Urolithiasis in children causes and treatment. How and why do kidney stones appear in children? Immunotherapy for a child

I read the article "Bragg on Water" here. As he writes, the main reason for the formation of kidney stones can be malnutrition and poor drinking water containing inorganic compounds. My son is now 1 year and 7 months old. At 11 months we were diagnosed with stones in the right kidney. In a year and 1 month, a band operation was performed and 3 stones were removed (two 6 mm and one 3 mm). Now we again have two stones in the same kidney. However, the child began to drink drinking water only from 7 months, and then bottled, until a year old he did not eat any food at all, except for mother's milk (he simply refused, as I did not persuade him, even from sweets). Until now, I sing it only with bottled (purified) water. I don’t give him juices, yogurts and canned food in general, he doesn’t eat meat, only chicken liver. I also do not give other products contraindicated in oxalatoturia and uratoturia. In my family and my husband, as far as I know, no one had urolithiasis. We've been giving urine tests every week for a year now, ureate salts are all over the place. We made a chemical analysis of the stones extracted - salt uric acid. Doctors do not know where it can be in a small child, they say that this is generally nonsense. Maybe our doctors are not qualified enough. Please let me know what could be causing this or who to contact. Now the child is in the hospital with a temperature that reaches 40 degrees, and already
not one day. PLEASE HELP WITH ADVICE.

__________________

Hello Aizhan.

I sympathize with you and wish your child a speedy recovery. But I am unfortunately not a doctor, but a biochemist, so I can’t say anything about the methods of treating urolithiasis. Treatment of urolithiasis should be carried out under the supervision of a professional urologist.

As for the reasonsthe formation of kidney stones, they are not fully understood by science. Among the proven factors contributing to the formation of kidney stones are violations of the excretion of urine from the kidneys (urodynamics) - features internal anatomy, congenital and acquired constrictions in the ureters, prolapse of the kidney, etc., and obstruction of the patency of urine in the lower urinary tract, which may be associated with the structure of the urethra.

Urolithiasis often develops in the presence of predisposing factors:

hereditary predisposition.
chronic diseases gastrointestinal tract(gastritis, colitis, peptic ulcer, etc.) and organs of the genitourinary system (pyelonephritis, prostatitis, prostate adenoma, cystitis, etc.).
Violations of the function of the parathyroid glands.
Osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, other bone disease or injury.
Prolonged dehydration of the body due to poisoning or infectious disease and insufficient water intake.
Deficiency in the body of vitamins B, A and D.
Eating foods that increase the acidity of urine (spicy, sour, salty).
Drinking hard water with a high salt content.
geographic factor. People living in hot climates are more likely to develop kidney stones.

The main reason for the formation of kidney stones is a metabolic disorder, especially a change in the water-salt and chemical composition of the blood.

The incidence of urolithiasis is also affected by the chemical composition of water, especially the use of hard water with a high content of calcium salts.

Urolithiasis can begin against the background of urinary tract infections and other infectious diseases (tonsillitis), liver diseases, etc.

In your case, you need highly qualified medical assistance from a urologist.

Treatment of urolithiasis has two goals. The first is to restore the outflow of urine from the kidney by removing the stone.

The second goal pursued by the doctor is the prevention of recurrence of the disease after the removal of the stone. For this, a diet, drug therapy, and spa treatment are used.

Conservative treatment - treatment with drugs plant origin(prolit, cyston, phytolysin, urolesan, cystenal, avisan, etc.), herbal tinctures (lingonberries, strawberries, horsetail, birch buds, etc.), water and diet can be quite effective if the kidney stones are small. In the case of an inflammatory process and the use of antibiotics, restorative therapy with probiotics (lactobacterin, bifidumbacterin, etc.) is needed. The duration of 1 course of phytotherapy is 3-4 weeks. The use of all drugs is possible only under the supervision of a urologist.

Regarding water, it must be very clean and free from hardness salts (calcium, magnesium, iron). For this it is better to use good filter, capable of maximally purifying water from hardness salts (ion-exchange or reverse osmosis). For prevention, you can try using soaked water. The healing effect of magnetic water is associated with an increase in the permeability of biological membranes and bactericidal features. Experiments have shown that ingestion of magnetized water increases the permeability of biological membranes of tissue cells, reduces the amount of cholesterol in the blood and liver, regulates blood pressure, increases metabolism, promotes the release of small stones from the kidneys. It is only necessary to start using magnetized water from small amounts and it is imperative to carry out supervision under the supervision of an experienced specialist doctor.

Sincerely,

7 October, 2017 Vrach

Urolithiasis occurs against the background of metabolic disorders or dysfunction of the organs of the urinary system. Depending on the type of salts that form calculi, kidney stones are divided into types:

oxalates - from salts of oxalic acid;
urates - uric acid;
phosphates - phosphoric acid.

