Kira Stoletova

Each representative of the mushroom kingdom needs special conditions for growth: climate, proximity to certain trees, terrain, soil composition, etc. Pine forest mushrooms, represented by a large number of species, owe their diversity to the unique natural conditions that appeared during the formation of such a specific biogeocenosis .

Natural conditions of pine forests

The pine forest gives rise to phytoncides, so the air in it is considered healing and helps in the healing of lung diseases.

By the way. Phytoncides are volatile compounds that can kill or slow down the development of microorganisms. Pine is able to grow in a harsh northern climate on the poorest soils: both sandy with a lack of moisture and waterlogged.

In pine forests, mushrooms grow abundantly, forming mycorrhiza also with shrubs, ferns and herbs, linking them together. Pine trees provide sunlight access to the soil surface and do not interfere with the circulation of air currents. The ground cover is represented by green mosses, bushes of blueberries, lingonberries, and junipers.

The role of mushrooms in the coniferous forest is great, thanks to their vital activity, pine needles (which make up the forest floor), deadwood and dry broken branches decompose. Mushrooms grow under pine trees, giving them micronutrients and carbohydrates produced by fungal hyphae, and in return receiving nutrients from the roots.

Types of edible mushrooms

The types of representatives of the mushroom kingdom growing under pine trees depend on the age of the tree. Mushrooms grow under a pine tree on moist soil, along clearings, glades. Under young two-year-old trees, a late oiler is found, the yield of which reaches a maximum at 12-15 years of pine life. When the grass cover is replaced by a layer of needles, they are searched for under it along noticeable tubercles.

In the grown pine plantations, greenfinch begins to bear fruit abundantly, hiding in low-lying places under a layer of needles. Groups of honey agarics grow on broken, old and fallen trees, and on flatter terrain you can find a gray row, porcini mushroom, camelina and some other varieties:

1. White, or boletus: the most valuable member of the Boletov family. The fruiting body is fleshy. Hat - from 8 to 25 cm in diameter, hemispherical shape, brown-brown hue. The flesh is white with a pleasant smell, the color does not change when cut. The leg is thick - from 7 to 16 cm, has a light cream color and a barely noticeable mesh on the surface. Prefers pine forests with sandy light soil. Fruiting from June to October.
2. pine honey agaric, or honey agaric yellow-red: this is a representative of the Ryadovkovye family, growing on the stumps of pine and other coniferous trees in small groups from July to early October. It has a small, slightly convex hat with a matte scaly and velvety surface, the color is orange-red. The stem has the same color, it is thin and slightly curved, 5-7 cm in height.
3. Ryzhik: representatives of the genus Milky got their name due to the bright red color with a reddish tint, which is explained by the high content of beta-carotene in them. The hat with concentric rings and edges turned down is 5-12 cm in diameter. The same color is the stem, expanded upwards, from 4 to 10 cm long. The flesh is dense, turning green at the break point, secreting light orange milky juice. It grows under pine trees, buried in coniferous litter. Mass collection occurs in July - September.
4. Greenfinch, or row green: a small mushroom with a wide open hat of a greenish hue. Its diameter reaches 15 cm, in the center it is covered with small scales. The stem is short, 4-5 cm in height. The flesh is white, becoming yellowish with age. On the cut, the color does not change. Grows under pine trees in groups of 5-8 pieces from September to November.
5. Chanterelles: bright mushrooms growing in pines and having a yellow-orange color. The hat with wavy edges is 2-12 cm, flat-concave in the center. The pulp is fleshy, fibrous in a leg. The leg itself is lighter, smooth and tapers at the bottom. Not affected by pests. The collection begins in June, then August - September. Distributed mainly in coniferous forests.
6. white pickup, or russula is excellent: one of the species of the Russula family, growing in light coniferous forests. Large, the hat reaches a diameter of 18 cm, the color is white with rusty spots on the surface. The surface has a prostrate shape and a funnel in the center. The stem is strong, has the same color as the cap, narrowed at the bottom. The juicy pulp has a pleasant smell. Grows from mid-summer to mid-autumn.
7. Flywheels: are not of high quality. Variegated, red and green mossiness mushrooms are suitable for food. They have a dry, slightly velvety cap about 9 cm in diameter, which becomes cracked as it ages. The color varies from yellow to brown-brown. The leg of a lighter color has a cylindrical shape, reaches a height of 8 to 14 cm. The flesh is dense, the aroma is pleasant. However, unlike other members of the group, polish mushroom, growing in pines and other coniferous forests, has good organoleptic data.
8. Row purple: conditionally edible mushroom of an unusual bright purple color. Its hat reaches 15 cm in diameter, in adult specimens it is flat, slightly concave in the center and bent at the edges. The leg is cylindrical, with a thickening at the base. The pulp is dense, of the same light purple hue. They are saprophytes and grow in pines and other conifers on rotting coniferous litter.

Poisonous representatives

Not only edible mushrooms grow under the pines. There are also poisonous representatives: waxy talker, pale grebe, varieties of fly agaric and false sulfur-yellow honey agaric. Their toxins, entering the human body, affect the central nervous system, liver, kidneys and digestive system. Without timely qualified medical assistance, poisoning will lead to death.

In order not to be at risk of poisoning when eating mushrooms, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the dangerous representatives of the mushroom kingdom.

1. Death cap: considered the most dangerous poisonous forest mushroom, the toxins of which manifest themselves after some time. An olive hat from 5 to 15 cm in diameter has a hemispherical shape and fibrous skin. The leg is cylindrical, at the base there is a "pouch". The flesh is white, does not change color when damaged, the smell is weak.
2. Fly agaric panther, red and grebe: have thick, fleshy white to green caps. On top of them there are the remains of a veil, in which the fruiting body of a young specimen was enclosed. They look like white flakes. The leg is straight, expanded from top to bottom. The pulp is light, with a pronounced smell. Contains strong toxins. Amanita muscaria is capable of exerting a hallucinogenic effect.
3. Honey agaric sulfur yellow: false relative of edible mushrooms. It is a small mushroom that grows in small groups on stumps and rotten wood. The caps are light yellow at the edges, darkening in the center, with a diameter of 2 to 7 cm. The yellowish-white flesh is characterized by a persistent unpleasant odor. The stem is thin and long. It differs from edible species in the greenish color of the fruiting body.
4. Waxed talker: poisonous representative of the Ryadovkovye family. It has a white-cream wide hat with a tubercle in the center and mild concentric circles on its surface. The leg is long, expanded at the bottom, with a pubescent surface, 3-4 cm in height. The pulp is white with a cream shade, dense, with a pleasant aroma. Contains a high concentration of muscarine, which is not destroyed by heat treatment.

Irina Selyutina (Biologist):

The waxy talker got its name due to the presence of a white waxy layer on the surface of the cap of a flesh or brownish color. Over time, this waxy coating cracks and forms a kind of "marble" surface. The peel is removed easily, up to the center of the cap. The mushroom is poisonous and contains muscarine, which is not destroyed by heat treatment. Empirically, it was found that the destruction of the muscarine alkaloid is possible at temperatures exceeding 100℃ with the appearance of a slight smell of tobacco. When eating large doses of the waxy talker, death is noted somewhere in the range of 2-3% after 6-12 hours.

If, after eating mushrooms, you notice symptoms of poisoning by poisonous mushrooms in yourself or your loved ones, consult a doctor immediately.

Mushrooms are edible and not very. Pine forest. Autumn 2015.

Pine forest mushrooms.Mushrooms

Autumn mushrooms. What mushrooms grow in autumn. How to find mushrooms in the forest. Mushrooms in a pine forest

Conclusion

Pine forests are full of various mushrooms. The collection of these gifts of nature should be treated with caution and attention. Pine forest mushroom is both edible and poisonous.

Although mushrooms can be harvested at any time of the year, autumn is the most fruitful mushroom season. During this period, almost all summer mushrooms continue to grow, and new ones appear that do not like a hot climate.

Although mushrooms can be harvested at any time of the year, autumn is the most fruitful mushroom season.

The abundance of rain, the absence of hot sun, the coolness of the night and other features inherent in the autumn period serve as excellent conditions for the growth of mushroom culture.

Since September, mushroom pickers have been quietly hunting for delicacy specimens. At the beginning of autumn, summer myceliums have not yet finished fruiting, but other species are already appearing, for example, mushrooms, mushrooms, boletus, boletus, russula, talkers.

In October, the ground is covered with fallen leaves, in which mushrooms hide. At the same time, the number of individuals is already noticeably reduced. In the middle of autumn, butterflies, greenfinches, russula, rows, black milk mushrooms continue to grow. Mushroom flies that cannot tolerate cold fogs disappear, ceasing to spoil the appearance of mushrooms. The autumn time is perfect for drying the forest product, since the heating is already turned on in the apartments, where you can dry the raw materials well.

Some types of mushrooms tolerate small night frosts. Oyster mushrooms and gray rows like to settle on stumps and deadwood, which can be collected before the onset of severe frosts.

How white mushrooms grow (video)

What mushrooms grow in the forest in early autumn

Since after the appearance of the stem connecting the mycelium with the hat, 2 weeks pass before the formation of a fruiting body of a decent size, after rain you can go in search of mushrooms in 1-2 weeks. The peak harvest is in September.

Honey mushrooms

The peculiarity of autumn mushrooms is the rapid appearance of a fruitful wave and the rapid disappearance. For lovers of this type of delicacy, it is important not to miss the beginning of the collection. The culture prefers to settle in colonies on fallen tree trunks, dead wood, stumps and on the root system of living plants. Tree mushrooms can grow in one place up to 15 years, until the mycelium completely destroys the host tree.

On one stump grows up to several liters of specimens. Young individuals are collected together with legs. If the mushrooms have grown and the caps have opened, then only the caps need to be cut off, since the nutritional value of the legs is negligible. In order not to disturb the mycelium, it is important to cut the mushroom, and not uproot it.

Chanterelles

The name was based on the Old Russian word "fox", meaning "yellow". Mushrooms prefer to settle on acidic soils. The greyish-yellow stem is long and tubular inside. The brown-yellow cap has a funnel-shaped shape with wavy edges. The structure of the pulp is dense with a pleasant aroma. In order to soften the hardness, a long heat treatment is required.

Quite often you can find a false chanterelle, which is a conditionally edible plant product. Although proper cooking eliminates the possibility of poisoning, the taste of this mushroom is much lower than that of a real chanterelle. The color of the false chanterelle is much brighter, and the surface of the cap is slightly velvety. The edges of the cap are neatly rounded.

mushrooms

A bright mushroom with an orange-red color loves to settle among the pines. At the fracture point, an orange milky juice is released with a pleasant resinous odor, which turns green when oxidized.

The hat has a diameter of up to 17 cm. Young specimens are characterized by rounded convex, and funnel-shaped for old ones. Over time, the curved edges of the cap straighten. The leg is cylindrical in shape, reaching a length of up to 6 cm and a thickness of up to 2 cm. It is often affected by pests.

This population prefers to grow in groups. Included in the first taste category. thanks to this, people consume them fresh, salted, pickled and canned.

Russula

Mushroom, common in Russia. About 60 representatives of this family are known, conditionally divided into 3 groups:

• edible;
• inedible;
• poisonous.

All representatives are similar in structure and appearance. The hemisphere-shaped hat straightens as it matures, becoming flat. There are individuals with a funnel-shaped hat and edges wrapped up. Edible representatives are painted in greenish-brown tones, and poisonous in bright red. You can also find spotted hats. Depending on the humidity, the surface may be sticky or dry. The top film peels off easily.

