Having united the vast territories of northern India under their rule, the country was experiencing a golden age. The state was completely decentralized, but, despite this, it was very rich. In the middle of the 6th century it was conquered by the Hephthalites nomads.
Developments
In the middle of the 7th century, Islamic invasions of India begin, this event is considered the border of antiquity and the Middle Ages in India. Nomads attacked and formed their states in India before (for example, the Kushan Empire), but this was a phenomenon of a completely different nature. A constant confrontation between Muslims and Hindus began. India was faced with stable states that could provide a constant influx of forces to fight in the peninsula. In addition, Muslims brought a new religion to Hindustan, which caused even more acute contradictions.
711- the first Muslim capture of the Indus Valley, but after forty years the Muslim governor was expelled.
977 g. - The Muslim Ghaznavid dynasty succeeds in subduing the Punjab region.
1193. - Muhammad Guri from the Ghurid dynasty seizes Delhi. After his death in 1206, and on the basis of his state, the history of the Delhi Sultanate begins.
The Delhi sultanate would exist until the middle of the 16th century, when it was captured by Babur, but the sultanate should not be considered as an integral state, it was constantly divided into many other smaller sultanates. In parallel with it, the Hindu state of Vijayanagara existed in the south of Hindustan.
1336-1565. - the existence of the Hindu state of Vijayanagara in the south of Hindustan.
1398-1399. - The ruin of Delhi by Timur.
1526. - Invasion of the Delhi Sultanate of Babur from the Timurid dynasty. Babur founds his state on the site of the old sultanate, the era of the Great Mughals begins.
Members
Mahmoud Ghaznevi- emir of the Ghaznavid state, made 17 campaigns in India.
Timur(aka Tamerlane) - the founder of the Timurid dynasty. Ruined India in 1398-1399.
Babur- founder of the Mughal Empire from the Timurid dynasty.
Conclusion
In the 16th century, not only the rich Mughal empire was formed, but also the period of European colonization began. If in the Middle Ages the Indian sultanates and Hindu principalities were the subjects of politics within India itself, then by the end of the 16th century they become the object of European politics. European countries will divide the coast among themselves, export spices and other valuable goods from India.
slide 2 plan
1. Indian principalities. 2. The invasion of Muslims 3. The country of fabulous wealth. 4. Science and art of medieval India.
Slide 3: Remember:
Where is India located? What are its natural conditions? What did the people of India do in ancient times. What did the ancient Indians contribute to world culture?
slide 4
In the 6th-7th centuries, up to 70 independent principalities were formed in India. Raja princes lived in luxurious palaces together with their courtiers, warriors and senior officials, rode on specially trained, richly decorated elephants, which were also kept in their army by the Raja and his wife
slide 5
The land was considered the property of the state. For the use of the land, the rajas collected a tax from the peasants. Part of the lands of the raja was distributed to relatives and close associates for military service. Many lands were received by the Brahmins, as well as Buddhist temples and monasteries. Brahman
slide 6
brahmins warriors servants farmers
Slide 7
At the beginning of the 8th century, the Arabs conquered Sindh - part of Western India. After the collapse of the Baghdad Caliphate, India was subjected to devastating raids by the rulers of Muslim states that had formed on the territory of present-day Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia.
Slide 8
AT early XIII centuries, from the possessions of Muslims in northern India, a state was formed with its capital in Delhi - the Delhi Sultanate. The sultans subjugated most of India, appropriated the lands of Indian princes expelled and exterminated during the wars
Slide 9
The final blow to the weakened Delhi Sultanate was dealt in 1398 by the invasion of the troops of Timur, the ruler of Samarkand from Central Asia, who terrified the neighboring peoples. Wherever his troops passed, they sowed death and devastation. The soldiers of Timur who entered Delhi robbed the city for several days. Timur at a feast in Samarkand
10
Slide 10: India is a land of fabulous wealth.
Why is she called that?
11
slide 11
From the 13th century, the art of the Muslim conquerors had a great influence on the architecture and painting of India. The rulers built palaces, mosques and luxurious tombs - mausoleums. "Pearl of India" - Taj Mahal
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slide 12
From the first centuries of our era, India used the decimal number system - Indian numerals, which are now used all over the world (under the name "Arabic"). They knew how to perform actions with fractions, calculate the area of \u200b\u200bfigures and the volumes of bodies.