In childhood, stones usually appear in the upper urinary tract and, less commonly, in the bladder. Urolithiasis (the formation of kidney stones) occurs even in newborns, but they are more often found at 3-11 years of age. The prevalence of the disease increases with age and averages: children - 20, adolescents - 80 cases per 100,000 healthy people. According to statistics, KSD occurs more often in hot, dry climates.

The cause of the disease are both external and internal factors:

malformations of the organs of the urinary system;
metabolic disorders that are genetic in nature;
hormonal changes in the body;
infectious diseases;
malnutrition;
pollution environment.

Experts consider the main cause of the disease to be a congenital factor that can be aggravated by external factors. It is important to remember that external factors begin to have a detrimental effect on the body in childhood, but the disease can manifest itself already at a more mature age.

Signs of the disease

In children of different ages, the symptoms of the disease may vary. In children under three years of age, ICD manifests itself as follows:

tearfulness;
anxiety;
less urine when urinating;
diarrhea or constipation;
vomit;
elevated temperature.

In older children, during the passage of stones in the urine, symptoms of classic renal colic may appear:

dull aching pain in the lower back;
"hard" stomach;
frequent urge to urinate;
difficulty urinating (“drop by drop”);
hematuria (presence of blood in the urine);
dyspepsia.

With a small size, the stone comes out quickly enough, so the child's parents often take the symptoms of urolithiasis for poisoning. Often in childhood, an attack of the disease is accompanied by pain in the abdomen and resembles an attack of appendicitis. But often the disease does not manifest itself and is diagnosed only with the manifestation of secondary infections of the urinary system.

Diagnostics

In the absence of attacks of renal colic, the possibility of developing the disease may be indicated by an increased content of leukocytes and salts in the general analysis of urine. In the presence of a typical picture of renal colic, the pediatrician prescribes a number of additional studies: a biochemical analysis of urine, a blood test.

If you suspect an ICD, you need to consult a nephrologist, who will prescribe one of the following diagnostic procedures:

urography;
intravenous pyelography.

As additional diagnostic tools, the doctor may prescribe:

tomography (to exclude malignant tumors);
Ultrasound of the thyroid gland (to detect disorders of calcium metabolism).

Early diagnosis and timely prescribed treatment will help prevent possible complications:

kidney failure;
persistent expansion of the renal pelvis (hydronephrosis);
kidney abscess (purulent foci);
urosepsis (distribution of urine components into the blood).

Therapy Methods

Conservative treatment of urolithiasis is aimed at eliminating the symptoms of the disease and eliminating the factors of its occurrence and includes:

relief of spasm;
removal of inflammation.

Medical treatment is complex and long-term. The doctor prescribes combined herbal remedies (Canephron, Fitolizin, Cyston). Various aids can be prescribed herbal preparations. To relieve pain, warm baths, physiotherapy and various antispasmodics (Avisan, No-shpa, Cystenal) are used.

In exceptional cases, doctors may prescribe surgery. Removal of stones, as a rule, is carried out using low-traumatic endoscopic methods. To the open surgical intervention doctors resort quite rarely and under certain indications. For example, during the formation of coral stones.

Stories from our readers

“I was able to cope with urolithiasis with the help of a simple remedy, which I learned about from an article by a UROLOGIST with 24 years of experience Pushkar D.Yu ... "

Prevention

To prevent the formation of stones during the period of remission, as well as during the treatment of the disease, the patient is prescribed a special diet:

fractional and balanced nutrition;
small portions;
drink more fluids;
reduce salt intake;
avoid spicy foods.

Depending on the type of stones formed, one of the following diets is prescribed:

Oxalates. Products that have in large numbers oxalic acid: rhubarb, sorrel, spinach, cocoa-containing drinks and foods, chocolate, nuts. Foods with a moderate acid content are not excluded from the diet, but their consumption is limited. You should also limit carbohydrates, gelatin, salty and spicy foods. The removal of oxalates from the body is facilitated by: grapes, apples, pears, quince, plums.
Urats. Purine-rich foods are contraindicated: meat, fish and broths based on them, legumes, mushrooms. Limit the consumption of grains and eggs. Recommended vegetables and fruits that contribute to the "alkalinization" of urine.
Phosphates. The amount of consumed dairy products, vegetables and fruits is limited. Products that increase the acidity of urine are recommended: meat and fish dishes, eggs, cereals.

To prevent the disease, parents should control the quality of drinking water - an increased salt content provokes stone formation. To exacerbate the ICD can lead to various infectious diseases Therefore, it is important to engage in restorative procedures, avoid hypothermia, and observe the hygiene of the genitals.

And some secrets...