Cylindrical legs are painted white or yellowish. Inedible species are pink. Dense white flesh becomes more fragile and crumbly with age.

White mushrooms

Full owners of the forest, which are in great demand, because they have a delicious taste. Participate in all types of culinary processing.

The matte hat is slightly convex, in diameter it can reach 30 cm. The color spectrum is from reddish to lemon. The center of the cap is usually darker than the edges. The peel on the surface becomes sticky after rain. In dry weather, it can even crack.

A large leg up to 26 cm high, most often lighter than the hat. May have a reddish tint. The shape of the stem is cylindrical, narrowed at the top. The juicy flesh of young individuals is white. Turns yellow over time. Dark brown under the skin.

For the settlement, he chooses forest zones (coniferous, oak and birch). Does not like swampy and peaty soils.

Mushrooms in late autumn

In the second half of autumn, there are fewer mushrooms in the forest, both edible and poisonous. In addition to the fact that not all mushroom pickers like to walk through the mud in a rainy and chilly period, mushrooms become stiff.

Milk mushrooms

The pubescent hat and yellowish mycelium are the hallmark of the mushroom. Due to the fact that mushrooms prefer to settle in a large family, you can collect a harvest basket from one clearing. Since the mushrooms are well camouflaged in fallen leaves and needles, they are difficult to notice. Milk mushrooms enter into a symbiosis with birches, so they are found next to them. Several types of mushrooms are known:

• real;
• black;
• peppery;
• bluish.

The size of the whitish cap is from 5 to 20 cm. It is concave in the center, slightly covered with mucus, the edge is shaggy. Barrel-shaped leg, hollow inside.

For the village chooses spruce, birch and mixed forests. There are both single specimens and groups. It is used in food only in salted form.

winter mushrooms

The cap grows up to 10 cm. In young mushrooms it is convex, in old ones it becomes flat. On the edge, the color is somewhat lighter than the middle, which is yellowish, orange or honey-brown. The length of a thin leg, not exceeding 1 cm in diameter, is from 2 to 7 cm. The structure of the leg is dense. The color is velvety brown, with a mixture of red added on top.

The name of mushrooms justifies itself, since even heat treatment does not eliminate the greenish color of the fruiting body. They are found in all regions of Russia in small groups (from 5 to 8 pieces), although there are also single individuals. In appearance, they are similar to young russula. Grow in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests. They bear fruit until they are covered with a layer of snow.

A wide hat (up to 15 cm) of a dense structure is rather fleshy. In the central part it has a small tubercle. The color is greenish-yellow or yellow-olive. Sometimes with brownish spots. During the rainy season, the skin becomes sticky.

At the break, the flesh is white, turning yellow when oxidized. Since mushrooms have almost no taste, they are usually not affected by pests. The stem is short and ingrown into the ground.

oyster mushrooms

Cellulose is required for the development of oyster mushrooms, so they grow on deadwood or old stumps. Since the mushrooms are inconspicuous in appearance, inexperienced mushroom pickers mistake them for inedible.

The color of the cap is variable, from brown-gray to bluish. Darker in the center. Over time, the hat fades. The shape is like an oyster. In mature individuals, it straightens. Since a group of mushrooms grows from the outlet, their fruiting bodies often grow together. To the touch, the surface of the mushrooms is glossy. At high humidity it is covered with a sticky layer. The location of the leg is asymmetrical, or it is completely absent. Dense white pulp in young fruiting bodies is juicy, in old ones it is hard and fibrous.

Edible and poisonous species of autumn mushrooms in the Rostov region

Due to its location in the southern part of the Russian Plain, the conditions in the Rostov region are suitable for the growth of mushrooms and berries. Several dozen varieties are edible. Some of them:

• porcini;
• boletus;
• rowing;
• oiler;
• talker gray;
• fox;
• morel;
• winter honey agaric;
• camelina;
• champignon.

Species that are hazardous to health and must be able to distinguish from edible ones include:

• rowing sulfuric and green;
• fly agaric;
• death cap.

Some mushrooms, like greenfinch, are conditionally edible, which require special processing before use.

How to pick mushrooms in autumn (video)

Mushrooms prefer moist conditions and moderate temperatures. With dry summers and autumns, the harvest will be poor. But even rainy weather will not bring an abundant collection of mushrooms, since constant humidity harms the mycelium. The optimum temperature for the development of the fruiting body is +5 + 10 °C.

We are glad to welcome you to the blog. The mushroom season is in full swing, so our topic today will be edible mushrooms, the photo and name of which you will find below. There are many types of mushrooms in our vast country, so even experienced mushroom pickers cannot always distinguish edible from inedible ones. But false and poisonous species can ruin your dish, and in some cases even cause death.

In the article you will find out what edible mushrooms are, what types they are divided into, where they grow and how they look, which mushrooms appear first. I will tell you what benefits they bring to your body and what their nutritional value is.

All mushrooms are divided into three main sections: edible, conditionally edible, inedible (poisonous, hallucinogenic). All these are hat mushrooms, they make up only a small part of a vast kingdom.

They can be divided according to many criteria. The structure of the cap is of the greatest importance to us, since sometimes it differs in twins.

Share:

• tubular (spongy) - the bottom of the cap consists of the smallest tubes, resembles a sponge;
• lamellar - plates at the bottom of the cap, located radially;
• marsupials (morels) - shriveled hats.

You can also divide forest gifts by taste, by the method of spore formation, shape, color, and the nature of the surface of the cap and stem.

When and where do mushrooms grow

In Russia and the CIS countries, mushroom areas are found almost throughout the entire territory, from the tundra to the steppe zones. Mushrooms grow best in humus-rich soil that warms up well. The gifts of the forest do not like strong waterlogging and excessive dryness. The best places for them are in the clearing, where there is a shade, on the edges, forest roads, in plantings and copses.

If the summer is rainy, mushroom places should be looked for on a hill, and if dry, near trees in the lowlands, where there is more moisture. As a rule, specific species grow near certain trees. For example, camelina grows near pines and spruce; white - in birch, pine, oak; boletus - at the aspen.

Mushrooms in different climatic zones appear at different times, one after another. Let's analyze the middle band:

• The first spring forest harvest - lines and morels (April, May).
• In early June, boletus, boletus, boletus, russula appear. The duration of the wave is about 2 weeks.
• From mid-July, the second wave begins, which lasts 2-3 weeks. In rainy years, there is no break between the June and July waves. Since July, the mass appearance of the mushroom harvest begins.
• August is marked by the massive growth of mushrooms, especially ceps.
• From mid-August and early autumn, chanterelles, mushrooms, milk mushrooms grow in huge families in favorable weather.

In broad-leaved forests, the main season lasts from June to October, and from November to March, winter mushroom can be found in the forests. Field mushrooms are more common in the steppes: umbrellas, champignons, raincoat, meadow mushrooms. The season is from June to November.

Composition of mushrooms, benefits

The mushroom composition contains up to 90% water, and the dry part is predominantly protein. That is why the gifts of the forest are often called "forest meat" or "forest bread".

The nutritional value:

• Mushroom protein contains almost all amino acids, and even essential ones. Mushrooms are a significant part of the diet, however, due to the content of fungin, it is better to exclude them from the menu for people suffering from diseases of the kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract.
• Carbohydrates in "forest meat" is much less than protein. Mushroom carbohydrate differs from vegetable and is absorbed better, much like milk or bread.
• Fatty substances are absorbed like animal fats by 92-97%.
• The composition contains tartaric, fumaric, citric, malic and other acids.
• The composition contains a large amount of vitamins PP, B1, A. Some varieties contain B2, C, D.
• Mushrooms are rich in iron, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium.
• The composition contains trace elements - zinc, fluorine, manganese, iodine, copper.

Edible gifts of the forest have many benefits, since ancient times they have been used to treat diseases. Now it is healthy and tasty food, and vegetarians replace meat with them.

Mushrooms are able to increase immunity, cleanse blood vessels and lower cholesterol levels, fight depression and excess weight. They help maintain the beauty of hair, skin and nails. More information about contraindications and beneficial properties of mushrooms on our website.

How to determine if a mushroom is edible or not

How to distinguish edible mushrooms from inedible? After all, almost everyone knows boletus, but rare and unusual specimens are found in the forest. There are many ways.

For example, in my childhood I had an interesting encyclopedia with pictures and descriptions, plus I always went to the forest with experienced mushroom pickers. By the way, this is the best idea to take with you to the forest, a person who understands mushroom matters.

A few general tips:

1. Take a closer look if you see worms in at least one mushroom from the mycelium, they are edible.
2. Tubular species are easier to distinguish from twins.
3. Learn the colors, white and greenish often indicate a poisonous lookalike.
4. Do not taste mushrooms, they are not always bitter, for example pale grebe, a little sweet. Such an experiment can result in poisoning.
5. On false and poisonous twins, a skirt is often found.

These are just a few of the signs. Basically, each pair of twins has its own differences. You should pay attention to the frequency of the plates at the bottom of the cap, attachment to the stem, color, pulp when cut, the presence of rings. Below you will find a photo and the name of edible mushrooms with a short description.

What do edible mushrooms look like?

White mushroom (boletus)

The mushroom king has a light leg, the sponge under the cap is cream and white. If you break the hat, it will not darken. He has several false and poisonous twins. For example, in a satanic mushroom, the fracture will turn blue, and in the gall it will turn pink, the broken leg will be covered with a dark mesh.

Boletus (redhead)

In most cases, the boletus has a red cap, dense flesh and a leg. When broken, the cut is bluish or white, while the false redhead is red or pink.

Boletus (boletus)

The color of the cap varies from dark brown to light beige. has an elongated leg with a gray mesh, and does not change color when cut. The false mushroom has a dirty white or pink sponge, and its hat is gray or pinkish.

Quite a massive mushroom with a velvet cushion-shaped cap, with lemon-yellow flesh. The leg at the base is red, and turns blue at the cut. It is confused with a satanic mushroom, but it is lighter in color.

A real chanterelle has a color from pale pink to orange, its edges are wavy, corrugated, and there are plates under the cap. In the false version, the color is from orange to red. The edges are jewelry smooth, and when broken, white juice is released.

Oiler is a yellow mushroom with a slippery spongy hat, which is connected to the leg by a film. In false oil, the hat is dark, sometimes with a purple tint, under it there are plates. The peel of the latter does not stretch when removed, and the flesh turns red.

The flywheel is spongy, the sponge is bright yellow. In "youth", his hat is convex velvet, and over time, it straightens and cracks. Its color ranges from dark green to burgundy. The leg is without any inclusions, and when broken, the color does not change. It is often confused with pepper, gall and chestnut mushrooms. The main difference between the flywheel is that it grows on moss.

The original has a beige or cream color, dark brown plates and a skirt. Mushroom grows in well-lit places. You can confuse a popular mushroom with a pale toadstool or a smelly fly agaric, and they are deadly poisonous. The toadstool has light plates, but there is no skirt under the hat.

There are light cream and brown shades, they have skirts on the leg, and scales on the hat, they are lamellar, grow on stumps. False mushrooms are brighter, they do not have a film ring.

In young russula, the hat is spherical, while in mature ones it is flat, dry to the touch, matte or shiny. The color changes from green to red. The plates are fragile, different in size, frequent, yellow or white. The flesh is crisp and white, changing color when cut. If the russula is bright red or purple, most likely you have a double in front of you.

