Long trumpet in an orchestra. Trumpet (musical instrument). Keyboard wind instruments

A list of them will be given in this article. It also contains information about the types of wind instruments and the principle of extracting sound from them.

wind instruments

These are pipes that can be made of wood, metal or any other material. They have different shape and emit musical sounds of different timbre, which are extracted by means of an air stream. The timbre of the "voice" of a wind instrument depends on its size. The larger it is, the more air passes through it, from which the frequency of its oscillation is lower, and the sound produced is low.

There are two ways to change the type emitted by the instrument:

adjusting the air volume with fingers, using the wings, valves, gates, and so on, depending on the type of instrument;
an increase in the force of blowing the air column into the pipe.

The sound is completely dependent on the flow of air, hence the name - wind instruments. A list of them will be given below.

Varieties of wind instruments

There are two main types - copper and wood. Initially, they were classified in this way, depending on what material they were made from. Now, to a greater extent, the type of instrument depends on the way in which the sound is extracted from it. For example, the flute is considered a woodwind instrument. At the same time, it can be made of wood, metal or glass. The saxophone is always produced only in metal, but belongs to the class of woodwinds. Copper tools can be made from various metals: copper, silver, brass, and so on. There is a special variety - keyboard wind instruments. Their list is not so great. These include harmonium, organ, accordion, melody, button accordion. Air enters them thanks to special furs.

What instruments are wind instruments

Let's list the wind instruments. Their list is as follows:

pipe;
clarinet;
trombone;
accordion;
the flute;
saxophone;
organ;
zurna;
oboe;
harmonium;
balaban;
accordion;
French horn;
bassoon;
tuba;
bagpipes;
duduk;
harmonica;
Macedonian guide;
shakuhachi;
ocarina;
serpent;
horn;
helicon;
didgeridoo;
kurai;
trembita.

There are other similar tools that can be mentioned.

Brass

Wind brass musical instruments, as mentioned above, are made of various metals, although in the Middle Ages there were those that were made of wood. The sound is extracted from them by strengthening or weakening the blown air, as well as by changing the position of the musician's lips. Initially, brass wind instruments were reproduced only in the 30s of the 19th century, valves appeared on them. This allowed such instruments to reproduce the chromatic scale. The trombone has a retractable rocker for this purpose.

Brass instruments (list):

pipe;
trombone;
French horn;
tuba;
serpent;
helicon.

Woodwinds

Musical instruments of this type were originally made exclusively from wood. To date, this material is practically not used for their production. The name reflects the principle of sound extraction - there is a wooden cane inside the tube. These musical instruments are equipped with holes on the body, located at a strictly defined distance from each other. The musician, while playing, opens and closes them with his fingers. This results in a certain sound. Woodwind instruments sound like this. The names (list) included in this group are as follows:

clarinet;
zurna;
oboe;
balaban;
the flute;
bassoon.

reed musical instruments

There is another type of wind - reed. They sound thanks to a flexible vibrating plate (tongue) located inside. Sound is extracted by exposing it to air, or by pulling and pinching. On this basis, you can make a separate list of tools. Wind reeds are divided into several types. They are classified according to the way the sound is extracted. It depends on the type of reed, which can be metal (as in organ pipes, for example), free-swinging (as in jew's harp and harmonicas), or striking or reed, as in reed woodwinds.

List of tools of this type:

harmonica;
jew's harp;
clarinet;
accordion;
bassoon;
saxophone;
kalimba;
harmonic;
oboe;
hulus.

Wind instruments with a freely slipping tongue include: button accordion, lip. In them, air is blown in by blowing the musician's mouth, or with bellows. The airflow causes the reeds to vibrate and thus the sound is extracted from the instrument. The jew's harp also belongs to this type. But his tongue oscillates not under the influence of the air column, but with the help of the hands of the musician, by pinching and pulling it. Oboe, bassoon, saxophone and clarinet are of a different type. In them, the tongue is beating, and it is called a cane. The musician blows air into the instrument. As a result of this, the tongue vibrates and sound is extracted.

Where are wind instruments used?

Wind instruments, the list of which was presented in this article, are used in orchestras of various composition. For example: military, brass, symphonic, pop, jazz. And also occasionally they can perform as part of a chamber ensemble. Very rarely they are soloists.

The flute

This is the list related to this was given above.

The flute is one of the oldest musical instruments. It does not use a reed like other woodwinds. Here the air is cut against the edge of the instrument itself, due to which the sound is formed. There are several types of flutes.