Painful urination, sharp lower back pain, cloudy urine!? All these symptoms indicate the appearance of kidney stones. Ignoring diseases of the kidneys and the urinary system as a whole can lead to the most unfortunate consequences.

Now answer the question: does it suit you? Can problems be tolerated? And how much money have you already spent on ineffective treatment? Perhaps it is more correct to treat not the consequence, but the cause? That's right - it's time to end this! Do you agree? That is why we decided to publish a link to Elena Malysheva's advice: "How to get rid of kidney stones without the help of doctors, at home?!"

- a chronic disease in which, in pediatric patients, calculi are formed in various parts of the urinary system. Manifested by attacks of renal colic with acute pain, fever, vegetative symptoms, changes in urine and blood tests. It is diagnosed on the basis of clinical manifestations, confirmed by laboratory, radiological and ultrasound results. Treatment of urolithiasis in children is complex, can be conservative or surgical, tactics depend on the cause of the disease, the presence or absence of urinary tract obstruction.

General information

Urolithiasis (urolithiasis) is one of the most common disorders of the urinary system. Depending on the level of stone formation (in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder), it may also be called nephrolithiasis, ureterolithiasis, or cystolithiasis. Until the middle of the 20th century, it was believed that the disease affects only adults, but N.I. Mamontov in 1950 showed that stones in the urinary system are also found in children, including infants, which was clinically proven 30 years later. Kidney stones are more common in countries and regions with warmer climates.

Pathology with the same frequency is recorded in boys and girls, with the exception of cases of recurrent stone formation and staghorn stones, which are found in boys in 80% of cases. The age of patients varies from neonatal to adulthood, most often urolithiasis in children is diagnosed in the range from 3 to 11 years. In childhood, the formation of stones in the bladder is more characteristic. In the presence of kidney stones, we are talking, as a rule, about a unilateral location, more often in the right kidney. Bilateral calculi are rarely found (only 2% of cases).

Despite numerous studies and extensive practical experience of specialists, urolithiasis in children continues to be topical issue pediatrics. This is due to the high frequency of occurrence and a decrease in the average age of diagnosis. In addition, the disease often becomes an indication for surgical intervention. Treatment of urolithiasis in children is complicated by genetic and biological prerequisites for recurrence, due to which even multicomponent therapy often does not have the desired effect.

Causes of urolithiasis in children

Many factors play a role in the development of urolithiasis in children. Often the formation of stones in the urinary system is associated with existing inflammation of the parenchyma of the kidneys, ureters or bladder. Many microorganisms are able to change the composition of urine, contributing to the formation of stones, often oxalate and phosphate. A genetic predisposition to the disease has been proven, while certain metabolic features are inherited, contributing, for example, to excessive absorption of calcium in the large intestine. Sometimes we are talking about hormonal disorders in the parathyroid gland, which is also responsible for calcium metabolism in the body.

The pathogenesis of urolithiasis in children is determined by a change in the composition of urine with an increase in its crystal-forming properties. On the one hand, increased salt formation plays a role, and on the other hand, the lack of inhibitors of this process. In addition, an association with a diet rich in purines and insufficient fluid intake has been identified. Anomalies of development and infections of the urinary system can provoke obstruction of the urinary tract, which also enhances the processes of crystallization. Together, this leads to precipitation of calcium and uric acid salts, magnesium-containing and protein (cystine) calculi are less common.

Symptoms of urolithiasis in children

The main clinical manifestation of urolithiasis in children is an attack of renal colic. The child becomes restless, tries to reduce the pain by constantly turning and changing position, but this does not bring relief. The pain originates in the lumbar region and from there spreads anteriorly to the abdomen, down to the groin and to the genitals. Hyperthermia is noted, it is possible to excrete blood in the urine. The attack is accompanied by severe vegetative symptoms. Nausea, vomiting, increased sweating are observed. Urolithiasis in young children is manifested only by fever and anxiety, vomiting is possible, but there are no typical attacks of renal colic.

Outside of an attack, urolithiasis in children may not manifest itself. Occasionally, a child complains of periodic dull pain in the lumbar region on one side. Especially dangerous are coral stones that fill the entire renal pelvis. Such calculi are formed asymptomatically, the first complaints appear when the function of the affected kidney is already significantly reduced. A routine examination allows suspecting urolithiasis in children based on the results general analysis urine, in which leukocytes and salts are often found. However, most often the disease is detected after the first attack of renal colic.

Diagnosis of urolithiasis in children

Urolithiasis in children is diagnosed clinically (on the basis of a typical picture of an attack of renal colic) and with the help of additional studies. The pediatrician should also exclude this disease in the presence of an inflammatory process in the kidneys or bladder. Urinalysis reveals leukocyturia, salt crystals (oxalates, phosphates, urates), hematuria is possible and the detection of a specific causative agent of urinary tract infection. Blood is examined to determine the level of sodium, calcium cations, as well as urea nitrogen, creatinine, etc. If necessary, additional tests are prescribed, for example, daily urine analysis.