Raincoat (hare potato, fluff)

A real raincoat is shaped like a ball, often on a small leg. Its color is white or beige. The pulp is dense, white. In the false puffball, the flesh has a purple hue, the skin is dark.

Often grow near pines and larches. The hat eventually begins to resemble a funnel, its color is orange, red or bluish-green. She is smooth and sticky. The slice will turn green over time.

It has a flat pink cap with a depression in the center and a discreet circle pattern, the edges of which are bent inward. The pulp is white, dense, the juice is also white. The color does not change when cut. Twins often have scales, a greenish color, distinct from the white flesh.

Cobweb (bog)

It has a beautiful appearance, bright yellow color. The shape of the cap is correct, round, it hides the plates. An adult cobweb resembles a toadstool. False twins are foul-smelling, irregularly shaped, and covered in scales.

The umbrella got its name due to the long stem and the characteristic shape of the hat, at first the shape is spherical, then it resembles an umbrella. The color is white, with a hint of beige, a darker spot in the center, and the surface is cracked. Plates darken with age. Many twins that differ in color may have a pungent odor and loose flesh.

Talkers

The cap of the govorushka at first has a hemispherical shape, then it is depressed, resembling a funnel. It is dry and smooth, white, light brown, ocher in color, the center is darker. The plates are white, but darken with age. The flesh is white, dense, although it loosens with age. False talkers are white.

Ryadovki

Agaric mushrooms deserve their name because they grow in rows or circles (witch's circles). The cap of a young rowing resembles a ball, and then straightens. It has white, brown, red, yellow colors. The edges can be curved, smooth, or curved. The skin can be dry, velvety or smooth, mucous. The leg is velvety, often has a pink-brown color. The poisonous doppelgänger has a dirty gray color, be careful!

Stitches

More often lines are found in a pine forest, due to possible frosts, black spots appear on its cap. The cap itself grows together with the leg, has a sinuous shape. It has a brown, brown, reddish or yellow color. The older the lines, the lighter the hat. The leg is also not even, and the flesh is white and breaks easily.

Morel

The surface of the morel cap, as if all in cells, is ovoid in shape. Its color is greyish, yellow and brown. The flesh of the morel is white, soft, and the stem has a cylindrical shape, slightly thickened towards the bottom. The false morel grows from the egg, emits an unpleasant odor and is covered with mucus.

oyster mushrooms

Oyster mushrooms grow on a tree, under each other, which is why they got their name. The cap of oyster mushrooms is smooth, sometimes wavy, the color is gray with a purple tint. The plates are frequent, dense, have a gray color. The edges are concave, the legs are short, dense. False oyster mushrooms are brighter and of other shades.

Now you know how to test a mushroom and find out if it is edible or not. You can go to the forest without fear. Choose only the right mushrooms and remember that even an edible mushroom can cause harm if it is old or starting to decompose.

Video - edible mushrooms with a description

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Quote message Learning to collect mushrooms.

Collect only people you know mushrooms!
Mushrooms which raise doubts it is better not to take!

Therefore, in this review, we will limit ourselves to describing the most common edible mushrooms, which will slightly expand (hopefully) the knowledge of lovers of "taking mushrooms".

White mushroom (boletus)

Exceptionally high quality edible mushroom. It is considered one of the most valuable types of mushrooms. Porcini can be used fresh (boiled and fried), dried, salted and marinated. At the same time, when dried, the pulp of porcini mushrooms, unlike the rest, remains white.

The white mushroom cap is tubular, cushion-shaped, it can reach 20 cm in diameter. The color of the cap is very diverse: whitish, light gray. It can be yellow, brown or brown tones, purple, red, black-brown. Often, the cap of the porcini mushroom is unevenly colored - towards the edge it can be lighter, with a white or yellowish rim. The skin is not removed. Tubules white, later yellowish-olive or yellowish-greenish.

The leg is thick, thickened at the bottom, solid, with a mesh pattern, sometimes only in the upper part. The color of the stem often has the same shade as the mushroom cap, only lighter.

The pulp is dense, white, with a nutty taste and no special smell. On the cut, the flesh does not change color.

growing porcini throughout Eurasia in the temperate and subarctic zones. Fruits in June - October.

confuse porcini with poisonous inedible mushrooms is difficult. But the white fungus has an inedible counterpart - the gall fungus. Its pulp is so bitter that even one small fungus caught in the cauldron will spoil the whole dish. It simply cannot be eaten. The color of the tubules of the gall fungus is dirty pink, and the flesh turns pink on the cut.

Ginger

edible mushroom exceptionally high quality. Some European peoples give it preference over the porcini mushroom. In many countries camelina considered a delicacy. Particularly good camelina fried in sour cream. It is not recommended to dry mushrooms.

grow up mushrooms, mainly in coniferous forests, especially in pine and spruce. They prefer lighted places: glades, edges, young forest. Distributed in the forests of Europe, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East. Fruiting from June to October.

The cap of an adult fungus is lamellar, funnel-shaped with a slightly wrapped, and then a straight edge. Most often, the hat of the camelina is orange or orange-red, but there are green-ocher or grayish-olive hats. Darker concentric zones are clearly visible on the cap. The plates are frequent, thick, orange or orange-yellow. When pressed or at a break, they turn green or turn brown

The stem of the camelina is cylindrical, hollow, smooth, of the same color as the hat or slightly lighter.

The flesh is orange, turns green on the cut, with a characteristic pleasant resinous odor. An orange-yellow or orange-red milky juice stands out on the cut. In the air, it gradually turns green.

In addition to the usual camelina, in our forests there is camelina red (with wine-red milky juice, which turns purple in the air), salmon camelina (its milky juice is orange and does not change color in the air) and pine red camelina (its milky juice is orange, and in the air it becomes wine red) .

Boletus (birch, obabok)

edible mushroom High Quality.

boletus- a very common species, forms a community with various types of birch. Distributed in the Arctic, forests of Europe, the Urals, Siberia, the Far East. Grows in birch and mixed forests, swamps and tundra. Fruiting from June to September.

The cap of the boletus is at first hemispherical, later cushion-shaped. The color can be grayish, whitish, gray-brown, mouse-gray, brown, dark brown, almost black. The tubules are whitish, brownish-gray at maturity.

The leg is cylindrical or slightly thickened towards the base, solid, fibrous, whitish, covered with dark scales (grayish, dark brown or almost black). The pulp is white, dense, on the cut does not change color or turns pink.

This mushroom can be consumed boiled or fried, without pre-treatment. This mushroom is suitable for all types of preparations. If there is a need to avoid bluing that appears during processing, the mushroom should be soaked in a 0.5% citric acid solution. The boletus is processed similarly. The boletus is especially good freshly fried or boiled.

boletus can be confused with the inedible gall fungus.

Boletus (aspen, redhead)

edible mushroom High Quality.

boletus- one of the most common edible mushrooms in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. In terms of nutritional value and taste, together with the boletus, it occupies an honorable second place after the porcini mushroom and camelina.

boletus distributed in the forests of Europe, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East. Fruiting from June to September.

The cap of the boletus reaches 20 cm, at first hemispherical, then flatter. Coloration varies from red and red-brown to whitish-brown or white. The tubules are off-white, cream or greyish. The leg is cylindrical or expanding towards the base, covered with fibrous scales. The flesh on the cut turns blue, later blackens, in some species it becomes reddish or purple.

There are quite a few subspecies of boletus. It is processed in the same way as boletus.

Good edible mushroom.

common polish mushroom in coniferous, rarely deciduous forests. Prefers mature pine forests. It grows among mosses, at the base of trunks or on stumps. Common in the forests of Europe, the Urals, Siberia, the Far East, Central Asia, the Caucasus. This fungus owes its name to the fact that it is widely distributed in the coniferous forests of Poland, from where it was widely exported to other countries.

Fruits in August - September.

The taste of the Polish mushroom resembles a boletus, although it belongs to the genus of mossiness mushrooms. It is recommended to cook, fry, dry, salt, marinate.

Hat at Polish mushroom reaches 12 cm. The hat is first cushion-shaped, convex, later almost flat. The color of the cap of the Polish mushroom can be brownish or chestnut-brown, in young mushrooms with a matte suede surface. The tubules are yellow-green, turning blue when pressed.

The flesh is yellowish, turns blue at the break, then turns brown, with a pleasant smell and taste.

The leg is cylindrical, solid, sometimes with dinner or slightly swollen towards the base. The color of the legs is light brown, at the base it is lighter, fawn.

The inedible twin of the Polish mushroom is the gall mushroom.

Dubovik ordinary (Poddubovik)

poddubovik- an edible mushroom that can be used without prior boiling for cooking hot dishes, for pickling, pickling, drying. The whole mushroom is used: cap and leg. In its raw form, the mushroom is poisonous, and in combination with alcohol can cause severe poisoning.

poddubovik(common oak), belongs to the genus of tubular fungi, grows in oak-mixed, not dense forests. Very often grows on the edge of the forest.

The boletus can be found from mid-summer to autumn. This is one of the most beautiful in appearance and colors of mushrooms in the middle lane. His hat grows up to 20 cm in diameter, thick, fleshy, hemispherical, then convex, velvety, olive-brown, dark brown, yellow-brown, dry. The pulp is dense, lemon-yellow, very blue when broken, without any special smell and taste. The tubular layer is finely porous, yellow-green in young mushrooms, later dark red, turns green on the fault, turns blue when pressed. Leg up to 15 cm long, up to 6 cm in diameter, tuberous thickened below, cylindrical, solid, yellow, yellow-orange under the cap, reddish below, with a reddish mesh above. Spore powder brown-olive.

edible mushrooms High Quality.

Fungi of this genus are distributed throughout the pine range in the northern hemisphere. Some types of oil are found even in the tropics. Only in the territory of the former Soviet Union, 15 species are known.

Oily is characterized by a smooth, sticky or slightly slimy hat. Less common are butterflies with a fibrous cap. Usually the skin on the hat is well removed. A private cover on the bottom of the hat is either present or absent, and if the hat is not sticky, then the cover is always absent. The leg of butter is smooth or granular, sometimes with a ring. The only drawback of this delicious mushroom is that it must be cleaned, which after a long transition can be very tiring.

Oil can ordinary(late, real, yellow) - most common among butterflies. It has a slimy brown, dark brown or chocolate cap. Less common is a yellow-brown or brownish-olive hat. Well developed veil, tubes are yellow. The leg of this butter dish is cylindrical, short, with a membranous ring. It bears fruit in July - September, often in large groups. It grows in pine forests, in lighted places, loves sandy soils. Distributed in the forests of Europe, the Urals, Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus.

Oiler late fry, boil, marinate, salt and dry well.

This mushroom bears a resemblance to the inedible pepper mushroom.

Larch butter dish- grows in larch forests of Siberia, prefers young forests.

Its cap is lemon yellow, yellowish orange or golden brown, sticky with easily removable skin. The size of the cap is from 4 to 13 cm. The tubules are yellow, later olive-yellow. The flesh is slightly pink. Fruits in July - September.

This oiler well cooked and marinated.

Oil can granular(summer, maslyuk, yellow) - grows in the subzone of mixed and coniferous forests. Prefers pine forests, often grows in dry places, on roads, glades and in pits, rarely singly and mostly in groups from late May to early autumn.

His hat is slimy and shiny when dried, it can be from yellow-brown to brown-brown. The skin is easily removed. The lower surface of the cap of a young mushroom is light yellow in color, covered with a white film, which in an adult mushroom comes off the cap and remains at the stem in the form of a ring. The pulp is thick, dense, light yellow, yellow-brown, does not change color when broken, with a pleasant taste and fruity smell. The tubular layer is finely porous, thin, white, light yellow, then sulfur yellow, with drops of a milky white liquid. The leg is short, up to 8 cm long, up to 2 cm in diameter, solid, cylindrical, light yellow, granular at the top.