13
slide 13
The Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata (beginning of the 6th century) determined the number Pi with high accuracy. He also suggested that the Earth is a ball that rotates around its axis. Some cities had observatories. Doctors performed complex operations, used painkillers.
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Slide 14
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slide 15
Indian cave temples of Ajanta
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slide 16
Temple in Orissa, 11th century Temple in Bhubaneswar Temple complex in Khajuraho
INDIA in the Middle Ages 6th grade PLAN 1. Indian principalities. 2. The invasion of Muslims 3. The country of fabulous wealth. 4. Science and art of medieval India. Recall:
- Where is India located?
- What are its natural conditions?
- What did the people of India do in ancient times.
- What did the ancient Indians contribute to world culture?
- In the 6th-7th centuries, up to 70 independent principalities were formed in India.
- Raja princes lived in luxurious palaces together with their courtiers, warriors and senior officials, rode on specially trained, richly decorated elephants, which they also kept in their army
Raja with his wife
The land was considered the property of the state. For the use of the land, the rajas collected a tax from the peasants. Part of the lands of the raja was distributed to relatives and close associates for military service. Many lands were received by the Brahmins, as well as Buddhist temples and monasteries.
- The land was considered the property of the state. For the use of the land, the rajas collected a tax from the peasants. Part of the lands of the raja was distributed to relatives and close associates for military service. Many lands were received by the Brahmins, as well as Buddhist temples and monasteries.
Brahmins
farmers
At the beginning of the 8th century, the Arabs conquered Sindh - part of Western India. After the collapse of the Baghdad Caliphate, India was subject to devastating raids by the rulers of Muslim states that had formed on the territory of present-day Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia.
- At the beginning of the 8th century, the Arabs conquered Sindh - part of Western India. After the collapse of the Baghdad Caliphate, India was subject to devastating raids by the rulers of Muslim states that had formed on the territory of present-day Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia.
- At the beginning of the 13th century, a state was formed from the possessions of Muslims in northern India with its capital in Delhi - Delhi Sultanate. The sultans subjugated most of India, appropriated the lands of Indian princes expelled and exterminated during the wars
- The final blow to the weakened Delhi Sultanate was dealt in 1398 by the invasion of the troops of Timur, the ruler of Samarkand from Central Asia, who terrified the neighboring peoples. Wherever his troops passed, they sowed death and devastation. The soldiers of Timur who entered Delhi robbed the city for several days.
Timur at the feast
in Samarkand
India - a land of fabulous wealth
- Why is she called that?
From the 13th century, the art of the Muslim conquerors had a great influence on the architecture and painting of India. The rulers built palaces, mosques and luxurious tombs - mausoleums.
- From the 13th century, the art of the Muslim conquerors had a great influence on the architecture and painting of India. The rulers built palaces, mosques and luxurious tombs - mausoleums.
« Pearl
Taj Mahal
From the first centuries of our era, India used the decimal number system - Indian numerals, which are now used all over the world (under the name "Arabic").
- From the first centuries of our era, India used the decimal number system - Indian numerals, which are now used all over the world (under the name "Arabic").
- They knew how to perform actions with fractions, calculate the area of \u200b\u200bfigures and the volumes of bodies.
- The Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata (beginning of the 6th century) determined the number Pi with high accuracy.
- He also suggested that the Earth is a ball that rotates around its axis.
- Some cities had observatories.
- Doctors performed complex operations, used painkillers.
Indian cave temples of Ajanta
Temple in Orissa, 11th century
Temple in Bhubaneswar
Temple complex at Khajuraho
Akshardham Temple in India
Indian Temple of Love
Minaret Qutub Minar. Delhi. 13th century
- The sculptors represented scenes from legends and tales. They perfectly depicted people and animals in motion. Near the temples there are statues of elephants and horses, and inside - statues of many-armed gods, cast in bronze or carved in stone.
- pp.257-260
What did you learn about medieval India?
