroke), craniocerebral trauma, intoxication (for example, alcoholism), in the recovery period after suffering neuroinfections and mental insufficiency (delay mental development) and oligophrenia in children. Along with this, individual drugs from among N. s. prescribed for other indications. So, piracetam is sometimes used as a corrector. side effects neuroleptics (see. Antipsychotics) and other psychotropic drugs, tk. it weakens the mental, neurological and somatovegetative disturbances caused by them. Pantogam is used for Jacksonian epilepsy, hyperkinesis, parkinsonism, a clonic form of stuttering in children and as a corrector for neuroleptic syndrome that occurs during intoxication with antipsychotics. Pyriditol can be included in the complex therapy of neurotic disorders and depression with symptoms of lethargy, adynamia. Acephen is sometimes used for neurotic, hypochondriacal and asthenoilochondriac conditions, diencephalic syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Side effects in certain drugs of the N. group with. manifests itself differently, although for many of them the most characteristic signs of this action are increased, anxiety and. Along with this, piracetam can cause dyspeptic disorders and coronary insufficiency, aminalon - dyspeptic disorders, fever and fluctuations, mainly in the first days after the appointment of this drug. The side effect of pantogam is manifested mainly allergic reactions from the skin (skin) and mucous membranes (allergic and conjunctivitis). Pyriditol can cause nausea and headache, and in children, psychomotor. The side effects of acephene are characterized by the appearance of anxiety and fear. In patients with paranoid and hallucinatory symptoms, acephene may cause an increase in them. General contraindications for use for the N. group with. in no. to the use of aminalon and pantogam have not been established. Piracetam is contraindicated in acute renal failure and pregnancy, pyriditol - with increased convulsive readiness, epilepsy and psychomotor agitation, acephen - with infectious diseases central nervous system. The main N. pages, their doses, methods of application, forms of release and storage conditions are given below. Aminalon(Aminalonum; synonym: gammalon, ganevrin, etc.) is prescribed orally (before meals) for adults at 0.5-1.25 G 3 times a day, for children, depending on age - in daily doses from 0.5 to 3 G. The duration of the course of treatment is from 2-3 weeks to 2-6 months. Release form: tablets of 0.25 G, coated Acefen(Acephenum; synonym: analux, cerutil, meclofenoxate hydrochloride, etc.) are used orally at 0.1-0.3 G 3-5 times a day. The duration of the course of treatment is 1-3 months. Release form: tablets of 0.1 G, coated. Storage: list B; in a dry, dark place. Pantogam(Pantogamum) is taken orally after 15-30 min after meal. Adults are usually prescribed 0.5-1 G, children - 0.25-0.5 G appointment. Daily dose 1.5-3 G(adults) and 0.75-3 G(children) are divided into 3-6 doses. The course of treatment is 1-6 months. Repeated courses of treatment are carried out in 3-6 months. Release form: tablets of 0.25 and 0.5 G. Storage: in a dry, dark place. Piracetam(Pyracetamum; synonym: nootropil, pyramem, etc.) is used orally, intramuscularly or intravenously. At the beginning of treatment, the drug is administered orally at 0.4 G 3 times a day and increase the dose to a total daily dose of 2.4-3.2 G and more. Upon reaching the therapeutic effect, the daily dose is reduced to 1.2-1.6 G. For children under 5 years of age, the drug is prescribed orally, usually at 0.2 G for admission, from 5 to 16 years old - 0.4 each G 3 times a day. The duration of the course of treatment is from 2-3 weeks to 2-6 months. Repeated courses of treatment are carried out after 6-8 weeks. Intramuscularly or intravenously, the drug is administered first in daily doses of 2-4 G, then in daily doses of 4-6 G. Release form: capsules containing 0.4 G drug; tablets 0.2 G, coated; 20% solution in ampoules of 5 ml. Storage: list B; in a dry, dark place. Pyriditol(Pyriditolum; synonym: encephabol, pyritinol, etc.) is administered orally after 15-30 min after meals for adults 0.1-0.3 G at the reception, children - 0.05-0.1 G 2-3 times a day. Daily doses for adults 0.2-0.6 G, for children 0.05-0.3 G. At the beginning of treatment, the drug is taken in smaller than average doses. The course of treatment is from 1-3 months to 6-8 months in adults and from 2 weeks to 3 months in children. Repeated courses are carried out in adults after 1-6 months, in children after 3-6 months. Release form: tablets of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 G, coated. Under the name "Encephabol" the drug is produced at 0.1 G in a dragee and in the form of a syrup containing 0.1 G in every 5 ml, in vials of 200 ml. Storage: in a dry, dark place. 1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Bolshaya Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.
See what "Nootropics" are in other dictionaries:
- (nootropics) (from the Greek noos mind and tropos turn, direction), lek. in va, selectively stimulating the functions of the brain and increasing energy. body potential. N. p. are able to accelerate learning processes, improve memory and mental ... ... Chemical Encyclopedia
I Psychotropic drugs (Greek psychē soul, consciousness + tropos turn, direction; synonymous with psychopharmacological drugs) drugs that affect mental functions, emotional sphere and behavior. Distinguish the following ... ... Medical Encyclopedia
I Anti-alcohol drugs drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of alcohol or the consequences of its use. Among P. with. distinguish between sobering drugs and drugs for the treatment of chronic alcoholism. AT… … Medical Encyclopedia
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- (ZHNVLS) a list of medicines approved by the Government of the Russian Federation for the purpose of state regulation of prices for medicines. The list of vital drugs covers almost all types of medical care, ... ... Wikipedia
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