Urolithiasis in children is confirmed radiographically and with the help of ultrasound diagnostics of the kidneys, ureters and bladder. It is important to know that urate stones do not show up on x-rays. Intravenous pyelography is used to confirm the diagnosis. This is also necessary to clarify the localization of calculi in order to determine further treatment tactics. It is possible to perform a tomography to exclude malignant neoplasms. Since urolithiasis in children is often associated with a violation of calcium metabolism, an examination of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, which are responsible for the metabolism of this microelement in the body, is carried out.

Treatment of urolithiasis in children

Treatment may be conservative or surgical. Conservative therapy is necessary in cases where there are no indications for surgery, that is, urine outflow is not disturbed, there are no signs of hydronephrosis, etc. Treatment of urolithiasis in children is aimed not only at eliminating the symptoms of the disease, but also at eliminating factors that contribute to the formation of stones. Be sure to prescribe a diet with a limited content of oxalogenic and uratogenic products: poultry meat and offal, leafy vegetables, etc., plentiful drinking is shown. Calcium metabolism is corrected, for this purpose vitamin therapy is carried out and bisphosphonates involved in calcium metabolism are used.

An attack of renal colic is stopped with the help of antispasmodics. In the presence of an infection in the urinary tract, antibiotics and uroseptics, including herbal ones, are prescribed. Citrate helps dissolve stones. With the ineffectiveness of conservative therapy, surgical treatment of urolithiasis in children is indicated. As a rule, the operation is performed endoscopically, under X-ray control. Rarely, open intervention is required, for example, in the case of staghorn stones, any kidney anomalies, etc. In the postoperative period, drug therapy is used to prevent re-stone formation.

Forecast and prevention of urolithiasis in children

The prognosis of the disease is generally favorable. Subject to medical recommendations, it is possible to avoid the re-formation of stones by eliminating the metabolic causes of their formation. The exception is rare cases of idiopathic hypercalciuria and hormonal diseases, in which urolithiasis in children is secondary. Prevention is to eliminate risk factors. This is especially true for patients with chronic kidney disease and children in whose family there are cases of a similar pathology in close relatives. It is necessary to follow a diet and regular sanitation of the renal pelvis system.

Complete collection and description: how are kidney stones treated in children? and other information for human treatment.

In most cases, urolithiasis (ICD) is the lot of adults. After all, only a long period of accumulation of salts in the body leads to the formation of stones. That is why it is so important to understand why kidney stones form in children. Such a young body (and sometimes already at the age of 2-3 years a child is diagnosed with urolithiasis) simply, it would seem, is not yet so oversaturated with salts that stones form in it.

Important: urolithiasis (nephrolithiasis) is gaining strength in the regions. So, in southern and hot countries, pathology is much more common. This is due to an excess of vitamin D in the body of local residents. At the same time, poor-quality drinking water in certain regions also contributes to the widespread spread of the disease.

Kidney stones: description and principle of formation

As a rule, each calculus formed in the kidney has its own basis.

As a rule, each calculus formed in the kidney has its own base, on which other organic compounds in the form of epithelium, blood or mucus subsequently layer and grow. At the same time, the composition of the growing organic matter can be either homogeneous (single) or combined, depending on the changes taking place in the body. It should be noted that initially a kidney stone in a child, as well as in an adult's kidney, is formed in the collecting ducts and in the pelvis of the kidneys. However, further, depending on the nature of the stone, it can migrate along the urinary tract towards the bladder.

Important: in the process of migration, a stone can become fixed in a certain section of the path and cause anxiety for a small patient. But this is a rare case, since most often the child has stones of small diameter in the form of sand.

It is worth knowing that the children's body is more prone to the formation of urate, phosphate or oxalate stones. Cystine and xanthine stones for a child's body are a rare exception. Moreover, this almost never happens (1 in 10,000).

Causes of kidney stones in children

The main reason for the formation of pathology is a change in healthy renal tissue.

The main reason for the formation of pathology is a change in healthy renal tissue. And this in turn leads to such reasons:

endocrine diseases;
Hormonal disbalance;
Chronic bowel disease;
Metabolic disease;
Unbalanced nutrition of the baby;
Various nanobacteria in the child's body;
Congenital pathologies of the structure of the kidneys and urinary tract;
Violation of the acid-base balance of urine;
However, in the first place among the causes are pyelonephritis and a violation of the outflow of urine in the urinary system. It is these pathological conditions that are considered the root causes of nephrolithiasis in children.

