Functionally-stylistically colored vocabulary primarily includes words that are most or exclusively used in a particular speech area corresponding to one of the functional styles. The tradition of use, attachment to a certain situation and the purpose of communication lead to the appearance of functional and stylistic coloring in these words. From the point of view of functional and stylistic, such types of stylistic coloring as bookish and colloquial can be distinguished, which stand out against the background of neutral, stylistically uncolored units.
In each type of speech, words characteristic of it are used, which have the corresponding stylistic coloring. And only neutral words are used everywhere, in all its varieties, since they have zero stylistic coloring. And they form the basis, the background of any speech. If we take neutral words as a starting point, then bookish words will be higher than neutral ones, since they elevate the style of presentation, give it a bookish and even high color, and colloquial (and colloquial) words will be lower than neutral ones - they reduce the style, give reduced speech and often rough coloration:
(high coloration)
Neutral words
(null coloration)
colloquial
(reduced coloration)
For example, girl is a word that can be used in any speech, it is neutral; the maiden is bookish, tall, characteristic of book contexts, and the maiden has a clearly reduced coloration - colloquial and even colloquial.
Book words, unlike neutral and colloquial ones, have a stylistic coloring that elevates the style of presentation. These are words that are used exclusively in the written and book sphere; their introduction into colloquial speech gives it a touch of bookishness. In the book vocabulary there is a layer of words with the coloring "bookish" and layers of words with a double coloring: "bookish and official-business", "bookish and scientific", "bookish and journalistic", "bookish and poetic". At the same time, book vocabulary can also have various types of expressive and emotional coloring. Book words are associated with the sphere of intellectual communication (dissent, immanent, nihilism, level). A significant part of them is left by borrowed words (sarcasm, phenomenon, extreme, dominant, skepticism), as well as words of Church Slavonic origin (reverent, beneficence, repay, exalt, lover of power, overthrow, clergyman).
Examples of book vocabulary: analogy, abnormal, antipode, apologist, apotheosis, aspect, association, vandalism, vassal, variation, persecution, statehood, disorientation, declarative, like-mindedness, for, isolation, impulse, etc. In part, this category of words is close to general scientific vocabulary, and partly common.
Colloquial vocabulary - these are words that, being literary, give speech a colloquial character. These are words used by people who speak a literary language in a relaxed atmosphere, in the field of informal communication. Being introduced into book-written speech, they violate the unity of style. Examples: gasp, joke, joke, chase, shattered, fidgety, grumble, waddle, cry, dress up, inventor, reveler, flu, cheap, snide, greedy, hitch, sucker, misbehave, like hot cakes, caress, smear, get sick, push through, get sick, cartoon, calm down, physiognomy, etc.
The difference in stylistic coloring between book and colloquial vocabulary is more noticeable when comparing synonyms (where they are available) against the background of neutral vocabulary.
Vocabulary of colloquial style coloring (characteristic at the same time predominantly of the oral form of the everyday sphere of communication) is correlated with the colloquial everyday functional style and has its coloring.
Book words are out of place in a casual conversation: “The first leaves appeared on the green spaces”, “We walked in the forest and sunbathed by the pond.” Faced with such a mixture of styles, we are in a hurry to replace alien words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, but trees, bushes; not a forest, but a forest; not a reservoir, but a lake).
Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, outside the literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected by official relations, or in an official setting.
Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.
High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of orators, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you to turn to a comrade with a tirade on such an occasion: “O my unforgettable comrade-in-arms and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!”
If words that have a particular stylistic coloring are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.
The words are stylistically unequal. Some are perceived as bookish ( intelligence, validation, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail), others - as colloquial ( real, to chat, a little); some give solemnity to speech ( predetermine, will), others sound casual ( work, talk, old, cold). “The whole variety of meanings, functions and semantic nuances of the word is concentrated and combined in its stylistic characteristics,” wrote academician. V.V. Vinogradov. The stylistic characterization of a word takes into account, firstly, its belonging to one of the functional styles or the absence of functional and stylistic fixation, and secondly, the emotional coloring of the word, its expressive possibilities.
The stylistic characteristic of a word is determined by how it is perceived by speakers: as assigned to a certain functional style or as appropriate in any style, commonly used. The stylistic fixation of the word is facilitated by its thematic relevance. We feel the connection of words-terms with the scientific language ( quantum theory, assonance, attributive); we attribute to the journalistic style words related to political topics ( world, congress, summit, international, law and order, personnel policy); we single out as official business words used in office work ( following, proper, victim, residence, notify, prescribe, forwarded).
In the most general terms, the functional-style stratification of vocabulary can be depicted as follows:
Bookish and colloquial words are most clearly opposed (cf.: intrude - get in, meddle; get rid of - get rid of, get rid of; criminal - gangster).
Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the attitude of the speaker towards them. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lilac. These adjectives are emotionally colored: the positive assessment contained in them distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral word white. The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the concept called ( blond). Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called evaluative ( emotional-evaluative). However, it should be noted that the concepts of emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain evaluation; at the same time, words in which the assessment constitutes their very lexical meaning (moreover, the assessment is not emotional, but intellectual) do not belong to emotional vocabulary ( bad, good, anger, joy, love, approve).
A feature of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it, the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the speaker’s attitude to the phenomenon being called.
As part of the emotional vocabulary, the following three varieties can be distinguished. 1. Words with a bright evaluative meaning, as a rule, are unambiguous; “the evaluation contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include the words "characteristics" ( forerunner, forerunner, grouch, idler, toady, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action ( predestination, destiny, deceit, fraud, marvelous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief). 2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically. So, about a person they say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow; verbs are used in a figurative sense: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink and under. 3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feeling: containing positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neatly, close, and negative - beards, kid, breech etc. Since the emotional coloring of these words is created by affixes, the estimated meanings in such cases are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.
The image of feeling in speech requires special expressive colors. expressiveness(from Latin expressio - expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing a special expression. At the lexical level, this linguistic category is embodied in the "increment" to the nominative meaning of the word of special stylistic shades, special expression. For example, instead of the word good, we say wonderful, marvelous, marvelous, marvelous; I can say I don’t like, but you can find stronger words: hate, despise, loathe. In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress (cf.: misfortune - grief - disaster - catastrophe, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - violent - furious). Vivid expression highlights the words solemn ( unforgettable, herald, accomplishments), rhetorical ( sacred, aspirations, herald), poetic ( azure, invisible, chant, unceasing).Special expression distinguishes playful words ( faithful, newly minted), ironic ( deign, don Juan, vaunted), familiar ( ugly, cute, poking around, whispering). Expressive shades delimit disapproving words ( pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant), disparaging ( to paint, pettiness), contemptuous ( slander, servility, sycophancy), derogatory (skirt, squishy), vulgar ( grabber, lucky), swear words (boor, fool).
Expressive coloring in a word is superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that "the typology of expressiveness is, unfortunately, not yet available." This leads to difficulties in developing a common terminology.