Siringa - single-barreled or multi-barreled tool Ancient Greece. Its name comes from the name of the bird's vocal organ. The multi-barreled syringa later became known as the Pan flute. Peasants and shepherds played this instrument in ancient times. AT Ancient Rome the syringa accompanied the performances on stage.

The recorder is a wooden instrument belonging to the whistle family. Close to it is the flute, flute and whistle. It differs from other woodwinds in that on its back there is an octave valve, that is, a hole for closing with a finger, on which the height of other sounds depends. They are removed by blowing in air and closing the 7 holes on the front side with the fingers of the musician. This type of flute was most popular between the 16th and 18th centuries. Its timbre is soft, melodious, warm, but at the same time its possibilities are limited. Such great composers as Antonia Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Friedrich Handel and others used the recorder in many of their works. The sound of this instrument is weak, and gradually its popularity has declined. This happened after the transverse flute appeared, which is by far the most used. Nowadays, the recorder is used mainly as a teaching instrument. Beginning flutists first master it, only then they move on to the longitudinal one.

The piccolo flute is a kind of transverse flute. She has the highest timbre of all wind instruments. Its sound is whistling and piercing. Piccolo is two times shorter than usual. Her range is from “re” second to “do” fifth.

Other types of flutes: transverse, panflute, di, Irish, kena, pipe, pyzhatka, whistle, ocarina.

Trombone

This is a brass wind instrument (a list of members of this family was presented in this article above). The word "trombone" is translated from Italian as "big trumpet". It has existed since the 15th century. The trombone differs from other instruments of this group in that it has a backstage - a tube with which the musician extracts sounds by changing the volume of air flow inside the instrument. There are several varieties of trombone: tenor (the most common), bass and alto (less commonly used), contrabass and soprano (practically not used).

Hulus

This is a Chinese reed wind instrument with additional pipes. Its other name is bilandao. He has three or four pipes in total - one main (melodic) and several bourdon (low-sounding). The sound of this instrument is soft, melodic. Most often, hulus are used for solo performance, very rarely - in an ensemble. Traditionally, this instrument was played by men, declaring their love to a woman.

The trumpet is a wind musical instrument from the family of mouthpiece (embouchure) instruments, alto-soprano register, the highest in sound among brass wind instruments.

The natural trumpet has been used as a signaling instrument since ancient times, and from about the 17th century it became part of the orchestra. With the invention of the valve mechanism, the trumpet received a full chromatic scale and from the middle of the 19th century became a full-fledged instrument of classical music.

The instrument has a bright, brilliant timbre and is used as a solo instrument, in symphony and brass bands, as well as in jazz and other genres.

Nowadays, the trumpet is widely used as a solo instrument, in symphony and brass bands, as well as in jazz, funk, ska and other genres.

Among the outstanding solo trumpeters of various genres are Maurice Andre, Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie, Timofey Dokshitzer, Miles Davis, Wynton Marsalis, Sergey Nakaryakov, Georgy Orvid, Eddie Calvert.

Pipe varieties

The most common type of trumpet is the B-flat (in B) trumpet, which sounds a tone lower than its written notes. American orchestras often also use the C (in C) trumpet, which does not transpose and has a slightly brighter, more open sound than the in B trumpet. , in modern music and jazz it is possible to extract even higher sounds. Notes are written in the treble clef, as a rule, without key marks, one tone higher than the actual sound for the trumpet in B, and in accordance with the actual sound for the trumpet in C. Before the advent of the valve mechanism and for some time after that, there were pipes in literally every possible tunings: in D, in Es, in E, in F, in G and in A, each of which was intended to facilitate the performance of music in a certain key. With the improvement in the skill of trumpeters and the improvement in the design of the trumpet itself, the need for so many instruments disappeared. Nowadays, music in all keys is played either on the trumpet in B or on the trumpet in C.

viola trumpet in G or in F, sounding a pure fourth or fifth below the written notes and which is intended for performing sounds in a low register (Rakhmaninov - Third Symphony). At present, it is used extremely rarely, and in compositions where its part is provided, the flugelhorn is used.

bass trumpet in B, which sounds an octave below the usual trumpet and a major non below the written notes. It fell out of use by the second half of the 20th century, at present its part is performed on a trombone - an instrument similar to it in register, timbre and structure.

piccolo trumpet(small pipe). A variation designed in late XIX century, is currently experiencing a new upsurge in connection with the revived interest in early music. Used in B-flat (in B) tuning and can be tuned to A (in A) tuning for sharp keys. Unlike a conventional pipe, it has four valves. Many trumpeters use a smaller mouthpiece for the small trumpet, which, however, affects the timbre of the instrument and its technical mobility. Among the outstanding performers on the small trumpet are Wynton Marsalis, Maurice André, Hocken Hardenberger.