Summer butterflies- high-yielding, tasty, edible mushrooms, used without prior boiling for hot dishes, pickling, pickling, drying. The summer butterdish should be distinguished from the pepper fungus, which is part of the butterdish genus.

In fact, mossiness mushrooms are 18 species distributed in temperate latitudes in both hemispheres. The most common are: swamp flywheel, green flywheel and yellow-brown flywheel. They are all consumed boiled, fried, dried and pickled and salted.

Bog moss its structure resembles a boletus. It grows in moss places of coniferous forests. The cap and stem are yellow, with a brown tint. The spongy layer is green or yellow-olive. The flesh is yellowish, turns blue on the cut.

Flywheel green widely distributed in various forests of Europe, the Caucasus, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East. His hat is pillow-shaped, dry, velvety, grayish or olive-brown. The tubules are yellowish-green with wide pores, sometimes descending to the stem. Leg continuous fibrous, yellowish or with a reddish tinge, with brownish reticulation, the intensity of which is expressed to varying degrees. The pulp is dense white or with a yellowish tint, does not change color or turns blue. Fruiting in June - October.

Flywheel yellow-brown. Looks like polish mushroom. Cap from hemispherical to cushion-shaped, dry, velvety. In young mushrooms, it is grayish or dirty yellow, becoming olive or reddish yellow with age. The skin is not removed. The pores are yellow, then with a greenish or olive tint, turn blue when pressed, then turn brown. The leg is cylindrical, solid, yellow or ocher-yellow, brown with a reddish tint towards the base. The flesh is yellow, becoming bluish-green in air. It grows in moist pine forests, often among blueberries and mosses. Fruits in July - October.

edible mushroom with good taste, but low nutritional value. It is used without pre-boiling. Chanterelle is distributed throughout the forests of the temperate zone of the Old World. Fruits in July - October, often in large groups.

The cap of the chanterelle is convex or flat, funnel-shaped by maturity, with a thin often fibrous edge, smooth. The entire fruit body of the chanterelle is egg-yellow, with a reddish tinge or pale orange. The pulp is dense, rubbery, whitish, with a pleasant taste and smell. Used chanterelles fresh, marinated, salted.

Often found in our forests. However, it is difficult for an inexperienced person to navigate their diversity. In addition, many species are not ubiquitous. Representatives of the genus russula distributed in the European part of Russia, in Siberia, in the Far East. In addition, russula are found in North America, East Asia.

These mushrooms have large or medium-sized fruiting bodies; caps of their various colors, depending on the pigmentation of the skin. are very diverse and represent a very difficult genus to define and limit species. Differences between species are sometimes very small, making it difficult to identify these fungi.

These mushrooms appear in July, but there are especially many of them in August and September. Russula are found in a wide variety of forest types. Most russula are edible mushrooms, mainly of the 3rd and 4th categories. Sometimes mushroom pickers eat some russula fresh with salt (hence their name). Only a few of the russula are poisonous, inedible, or mushrooms of no practical importance. The economic importance of russula is reduced due to the fragility of the fruiting bodies. Mushrooms of some species are not used by mushroom pickers because of the pungent taste. The pungent taste disappears with salting.

They make up about 45% of the mass of all mushrooms found in our forests. The best mushrooms are those that have less red color, but more green, blue and yellow. The cap of russula is initially more or less spherical, hemispherical or bell-shaped. Later, as it grows, it is prostrate, rounded, flat or funnel-shaped, depressed in the middle. The cap diameter is on average 2-20 cm. Some species have a characteristic cap edge. So, in some species, the edge of the cap is long and strongly twisted. But the edge of the cap may also be straight, especially in cases where the cap is prostrate early. Sometimes the edge of the cap is striped or tuberculate, wavy. The hat is covered with leather. The skin of the cap is dry, it can be shiny or matte. After rain and dew, the skin of russula caps is sticky and shiny. In some russula, the skin is easily torn off, in others it is torn off only along the edge of the cap, etc. The skin is very diverse in color, very variable, but also stable in many cases. It must be borne in mind that the color of the skin of young, developed and aging fruiting bodies can be different. Sometimes under the influence of the sun the color fades. Simultaneously with the blanching of the skin, the coloring of the pulp of the cap is observed. Pigments are also destroyed when mushrooms are cooked. The plates of russula are free, adherent. The color of the plates ranges from white to ocher. The plates of young fruiting bodies are white, as an exception, lemon-yellow.

Grows from June to October, on birch stumps or lying trunks, sometimes on stumps of other deciduous, rarely coniferous, trees.

The cap of the summer honey agaric is up to 7 cm in diameter with thin pulp, in young mushrooms it is convex with a tubercle in the center, covered with a cobweb cover, then flat-convex, sticky during rain. The color of the cap is yellow-brown, the cap is lighter in the center. The flesh is light brown, the smell and taste are pleasant. The plates adhering to the stem, sometimes slightly descending, are light yellow in young mushrooms, and rusty-brown in old ones. Leg up to 8 cm long, up to 1 cm in diameter, hollow, cylindrical, curved, hard, brown, with membranous brown ring, dark brown below the ring, with scales. Spore powder is dark brown.

Tasty, delicious mushroom, the caps of which can be used without prior boiling for hot dishes, for drying, pickling, pickling. This mushroom, which is not known to all mushroom pickers, is very productive, it is found in Russian forests often and in large groups. The late-autumn edible mushroom hyphaloma head-shaped looks like a summer honey agaric. In contrast to the summer honey agaric, the head-shaped hyfoloma does not have a ring on the leg, the color of the plates is gray, it grows on pine stumps.

It is necessary to distinguish summer honey agaric from poisonous sulfur-yellow honey agaric, bitter in taste, without a ring with sulfur-yellow plates, and also from brick-red agaric, bitter in taste, without a ring, the hat of which is darker in the center, the plates of old mushrooms are gray or dark grey.

Autumn mushroom (real)

edible mushroom.

The honey agaric is real (autumn), is included in the genus of honey agarics of the family of ordinary lamellar groups. This popular and highly productive mushroom grows in large groups from late August until late autumn on stumps, roots, dead and living trunks of deciduous, mainly birch, less often coniferous trees, sometimes in nettle thickets. Caps up to 13 cm in diameter, in young mushrooms are spherical, with an edge bent inward, then flat-convex with a tubercle in the center. The color of the cap is gray-yellow, yellow-brown with shades, darker in the center, with thin small, sometimes absent brown scales. The pulp is dense, white with a pleasant smell, sour-astringent taste, in old mushrooms it can be a little bitter. The plates are slightly descending, white-yellow, then light brown, in old mushrooms with dark spots, with a white coating from spores. Leg up to 15 cm long, up to 2 cm in diameter, cylindrical, slightly thickened below, with a white membranous ring in the upper part, light at the cap, brown below, with fibrous pulp in young mushrooms, hard in old mushrooms. Spore powder is white.

High yielding edible mushroom. In young mushrooms (with a private veil without a ring), the entire mushroom is used, in mature mushrooms with a ring, only a cap. Honey agaric is good for cooking hot dishes, drying, pickling, pickling. For hot dishes, these mushrooms must be boiled for at least 30 minutes, since cases of poisoning by undercooked autumn mushrooms are known. Autumn mushrooms usually appear in early autumn for a short period of up to 15 days, after which they disappear. Under favorable conditions, when it is not hot and there is enough moisture, autumn mushrooms occur in July or early August, while they may not appear in the fall or bear fruit a second time.

A favorite place for autumn mushrooms are old birch forests with dry birches, on which mushrooms grow at a height of up to 5 m and above, swampy birch forests with many lying trunks and stumps, birch clearings with stumps, swampy alder forests with dry standing alders and lying trunks.

Winter mushroom (Winter mushroom)

edible mushroom.

It is found on the edges of the forest, in bushes, alleys and parks. It always grows on trees: on dry trunks and stumps, as well as on dried parts of living trees. It grows in small tufts, preferring willow and poplar, as well as other hardwoods. It is a widespread mushroom. It appears in autumn, but can also be found in winter, as it is well preserved under snow.

The hat of the winter mushroom is 2-6 cm in diameter, slightly convex, sticky or slippery, the color of the hat varies from pale yellow to brown; in the center it is darker, along the edges it is lighter, in freshly cut mushrooms, stripes are visible along the edges of the cap. The plates are white or yellowish-brown, the same shade as the cap, attached. Spore powder is white. The leg is elastic, velvety-hairy brown, lighter above. At first, the leg of the winter honey agaric is light, but quickly darkens, starting from the base. The leg is 3-10 cm high, 3-7 cm in diameter. Under a magnifying glass, hairs are visible on the surface of the leg. The pulp is whitish. The taste is mild. The smell is weak.

Only caps are eaten, the legs are too hard. Winter mushroom is used in soups and stews, but does not have a special taste.

Winter honey agaric can always be recognized by a fleecy leg, of course, it is best to use a magnifying glass for this. Very few mushrooms grow in late autumn and winter, so it is difficult to confuse it with anything. In October, when winter honey agaric appears, it can be confused with other varieties of mushrooms, including inedible ones, but the leg of these mushrooms is smooth, the plates are darker, and the cap is not slippery.

edible mushroom.

Raincoat common grows in deciduous and coniferous forests, meadows from June to autumn on the forest floor, manured soil or rotten stumps.

The fruit body of the puffball of variable shape is round-shaped, pear-shaped, ovoid, up to 10 cm long, up to 6 cm in diameter, white, gray-white, yellowish, sometimes with small spines, covered with outer and inner shells. The pulp of young mushrooms is white with a strong pleasant smell, in old mushrooms it is brown-olive. False leg up to 5 cm long, up to 2 cm in diameter may be absent. Spore powder is dark brown.

The mushroom is edible when young, when the flesh is white. It can be used without pre-boiling for hot dishes, for salting and drying.

Need to distinguish raincoat edible, from young pale grebes of the white variety with unopened common veil. If you cut a young pale grebe, then under the common coverlet, the leg and plates are clearly visible, which are always absent from raincoats.

edible mushroom.

Ryadovka violet grows in mixed and coniferous forests, more often in open places, along ditches, forest roads, on edges, glades from September to late autumn, singly and in groups, often large.

The hat of the row is purple with a diameter of up to 15 cm, fleshy, in young mushrooms it is convex, with an edge wrapped down, then prostrate, smooth, moist, brown-violet, fading. The flesh is firm, slightly watery, at first bright purple, then fading to white, with a mild pleasant taste and an aromatic aniseed smell. The plates are free or slightly adhering to the stem, wide, relatively frequent, first purple, then light purple. Leg up to 8 cm long, up to 2 cm in diameter, cylindrical, sometimes expanded at the bottom, solid, at the top with a flocculent coating, at the bottom with purple-brown pubescence, first bright purple, then whitish. Spore powder is pink-cream.

Harvest edible mushroom. However, it is best to salt this mushroom, since during the fermentation process its dense pulp becomes softer. This mushroom is also advisable to use for the preparation of mushroom caviar.

Sometimes this mushroom is also called a mouse.

Grows in forests from September until frost. Often this mushroom grows in rows, for which it got its name.