Combining words that are close in expression into lexical groups, we can distinguish: 1) words expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, 2) words expressing their negative assessment. The first group will include words high, affectionate, partly playful; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc. The emotionally expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:
The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. We received a sharply negative assessment of such words as fascism, separatism, corruption, assassin, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, glasnost etc. positive color is fixed. Even different meanings of the same word can differ markedly in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of a word can be solemn ( Stop, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of a boy, but of a husband.- P.), in another - the same word gets an ironic coloring ( G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the reputation of a learned man, so to speak, on his word of honor.- P.).
The development of emotional and expressive shades in the word is facilitated by its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as paths get a vivid expression: burn (at work), fall (from fatigue), suffocate (under adverse conditions), flaming (eye), blue (dream), flying (gait), etc. d. The context finally determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions acquires a mockingly ironic coloring; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and affectionate - contemptuously. The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary.
The tasks of practical stylistics include the study of the use of the vocabulary of various functional styles in speech - both as one of the style-forming elements and as a different style tool that stands out by its expression against the background of other language tools.
The use of terminological vocabulary, which has the most definite functional and stylistic significance, deserves special attention. - words or phrases naming special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art. Each term is necessarily based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent a capacious and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of science operates with certain terms that make up the terminological system of this branch of knowledge.
As part of the terminological vocabulary, several “layers” can be distinguished, differing in the scope of use, the content of the concept, and the features of the designated object. In the most general terms, this division is reflected in the distinction between general scientific terms (they constitute the general conceptual fund of science as a whole, it is no coincidence that the words denoting them are the most frequent in scientific speech) and special ones, which are assigned to certain areas of knowledge. The use of this vocabulary is the most important advantage of the scientific style; terms, according to S. Bally, "are those ideal types of linguistic expression, to which the scientific language inevitably strives."
Terminological vocabulary contains more information than any other, so the use of terms in a scientific style is a necessary condition for brevity, conciseness, and accuracy of presentation.
The use of terms in works of scientific style is seriously investigated by modern linguistic science. It has been established that the degree of terminology of scientific texts is far from the same. The genres of scientific works are characterized by a different ratio of terminological and interstyle vocabulary. The frequency of the use of terms depends on the nature of the presentation.
Modern society demands from science such a form of description of the data obtained, which would make it possible to make the greatest achievements of the human mind the property of everyone. However, it is often said that science has fenced itself off from the world with a language barrier, that its language is “elitist”, “sectarian”. In order for the vocabulary of a scientific work to be accessible to the reader, the terms used in it must first of all be sufficiently mastered in this field of knowledge, understandable and known to specialists; new terms need to be clarified.
Scientific and technological progress has led to the intensive development of the scientific style and its active influence on other functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. The use of terms outside the scientific style has become a kind of sign of the times.
Studying the process of terminology of speech that is not bound by the norms of scientific style, the researchers point out the distinctive features of the use of terms in this case. Many words that have precise terminological meanings are widely used and are used without any stylistic restrictions ( radio, television, oxygen, heart attack, psychic, privatization). Another group combines words that have a dual nature: they can be used both in the function of terms and as stylistically neutral vocabulary. In the first case, they differ in special shades of meanings, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity. Thus, the word mountain, meaning in its broad, interstyle use "a significant hill rising above the surrounding area", and having a number of figurative meanings, does not imply an accurate quantitative measurement of height. In geographical terminology, where the distinction between the concepts of mountain and hill is essential, a clarification is given: a hill of more than 200 m in height. Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinology.
Special features distinguish terminological vocabulary used in a figurative sense ( indifference virus, sincerity factor, another round of negotiations). Such a rethinking of terms is common in journalism, fiction, and colloquial speech. A similar phenomenon lies in line with the development of the language of modern journalism, which is characterized by various kinds of stylistic shifts. The peculiarity of such word usage is that “not only a metaphorical transfer of the meaning of the term takes place, but also a stylistic transfer”.
The introduction of terms in non-scientific texts must be motivated, the abuse of terminological vocabulary deprives speech of the necessary simplicity and accessibility. Let's compare the two versions of the sentences:
The advantage of "non-terminological", clearer and more concise options in newspaper materials is obvious.
A stylistic assessment of the use of words with different stylistic coloring in speech can only be given bearing in mind a specific text, a certain functional style, since the words necessary in one speech situation are out of place in another.
A serious stylistic shortcoming of speech can be the introduction of publicistic vocabulary in texts of a non-publicistic nature. For example: The Council of Residents of Building No. 35 Decided: to Build a Playground of Great Importance in educating the next generation. The use of journalistic vocabulary and phraseology in such texts can cause comical, illogical statements, since words of high emotional sounding act here as an alien style element (one could write: The Council of Residents of House No. 35 decided to build a playground for children's games and sports.).
In the scientific style, errors arise due to the inability of the author to use terms professionally and competently. In scientific works, it is inappropriate to replace terms with words of similar meaning, descriptive expressions: Hydrant coupling with air-actuated control with weight-resistant operator handle, was designed...(necessary: hydrant coupling with pneumatic control system... ).
Inaccurate reproduction of terms is unacceptable, for example: Driver movements must be limited seat belt. Term seat belt used in aviation, in this case the term should have been used safety belt. The confusion in terminology not only damages the style, but also reveals the author's poor knowledge of the subject. For example: Peristalsis of the heart is noted, followed by a stop in the systole phase- the term peristalsis can only characterize the activity of the digestive organs (it should have been written: Cardiac fibrillation...).
The inclusion of terminological vocabulary in texts that are not related to the scientific style requires the author to have a deep knowledge of the subject. An amateurish attitude to special vocabulary is unacceptable, leading not only to stylistic, but also to semantic errors. For example: At the Central German Canal, they were overtaken by furiously racing cars with armor-piercing glasses from a bluish tint.- can be armor-piercing guns, shells, and glass should be called impenetrable, bulletproof. Strictness in the choice of terms and their use in strict accordance with the meaning is a mandatory requirement for texts of any functional style.
The use of terms becomes a stylistic flaw in the presentation if they are incomprehensible to the reader for whom the text is intended. In this case, the terminological vocabulary not only does not perform an informative function, but also interferes with the perception of the text. For example, in a popular article, the accumulation of special vocabulary is not justified: In 1763, the Russian heat engineer I.I. Polzunov designed the first multi-strength two-cylinder steam-atmospheric the car. Only in 1784 was D. Watt's steam engine implemented. The author wanted to emphasize the priority of Russian science in the invention of the steam engine, and in this case the description of Polzunov's machine is redundant. The following variant of stylistic editing is possible: The first steam engine was created by the Russian heat engineer I.I. Polzunov in 1763. D. Watt designed his steam engine only in 1784.
Passion for terms and book vocabulary in texts that are not related to the scientific style can cause pseudo-scientific presentation. For example, in a pedagogical article we read: Our women, along with work in production, perform and family function which includes three components: childbearing, educational and economic. Could it have been easier to write: Our women work in production and pay a lot of attention to the family, raising children, housekeeping.