Symptoms of nephrolithiasis in children

Children younger age with an exacerbation of the ICD, they become restless and whiny

In principle, the disease is almost the same in both children and adults. The only difference between childhood nephrolithiasis and an adult is that the child does not have a sharp manifestation of renal colic. It is worth noting that it is in children that stones pass with urine much more often and easier than in adults. Sometimes parents may not even know about it, since fine sand may not bother the child when leaving. However, this is not the norm, but rather a common exception. Basically, the sand gives the child inconvenience in the form of a burning sensation when washed out with urine. There may also be pain in the form of spasms.

In addition, young children behave during an exacerbation of the KSD in the following way:

Become restless and whiny;
The baby loses appetite and the temperature rises;
The child becomes restless and may go to the toilet frequently;
Children of preschool and school age complain of pain in the groin, discomfort during urination and pain in the lumbar region.

Important: often such a blurred picture of symptoms makes it difficult to make a diagnosis. However, even a general urine test can clarify the situation, since it is in the urine of a child with nifrolithiasis that mucus, pus or blood is clearly visible. By the way, it is with the help of a general urine test that it is possible to determine the type of stones present in the baby's body.

It is worth knowing that if the stones in the kidneys of the baby do not manifest themselves in any way, then most often they are detected in the diagnosis of any other diseases using ultrasound. It is from here that a more detailed examination of a small patient begins later.

Therapy of urolithiasis in children

Of the medications today, children are prescribed Canephron N

As a rule, KSD in young patients is treated conservatively. In this case, after determining the type of stones, the doctor prescribes a special diet and drinking regimen. In combination with this, antispasmodics are prescribed for pain syndrome. In addition, if an inflammatory process is suspected, the specialist will prescribe antibiotic therapy. In parallel with the prescribed treatment, the doctor must look for the cause of the formation of stones in the child's body. Otherwise, even after successful treatment, against the background of an unresolved cause, a relapse of the disease is possible.

Of the medications today, children are prescribed the following:

Kanefron N. This is a complex drug, the action of which is aimed at relieving spasm, neutralizing the inflammatory process in the kidneys and urinary tract, as well as increasing the amount of urine. This is medicine copes well with the removal of sand from the body of the child.
Phytolysin. The drug gently dissolves sand and small stones, relieves spasms in pain, neutralizes the inflammatory process and increases the amount of urine. The drug is based on extracts from medicinal plants which makes it safe for children to take.
Important: but this drug has an effect only on a certain type of stones. Therefore, it is so important to establish the type of calculus in the baby's body before prescribing it.
Cyston. The drug helps to relieve spasms, reduce inflammation and increase the amount of urine. At the same time, Cyston dissolves certain types of stones, but when treating with this drug, it is necessary to follow the drinking regimen and a special diet.
Cystenal. Just like the above medicines, Cystenal dissolves some types of stones well, is a diuretic, relieves inflammation and spasms. The drug can be used both in therapy and as a prophylactic agent.

Phytotherapy

Herbal treatment is used as adjunctive therapy

As an adjunct therapy, herbal treatment is used. Basically, herbal decoctions are used, which are offered to the child during the day. The following plants have a good therapeutic effect in urolithiasis:

St. John's wort and burdock;
Juniper and madder dye;
Parsley and chamomile;
Bearberry and knotweed;
Dill;
horsetail;
Rose hip.

Herbal treatment is carried out for at least 2-3 months. All decoctions are drunk before meals 2-3 times a day. In this case, it is desirable to change the composition of the collection every week or two to achieve a greater effect.

Important: in the menu when treating a child from KSD, it is advisable to include watermelon, melon, apricot, pear and strawberries. These fruits are also excellent at dissolving and removing stones.

Immunotherapy for a child

Along with the prescribed treatment, it is necessary in parallel to ensure the maintenance of immunity in the child.

Along with the prescribed treatment, it is necessary in parallel to ensure the maintenance of immunity in the child and the elimination of the inflammatory process. For this purpose, the doctor may prescribe such drugs:

Immunal or immunofan;
Levamisole or Likopid;
Uro-wax. This type of drug is used if the child has a chronic infection in the urinary tract. Such a drug can be given to babies from six months.

Important: the treatment of stones in newborns should be based on identifying the cause of their formation. And then prescribe therapy aimed at removing stones. As a rule, stones in this case are removed according to the principle of diet and heavy drinking.

It is worth knowing that operations for children are prescribed extremely rarely. Basically, stones are removed in a conservative way. If an operation is indicated, then they try to use sparing methods such as wave lithotripsy or pyelolithomy.

Urolithiasis is a chronic disease characterized by the formation of stones in the organs of the urinary system. Urolithiasis or nephrolithiasis is often used as synonyms, however, nephrolithiasis is commonly referred to as formations in the kidneys. The age of development of nephrolithiasis is considered to be 20-50 years, but more and more often the diagnosis of PKD is made already in childhood.