The cap of the row is dark gray or ashen in color with a lilac tint, darker in the center, with radiant stripes, radially fibrous, sticky, fleshy, cracking at the edges. The skin comes off well. Pulp with a slight pleasant smell, loose, brittle, white, slightly yellow in the air. The plates are rare, wide, slightly grayish-yellowish. The leg is strong, smooth, white or slightly yellowish, sits deep in the soil, so the cap stands out slightly above it.

Edible, quite tasty mushroom. It is used boiled, fried and salted.

edible mushroom good quality.

It usually grows on sandy soils under pine trees, usually along paths. True, sometimes it is difficult to notice it, since only its hat is visible on the surface of the earth. Therefore, look closely at the hillocks and elevations in the sand - greenfinch can hide there. The fungus is quite common. Less commonly, greenfinch can be found under an aspen, but here it grows a little higher, so it is sometimes mistaken for another mushroom. Greenfinch grows in October - November. In the same places, red pine mushrooms are found, and where there is enough lime in the soil, there are noble mushrooms.

The main distinguishing features of greenfinch are yellow, notched plates, it grows under a pine tree. The greenfinch's hat is 4-10 cm in diameter, convex, sticky, the color varies from light yellow to yellow-brown. The hat is unevenly colored, often needles or sand stick to it, since it is straightened already underground. The plates are bright, sulfur-yellow, frequent and notched. Spore powder is white. The stem is 4-8 cm high, 1-2 cm in diameter, cylindrical in shape, usually covered with sand at the base. Very often, the entire leg is in the ground, only the mushroom cap is visible on the surface. The flesh is pale yellow. The taste is mild. The smell is weak, mealy or cucumber.

A good edible mushroom, but you need to pick it carefully so as not to pick up a lot of sand. When cutting off the mushroom, it is necessary to hold it vertically, immediately remove the base of the leg with adhering sand; the hat should be cleaned with a brush or scraped with a knife. Now the sand will not get between the plates, and the mushroom can be safely put in the basket. Zelenushka can be dried, frozen and salted. When dried, the taste of these mushrooms intensifies. Salted greenfinches retain their beautiful color. Freeze them in the same way as other mushrooms.

There are no dangerous twins of greenfinch. Ryadovka is also yellow in color, but her hat is cone-shaped, not so frequent plates and a rather pungent taste. It grows under firs and pines. In deciduous forests, poisonous varieties of cobwebs similar to greenfinch can be found. They are yellowish in color, but have a tuber at the base of the stem and the remains of a mucous membrane between the stem and the edges of the cap. These mushrooms never grow under pine trees.

You can confuse a yellow-red row with greenfinch. It grows in pine forests on or near stumps. Heavily faded specimens resemble greenfinches and are also edible.

It grows on stumps, trunks of dead and weakened deciduous trees, most often birches, aspens from May to autumn, often in large groups, growing together in bunches with legs.

The cap of oyster mushroom is lateral, semicircular, ear-shaped, with a curved down edge in young mushrooms, up to 15 cm in diameter, white-gray, fading to white. The flesh is white, the taste and smell are pleasant. Records descending along the stem, rare, thick, white. The leg is short, up to 4 cm long, 2 cm thick, hairy, eccentric.

Young mushrooms are edible, without preliminary boiling they can be used for cooking hot dishes, for drying, pickling, pickling.

edible mushroom High Quality. Champignon common is often found in large groups from early summer to late autumn in fields, meadows, pastures, gardens, vegetable gardens, forest glades, forest edges.

The champignon cap is up to 15 cm in diameter, hemispherical, then rounded-convex, the edges are bent down, fleshy, white or grayish, dry, with small brownish fibrous scales. In young mushrooms, the edges of the cap are connected to the stem with a membranous white coverlet. With the growth of the fungus, the cover is torn, remains on the leg in the form of a white ring. The pulp is dense, white, turns pink at the break, with a pleasant mushroom smell, not bitter. The plates are frequent, free (not attached to the stem), in young mushrooms they are white, then turn pink, darken, turn brown, almost black. Leg up to 10 cm long, up to 2 cm in diameter, cylindrical, solid, white, in adult mushrooms with a single-layer white ring. Spore powder is dark brown.

Champignon- tasty edible mushroom, used without pre-boiling for hot dishes, pickling, salting and drying.

edible mushroom.

It grows in various forests, in glades, along forest roads, on forest edges, in fields, pastures, gardens, orchards from July to October, singly and in groups.

The hat at the umbrella is up to 25 cm in diameter, at first ovoid, then flat-convex, prostrate, umbrella-shaped, with a small tubercle in the middle, whitish, white-gray, gray-brown, with lagging behind large brown scales, darker in the center, without scales. The pulp is thick, friable, cotton-like, white, with a pleasant nutty taste and a slight smell. The plates are free, fused at the stem with a cartilaginous ring, first white, then with reddish streaks. Leg up to 30 cm long, up to 3 cm in diameter, cylindrical, hollow, swollen towards the base, hard, light brown, covered with concentric rows of brown scales, with a wide, white top, brownish bottom ring, often free. Spore powder is white.

Delicious edible mushroom. It is used without preliminary boiling for preparation of hot dishes, for drying. It is sometimes fried whole (a hat) like a steak, rolled in breadcrumbs. It is better to dry cut mushrooms, including a tough leg, which gives dishes a special flavor.

- edible mushroom good quality. He prefers humus soils in forests, pastures, where there are thickets of shrubs. It occurs in many places, for example, in small forests, as well as in forests on humus and limestone soils. Does not give preference to any certain types of trees. Often forms "witch rings". It first appears at the end of April, the peak of the season falls on May, in June (depending

By the type of forest, you can to some extent determine which mushrooms can grow in them. Which ones can certainly be found here and which are growing more. But at the same time, the forest can be birch, but due to the presence of an admixture of other trees in it, such as aspen or pine, the species composition of mushrooms can also change accordingly.

Mushrooms in pine forests.

Pine forests are characterized by the presence of ceps, bittersweet, truffle, motley umbrella mushroom, prickly puffball, talker, bile fungus, greenfinch, annulated cap, goat, oil (late, granular, marsh), yellow-brown and green mossiness mushrooms, mokruha, fly agaric, podgruzdkov, pepper mushroom, hornwort, pine camelina, Polish mushroom, rowing, thick pig, morel, line, russula, garlic, false chanterelle, autumn mushrooms.

Mushrooms in birch forests.

In birch forests, porcini mushroom, boletus, valui, pink volushka, whitefish, talker, motley umbrella mushroom, real and black milk mushrooms, prickly raincoat, yellow blackberry, golovach, false raincoat usually grow in birch forests. real chanterelle, green flywheel, fly agaric, boletus, podgruzdok, yellow horn, thin pig, serushka, violin, morel, russula, oyster mushroom, pear-shaped raincoat, summer and autumn honey agarics.

Mushrooms in spruce forests.

In spruce forests, porcini mushroom, motley umbrella mushroom, yellow milk mushroom, puffball, yellow blackberry, gall mushroom, bell cap, granular oiler, green moss fly, spruce moss, fly agaric, podgruzdok, spruce camelina, pig, morel, line, russula , garlic, forest champignon.

Mushrooms in aspen forests.

Aspen forests usually grow boletus, valui, talker, motley umbrella mushroom, aspen mushroom, raincoats, yellow blackberry, real chanterelle, common false raincoat, green fly agaric, fly agaric, podgruzdki, pig, violin, conical morel, sulfur-yellow tinder fungus, garlic , forest champignon, morel cap, oyster mushroom, winter mushroom, summer and autumn mushrooms, false mushrooms.

Mushrooms in alder forests.

In the alder forests there is a pink wave, a prickly puffball, a green moss fly, a white load, a thin pig, and russula.

Mushrooms in linden groves.

In linden groves, there are usually white mushrooms, black mushrooms, oak trees, and morel caps.

Mushrooms in a cedar forest.

In the cedar forest there are mushrooms, motley chanterelles, cobwebs.

What mushrooms are found in poplar groves (sosokorniks).

In poplar groves you can find gray boletus, aspen mushrooms (Sokorev mushroom) and blue.

What mushrooms are in the hornbeam forest.

In the hornbeam forest there are ceps (dark bronze form, mesh form), hornbeams (a kind of black boletus).

Mushrooms in a beech forest.

In the beech forest you can find porcini mushrooms, common oaks, black truffles.

In oak-deciduous forests.

White mushroom, chestnut mushroom, pale toadstool, talker, oak and pepper mushrooms, puffball, oak tree, yellow blackberry, golovach, and cherry, real chanterelle, false foam, green flywheel, violin, morel cap, oyster mushroom, summer and autumn mushrooms grow.

In larch forests.

Larch butterdish grows, green moss fly.

In a mixed forest.

Milk mushrooms (real, blue, black), white mushrooms, chestnut mushrooms, aspen mushrooms (yellow-brown and red-brown), valui, volnushki (pink and white), variegated mushrooms, boletus, russula (yellow, greenish, green, kid , blue-yellow), smoothies, oyster mushrooms (common and autumn), gray talkers, honey mushrooms (summer, autumn and winter), gray floats, rows (gray and purple), serushki, sulfur-yellow tinder fungi, golden flakes.

In the deciduous forest.

Growing common oaks, chestnut mushrooms, valui, Polish mushrooms, russula (brown, kid, food, whole), pepper mushrooms, oyster mushrooms (oak, ordinary and autumn), talkers (anise and funnel), red mushrooms, mushrooms (summer, autumn and winter), hangings, deer spittles, yellow horns, golden flakes, boletus.

Where to look for mushrooms in the forest.

But even within the forest, where the species match one another, the number of mushrooms is not always the same: the age of the trees affects. It is known that already about five-year-old pines appear butterflies. When the crowns of the trees close up (this is already by 10-12 years old), an environment is created under the canopy that is suitable for the appearance of waves, real mushrooms, chanterelles, serushkas, saffron milk caps, russula and, finally, whites. But their abundance is still far away.

The most fruitful are forests aged 15 to 40 years. Their root system has grown stronger, gained strength, but so far it has many small processes with a delicate bark, very pliable for the penetration of mycelium. In addition, in such a forest, moisture consumption is not very high, as in a mature one. The litter layer is still relatively thin, which means that it does not prevent the soil from quickly warming up.

Mature forests (over 40 years old) are unusually moisture-loving. Like a pump, they pump water out of the ground, quickly drying it up. The crown is dense there, and the litter is thicker. Not soon in such forests heat reaches the ground. The coarsened roots of trees are already "too tough" for the threads of the mycelium. The older the forest, the less mushrooms it contains. Finding out what mushrooms can be in a particular forest is half the battle. At first glance, it seems that they grow anywhere. In reality, representatives of the forest kingdom do not have such a mood at all.

Location, soil, tree species - everything is the same, but meanwhile, in some "gardens" mushrooms appear from year to year, while in others, in many respects they seem to be similar, they do not happen. Mushrooms, oddly enough, are finicky. They choose soil rich in forest humus, which is also well warmed up. Many of them take a fancy to the edges, clearings, edges of forest paths and abandoned roads.

Mushrooms are preferred by young spruce and pine forests, oak groves, birch forests, mixed forests. Small hills, slopes of ravines, semi-shaded or sun-exposed places are also convenient for them. At the same time, mushrooms avoid thickets, forests with dense cover, tall grass, thick lingonberries, blueberries, swampy lowlands, and too dry forest bald spots.