The pseudo-scientific style of presentation often causes inappropriate comic speech, so you should not complicate the text where you can express the idea simply. So, in magazines intended for the general reader, such a selection of vocabulary cannot be welcomed: Staircase - specific interfloor communications room preschool institution - has no analogues in none of its interiors. Wouldn't it have been better to refrain from the unjustified use of bookish words by writing: The staircase in preschool institutions connecting the floors is distinguished by a special interior.
The cause of stylistic errors in book styles can be the inappropriate use of colloquial and colloquial words. Their use is unacceptable in a formal business style, for example, in the minutes of meetings: Effective control over the prudent use of feed on the farm has been established; In the district center and villages, the administration has done some work, and yet there is no end to the improvement of work. These phrases can be corrected like this: ... Strictly control the consumption of feed on the farm; The administration began to improve the district center and villages. This work should be continued.
In the scientific style, the use of foreign-style vocabulary is also not motivated. With the stylistic editing of scientific texts, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary is consistently replaced by interstyle or bookish.
The use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary sometimes leads to a violation of the stylistic norms of journalistic speech. The modern journalistic style is experiencing a strong expansion of vernacular. In many magazines and newspapers, a reduced style dominates, saturated with evaluative non-literary vocabulary. Here are examples from articles on various topics.
As soon as the wind of change breathed, this praise of the intelligentsia was absorbed into commerce, parties and governments. Pulling up her pants, she abandoned her disinterestedness and her big-nosed Panurges.
And here is 1992... Philosophers flooded out of the ground like russula. Quell, stunted, not yet accustomed to daylight ... Seems to be good guys, but they are infected with eternal domestic self-criticism with a masochistic bias ... ( Igor Martynov // Interlocutor. - 1992. - No. 41. - S. 3).
Seven years ago, everyone who was considered the first beauty in the class or in the yard was thrown into the Miss Russia contest as applicants ... When it turned out that the jury had not chosen her daughter, the mother brought her unfortunate child into the middle of the hall and arranged a showdown... Such is the fate of many girls who are now working hard on the catwalks in Paris and the Americas ( Lyudmila Volkova // MK).
The Moscow government will have to fork out. One of his latest acquisitions, a controlling stake in AMO - ZiL - needs to unfasten 51 billion rubles in September to complete the mass production program for the ZiL-5301 light-duty vehicle ( Let's ride or ride // MK).
When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words associated with the official business style. Elements of an official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalism. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.
Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a coloring typical for official business style ( presence, in the absence of, to avoid, reside, withdraw, the above, takes place etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive ( If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; There is currently a shortage of teaching staff.).
As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why would a journalist write: Marriage is a negative side in the activity of the enterprise if you can say: It is bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.
The clerical coloring of speech is often given verbal nouns, formed with the help of suffixes -eni-, -ani-, etc. ( revealing, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-suffixed ( tailoring, theft, day off). Their clerical shade is aggravated by the prefixes non-, under- ( undetected, failure). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such clericalisms [ The case of the gnawing of the plan thereof by mice(Hertz.); The case of flying in and breaking glass by a crow(Pis.); Having announced to the widow Vanina that in her non-sticking of the sixty-kopeck mark ...(Ch.)].
Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, the following sentence is inaccurate: From the farm manager V.I. Shlyk was shown a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that Farm manager V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of the pledge by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in the construction of the type professor's statement(does the professor approve or is he approved?), I love singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).
In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed in a passive form of the participle or a reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [ At the end of the sightseeing tour, tourists were allowed to take pictures of them.(it is better: Tourists were shown sights and allowed to photograph them)].
However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person have nothing to do with clericalisms ( teacher, self-taught, confused, bully), many nouns with an action value ( running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing).
Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral meaning, name, excitement), for many of them -nie changed into -ne, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (cf .: baking pies - sweet biscuits, sour cherries - cherry jam). Others retain a close relationship with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes ( acceptance, rejection, rejection). It is precisely such nouns that are most often characterized by clerical coloring; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language ( drilling, spelling, joining).
The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicating, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusing accounting and increased costs., but it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.
However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to extremes, rejecting any cases of the use of verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles, such combinations are often used: they took part instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated, etc. Verb-nominal combinations are fixed in the official business style to declare gratitude, to accept for execution, to impose a penalty(in these cases the verbs thank, fulfill, commend inappropriate), etc. In the scientific style, such terminological combinations are used, such as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed etc. Expressions function in a journalistic style workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an attempt was made on the minister etc. In such cases, verbal nouns are indispensable and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.
The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, a combination take an active part more capacious in meaning than the verb participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf .: help - provide emergency medical assistance). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical ambiguity of verbs (cf.: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is, of course, beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.
In other cases, the use of a verb-nominal combination introduces a clerical coloring into the sentence. Let's compare two types of syntactic constructions - with a verb-nominal combination and with a verb:
As you can see, the use of turnover with verbal nouns (instead of a simple predicate) in such cases is inappropriate - it generates verbosity and makes the syllable heavier.
The influence of formal business style often explains the unjustified use of denominative prepositions: along the line, in a section, in part, in business, by virtue of, for the purposes of, to the address, in the area, in plan, at the level, due to and others. They have become widespread in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often their passion is detrimental to the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominative prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of wage and pension arrears, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in state and commercial stores should increase- the accumulation of verbal nouns, a lot of identical case forms made the sentence heavy, cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominative preposition from it, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's make an edit like this: In order to increase the turnover in state and commercial stores, it is necessary to pay salaries on time and not delay the pension of citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.
Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is still partly preserved in them. For example: Construction has been suspended due to lack of materials.(as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.
Let's compare the two versions of the sentences:
The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the idea more concretely and stylistically correctly.
The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of the official business style. Speech stamps become widely used words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression get a residence permit begins to be used in a figurative sense ( Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent registration in the tables; Muse Petrovsky has a permanent residence in the hearts; Aphrodite entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now it is registered in our city).
Any frequently repeated speech means can become a stamp, for example, template metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes ( tears - roses). However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.
Among the speech stamps that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can first of all single out formulaic turns of speech: at this stage, in this period of time, to date, emphasized with all sharpness etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog the speech: In this period of time a difficult situation has developed with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; Currently the payment of wages to miners was taken under unremitting control; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal, etc. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.
Speech stamps also include universal words, which are used in a wide variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings ( question, event, series, conduct, deploy, separate, specific etc.). For example, the noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked ( Of particular importance are nutrition in the first 10-12 days; The issues of timely collection of tax from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention.). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf.: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).
The word appear, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:
| 1. The use of chemicals for this purpose is very important. | 1. For this purpose it is necessary to use chemicals. |
| 2. A significant event is the commissioning of a production line in the Vidnovsky shop. | 2. The new production line in the Vidnovsky workshop will significantly increase labor productivity. | Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity. For example: This season was held at a high organizational level- this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...