Kidney stones in children

Modern statistics indicate that nephrolithiasis is noticeably younger. Behind last years, the number of cases of detection of the disease in children has increased several times. In some regions, the disease is more prevalent than in others. Doctors attribute it to drinking water, but not only it causes kidney stones. At a young age, the process of stone formation is affected by metabolic disorders, congenital pathologies, and an unhealthy diet.

Oxalates and phosphates are the most common form of formations. It occurs in 70% of patients diagnosed with PCB. They are stones of calcium salts, which are practically insoluble.

Urate - are quite rare, only 10% of patients with PKB find this species formations.

Struvites are stones composed of ammonium phosphate. Have infectious nature and are more common in girls and women.

Xanthine stones - this type of stones can be detected extremely rarely, it occurs only in 2-3% of people, including children. The cause of the appearance are genetic disorders and congenital predisposition.

Kidney stone disease in children often develops between the ages of 3 and 10 years, but there are cases when the disease was diagnosed in baby. In childhood, PCB is much more severe and is accompanied by a number of complications. In 98% of children diagnosed with nephrolithiasis, pyelonephritis develops, while in almost 50% it occurs in a severe form. At the age of 2 years, pyelonephritis in 80% of cases may be accompanied by a purulent process in the kidney.

On the video about urolithiasis in children:

Causes

Currently, the exact causes of the appearance of kidney stones in childhood cannot be named.

Risk factors for developing PCB include:

congenital defects of the urinary system, leading to stagnation of urine and difficulty in its excretion;
genetic predisposition;
diseases of the kidneys and bladder of an infectious nature;
malnutrition;
metabolic disturbances.

Kidney stone disease is classified as a polyetiological disease.

The young age of the sick person also plays a role, because the immune system is not fully strengthened, instability metabolic processes, weak protective function of barrier tissues, lability of endocrine and nervous system serve as a favorable factor for the development of the disease.

Symptoms

The disease in most cases manifests itself in children and adults equally.

The following symptoms may indicate the presence of kidney stones:

pain in the kidneys and lumbar region;
frequent urge to urinate;
pain and burning during urination and immediately after;
intermittent urination in small portions;
pain in the lower abdomen and in the genital area;
the presence of blood in the urine and cloudy yellow sediment;
fever (rare).

Stones usually form in one kidney, but can affect both. The pain is localized depending on which kidney is affected. Sometimes the pain radiates to the lower parts of the body, so it can manifest itself in the coccyx, thighs and genitals. In children, such manifestations of the disease are rare, so the disease can be suspected most often by the color of the urine.

A child who can speak is likely to be able to report pain in a particular place, while very young children will report pain by their behavior. It is worth consulting a doctor if the baby has become whiny, constantly touches his genitals, and urine has changed its usual color.

A particularly dangerous symptom is blood in the urinary secretions. This means that the stone with its edges injures the walls of the kidney or urinary tract. Together with blood secretions renal colic may occur.

Diagnostics

Kidney stones can only be diagnosed after a series of medical procedures. To do this, the doctor prescribes:

general urine analysis;
blood chemistry;
clinical blood test;
bacteriological culture of urine;
biochemical analysis of urine.

An indirect sign of kidney stones is the presence of salt crystals in the urine.

In the presence of renal colic, it is not difficult to determine the presence of kidney stones. Spectral analysis is carried out to clarify the type of formations.

If any symptoms are absent, then kidney stones can be found out by chance, for example, with an ultrasound scan for any reason. Then a more thorough examination is carried out, which allows you to identify some characteristic manifestations, including Pasternatsky's symptom.

Ultrasound, as well as intravenous and survey urography are the leading methods for diagnosing the disease. Their combined use allows you to determine the type, size of stones and the degree of impaired renal function.

Methods for diagnosing kidney stones.

ultrasound - effective remedy diagnosis of kidney stones, however, is ineffective when a calculus enters the ureter.
Kidney x-ray - allows you to determine the size and location of the contrast calculus in the kidney.
X-ray with contrast effective method detection of a calcium stone, but is ineffective with stones consisting of uric acid, phosphate, cystine.
CT is a highly sensitive diagnostic method that allows you to determine the size and location of any type of stone.

Treatment of nephrolithiasis

After confirming the diagnosis, treatment is prescribed, which can be conservative or surgical, depending on the type and size of the stones. It is important to remember that the treatment of children can only be carried out under the supervision of a nephrologist.