In the heat, mushrooms hide from the sun at the roots, under the branches of deciduous trees, spruce branches. In a rainy summer, in autumn or in a damp forest, on the contrary: they appear on the edges and bare elevated glades. Not only the place determines the growth of mushrooms, each species has its own favorite possessions, where they are almost every year in large or small quantities. To no lesser extent, the appearance of various species depends on the weather (it should be moderately humid) and air temperature.

According to statistics, pine forests are one of the most widespread in the Northern Hemisphere: in 1986, for example, their area was about 325 million hectares. Even if we make allowances for the fact that these are data from the end of the 20th century, such a figure is still impressive. Pine forests are mainly located in temperate climatic zones, but they can also be found in the subtropical and even tropical zones. There is nothing mysterious or amazing in such a prevalence: all varieties of pine (and, according to some sources, there are more than 120 of them) are resistant to frost and hot temperatures, often and abundantly bear fruit, and also quickly recover after devastating fires and planned or poached felling. Due to its unpretentiousness and the presence of a superficial root system, which can develop even in a thin one-two-centimeter fertile layer, pine often takes root where other tree species are not able to take root, so it can often be found even on very poor sandy soils, not to mention mountain slopes. And although the species composition of tropical pine forests differs significantly from the composition of the northern pine forests, more familiar to our eyes, this does not matter: pine, as they say, is also pine in Africa.

Eulogy about the pine forest

Pine forests are very important for a person. So, for example, they:

1. are a source of wood of remarkable quality, resin and other types of valuable raw materials, and even stumps act in this capacity.
2. favorably affect the yield due to the constant high humidity of the air in their vicinity and more than in other places, the amount of precipitation.
3. fasten sandy soils with their roots, strengthen ravines and mountain slopes.
4. reliably protect against avalanches and mudflows, conserve soil water and contribute to more uniform soil moisture than related spruce forests.
5. very rich in phytoncides (substances produced by plants that kill bacteria, microscopic fungi, protozoa or inhibit their growth and development). One hectare of pine forest emits about 5 kg. phytoncides per day, which are detrimental to the causative agent of tuberculosis and E. coli, therefore, in a pine forest, especially in a young one, the air is almost sterile.

In addition, pine forests emit substances favorable for humans, which is why they are a very popular place for recreation and treatment. It is no coincidence that sanatoriums and dispensaries are often located in them, and in Taiwan, South Korea and Japan, where pine forests also grow, there is even an original therapeutic technique known as “bathing in the forest”, the essence of which is the active inhalation of phytoncides by people to improve your health. The pure healing air of the pine forest indescribably invigorates and refreshes any person, inspiring him to new achievements. But what kind of rest in the forest without picking mushrooms? - that's right, no, and the pine forest provides mushroom pickers with great opportunities to feast on their gifts in the form of delicious mushrooms. And since it is a sin not to take advantage of such opportunities, it is not surprising that lovers of quiet hunting often ask each other what edible mushrooms grow in a pine forest.

Pinewood Mushroom Guide

The fungal diversity of a pine forest depends primarily on two factors: its age and purity/mixture. If there are at least small inclusions of other tree species in it - for example, birch - then, in addition to purely "pine" mushrooms, a successful mushroom picker may well also count on a crop of boletus, boletus, russula, volzhanka, chanterelles and other similar mushrooms. The presence of oak and aspen in the pine forest gives an almost one hundred percent guarantee that you will meet a lot of milk mushrooms, white mushrooms, an oak form of porcini fungus and a truly uncountable number of russula.

But even without these inclusions, the pine forest is able to please even the most fastidious mushroom lovers. For example, it contains:

1. various types of oil (late, granular, marsh).
2. goats.
3. greenfinches
4. autumn mushrooms.
5. mushrooms.
6. whites.
7. various types of russula and talkers.
8. rows.
9. flywheels are predominantly yellow-brown and green.
10. polish mushroom.
11. umbrella mushrooms.
12. mokruhi purple.
13. lines.
14. morels.
15. spiked raincoats.
16. truffles.
17. pine varieties of boletus.
18. waves.
19. hedgehogs are variegated.

In their search, you can stumble upon a gall fungus, a pepper mushroom, a bitter mushroom, a ringed cap, a fat pig, a horned mushroom, a garlic mushroom. And of course, there is nowhere to escape in the pine forest and from fly agarics of various types (panther, red, gray-pink, grebe), pale grebes, false sulfur-yellow mushrooms.

Who, when and where grows

But, as we have already mentioned, the age of the pine forest greatly influences the diversity of mushrooms, and the first to be seen in it is the late oiler. It already grows in two-year-old pine plantations, starting from the end of May, and comes into force already in June, it is found both near pine trees standing alone and in inter-row grass. Sometimes this mushroom (as well as greenfinch later) can be identified by small tubercles of raised needles. A pine forest is a favorable environment for an oiler: it bears fruit in it very abundantly for almost the entire summer, in the same places and is able to produce from 3 to 6 crops per season. Every year, its number only increases and reaches a peak in pine forests that are 10-15 years old. Then its yield declines, but it is replaced in the finally formed environment (when tree crowns close) by other mushrooms ...

In addition to the late butterdish, in young pine forests you can also find:

1. autumn honey agaric, growing in groups around trunks or on stumps left after sanitary clearings.
2. camelina, which also grows in groups in damp, low-lying or open places, starting from mid-summer. Occasionally it can be found in the pine aisle.
3. wet purple. Few people know this mushroom, but meanwhile, in terms of taste, it is not inferior to oils and is suitable for all types of culinary processing. Mokruha occurs from August to the end of September, grows near pine trees, often on hills, singly or in small groups. You can also see them after the first autumn frosts, after which they often acquire a characteristic copper-purple color.
4. hedgehog motley. This mushroom belongs to the category of conditionally edible because of its specific smell and bitter taste, but the latter disappears after a few minutes of cooking, and thanks to the first, the blackberry is often used as a seasoning. But only young, immature hedgehogs are suitable for use, in old specimens stiffness appears and a bitter taste intensifies, which is why they are no longer suitable for food. In addition, according to some reports, blackberry pied should not be consumed raw: it can be poisonous. This mushroom bears fruit from August to October-November, grows singly or in groups (“witch rings”) of 3-5 specimens, prefers dry pine forests and sandy soils.
5. greenfinch is another mushroom that is collectivistic and prefers dense shady lowlands and illuminated clearings.
6. rowing, loving flat places, growing in sandstone, in moss and under coniferous litter, both alone and in "witch circles". This mushroom often chooses the same places as greenfinch, but you have to be careful with it: of all its varieties (from 90 to 100), only 19 are edible, all the rest are poisonous mushrooms. The most popular and common edible species is the gray row, known among mushroom pickers as "serushka".
7. a pine form of boletus, which can sometimes be confused with a young gall fungus (this variety has a yellow-brown hat and a thin, almost cylindrical stem). However, it is not difficult to figure out who is who: just lick the hat of a suspicious mushroom, and everything will fall into place, since the boletus will not have the taste that is inherent in the gall fungus.

Pine forests aged 15 to 40 years are considered the most productive. By this age, their root system is getting stronger, however, the abundance of small processes with delicate skin in it makes it possible for the mushroom mycelium to penetrate into a fertile environment for it. In addition, the layer of forest litter is still small, which allows the soil to easily warm up and moisten. It was during this twenty-five years that almost all of the mushrooms we listed earlier can be found in pine forests, growing in lowlands, and on the edge of plantings and sphagnum swamps, and on the edges, and on plains, and in glades, and in the aisle, in open areas and among deadwood ... If the pine forest is wet enough, then it will delight the mushroom picker with an abundance of mossiness mushrooms, goats, marsh butterflies and russula, gray-pink milkers, rows, and if it is overgrown with weeds, then the mushroom picker's basket will definitely be replenished with talkers.

The older the pine forest becomes, the more diverse the mushroom kingdom becomes in it. In middle-aged and older forests, various types of russula grow, black podgruzok, umbrella mushroom - one of the most delicious mushrooms in the world, especially at a young age - Polish mushroom, granular butterdish, replacing its late "brother", greenfinch ... However, if the age of the pine forest exceeds 40 years, then there are less and less mushrooms in it. This is due to crown compaction, thickening of the litter, due to which the soil warms up worse, and coarsening of the root system of trees, through which it is already difficult for the mycelium to break through. In addition, mature forests are unusually moisture-loving. But a small number of mushrooms does not mean their complete absence: especially stubborn mushroom pickers will almost certainly be lucky in the “face” of those mushrooms that grow from year to year in the same places: butter, honey mushrooms, Polish mushrooms ... If by this time pine the forest will be diluted with other trees, the mushroom kingdom will have a "second wind".

Conclusion

Those who have ever visited a pine forest, breathed its air and walked through mushroom places, without a shadow of a doubt call it the best forest in the world. And, probably, they are not far from the truth: pine forests stand out favorably against the background of other forests, no matter how healing and rich in their gifts. Pine is not only unpretentious and resistant, but also friendly and quite capable of getting along with birch, white alder, spruce, oak, aspen, which means that mushrooms in a pine forest can be very different. The main thing is to know where to look for them, so in the end we will talk a little about where everyone's favorite mushrooms most often prefer to settle.

All mushrooms during their harvest period (summer-autumn) try to choose humus-rich and well-warmed soil, so they can often be seen on semi-shaded and open places, slopes of ravines, hills and along forest paths and abandoned roads. In a hot summer, they try to hide at the roots and under coniferous spruce branches, and in bad weather, in autumn or in a too humid forest, on the contrary, they prefer edges and glades on higher ground. At the same time, mushrooms, with a few exceptions, avoid extremes in the form of swampy lowlands, excessively dry clearings, thickets and forests with excessively tall grass. Most mushrooms are monogamous: once they have chosen a place for themselves, they grow on it almost every year in various quantities, so every experienced mushroom picker, like a fisherman, has favorite places that delight him with a constant mushroom harvest. Finally, the abundance of mushrooms is affected not only by the growing environment, but also by air temperature and weather. It is no coincidence that the greatest harvest of mushrooms awaits a person on a clear, moderately warm day after a little rain, popularly called "mushroom".

We are glad to welcome you to the blog. The mushroom season is in full swing, so our topic today will be edible mushrooms, the photo and name of which you will find below. There are many types of mushrooms in our vast country, so even experienced mushroom pickers cannot always distinguish edible from inedible ones. But false and poisonous species can ruin your dish, and in some cases even cause death.

In the article you will find out what edible mushrooms are, what types they are divided into, where they grow and how they look, which mushrooms appear first. I will tell you what benefits they bring to your body and what their nutritional value is.

All mushrooms are divided into three main sections: edible, conditionally edible, inedible (poisonous, hallucinogenic). All these are hat mushrooms, they make up only a small part of a vast kingdom.

They can be divided according to many criteria. The structure of the cap is of the greatest importance to us, since sometimes it differs in twins.

Share:

• tubular (spongy) - the bottom of the cap consists of the smallest tubes, resembles a sponge;
• lamellar - plates at the bottom of the cap, located radially;
• marsupials (morels) - shriveled hats.

You can also divide forest gifts by taste, by the method of spore formation, shape, color, and the nature of the surface of the cap and stem.

When and where do mushrooms grow

In Russia and the CIS countries, mushroom areas are found almost throughout the entire territory, from the tundra to the steppe zones. Mushrooms grow best in humus-rich soil that warms up well. The gifts of the forest do not like strong waterlogging and excessive dryness. The best places for them are in the clearing, where there is a shade, on the edges, forest roads, in plantings and copses.

If the summer is rainy, mushroom places should be looked for on a hill, and if dry, near trees in the lowlands, where there is more moisture. As a rule, specific species grow near certain trees. For example, camelina grows near pines and spruce; white - in birch, pine, oak; boletus - at the aspen.