What is the stylistic coloring of words?
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- There are usually four main levels in a language: phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic. Language units of each of these levels can be either stylistically neutral or stylistically colored. In this case, only units of the lexical level are considered.
The stylistic coloring of a language unit is understood as additional (connotative) to its main (nominative, subject-logical and grammatical) meaning emotional-evaluative, expressive and functional properties. These properties limit the use of language units to certain areas, styles, genres and conditions of communication (situation) and thus carry stylistic information. Stylistically colored units cannot be used everywhere, but only under certain conditions.
There are two types of stylistic coloring: functional-stylistic and emotional-evaluative. Let's consider them in more detail.
1. Functional-stylistic (style) coloring. It is due to the regular use of one or another unit of the language in a certain functional style of the language. This leads to the fact that the given unit of language itself (word, etc.) receives coloring, an imprint of the sphere or style in which it is usually found, i.e., the word bears the coloring of business, official, scientific, journalistic etc. speech (for example: social - journalistic, synchrophasotron - scientific, debit - business).
2. Emotional-evaluative (stylistic) coloring. If the functional-stylistic coloring colors the word itself as a linguistic unit, then with the help of words with emotional-evaluative coloring, the designated objects themselves are "colored", the attitude towards them is expressed, their evaluation is made, etc. This coloring is organically characteristic of the language unit, is inseparable from its meaning. It manifests itself in any sphere of use of this unit, in the most minimal contexts and even in isolation. Thus, the following words have a reduced (negative) coloration: goblash - a person with large pendulous lips and incomprehensibly speaking; varmint - a loafer who loves to play pranks; smack - kiss.
On the other hand, we find an elevated (positive) coloring in the words: banner - banner; coming - coming, future; soar - aspire to sublime thoughts, feelings.
Words with emotional and evaluative coloring are sometimes very difficult to translate into other (even related) languages, since they often have a bright national flavor. So, almost never there are difficulties in translating the neutral verb to fall, for example, in a sentence: he stumbled and fell into the mud. But the translation in the same sentence of a number of its emotional-evaluative synonyms (slap, thump, slap, slap, etc.) causes certain difficulties and is far from always being equivalent. The same is true with the translation of two sentences very close in their meaning: All day I really wanted to call her and I was tempted to call her all day.
The words are stylistically unequal. Some are perceived as bookish (intelligence, ratification, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail), others - as colloquial (really, blurt out, a little); some give solemnity to speech (predestinate, expression of will), others sound at ease (work, talk, old, cold). All the variety of meanings, functions and semantic nuances of the word is concentrated and combined in its stylistic characteristics, - wrote Acad. VV VinogradovVinogradov VV Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of the word). P. 22. When describing words, the stylistic characteristics of a word take into account, firstly, its belonging to one of the functional styles or the absence of functional and stylistic fixation, and secondly, the emotional coloring of the word, its expressive possibilities. - The words are stylistically unequal. Some are perceived as bookish (intelligence, ratification, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail), others - as colloquial (really, blurt out, a little); some give solemnity to speech (predestinate, expression of will), others sound at ease (work, talk, old, cold). All the variety of meanings, functions and semantic nuances of the word is concentrated and combined in its stylistic characteristics, - wrote Acad. VV VinogradovVinogradov VV Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of the word). P. 22. When describing words, the stylistic characteristics of a word take into account, firstly, its belonging to one of the functional styles or the absence of functional and stylistic fixation, and secondly, the emotional coloring of the word, its expressive possibilities.
- The stylistic coloring of prepositions and conjunctions largely depends on the history of their origin. Thus, the primitive prepositions v, na, k, o and the conjunctions a, and, or, but, as a rule, are stylistically neutral and are used in any functional style. Denominative, verbal and some adverbial prepositions (relatively, according to, according to, respectively, tangentially) are characteristic of scientific, official business and journalistic speech.
Among the prepositions that have become widespread in book styles in recent years are: in business, along the line, at the expense of, in part, in favor, in the region, in the sense, from the outside, in accompaniment, and others.
The variety of allied forms is reflected by the variety of their stylistic meanings: but, or, what are neutral; due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that - book; for the time being, it would be nice, once - colloquial; as long as, if - colloquial. - There are usually four main levels in a language: phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic. Language units of each of these levels can be either stylistically neutral or stylistically colored. In this case, only units of the lexical level are considered.
The stylistic coloring of a language unit is understood as additional (connotative) to its main (nominative, subject-logical and grammatical) meaning emotional-evaluative, expressive and functional properties. These properties limit the use of language units to certain areas, styles, genres and conditions of communication (situation) and thus carry stylistic information. Stylistically colored units cannot be used everywhere, but only under certain conditions.
There are two types of stylistic coloring: functional-stylistic and emotional-evaluative. Let's consider them in more detail.
1. Functional-stylistic (style) coloring. It is due to the regular use of one or another unit of the language in a certain functional style of the language. This leads to the fact that the given unit of language itself (word, etc.) receives coloring, an imprint of the sphere or style in which it is usually found, i.e., the word bears the coloring of business, official, scientific, journalistic etc. speech (for example: social - journalistic, synchrophasotron - scientific, debit - business).
2. Emotional-evaluative (stylistic) coloring. If the functional-stylistic coloring colors the word itself as a linguistic unit, then with the help of words with emotional-evaluative coloring, the designated objects themselves are "colored", the attitude towards them is expressed, their evaluation is made, etc. This coloring is organically characteristic of the language unit, is inseparable from its meaning. It manifests itself in any sphere of use of this unit, in the most minimal contexts and even in isolation. Thus, the following words have a reduced (negative) coloration: goblash - a person with large pendulous lips and incomprehensibly speaking; varmint - a loafer who loves to play pranks; smack - kiss.
On the other hand, we find an elevated (positive) coloring in the words: banner - banner; coming - coming, future; soar - aspire to sublime thoughts, feelings.
Words with emotional and evaluative coloring are sometimes very difficult to translate into other (even related) languages, since they often have a bright national flavor. So, almost never there are difficulties in translating the neutral verb to fall, for example, in a sentence: he stumbled and fell into the mud. But the translation in the same sentence of a number of its emotional-evaluative synonyms (slap, thump, slap, slap, etc.) causes certain difficulties and is far from always being equivalent. The same is true with the translation of two sentences very close in their meaning: All day I really wanted to call her and I was tempted to call her all day.
The stylistic coloring of a word depends on how it is perceived by us: as assigned to a particular style or as appropriate in any speech situation, that is, commonly used.
We feel the connection of words-terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight publicistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); we recognize by the clerical coloring the words of the official business style (injured, residence, prohibited, prescribe).
Book words are out of place in a casual conversation: "On the green spaces the first leaves appeared"; We were walking in the forest array and sunbathing at the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, a trees, bushes; not Forest, a forest; not water, a lake).
Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, outside the literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected by official relations, or in an official setting.
Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers treat each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.
High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of orators, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you on such a trifling occasion to turn to a comrade with a tirade: “ O my unforgettable companion and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»
If words that have a particular stylistic coloring are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.
Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example, in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it "must fit the subject of speech"; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech an elevated sound. Trifles are not spoken solemnly; in this case, words are used joking, contemptuous, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are reduced, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, and abusive.
Of course, while talking, we cannot look into the explanatory dictionary each time, clarifying the stylistic mark for a particular word, but we feel which word should be used in a particular situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's take a simple example.
The two argued:
I can't take seriously what this one says blond youth,- said one.
And in vain, - objected another, - the arguments of this blond boy very convincing.
These contradictory remarks express a different attitude towards the young blond: one of the disputants chose insulting words for him, emphasizing his disdain; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that expressed sympathy. The synonymic wealth of the Russian language provides ample opportunities for the stylistic choice of evaluative vocabulary. Some words are positive, others are negative.
As part of the evaluative vocabulary, words are emotionally and expressively colored. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to the emotional vocabulary (emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions). Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings.
There are many words in Russian that have a bright emotional coloring. This can be easily verified by comparing words with similar meanings: blond, blond, whitish, white, white, lilac; pretty, charming, bewitching, delightful, cute; eloquent, chatty; proclaim, proclaim, blurt out etc. Comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which are stronger, more convincingly able to convey our thought. For example, you can say I do not like, but stronger words can be found: I hate, despise, abhor. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by a special expression.
Expression means expressiveness (from lat. expressio- expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress: misfortune, grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often, synonyms with exactly the opposite coloring gravitate to the same neutral word: ask- beg, beg; cry- roar, roar.
Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by the notes in dictionaries: solemn (unforgettable, accomplishments), high (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations) poetic (azure, invisible). From all these words, the reduced ones are sharply different, which are marked with marks: playful (faithful, newly minted), ironic (please, praised) familiar (not bad, whispering) disapproving (pedant), disparaging (daub), contemptuous (sneak) derogatory (squishy) vulgar (grabber), abusive (fool).
Evaluative vocabulary requires an attentive attitude. The inappropriate use of emotional and expressive words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. For example: "Nozdryov was an inveterate bully." "All Gogol's landowners are fools, parasites, idlers and dystrophics."
Expressive styles
Modern science of language distinguishes, along with functional styles, expressive styles, which are classified depending on the expression contained in the language elements. For these styles, the impact function is the most important.
Expressive styles include solemn (high, rhetorical), official, familiar (reduced), as well as intimately affectionate, playful (ironic), mocking (satirical). These styles are opposed to neutral, that is, devoid of expression.
The main means of achieving the desired expressive coloring of speech is evaluative vocabulary. In its composition, three varieties can be distinguished. 1. Words with a bright estimated value. These include the words "characteristics" (forerunner, forerunner, pioneer; grumbler, idler, sycophant, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action (destiny, destiny, business, fraud; marvelous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian; dare, inspire, defame, mischief). 2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but getting a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically. So, about a person they say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow; verbs are used in a figurative sense: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink etc. 3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feeling: positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neatly, close and negative - beards, kid, breech etc.
The Russian language is rich in lexical synonyms, which contrast in their expressive coloring. For example:
stylistically lowered high
neutral
face muzzle face
obstacle hindrance obstacle
cry roar sob
be afraid to be afraid to fear
expel expel expel
The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. We received a sharply negative assessment of such words as fascism, separatism, corruption, assassin, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, glasnost etc. positive color is fixed. Even different meanings of the same word can differ markedly in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of a word can be solemn (Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech of not a boy, but husband. - P.), in another - the same word gets an ironic coloring (G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the reputation of a scientist husband to be honest, so to speak.- P.).
The development of emotional and expressive shades in the word is facilitated by its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as tropes get a vivid expression: burn(at work), fall(from fatigue) suffocate(in adverse conditions), blazing(eye) blue(dream), flying(gait), etc. The context finally determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions acquires a mockingly ironic coloring; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and affectionate - contemptuously.
Emotionally expressive coloring is superimposed on the functional one, complementing its stylistic characteristics. Emotionally-expressive words that are neutral usually belong to common vocabulary. Emotionally expressive words are distributed between the book, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.
The book vocabulary includes lofty words that give solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. Book styles use ironic vocabulary (beautiful soul, words, quixoticism), disapproving (pedantic, mannerisms) contemptuous (mask, corrupt).
Colloquial vocabulary includes affectionate words (daughter, dove), playful (butuz, chuckle), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the called concepts (small fry, zealous, giggle, brag).
In common speech, reduced words are used that are outside the literary vocabulary. Among them there may be words expressing a positive assessment of the called concept. (hard worker, brainy, awesome) and words expressing the negative attitude of the speaker to the concepts they denote (go crazy, flimsy, mean etc.).
In expressive styles, syntactic means are also widely used to enhance the emotionality of speech. Russian syntax has enormous expressive possibilities. These are different types of one-part and incomplete sentences, and a special word order, and plug-in and introductory constructions, and words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence. Among them, appeals stand out especially, they are able to convey a great intensity of passions, and in other cases - to emphasize the official nature of the speech. Compare Pushkin's lines:
Pets of the windy Fate,
Tyrants of the world! tremble!
And you, be of good cheer and listen,
Arise, fallen slaves! -
and the appeal of V. Mayakovsky:
Citizen financial inspector!
I'm sorry to trouble you...
Bright stylistic colors are fraught with direct and indirect speech, exclamatory and interrogative sentences, especially rhetorical questions.
The rhetorical question is one of the most common stylistic figures, characterized by remarkable brightness and a variety of emotional and expressive shades. Rhetorical questions contain a statement (or denial), framed as a question that does not require an answer: Weren't you at first so viciously persecuting His free, daring gift And fanning the Slightly lurking fire for fun? ..(L . ).
Coinciding in external grammatical design with ordinary interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions are distinguished by a bright exclamatory intonation, expressing amazement, extreme tension of feelings. It is no coincidence that authors sometimes put an exclamation point or two signs - a question mark and an exclamation point - at the end of rhetorical questions: Is it possible for her female mind, brought up in seclusion, doomed to estrangement from real life, does she not know how dangerous such aspirations are and how they end?!(Bel.); And how is it that you still don’t understand and don’t know that love, like friendship, like salary, like glory, like everything in the world, must be deserved and supported?!(Good)
The emotional intensity of speech is also conveyed by connecting constructions, that is, those in which phrases do not fit immediately into one semantic plane, but form an associative chain of attachment. For example: Every city has an age and a voice. There are clothes. And a special smell. And a face. And not immediately understandable pride (Birth.). I recognize the role of the individual in history. Especially if it's the president. Moreover, the President of Russia (Chernomyrdin V. // Izvestia. - 1997. - January 29).