Baritone:

Tenor:

Cornet:

Pipe device

Pipes are made of brass or copper, less often - of silver and other metals. Already in antiquity, there was a technology for making tools from one solid sheet of metal.

At its core, a tube is a long tube that bends solely for compactness. It narrows slightly at the mouthpiece, widens at the bell, and has a cylindrical shape in other areas. It is this shape of the tube that gives the trumpet its bright timbre. In the manufacture of a pipe, an extremely accurate calculation of both the length of the pipe itself and the degree of expansion of the socket is important - this radically affects the structure of the instrument.

The basic principle of playing the trumpet is to obtain harmonic consonances by changing the position of the lips and changing the length of the air column in the instrument, achieved using the valve mechanism. Three valves are used on the trumpet, lowering the sound by a tone, a half tone and a tone and a half. Simultaneous pressing of two or three gates makes it possible to lower the overall structure of the instrument to three tones. Thus, the trumpet receives a chromatic scale.

On some varieties of trumpet (for example, on the piccolo trumpet), there is also a fourth valve (quartile valve), which lowers the system by a perfect fourth (five semitones).

The pipe is a right-handed instrument: when playing, the valves are pressed with the right hand, left hand supports the tool.

Basic information Alto (alt horn) is a wind brass musical instrument from the saxhorn family. Due to the rather dull and inexpressive sound, the scope of the viola is limited to brass bands, where, as a rule, it performs medium voices. Alto's range is from A to b1 (for the big octave - B-flat first). Video: Alto (alt horn) on video + sound Thanks to these videos, you

Horn (German waldhorn (forest horn), Italian corno, English french horn, French cor) is a wind brass musical instrument of the bass-tenor register. The French horn is used in symphony and brass bands, as well as an ensemble and solo instrument. Origin French horn originated from a hunting signal horn; it entered the orchestra in the middle of the 17th century. Until the 1830s, like other copper

Basic information Helikon (from the Greek helix - twisted, curved) is the lowest sounding wind brass musical instrument. Helikon is used only in military bands. It is convenient for use in the army in that a musician can play it, for example, while sitting on horseback - a curved helicon tube is hung on the left shoulder, and the player's hands remain free.

Basic information Horn (from German horn - horn) is a wind brass musical instrument, the ancestor of all brass wind instruments. The bugle device resembles a pipe, but it lacks a valve mechanism, which is why its performance capabilities are sharply limited: the bugle can only play notes within harmonic consonances. The pitch of the sound when playing the horn can only be adjusted with the help of an ear cushion.

Basic information Karnay is an Uzbek folk wind brass musical instrument, which, according to the principle of sound extraction, is related to brass. Widely distributed in Iran, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Karnay is a long, sometimes more than two meters, usually unbent pipe. It is close to trombone in register and timbre. The karnay is characterized by the performance of combat or solemn signals. The instrument has a powerful and strong sound. AT

Basic information Cornet (Italian cornetto - horn) or cornet-a-piston (French cornet a pistons - horn with pistons) is a wind brass musical instrument that resembles a pipe, but has a wider and shorter tube and is equipped not with valves, but with pistons . Device, application The range of the actual sound of the cornet coincides with the range of the trumpet - from e (mi small octave) to c3

Basic information The post horn is a cylindrical wind brass or brass musical instrument with a mouthpiece, without valves or gates, which served to signal the arrival or departure of a postman on foot or on horseback and has become an international symbol of mail. The post horn was the forerunner of the cornet-a-piston. Origin, history The post horn goes back to the horn of the butchers (drivers), who, blowing the horn, announced

Basic information Saxhorns are a family of brass musical instruments with a wide scale. These are oval-shaped chromatic instruments, in which the tube gradually expands from the mouthpiece to the bell (unlike traditional brass, which have a mostly cylindrical tube). Saxhorns were designed by Adolf Sax in the second quarter of the 19th century. Saxhorns form a family that includes: viola; tenor;

Basic information Serpent (French serpent - snake) - an old wind brass musical instrument, the ancestor of several modern wind instruments. It got its name due to its curved shape. Arrangement The barrel of a serpent with a conical channel without a bell, usually with 6 finger holes, is covered with leather. The serpent was made from various materials: wood, copper, zinc. Had a mouthpiece very similar to modern brass

Trombone (Italian trombone - big pipe) is a wind brass musical instrument of the bass-tenor register. The trombone has been known since the 15th century. It differs from other brass instruments by the presence of a backstage - a special movable U-shaped tube, with the help of which the musician changes the volume of air contained in the instrument, thus achieving the ability to play the sounds of a chromatic scale (on the trumpet, horn and