Mushrooms in different climatic zones appear at different times, one after another. Let's analyze the middle band:

• The first spring forest harvest - lines and morels (April, May).
• In early June, boletus, boletus, boletus, russula appear. The duration of the wave is about 2 weeks.
• From mid-July, the second wave begins, which lasts 2-3 weeks. In rainy years, there is no break between the June and July waves. Since July, the mass appearance of the mushroom harvest begins.
• August is marked by the massive growth of mushrooms, especially ceps.
• From mid-August and early autumn, chanterelles, mushrooms, milk mushrooms grow in huge families in favorable weather.

In broad-leaved forests, the main season lasts from June to October, and from November to March, winter mushroom can be found in the forests. Field mushrooms are more common in the steppes: umbrellas, champignons, raincoat, meadow mushrooms. The season is from June to November.

Composition of mushrooms, benefits

The mushroom composition contains up to 90% water, and the dry part is predominantly protein. That is why the gifts of the forest are often called "forest meat" or "forest bread".

The nutritional value:

• Mushroom protein contains almost all amino acids, and even essential ones. Mushrooms are a significant part of the diet, however, due to the content of fungin, it is better to exclude them from the menu for people suffering from diseases of the kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract.
• Carbohydrates in "forest meat" is much less than protein. Mushroom carbohydrate differs from vegetable and is absorbed better, much like milk or bread.
• Fatty substances are absorbed like animal fats by 92-97%.
• The composition contains tartaric, fumaric, citric, malic and other acids.
• The composition contains a large amount of vitamins PP, B1, A. Some varieties contain B2, C, D.
• Mushrooms are rich in iron, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium.
• The composition contains trace elements - zinc, fluorine, manganese, iodine, copper.

Edible gifts of the forest have many benefits, since ancient times they have been used to treat diseases. Now it is healthy and tasty food, and vegetarians replace meat with them.

Mushrooms are able to increase immunity, cleanse blood vessels and lower cholesterol levels, fight depression and excess weight. They help maintain the beauty of hair, skin and nails. More information about contraindications and beneficial properties of mushrooms on our website.

How to determine if a mushroom is edible or not

How to distinguish edible mushrooms from inedible? After all, almost everyone knows boletus, but rare and unusual specimens are found in the forest. There are many ways.

For example, in my childhood I had an interesting encyclopedia with pictures and descriptions, plus I always went to the forest with experienced mushroom pickers. By the way, this is the best idea to take with you to the forest, a person who understands mushroom matters.

A few general tips:

1. Take a closer look if you see worms in at least one mushroom from the mycelium, they are edible.
2. Tubular species are easier to distinguish from twins.
3. Learn the colors, white and greenish often indicate a poisonous lookalike.
4. Do not taste mushrooms, they are not always bitter, for example pale grebe, a little sweet. Such an experiment can result in poisoning.
5. On false and poisonous twins, a skirt is often found.

These are just a few of the signs. Basically, each pair of twins has its own differences. You should pay attention to the frequency of the plates at the bottom of the cap, attachment to the stem, color, pulp when cut, the presence of rings. Below you will find a photo and the name of edible mushrooms with a short description.

What do edible mushrooms look like?

White mushroom (boletus)

The mushroom king has a light leg, the sponge under the cap is cream and white. If you break the hat, it will not darken. He has several false and poisonous twins. For example, in a satanic mushroom, the fracture will turn blue, and in the gall it will turn pink, the broken leg will be covered with a dark mesh.

Boletus (redhead)

In most cases, the boletus has a red cap, dense flesh and a leg. When broken, the cut is bluish or white, while the false redhead is red or pink.

Boletus (boletus)

The color of the cap varies from dark brown to light beige. has an elongated leg with a gray mesh, and does not change color when cut. The false mushroom has a dirty white or pink sponge, and its hat is gray or pinkish.

Quite a massive mushroom with a velvet cushion-shaped cap, with lemon-yellow flesh. The leg at the base is red, and turns blue at the cut. It is confused with a satanic mushroom, but it is lighter in color.

A real chanterelle has a color from pale pink to orange, its edges are wavy, corrugated, and there are plates under the cap. In the false version, the color is from orange to red. The edges are jewelry smooth, and when broken, white juice is released.

Oiler is a yellow mushroom with a slippery spongy hat, which is connected to the leg by a film. In false oil, the hat is dark, sometimes with a purple tint, under it there are plates. The peel of the latter does not stretch when removed, and the flesh turns red.

The flywheel is spongy, the sponge is bright yellow. In "youth", his hat is convex velvet, and over time, it straightens and cracks. Its color ranges from dark green to burgundy. The leg is without any inclusions, and when broken, the color does not change. It is often confused with pepper, gall and chestnut mushrooms. The main difference between the flywheel is that it grows on moss.

The original has a beige or cream color, dark brown plates and a skirt. Mushroom grows in well-lit places. You can confuse a popular mushroom with a pale toadstool or a smelly fly agaric, and they are deadly poisonous. The toadstool has light plates, but there is no skirt under the hat.

There are light cream and brown shades, they have skirts on the leg, and scales on the hat, they are lamellar, grow on stumps. False mushrooms are brighter, they do not have a film ring.

In young russula, the hat is spherical, while in mature ones it is flat, dry to the touch, matte or shiny. The color changes from green to red. The plates are fragile, different in size, frequent, yellow or white. The flesh is crisp and white, changing color when cut. If the russula is bright red or purple, most likely you have a double in front of you.

Raincoat (hare potato, fluff)

A real raincoat is shaped like a ball, often on a small leg. Its color is white or beige. The pulp is dense, white. In the false puffball, the flesh has a purple hue, the skin is dark.

Often grow near pines and larches. The hat eventually begins to resemble a funnel, its color is orange, red or bluish-green. She is smooth and sticky. The slice will turn green over time.

It has a flat pink cap with a depression in the center and a discreet circle pattern, the edges of which are bent inward. The pulp is white, dense, the juice is also white. The color does not change when cut. Twins often have scales, a greenish color, distinct from the white flesh.

Cobweb (bog)

It has a beautiful appearance, bright yellow color. The shape of the cap is correct, round, it hides the plates. An adult cobweb resembles a toadstool. False twins are foul-smelling, irregularly shaped, and covered in scales.

The umbrella got its name due to the long stem and the characteristic shape of the hat, at first the shape is spherical, then it resembles an umbrella. The color is white, with a hint of beige, a darker spot in the center, and the surface is cracked. Plates darken with age. Many twins that differ in color may have a pungent odor and loose flesh.

Talkers

The cap of the govorushka at first has a hemispherical shape, then it is depressed, resembling a funnel. It is dry and smooth, white, light brown, ocher in color, the center is darker. The plates are white, but darken with age. The flesh is white, dense, although it loosens with age. False talkers are white.

Ryadovki

Agaric mushrooms deserve their name because they grow in rows or circles (witch's circles). The cap of a young rowing resembles a ball, and then straightens. It has white, brown, red, yellow colors. The edges can be curved, smooth, or curved. The skin can be dry, velvety or smooth, mucous. The leg is velvety, often has a pink-brown color. The poisonous doppelgänger has a dirty gray color, be careful!

Stitches

More often lines are found in a pine forest, due to possible frosts, black spots appear on its cap. The cap itself grows together with the leg, has a sinuous shape. It has a brown, brown, reddish or yellow color. The older the lines, the lighter the hat. The leg is also not even, and the flesh is white and breaks easily.

Morel

The surface of the morel cap, as if all in cells, is ovoid in shape. Its color is greyish, yellow and brown. The flesh of the morel is white, soft, and the stem has a cylindrical shape, slightly thickened towards the bottom. The false morel grows from the egg, emits an unpleasant odor and is covered with mucus.

oyster mushrooms

Oyster mushrooms grow on a tree, under each other, which is why they got their name. The cap of oyster mushrooms is smooth, sometimes wavy, the color is gray with a purple tint. The plates are frequent, dense, have a gray color. The edges are concave, the legs are short, dense. False oyster mushrooms are brighter and of other shades.

Now you know how to test a mushroom and find out if it is edible or not. You can go to the forest without fear. Choose only the right mushrooms and remember that even an edible mushroom can cause harm if it is old or starting to decompose.

Video - edible mushrooms with a description

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In the forests of the middle zone, in the mountains of Kamchatka and on the Kola Peninsula, in the forest belts of the North Caucasus and the famous steppes of Kazakhstan, in the regions of Central Asia, more than 300 species of edible mushrooms grow, which lovers of "quiet hunting" like to collect so much.

Indeed, the occupation is very exciting and interesting, allowing, moreover, to feast on the harvest. However, you need to know mushrooms so that poisonous ones do not get into the basket along with edible ones, eating which you can get severe food poisoning. Edible mushrooms with photos, names and descriptions are available for everyone interested in mushroom picking.

Mushrooms are considered edible, which can be used for food absolutely without risk to life and health, as they have significant gastronomic value, distinguished by a delicate and unique taste, dishes from them do not get bored and are always in demand and popularity.

Good mushrooms are called lamellar, on the underside of the caps there are lamellar structures or spongy, because their hats on the underside resemble a sponge, inside which there are spores.

During the collection, experienced mushroom pickers always pay attention to the special signs that the mushroom is edible:

Forest mushrooms grow from mycelium, resembling a grayish light mold that appears on a rotting tree. The delicate fibers of the mycelium braid the roots of the tree, creating a mutually beneficial symbiosis: the mushrooms get organic matter from the tree, the tree from the mycelium receives mineral nutrients and moisture. Other types of mushrooms are tied to tree species, which later determined their names.

The list contains wild mushrooms with photos and their names:

• boletus;
• under-thickness;
• boletus;
• tannery;
• pine mushroom;
• mottled or ordinary oak, others.

poddubovik

In coniferous and mixed forests there are many other mushrooms that mushroom pickers are happy to find:

• mushrooms;
• honey mushrooms summer, autumn, meadow;
• boletus;
• russula;
• milk mushrooms;
• polish mushroom, and so on.

Chanterelles

It is most correct to put mushrooms during harvesting in special wicker baskets, where they can be ventilated, in such a container it is easier for them to maintain their shape. It is impossible to collect mushrooms in bags, otherwise, after returning home, you can find a sticky, shapeless mass.

It is allowed to collect only those mushrooms that are known for sure that they are edible and young, old and wormy should be thrown away. It is better not to touch suspicious mushrooms at all, bypass them.

The best time to harvest is early morning, while the mushrooms are strong and fresh, they will last longer.

Characteristic features of edible mushrooms and their description

Among the noble representatives of edible, tasty and healthy mushrooms, there is a special group, which is usually characterized by one word "toadstools", because they are all poisonous or deadly poisonous, there are about 30 species of them. They are dangerous because they usually grow next to edible ones and often look like them. Unfortunately, only a few hours later it turns out that a dangerous mushroom was eaten when a person was poisoned and ended up in the hospital.

To avoid such serious troubles, it would be useful to look at the photos, names and descriptions of edible wild mushrooms before going on a “silent hunt”.

You can start with the first category, which includes the most noble, high-quality mushrooms with the highest taste and nutritional qualities.