Punctuation allows the author to convey the discontinuity of speech, unexpected pauses, reflecting the emotional excitement of the speaker. Let us recall the words of Anna Snegina in S. Yesenin's poem: - Look... It's getting light. The dawn is like a fire in the snow... It reminds me of something... But what? ... We sat together ... We are sixteen years old ...
Tropes give special expressiveness to speech (gr. tropos- turn, turn, image) - words used in a figurative sense: metaphors ( Earth- ship. But someone suddenly ... In the dense thick of storms and a blizzard directed her majestically.- Es.); comparisons (I was like a horse driven in soap, Spurred by a brave rider.- Es.); epithets (The golden grove dissuaded Birch, in a cheerful language.- Es.); metonymy (Let a pencil whisper about many things ineptly.- Es.); allegory (My white linden has faded, The nightingale dawn has rang.- Es.) and other figurative expressions.
The lexical richness of the Russian language, tropes and emotional syntax create inexhaustible possibilities for expressive styles.
Chapter 2
Similar information.
In the section "Vocabulary" you have already got acquainted with the synonyms of the Russian language, this knowledge will be useful to you when studying the basics of stylistics.
Stylistic are called such synonyms , which have the same meaning, but differ in stylistic coloring. Among the stylistic synonyms are usually distinguished:
Synonyms belonging to different functional styles of speech: live-live; newlyweds-newlyweds-young;
- synonyms belonging to the same style of speech.
They are distinguished by emotional and expressive coloring, conveying the attitude of the speaker to what he is talking about. Such coloring is evaluated on a scale of "positive - neutral - negative" - emotional coloring and "degree of intensity of the manifestation of a quality or action" - expressive coloring. Compare: 1) about a person: explanatory(positive) - quick-witted (neutral) - brainy, heady(roughly familiar); 2) said - said - blurted out - blurted out; 3) made - chipped off- soaked - issued. As can be seen from the examples placed under the numbers 1 - 3, all words, except for the highlighted ones, which are stylistically neutral, belong to the colloquial style. In colloquial style, stylistic synonymy is especially widely represented; there are much more stylistic synonyms in speech than interstyle synonyms. You know these words: sleep - rest- sleep, eyes - eyes - peepers, soldier- warrior - warrior, write - draw - scribble letter - message- scribble. In all the examples given, words are presented that are used in different situations of communication, therefore, in different styles of speech. The first words of each triple of examples are relevant in almost all styles and have a neutral stylistic coloring, the second words are appropriate in poetic speech and have a pronounced archaic connotation, accompanied by a positive coloring; finish the rows of examples of words that are relevant only in colloquial speech, which have a colloquial character and negative coloring. And vernacular words, as you know from the section “Word and Phraseologism as Units of the Lexical System”, lie outside the boundaries of the literary language.
846 . Continue writing synonyms in the table, placing stylistic synonyms in horizontal rows, semantic and evaluative ones in vertical rows.
1. Revive, revitalize, shake, stir, stir. 2. Indestructible, durable, indestructible, unshakable, strong. 3. Weaken, weaken, exhaust, weaken, run out of steam. 4. Disgrace, blunder, disgrace.
847 . Determine the shades of meaning and emotional coloring in the following rows of synonyms. Specify in what styles of speech the use of this or that word is possible. Prove your point. In case of difficulty consult in dictionaries.
1. Fear, trembling, dumbfounded, fright, horror, nightmare.
2. Cruel, ferocious, heartless, inhuman.
3. Bold, courageous, fearless, fearless, dashing.
4. Surprise, puzzle, amaze, shock, stun.
848. Compose or select from the texts of works of art examples of sentences with synonyms. Write down suggestions.
Many Russian words, according to the apt expression of K. Paustovsky, radiate poetry. In the exact language of science, this means that they have a stylistic coloring, i.e. not only name, but also evaluate the called object, quality, action and express the emotions (feelings) associated with them, enhance the meaning (transmit expression) and give an assessment - approval, disapproval, affection, familiarity, condemnation, joke, etc.
Stylistically colored words are words that have a stylistic coloring - an emotional, expressive meaning that is added to the main meaning that names, defines an object, feature, action.
Such words are widely used by writers in works of fiction. All cases of successful use of stylistic synonyms become vivid poetic devices, help the artist to create unique images, deepen the impression of what he read.
Remember just a few of these synonyms: eyes - eyes, cheeks - cheeks, forehead - forehead, lips - mouth etc.
Have you seen these words in poetry:
Tatyana waited impatiently,
So that the trembling of the heart in her subsides,
For it to pass lanit blaze.
(A. S. Pushkin)
My tear is yours lanit didn't you burn?
(M. Yu. Lermontov)
A. Fadeev, describing his heroine - Ulyana Gromova, draws the reader's attention to the fact that he himself opposes a poetic synonym to a neutral word. The writer believes that the poetic word more accurately reflects the appearance of the girl: Uli's eyes were large, dark brown, not eyes, but eyes, with long eyelashes, milk proteins, black mysterious pupils ... Or at Isakovsky we meet: Where are you, where are you, brown eyes, where are you, my native land? M. Gorky, describing the heroine, chose a colloquial word that has a shade of extreme harshness, rudeness: old hostess<...> says to me: “Wait, bookworm, burst Zenki something». Word eyes is neutral, it is appropriate in all styles, because it serves as the name of this concept and does not carry any additional coloring. We will meet him in poetry and prose, in colloquial and bookish styles of speech: And the mosquito dug into my aunt right in the right eye (P.); Eyes Tanya, framed by frosty eyelashes, boldly met his gaze(Azh.).
849. Write down the words, distributing them according to their expressive and stylistic affiliation into three groups: 1) neutral, 2) high, I) reduced.
I. Think, thought, boyar thought, change your mind, think up, fiction, inventor, idea, thinking, think.
II. Order, indicate, retell, tell, suggest, show, punish, refuse, order, predict, retell, hint, prediction, tale, decree, mandate, refusal, order, tale, order.
850. Indicate what stylistic coloring the words have - familiar, ironic or approving. What is the scope of each word? Compose or select examples from literary texts. Write them down, mark spellings.
I. Wean, get used to, weaning, habit, weaning, addictive, habitual.
II. Play, lose, flirt, play, play along, play, play, play, play, lose, play, draw, playful, simulated.
851. Which of the following words in their direct meaning are stylistically neutral, and which ones have stylistic coloring? What is this coloration? Prove your position. Give examples of how these words are used in speech. Look up the meanings of unfamiliar words in the explanatory dictionary.
I. Watermelon, drum, blond, usher, bisector, water, relish, head, single file, disciplinary, inveterate, bosom, faithful, wing, nose, notorious, receive.
II. Subscription, bus, activist, gasp, aerological, flounder, boycott, throw, finally, meeting, imposing, shipper, do, lawsuit, ice, kid.
852. Determine the stylistic coloring of the following words. In what style of speech is it appropriate to use each word? In case of difficulty, refer to the explanatory dictionary. Make up and write down phrases with stylistically neutral words.