India. In the 4th-6th centuries, the Gupta dynasty ruled in Northeast India. The state reached its largest size in the years - during the reign of Chandragupta II. All of Northern India belonged to the Guptas. But from the second half of the 5th century, they began to attack the Guptas from the north-west. Ephthalites or White Huns. In the VI century, they captured part of North India, and the Gupta state fell. A period of feudal fragmentation began. In the 4th-6th centuries, the Gupta dynasty ruled in Northeast India. The state reached its largest size in the years - during the reign of Chandragupta II. All of Northern India belonged to the Guptas. But from the second half of the 5th century, they began to attack the Guptas from the north-west. Ephthalites or White Huns. In the VI century, they captured part of North India, and the Gupta state fell. A period of feudal fragmentation began. Indian peasants lived in communities. Since the artisans did not cultivate the land, the community gave them part of their harvest. The feudal lords were paid rent in kind. In the era of fragmentation, India broke up into small states ruled by rajas. Indian peasants lived in communities. Since the artisans did not cultivate the land, the community gave them part of their harvest. The feudal lords were paid rent in kind. In the era of fragmentation, India broke up into small states ruled by rajas. The main food of that time in North India was wheat, in South India it was rice. Meat was rarely eaten. The main food of that time in North India was wheat, in South India it was rice. Meat was rarely eaten. Fragmentation has been preserved since the 6th-12th centuries. Fragmentation has been preserved since the 6th-12th centuries. In the 7th century, the commander Harsha managed to unite all of northern India by conquest. Kanauj became the center of this powerful state. But after the death of Harsha, this state collapsed. In the 7th century, the commander Harsha managed to unite all of northern India by conquest. Kanauj became the center of this powerful state. But after the death of Harsha, this state collapsed.
Muslim invasion. In the VIII century in the north-west. Muslim conquerors appeared on the borders. The ruler Mahmud made 17 campaigns in the 11th century. Mahmud owned lands from the Caspian Sea to the snow-covered ridges of the Hindu Kush: he ruled with an iron fist and went down in history as a famous warrior who stopped the invasion of nomadic Turks and conquered the Indus Valley. But he could not consolidate power here. And Muhammad Guri laid the foundation for rule, but in 1206 Muhammad died at the hands of assassins. His heir to the throne, Qutb-ad-din Aibak, brought to an end the conquest of Northern India and created his own state, the Delhi Sultanate. The Delhi Sultanate had existed for a year. At that time, Arabic and Persian languages became widespread in India. The land became state property and non-Muslims had to pay a poll tax.
Fall of the Sultanate. In the XIV century, small principalities began to separate from the state, the rulers of which did not want to recognize Islam anymore. The fall began in 1398 when Emir Timur destroyed Delhi. Descendant of Timur Babur in 1526. conquered the Delhi Sultanate and founded the Mughal dynasty. This dynasty ruled until 1858. But the unification of India was not lasting. In 1347 in Central India, the Muslim state of Bahmani arose. It was constantly at war with its southern neighbor, Vijayanagar.
Buddhism. The Buddha believed in the eternity of the laws of nature. Buddhism is not only a religion, but rather a whole cultural direction. Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (or Buddha), which proclaimed universal kindness and love. The heyday of Buddhism in India fell on the 5th-7th centuries, and then its decline began. Finally, Buddhism faded into the shadows in the XII-XIII centuries, when India was captured by Muslims. Buddhism is divided into: 1) HINYAYANU (emphasizes benevolence) 2) Mahayana (the goal of body worship) 3) TANTRISM.
Decline of Buddhism. HINDUISM. The reason for the decline was the Muslim invasion. A number of provisions of Buddhism passed into Hinduism. Hinduism was formed in the VIII-IX centuries on the basis of ancient Indian Brahmanism. At the head of the gods was a trinity: Brahma (creator god), Vishnu (guardian god) and Shiva (destroyer god). The meaning of Hinduism can be expressed in the words: *Live and let others live*
Sanskrit language. Along with Buddhism and Hinduism, it constitutes the third phenomenon characteristic of Indian culture. In the 5th century, Sanskrit was no longer the language of the people, but all literate people spoke it. Books were written in Sanskrit. All modern languages India come from Sanskrit.
Trade. Trade was brisk. Spices, bamboo, pearls were sent from the port city of Calicut. They brought copper, corals, morocco, gold, silver, woolen fabrics and horses. For a long time, India was considered a rich country. They made gold and silver utensils, cut gems. Ivory figurines were valued. The finest, airy fabrics were produced here. Indian doctors knew how to perform operations on the skull. Painkillers were also used!