Refers to wind musical instruments. Among the brass, it is the highest in sound. The material for the manufacture of pipes is copper or brass, sometimes they are made of silver and other metals. Pipe-like instruments have been known to man since ancient times. Already in the period of antiquity, the technology for making pipes from a single sheet of metal was known. In countries ancient world and much later, for many centuries, the trumpet played the role of a signal instrument. In the Middle Ages, there was a special position of a trumpeter in the armies, who, using signals, transmitted the orders of the commander to those military units that were at a considerable distance. There was a special selection of people who were later taught to play the trumpet. In the cities there were tower trumpeters who, with their signal, informed the townspeople about the approach of a cortege with a high-ranking person, a change in the time of day, the approach of enemy troops, a fire or other events. Not a single knightly tournament, holiday, festive procession could do without the sound of trumpets, signaling the start of ceremonial events.

The golden age of the trumpet

In the Renaissance, the technology of making pipes became more perfect, the interest of composers in this instrument grew, and the parts of the pipes were included in the orchestra. Many experts consider the Baroque period to be the golden age for the instrument. In the era of classicism, melodic, romantic lines come to the fore, natural pipes go far into the shadows.
And only in the 20th century, thanks to the improvement in the design of the instrument, the amazing skill of trumpeters, the trumpet often performs as a solo instrument in orchestras. It gives the orchestra an unusual elation. Thanks to the bright, brilliant timbre of the instrument, it is beginning to be used in jazz, ska, pop orchestra, and other genres. The whole world knows the names of outstanding solo trumpeters, whose filigree skills will always shake human souls. Among them: the brilliant trumpeter and vocalist Louis Armstrong, the legendary Andre Maurice, the outstanding Russian trumpeter Timofey Dokshitser, the amazing Canadian trumpet master Jenes Lindemann, the virtuoso performer Sergei Nakaryakov and many others.

The device and types of pipes

Essentially, a tube is a long, cylindrical tube that has been bent into an elongated oval shape for compactness. True, at the mouthpiece it narrows a little, at the bell it expands. When manufacturing a pipe, it is very important to correctly calculate the degree of expansion of the socket and the length of the pipe. To reduce the sound, there are three valves, in some varieties (piccolo trumpet) - four. The valve mechanism allows you to change the length of the air column in the pipe, which, together with a change in the position of the lips, allows you to get harmonic consonances. When extracting sound, the playing qualities of the mouthpiece are important. When playing the trumpet, the instrument is supported on the left, the valves are pressed with the right hand. Hence, the pipe is called a right-handed instrument. Most bands today play B-flat trumpets, 4.5 feet long. Among the varieties are: the alto trumpet, rarely used today; out of use since the middle of the 20th century bass; small (piccolo trumpet), which is experiencing a new upsurge today.

(ital. - Tromba, French - Trompette,
German - Trompete, English - Trumpet,)

The trumpet as a musical instrument has been known since ancient times. Great civilizations have felt the full depth of the sound of this instrument. And although in each state it differed in form and materials, all these pipes were united by a one-essential role in the life of people and the state. So this instrument accompanied not only holidays, religious ceremonies and theatrical performances, but also participated in the battlefield.

Pipe range and registers

Orchestral range - from before first octave to si♭ second octave.

A bit of history

AT ancient india the shankha trumpet was popular. It had a powerful and full sound. Bronze wind instruments were very popular in China. In Rome, musical instruments were divided into male and female according to the way they were performed. Straight pipes, buccins, horns were willingly used in public affairs. But everything changed after the fall of the Roman Empire in 476. The Church and powerful people took the reign into their own hands. From that moment on, the cultural achievements of antiquity were slowly destroyed. Instrumental music became banned. In the 12th century, secular musicians began to appear: trouveurs, troubadours, who belonged to the knightly class. Warriors - musicians performed their works on the trumpet. So this tool began to gain popularity again. When the warriors went into battle, the trumpeters accompanied them. The mood of the soldiers in the campaign and camp depended on them. The trumpet gave signals during the battle and thus controlled the army. The turn of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is known for the rise in popularity of the trumpet. At this time, the manufacturing technology of this instrument was improved. The pipe trunk began to bend, keeping the original length. The Renaissance is the heyday of art. Instrumental music is changing. Now it serves as an accompaniment to choirs and singers, as well as a separate piece of music for playing and singing. Baroque can be called the "golden age of the trumpet". The authors of their musical compositions began to enter the trumpet parts. Virtuosos came out who surprised people with their art of "clarino". As the famous trumpeter I.E. Altenburg said, only those musicians who by nature had a developed respiratory apparatus and a strong body could master the Clarino technique. Composers began to write works for the solo performance of this instrument. One of the earliest and most famous works was the sonatas of Girolamo Fantini, which he wrote in 1683. Sonatas were different in tempo and complexity in performance. Therefore, only true musicians could play them. The era of Classicism is known for the formation of the classical orchestral style. Then the pair composition of the symphony orchestra was formed and consisted of 2 horns, 2 trumpets, later 3 trombones and 2 horns were added. At this time, the trumpet became a full-fledged member of the orchestra. In the 21st century, this instrument takes part in all musical genres. The trumpet is played as a separate instrument, as well as in combination with others.