I. Little boy, margarine, small, rally, muddy, not to leave, new thing, fire, autumn, sing, shoulder, empty, equal-sized, once you know, early, tell, reagent, realism.
II. City, goose, stout, delicate, lanky, fidget, nonsense, go, living creatures, bully, west, fuse, coalition, river, side by side, sequester, seven, tea.
853. Divide these words into three groups: 1) stylistically neutral, 2) words with positive connotation, 3) words with negative connotation. Make up and write sentences with the words of the first group. Look up the lexical meaning of unfamiliar words in the explanatory dictionary.
I. Virgo, landing, jack, darling, tall, frying, cocky, blowing, fuss, gape, sweetheart, shameful, hitch, onlooker, inspiration, surreal, total, boat, rotation, reaction.
II. Advice, maybe, propaganda team, adept, beast, can, quick, introduction, thermometer, get, callus, out of hand, leader, grabber, hide, old man, build, ton-kilometer, heavy, street, despondency, grasping, expediency.
854. Give at least 10 nouns denoting women's professions: actress, ballerina, flight attendant, teacher, milkmaid etc. Use an explanatory dictionary.
855. Determine the stylistic coloring of each of the words you gave in the previous exercise. Make and write sentences with them.
856. Indicate which of the words denoting the professions of women (see previous exercises) can be replaced if necessary by the corresponding masculine nouns. Check yourself in the explanatory dictionary.
857. Select from magazines and newspapers and write down 10 examples of the use of nouns denoting the professions of men and women.
858. Continue the proposed synonymous series by adding the missing, in your opinion, adjectives. In case of difficulty, refer to the dictionary of synonyms. Describe the semantic meanings and stylistic coloring of each synonym. Make up or select sentences with these words, write them down. Label the spellings you see.
Famous, popular, famous, illustrious, glorious, noble, eminent, eminent, sensational, notorious.
859. From the fragment of the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Twelve Chairs" write out a synonymous series of words associated with the word die. Specify the stylistic coloring of synonyms. Check the dictionary for stylistic marks.
Claudia Ivanovna died, - said the customer.
Well, the kingdom of heaven, - Bezenchuk agreed. - It means that the old woman has passed away ... Old women, they always pass away ... Or they give their souls to God, it depends on what kind of old woman ... Yours, for example, is small and in the body, - it means she passed away. And, for example, which is larger and thinner - that one, it is believed, gives her soul to God ...
So how is it considered? Who counts?
We count. At the masters. Here you are, for example, a prominent man, of lofty stature, although thin. You, it is considered, if, God forbid, you die, then you have played the box. And who is a merchant, a former merchant guild, that means he ordered to live long. And if someone is of a lower rank, for example, a janitor, or one of the peasants, they say about him: he spread himself or stretched out his legs. But the most powerful when they die, railway conductors or someone from the authorities, it is believed that they give oak ...
Well, when you die, how will the masters say about you?
I am a small person. They will say: "Bezenchuk bent over."
860. Read the sentences, find synonyms. Indicate which of the synonyms differ in lexical meaning. Check yourself in the explanatory dictionary. Write down the sentences by inserting missing letters, opening brackets and inserting the necessary punctuation marks.
I. 1. At that moment, contempt drowned out in me all the feelings of (not) hatred and anger. 2. The Cossack rushed to the hetman through the battle with a saber in his hands with a crazy fury in his eyes. 3. You're lying.. scoundrel! I cried out in rage. You lie .. in the most shameful way!
(A. Pushkin)
II. 1. And everyone knows everything in the world., the countries are all the islands of the continents: the waters of the ocean and the Volga (mother) river are related (TV). 2. Sportsmen from all continents took part in the Olympic Games in Sydney .. (Gas.).
861. Read the sentences, find synonyms. Indicate which of the synonyms differ in stylistic affiliation. Write the sentences by opening brackets, inserting missing letters and punctuation marks. Explain your choice.
I. 1. Lunev slowly (n, nn) about go .. l along the wide al.. inhaling her deeply fragrant smell of lindens. (M.G.) 2. The surf threw a lot of sea grass on the fireplace. (M.G.) 3. From (behind) every corner - flowers! Lush ar.. matte flowers. (Fed.)
II. 1. Masha smiled, her face brightened .. wilted. (T.) 2. The de..sky face of Ts..revich was clear. (P.) 3. From the shops protrude ..sya with (n, nn) faces. (Ch.) 4. Sanya (half) sat on the table drawing faces. (Kav.)
862. Read the sentences. Find synonyms. Indicate how they differ: in meaning, belonging to different styles of speech or emotional coloring. Write down the sentences of part I, inserting the missing letters and punctuation marks, explain. Title the text of Part II, write out a synonymic row from the text. Why did L. Leonov use synonyms?
I. 1. Anna Sergeevna's conversation with Bazarov continued for a long time. (T.) 2. The battle lasted for eight days. (P.) 3. In the wilderness .. in the darkness of confinement t .. my days have long gone. (P.)
II. And then people start coming. The boy comes running from the shoemaker, knocking out shots with his frozen feet. The driver enters, driving cold into the shop with his blue carcass. Dudin Yermolai, a furrier, sticks himself in here.
And moving around, floating back, the old-familiar views of Yegor's side. Deaf ravines floated past ... A frisky clearing ran away, on which, on a visit to the uncle of Bedryaginsky, Yegorka played bast shoes with the guys.
(L.Leonov)
863. Read the sentences. Write off, inserting the missing letters and punctuation marks, open the brackets. Highlight stylistic synonyms in sentences. Indicate their stylistic coloring, determine their role in speech.
1. The pharmacist was a b..lokura woman..schina and at one time safely gave the pharmacist her daughters.. b..b. (Hertz.) .2. Sad sad .. naya friendship to the giving Sasha had a sad mournful reflection ..sk. (Hertz.) 3. Katya adored nature and Arkady beat her, although he didn’t dare to know about it. (T.) 4. She sometimes sits in a picturesque pose, but suddenly ... this picture (n, nn) pose will be violated at all by an unexpected (n, nn) and again .. with a bewitching gesture. (Hound.) 5 You and I already have a duel, standing (n, nn) duel, continuous .. explosive struggle. (Sharp) 6. He [Korovin] wanted something gigantic, immense, striking. (Ch.) 7. How young he was then! How often and drunk (n, nn) about laughed - it was laughing, but not laughing! (Bergg.)
864. Distinguish phraseological expressions according to stylistic affiliation: highlight those that are appropriate in colloquial and book styles of speech, mark neutral ones. Prove your point of view, show examples of the use of any five phraseological units in speech. In difficult cases, consult the phraseological dictionary.
1. Thing in itself; rake in the heat with someone else's hands; travel certificate; the first swallow; fall for the bait; seven Fridays in a week; walk on hind legs; hour by hour.
2. Lip is not a fool; not easy twitched; hand on heart; right angle; in the middle of the day; on the one hand on the other hand...; deflection arrow.