White mushroom (or boletus) - he is given the palm, he is one of the most rare among relatives, the beneficial properties of this mushroom are unique, and the taste is the highest. When the mushroom is small, it has a very light cap on top, which changes its color to yellowish brown or chestnut with age. The underside is tubular, white or yellowish, the flesh is dense, the older the mushroom becomes, the more flabby its flesh becomes, but its color does not change on the cut. This is important to know, because it is poisonous gall fungus outwardly similar to white, but the surface of the spongy layer is pink, and the flesh turns red at the break. In young mushrooms, the legs are in the form of a drop or a barrel, with age it changes to a cylindrical one.

It occurs most often in summer, does not grow in groups, you can find it in sandy or grassy glades.

- a delicious mushroom, rich in trace elements, known as an absorbent that binds and removes harmful toxic substances from the human body. The cap of the boletus is of a muted brown hue, convex, reaching a diameter of 12 cm, the stem is covered with small scales, expanded towards the base. The flesh is without a specific mushroom smell, at the break it acquires a pinkish tint.

Mushrooms love moist soil, it’s worth following them into a birch grove after a good rain, you need to look right at the roots of birches, found in aspen forests.

- a mushroom that got its name due to its special carrot-red color, an interesting funnel-shaped hat, with a recess in the middle, circles are visible from the recess to the edges, the lower part and the stem are also orange, plastics turn green when pressed. The pulp is also bright orange, gives off a slight tarry aroma and taste, the milky juice that stands out at the break turns green, then turns brown. The taste qualities of the mushroom are highly valued.

Prefers to grow in pine forests on sandy soils.

real breast - mushroom pickers consider and call it the “king of mushrooms”, although it cannot boast that it is suitable for use in various processing: basically, it is eaten only in salted form. The cap at a young age is flat-convex, with a slight depression, turning with age into a funnel-shaped, yellowish or greenish-white. It has transparent, as if vitreous diametrical circles - one of the characteristic features of the breast. The plates from the stem extend to the edge of the cap, on which a fibrous fringe grows. White brittle pulp has a recognizable smell of mushrooms, white juice, winding, begins to turn yellow.

Further, we can continue to consider the description of edible mushrooms belonging to the second category, which may be tasty and desirable, but their nutritional value is somewhat lower, experienced mushroom pickers do not bypass them.

- a genus of tubular mushrooms, it got its name because of the oily cap, at first red-brown, then turning into yellow-ocher, semicircular with a tubercle in the center. The pulp has a juicy, yellowish color, without changing it on the cut.

Boletus (aspen) - while young, the hat has a spherical shape, after a couple of days its shape resembles a plate on a stocky leg extended up to 15 cm, covered with black scales. The cut on the pulp turns from white to pink-violet or gray-violet.

- refers to valuable, elite mushrooms, has some similarities with a porcini mushroom, its hat is chestnut-brown, first wrapped downwards, in adult mushrooms it turns upwards, becomes flatter, in rainy weather a sticky substance appears on it, the skin is separated with difficulty . The stem is dense, cylindrical up to 4 cm in diameter, often smooth, and occurs with thin scales.

- outwardly similar to a white mushroom, but it has a slightly different color, black-brown, a yellowish pale leg with reddish blotches. The flesh is fleshy and dense, bright yellow, turning green at the break.

Dubovik ordinary - its leg is brighter, the base is colored with a reddish tint with a light pinkish mesh. The pulp is also fleshy and dense, bright yellow, it turns green at the break.

The names of edible mushrooms of the third, penultimate category are not so well known to novice mushroom pickers, but it is quite numerous, mushrooms of this category are much more common than the first two combined. When during the mushroom season you can collect a sufficient number of porcini, saffron milk caps, milk mushrooms and others, volushki, chanterelles, russula, valui are bypassed by many. But when failures occur with the number of noble mushrooms, these mushrooms are also willingly harvested, and one cannot return home with empty baskets.

- pink, white, very similar to each other, the difference is only in the color of the hat, the pink wave has a young hat with a beard, a convex shape with red rings that fade with age, the white one has a lighter hat, there are no circles, the leg is thin, the plates are narrow and frequent. Due to the dense pulp, the volushki tolerate transportation well. They need a long heat treatment before use.

- the most common of the russula family, more than ten species grow on the territory of Russia, sometimes they are endowed with the poetic definition of "gems" for the beautiful various shades of hats. The most delicious are russula food with pinkish, reddish wavy curved or hemispherical hats, which become sticky in wet weather, in dry they are matte. There are hats unevenly colored, with white spots. The leg of the russula is from 3 to 10 cm in height, the flesh is usually white, rather fragile.

Chanterelles ordinary - are considered delicacy, the caps become funnel-shaped with age, they do not have a clear transition to unevenly cylindrical legs, tapering at the base. The dense fleshy pulp has a pleasant mushroom aroma, spicy taste. Chanterelles differ from mushrooms by a wavy or curly hat shape, they are lighter than mushrooms, they seem translucent to the light.

Interestingly, chanterelles are not wormy, because they contain chinomannose in the pulp, which etches insects and arthropods from the fungus. The indicator of accumulation of radionuclides is average.

When collecting chanterelles, you need to be careful not to get into the basket along with edible mushrooms fox false , which differs from the present only at a young age, becoming old, it acquires a pale yellow color.

They are distinguished when they find colonies of chanterelles with mushrooms of different ages:

• real mushrooms of any age of the same color;
• false young mushrooms are bright orange.

- with caps of a spherical shape, which in adult mushrooms becomes convex with drooping edges, yellowish plates with brownish spots, the flesh of the valu is white and dense. The smell of old mushrooms is unpleasant, so it is recommended to collect only young valui, similar to cams.

- mushrooms growing in bunches of many pieces, they grow annually in the same places, therefore, having spotted such a mushroom place, you can confidently return to it every year with the confidence that the harvest will be guaranteed. They are easy to find on rotten, rotten stumps, fallen trees. The color of their caps is beige-brown, always darker in the center, lighter towards the edges, with high humidity they acquire a reddish tint. The shape of the caps in young mushrooms is hemispherical, in mature ones it is flat, but the tubercle remains in the middle. In young mushrooms, a thin film grows from the leg to the hat, which breaks as it grows, a skirt remains on the leg.

The article presents not all edible mushrooms with photos, names and their detailed descriptions, there are a lot of varieties of mushrooms: goats, flywheels, rows, morels, raincoats, pigs, blackberries, bitters, others - their diversity is simply huge.

Going to the forest for mushrooms, modern inexperienced mushroom pickers can use mobile phones to capture photos of edible mushrooms that are most common in the area in order to be able to check the mushrooms they found with the photos available on the phone as a good clue.

An extended list of edible mushrooms with a photo

This slideshow contains all the mushrooms, including those not mentioned in the article:

Each mushroom picker is interested in knowing what mushrooms are found and grow in the forests, where he went in the morning with a basket. Most often they go into the forest, and indeed, there you can find a wide variety of mushrooms. However, what this set will be depends on the type of forest in which they grow.

Common mushrooms of pine forests.

Pure pine forests grow on very poor sandy soils. The composition of the species of fungi found in them depends not so much on the geographical location of the forest, but on its age. In young pine plantations, starting from the second year, a late oiler appears. It grows in the grass between rows or under free-standing trees.

The yield of oiler increases every year and becomes the highest when the planting age reaches 10–15 years, and then begins to fade. When plantings grow so much that the grass disappears in them and the soil is covered with a layer of fallen needles, oil plants can be found by tubercles of raised needles. Late oiler abundantly bears fruit almost all summer in the same places. Giving 3-4, and in favorable years 5-6 harvests per season.

When the plantings grow up, another abundantly fruiting mushroom, greenfinch, appears to replace the late oiler. Greenfinches grow in large groups, are found in young, middle-aged and adult pine forests, in lowlands among dense shady pine forests. Where they can be found on slightly raised tubercles of fallen needles, and in sunlit forest glades.

On flat places in pine plantations, a gray row is often found, and a pine variety of white fungus grows with a yellow-brown cap and a relatively thin, almost cylindrical leg. White fungus usually grows along the edge of plantings, along small depressions and ditches, but is also found among pines.

What mushrooms are in pine plantations.

In pine plantations, especially young ones, autumn, or real, honey agaric abundantly bears fruit. Whose families grow around trunks or on stumps left during the sanitary clearing of pines. In young and middle-aged pine forests, groups of camelinas can be found. They grow in damp places in small depressions, in clearings, forest clearings and edges, less often in the aisles of pines. At the end of summer and autumn, purple moss appears in such places.

Sometimes in young pine plantations you can find motley blackberry. This mushroom is edible when young. Old mushrooms become tough and bitter. In damp pine forests, along the outskirts of sphagnum pine forests, various flywheels and goats grow. Here you can also find marsh butterdish, marsh russula, gray-pink milkweed.

In damp places, among the moss, various rows grow in small groups. In young, middle-aged and old pine forests with a small admixture, real chanterelles are massively found. They bear fruit in the same places throughout the summer. In adult pine forests, gall fungus is found. It is not poisonous, but very bitter. At a young age, the gall fungus is easy to mistake for white. Therefore, to check, you can lick the flesh of a suspicious mushroom with the tip of your tongue.

What mushrooms are there in pine forests of middle and older age.

In pine forests of middle and older age, various varieties of russula appear in abundance - yellow, blue-yellow, greenish, marsh, brittle, fragrant. In autumn, in moderately humid, mossy places, you can find a black podgruzok. In mature pine forests, the Polish fungus is found, and in the clearings with rare adult pines, the granular oiler is found.

On forest glades, edges, among the sparse forests, motley grows - one of the most delicious mushrooms - and the reddening umbrella mushroom. Also an edible and tasty mushroom, especially when young. Along the edges of old pine forests, a gray-pink fly agaric is often found - a conditionally edible mushroom. In pine forests overgrown with weeds, various types of talkers grow abundantly, often forming "witch rings". Most of them are edible, although of low quality, but there are also poisonous ones.

Of the mushrooms in the pine forests, there is a pale grebe and fly agaric - panther, red, grebe. On stumps, around dried trees, poisonous sulfur-yellow false honeycomb is found in large groups.

A pine forest, even with a small admixture of other tree species, is much richer in fungal diversity than a pure pine forest. With an admixture of birch, boletus, boletus, bruises, russula, volzhanka, whites and other milky ones appear there. If there is an admixture of aspen and in a pine forest, an oak form of porcini mushroom appears there. The variety of russula is increasing. There is a white load, black breast and other types of mushrooms.

Spruce forest mushrooms.

Few varieties of mushrooms are found in pure spruce forests. In young spruce forests, along with pine camelina, spruce camelina can be found. Pale and thin, with carrot-red milky juice. Talkers also grow here, often forming "witch circles". Spruce white fungus grows in sparse middle-aged forests, both in open sunny glades and in the spruce forest itself, although it prefers bright places along the edge of the forest.

Spruce forests are also preferred by some types of russula - blue and blue-yellow - growing in groups under adult spruce trees. In mature spruce forests there is a yellow mushroom. It grows in small groups in mossy, damp places in forest glades, along streams and along the slopes of ravines. In the second half of summer, under the fir trees, among the heather and moss, you can find spruce moss.

Amanita muscaria grows from mushrooms in spruce forests. A large mushroom with an orange-yellow cap. In humid places, cobwebs are very common. Among them are many inedible and poisonous species, difficult to distinguish from edible ones, so it is better not to touch the cobwebs.

Along streams and ravines, on wet lawns, often next to mushrooms, a poisonous reddish talker grows. In the forests, on the edges, on glades overgrown with grass, a thin pig is often found, recently attributed to poisonous mushrooms.

Based on the book "Mushrooms. We collect, we grow, we prepare.
Zvonarev N. M.