A bit of theory

The trumpet differs from other wind instruments in its high register. She perfectly copes with simple and broken arpeggios, perfectly performs chromatic, diatonic passages. How does this tool work? The whole point is that the sound is extracted thanks to the air. It is as if “blown” by the performer between closed lips. And we hear a pleasant timbre.

There are several types of pipe:

This trumpet sounds an octave lower. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, this instrument lost its popularity. Today, in its place, a trombone plays, which is similar in timbre, register and structure.

Sounds like a perfect fifth or fourth. In a modern orchestra, it is almost impossible to hear it. Her part is often played on the flugelhorn.

Trumpet - piccolo

Gaining popularity due to interest in medieval music. Plays in B-flat, can also be rebuilt in A.

There is also a B-flat trumpet;
This type of pipe is hugely popular in America. Its highlight is the customization feature. Interesting fact that the notes are written on the sheet, this trumpet plays on the key below.

What is it made of

Pipes are mainly made of copper. From silver - much less often. A tube is made from a metal sheet, which is then bent. It is tapered at the mouthpiece and widened at the bell. It is this shape of the pipe that allows the instrument to produce such a pleasant and amazing timbre. It is important to correctly calculate the length of the tube, the degree of expansion of the socket. After all, the sound and timbre of the pipe directly depends on these indicators. It has 3 gates that lower the sound by a tone and a half, a half tone and a tone. By simultaneously pressing 2 or 3 valves, you can lower the pipe system by 3 tones. For example, the piccolo trumpet has a 4th valve, thanks to which you can lower the instrument's pitch by 5 semitones.

Trumpet in jazz

This musical instrument appeared before the saxophone in the world of jazz. Therefore, it can be safely called the most jazz instrument. After all, it is not in vain that they say that it is the trumpet that contains the soul of jazz. The most famous jazzmen, whose favorite instrument was the trumpet, are truly famous personalities. These are Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, Deasy Gillepsy, Woody Shaw, Arthur Sandoval.
Louis Armstrong. He was born on August 4, 1901. He is considered a jazz genius. In the words of Deasy Hellespie, Ambassador of Peace: "Louis has done more for the trumpet than anyone else."
Miles Davis. Born May 25, 1926. He created such styles as cool jazz, modal jazz, jazz rock. Modern jazz is Miles Davis.
Deasy Gillespie. He was born on October 21, 1917. He is considered the most brilliant trumpet player in the world of jazz.
Woody Shaw. Born December 24, 1944. He is considered a great composer of the 2nd half of the 20th century. Woody Shaw expanded the trumpet vocabulary. He had a perfect photographic memory. Therefore, he never performed with sheet music on stage. Astonishingly, he could accurately play any part of the arrangement he saw.
Arturo Sandoval. His life began on November 6, 1949. He managed to combine Cuban notes and jazz. He impressed everyone with his originality and technicality regarding sound production. He gave jazz a new breath. Contemporary jazzman Markus Füderera, who received the love of his listeners in 2008, plays electro swing with notes of house, major jazz and breakbeat. His music combines classical jazz with the improvisation of modern instruments and musical styles. What pipe can a beginner buy? Advanced musicians advise beginners to buy "student" or otherwise "student" models. They differ in the volume of the tube and the thickness of the metal. This makes them easier to play. Best known in their class are the Bach Model Student TR300H Bb Trumpet and YAMAHA-2110 trumpet. You can also pay attention to the Brazilian brand WERIL. Pipes are of good quality and reasonable price. After learning the basics, it is advisable to change the tool to a more professional one. Since the "student trumpet" cannot compete in sound and timbre. As many musicians say, it doesn't matter what brand of trumpet. It will sound different in different hands. The main thing is to find your tool, which can take more than one year of life to find. .

Listen to the Trumpet

Franz Schubert - Serenade (D-Moll) Timofey Dokshitser

Music from M / F "Well, wait a minute"