If necessary, litholytic agents are prescribed:

Kanefron is a drug based on herbal remedies that has an antimicrobial, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory effect. It is prescribed as a prophylactic agent and in order to reduce the pain syndrome during the movement of calculi.
Cyston is a combination drug. It has litholytic, diuretic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Phytolysin is a mild drug based on herbal ingredients. It has a bactericidal, litholytic, anti-inflammatory effect.
Cystenal - promotes the dissolution of stones, has an antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory effect. It is used as a prophylactic for the formation of stones.

As an addition to the main therapy, herbal remedies can be prescribed:

rose hip;
dill;
knotweed;
parsley;
burdock;
juniper.

Decoctions of these herbs are taken for several months. They cannot be used as a substitute for the main course of treatment.

In a complicated course of the disease, antibacterial and immunocorrective agents are prescribed:

Immunal.
Uro-waxon.
Likopid.
Immunofan.
Levamisole.

Drugs are prescribed by the attending physician based on the condition and age of the patient.

Treatment of newborns begins with the correction of the processes that led to the formation of stones. Further, conservative therapy is prescribed, using litholytic agents and a special diet. Conservative treatment is carried out only in extreme cases.

Avoid any fast food.
Include only healthy foods in your diet.
Increase the amount of water consumed.
Eat only natural products.
Avoid foods containing oxalic acid (nuts, chocolate, spinach, sorrel, wheat bran)
The diet should include fresh vegetables and fruits.

If conservative treatment has not been effective, resort to surgical methods: pyelolithomy or shock wave lithotripsy.

Kidney stones can lead to serious complications, which is why it is unacceptable to self-medicate, especially when it comes to a child. At the slightest suspicion of nephrolithiasis, it is necessary to contact a nephrologist.

AT modern world people often get sick. The fact that urolithiasis in children can be diagnosed was almost a fantasy even 15 years ago. The symptoms of this disease are often accompanied by an acute painful syndrome, and the causes lie both in the human body and in the influence of the environment.

What it is?

A chronic disease, which is accompanied by the appearance in the urinary tract, renal pelvis or bladder of a child of stones (calculi), consisting of organic compounds and salts that make up urine. The disease is capable of recurrence and occurs as a result of a violation of metabolic processes in the child's body. May be congenital or acquired. In the latter case, an important role is played by the genotype and the influence of the environment. Today, an increasing number of pediatricians and urologists diagnose nephrolithiasis in young patients. According to statistics, children from 3 to 11 years old, as well as newborns, are most often affected by nephrolithiasis. Boys get sick 2-3 times more often than girls.

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Causes of nephrolithiasis

Urolithiasis occurs against the background of metabolic disorders in the body or urinary system.

To understand why urolithiasis develops in a child, it is enough to get answers to the questions:

What are calculi (stones)?
Where do they come from?

Stones are hard, insoluble bodies in the urinary tract or kidneys. As a result of violation of metabolic processes in the body of a child, salts of various acids are not absorbed and are not excreted from the body, but crystallize, forming accumulations. As a result, some sediment (sand) is formed in the kidneys or bladder. And if this sand does not come out during urination, then it accumulates, hardens and becomes a calculus. The question arises: why do salts crystallize in the child's body? This process is facilitated by two main groups of factors:

general;
local.

Common ones include:

violation of acid-base balance;
violation of the water balance of the body;
hormonal changes (in adolescents);
changes in the reaction of urine;
hypercalcemia (excess calcium);
hypovitaminosis A;
hypervitaminosis B.

Local factors include:

inflammation in the urinary tract;
anomalies in the development and functioning of the organs included in the genitourinary system of the child;
violation of the outflow of urine;
stasis of urine.

The development of urolithiasis in children is associated with stagnation of urine with abnormalities in the development of the kidneys and urinary tract.

In 90% of cases, local factors are considered decisive in the occurrence of urolithiasis in children. Moreover, if a small calculus is formed in the kidneys or renal pelvis, it descends into the bladder, affecting it as well. Thus, the outbreak of the disease in one of the organs of the urinary system is often the cause of an exacerbation of the disease. At the same time, stones in the right kidney are much more common than in the left. Only in 2.2-20% of cases, calculi are formed in two kidneys at once.

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The main types of stones

Stones in a child's (however, as in an adult) body arise as a result of an excess of certain salts in the urine. Depending on the nature of the salts, stones are distinguished:

Oxalate. They are formed due to an excess of oxalic acid, which is found in most sweet fruits and vegetables.
Phosphate. They are formed from salts of phosphate acid contained in most flavors and flavors. Also known as E338.
Urate. Appear from particles of uric acid, which is present in large quantities in pork, chicken, sprat, carp, trout, beef liver, beans.
Cysteine - stones based on cysteine (an amino acid found in large quantities in dairy products, meat, fish, garlic).

The formation of stones depends on the child's diet.