865. Read phraseological units. Write out, distributing in two columns: 1) stylistically neutral, 2) stylistically colored and indicate in brackets - they have a positive or negative color). In what styles of speech is it appropriate to use each phraseological unit?
1. Do not blow into the mustache; headdress; to make mountains out of molehills; lump sum allowance; Walnut; give a goad; pour from empty to empty; move your brains; Sisyphean labor; muslin lady; White crow.
2. Play the fool; set a bath; the cat cried; stick with a knife to the throat; between Scylla and Charybdis; wash your hands; pip on the tongue; Archimedean lever.
866. Read phraseological units. Explain their meanings by replacing them with synonymous expressions; make suggestions with them. How have the values changed? Write down sentences with phraseological units that are appropriate in poetic speech; in case of difficulty consult the phraseological dictionary.
1. Keep your pocket wider; Railway; take place; reckless; puppet government; without hesitation; do not apply mind; hand over.
2. Achilles' heel; puzzle over; goof; grated roll; Versta Kolomna; heavy to lift; ears wither; fictitious capital.
867. Find synonyms in sentences, indicate how they differ from each other, determine the stylistic coloring of synonyms.
1. Unwell, you say? Sick? (L.) 2. Andrei Vasilyevich Gudovich entered on tiptoe. - Sleeping? - That's right, deigned to accidentally rest. (Shishk.) 3. And that's why music is so scary, it works so terribly. (LT) 4. But instead of a solid goal, everything was not clear, confusion. (D.) 5. At the front door stands the porter Mark, old and decrepit, dressed in a moth-eaten livery. (Ch.) 6. This, my friend, is mockery, mockery. (Ch.) 7. The girl looked at him with mischievous restless eyes. - Are you from here? - Heretoshny. (Sh.)
Questions for self-examination
1. What words are called synonyms?
2. How do synonyms differ? Give examples.
3. What is the role of synonyms in speech?
4. What types of stylistic coloring of words do you know?
5. How is stylistic coloring related to emotionally expressive coloring? Prove it.
Tasks for independent work
868. Make up and write down phrases or sentences with these synonyms. Check the meanings of unfamiliar words in a dictionary. Specify the stylistic coloring of synonyms.
1. Find, find. 2. Build, erect. 3. Distract, tear off. 4. Bold, brave, valiant, courageous, courageous. 5. Big, huge, large-scale. 6. Scanty, small, tiny.
869. Read the sentences. Find synonyms, indicate how they differ from each other, determine their stylistic affiliation and coloring. Write down the first five sentences by inserting the missing letters and punctuation marks and opening the brackets.
1. - After all, he is (n ..) smart mom! Understand mom he's stupid! (Ch.) 2. But I .. damn you .. robbed you! Because I stole from you! (Ch.) 3. (On) against: the worse his circumstances became, the arrogant (n, nn) her (not) approachable and arrogant he became. (T.) 4. At that moment, he already realized that her act was not able to captivate .. the rest was .. senseless, reckless doomed. (Sh.) 5. I have never (never) seen more penetrating and intelligent eyes like his tiny sly sly tricks. (T.) 6. I want .. not to eat in the human sense .. desire for food, but to eat like a hungry wolf. (Leon.) 7. How do you speak? Horror! Instead of an apartment - Vater, instead of being evacuated - to be evacuated, instead of as if - to go to bed. (Sh.) 8. But here the Titian eye becomes ... inside (n, nn) their eye. (Selv.)
870. Compose and write down examples of the use of synonymous expressions in speech. Do the meaning and stylistic coloring of sentences always correlate? Is the lexical meaning of the word the same in all cases?
1. A book for children - a children's book. 2. An engineer from Moscow - a Moscow engineer. 3. Door handle - door handle. 4. Red face - a red face. 5. Postal worker - postal worker - postman. 6. Ticket without reserved seat - non-reserved ticket.
871. Below are sentences expressing the same idea. Select syntactic synonyms among them. Determine their stylistic coloring. Can you add your examples? Compose by analogy your own series of similar synonyms, using the material for reference.
He won't lift that bar. - This rod is too tough for him. - Where can he lift this barbell! - He can't lift this barbell. - So he raised this barbell! - He does not have enough strength to lift this barbell. - Raise this barbell - it's beyond his power. - This bar is not for him! - He does not have the opportunity to lift this barbell. - He would have lifted this barbell, but the strength is not enough. - He is not the person who can lift this barbell. - Who would lift this barbell, but not him. - Lifting this bar requires forces that he does not have. - To lift this bar, you need not the same strength as his. - To lift this bar is unthinkable for him.
For reference: " Spartak will not win this match.
872. Compare the following phrases. Indicate in what styles of speech and in what situations of communication they are appropriate. Do they differ in their lexical meaning? Make and write sentences.
1. We walked through the forest - we walked through the forest, make it easier. 2 Wrote a letter to Onegin - wrote a letter to Onegin. 3. Work in the countryside - work in the village. 4. Stands by a pillar - stands by a pillar. 5. Skipped out of turn - skipped out of turn.
873. Read and compare examples. In what examples are the norms of the literary language violated? Write down stylistically neutral and bookish phrases.
1. Silent all evening - silent throughout the evening. 2. Served in the Navy - served in the Navy. 3. Suffered because of the neighbors - suffered through the neighbors. 4. Fought in the name of happiness - fought for happiness. 3. Be cheerful in life - be cheerful in life.
874. In the landscape description of I. Goncharov, words are missing, they are placed in brackets and combined with other words that are close in meaning. Choose from the proposed synonymous series the word that the writer used. Prove you're right. Test yourself according to the text of the novel by I. Goncharov “Pallada Frigate”.
On the other hand, nature in Luzon is (the same, constant, unchanging, ordinary) as everywhere, and (luxurious, rich, magnificent, unusual) as nowhere else. How (beautiful, wonderful, wonderful, amazing) this union of the northern and southern skies, like a meeting in the arms of two beauties! The Cross and the Bear, Orion and Conopus seem so close to each other ... Unusual (changes, overflows, transformations, transitions) of the evening light in the sky - jasper, purple, azure, finally, so strange; dark and beautiful tones, under which no man can imitate! Where will he get the colors for this piercing white beam of local stars? How will he draw this (languor, languor, languor) of the evening sky, just abandoned by the sun and resting, this warmth and meekness of a moonlit night? Wonderful is the (aquamarine, blue, blue) bay, and the green coast, distant mountains, and all these palm trees, bananas, cedars, bamboos, black, red, brown trees, these streams, islands, dachas - everything is so bright, charming, fantastic wonderful!
Reference words: unchanged, rich, beautiful, iridescence, flashing, blue.
875. Find in the works that you study in literature lessons examples of poetic words that are not used in everyday speech today. Find modern synonyms for these words and pick up examples of the use of stylistic synonyms. Write down examples. Indicate different types of stylistic coloring of words.