It is possible that the core of the stone may be a blood clot, part of the exfoliated epithelium, which enter the urine when the urinary tract is affected. Therefore, it is necessary to look for the cause of the urolithiasis problem in the diet of the child. But, do not forget that only a doctor can understand the problem, after conducting a number of necessary clinical studies before that. Often there are cases when the baby is already suffering from KSD, but the parents suddenly notice the emergence of a new round of the disease. Here, the causes of urolithiasis can be:

hypothermia;
viral diseases;
disease of the gastrointestinal tract;
nervous exhaustion;
stress.

In today's world, people often get sick. The fact that urolithiasis in children can be diagnosed was almost a fantasy even 15 years ago. The symptoms of this disease are often accompanied by an acute painful syndrome, and the causes lie both in the human body and in the influence of the environment.

What it is?

Causes of nephrolithiasis

Urolithiasis occurs against the background of metabolic disorders in the body or urinary system.

To understand why urolithiasis develops in a child, it is enough to get answers to the questions:

What are calculi (stones)?
Where do they come from?

general;
local.

Common ones include:

violation of acid-base balance;
violation of the water balance of the body;
hormonal changes (in adolescents);
changes in the reaction of urine;
hypercalcemia (excess calcium);
hypovitaminosis A;
hypervitaminosis B.

Local factors include:

inflammation in the urinary tract;
anomalies in the development and functioning of the organs included in the genitourinary system of the child;
violation of the outflow of urine;
stasis of urine.

The development of urolithiasis in children is associated with stagnation of urine with abnormalities in the development of the kidneys and urinary tract.

The main types of stones

Stones in a child's (however, as in an adult) body arise as a result of an excess of certain salts in the urine. Depending on the nature of the salts, stones are distinguished:

Oxalate. They are formed due to an excess of oxalic acid, which is found in most sweet fruits and vegetables.
Phosphate. They are formed from salts of phosphate acid contained in most flavors and flavors. Also known as E338.
Urate. Appear from particles of uric acid, which is present in large quantities in pork, chicken, sprat, carp, trout, beef liver, and beans.
Cysteine - stones based on cysteine (an amino acid found in large quantities in dairy products, meat, fish, garlic).

The formation of stones depends on the child's diet.

hypothermia;
viral diseases;
disease of the gastrointestinal tract;
nervous exhaustion;
stress.

Symptoms of the disease

In most cases, urolithiasis manifests itself in the form of renal colic.

A history of nephrolithiasis in children is not always accompanied by acute renal colic, severe pain during urination, or a sharp increase in body temperature to 37-38 degrees. Often, stones of a relatively small size of 0.1-0.5 mm can be passed out with urine without any special signs. That is why it is possible to understand that a child has urolithiasis by taking an x-ray of the kidneys. It is possible to notice urolithiasis in crumbs by the following signs:

frequent urination;
sour smell of urine;
the appearance of blood during urination;
causeless vomiting;
nausea;
constipation.

And also, if the child complains of such conditions:

drawing pain in the right side, radiating to the thigh or leg;
inability to urinate;
bloating;
dizziness.

These signs also speak of the movement of stones. The process is accelerated due to physical activity, SARS, hypothermia lower extremities. If the child cannot yet complain of pain, the ICD will manifest itself in such signs:

concern;
sleep disturbance;
frequent crying;
diarrhea or constipation;
bloating or hardness in the abdomen;
pain, expressed by a cry, when touching the lower back (in the region of the kidneys).

Complications in nephrolithiasis

Urolithiasis has a number of complications that can lead to serious consequences.

Being an already acute and painful disease, often nephrolithiasis entails the following complications:

urinary tract infections (nephritis and its varieties);
kidney failure;
expansion of the pelvis (hydronephrosis);
suppuration inside the kidney;
anemia;
process .

Diagnosis of nephrolithiasis

Don't forget that primary symptoms urolithiasis may not manifest itself, but will be discovered by chance during the study of another disease. For diagnosis, parents should not independently analyze the symptoms, but contact specialists. Help in this area:

nephrologist - a specialist who deals with inflammatory processes in the kidneys;
urologist - a doctor competent in the diagnosis and treatment of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Before starting the fight against ICD, an experienced doctor conducts:

General examination (palpation and light tapping on the lower back in the kidney area).

There are several options for dealing with urolithiasis in young patients. First of all, a conservative approach is applied, which includes techniques such as:

diet;
prescribing medications.

Depending on the origin of the stones, there are different types urolithiasis, requiring the appointment of individual drugs:

For uric acid urolithiasis:
- "The Eisenberg Blend";
- "Uralit-U";
- "Allopurinol".
For calcium urolithiasis:
- "Lidaza";
- Furosemide.
For oxalate:
- "Vitamin B6";
- "Fitin".
For urate urolithiasis:
- "Magurlit";
- "Blemarin".