The Ministry of Health has developed a vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age, or a vaccination table, the use of which is recommended for all parents and treating pediatricians.
Immunization calendar and 7 basic rules for preparing a child for vaccination
The child's immunity to especially dangerous diseases is formed at an early stage of development. It has been proven that with the introduction of microorganisms and bacteria in the form of an injection (inoculation) in infancy, vaccination is almost asymptomatic.
The vaccination plan for a child under 3 years of age is agreed with the WHO (World Health Organization) and is used by employees of the maternity wards of hospitals.
AGE | GRAFT | Newborns (in the first 24 hours of life) | Hepatitis B - 1st vaccination | 3-7 days | Tuberculosis - vaccination | 1 month | Hepatitis B - 2nd vaccination (children at risk) | 2 months | Hepatitis B - 3rd vaccination (children at risk) | 3 months | Hepatitis B - 2nd vaccination, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b - 1st vaccination | 4.5 months | Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b - 2nd vaccination | 6 months | Hepatitis B - 3rd vaccination, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b - 3rd vaccination | 12 months | Hepatitis B - 4th vaccination (children at risk), measles, rubella, mumps - vaccination | 18 months | Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae type b - 1st revaccination | 20 months | Poliomyelitis - 2nd revaccination | 24 months | Pneumococcal infection, chickenpox - vaccination | 36 months | Viral hepatitis A - vaccination |
The following rules should be followed by parents in order to properly prepare the child for vaccination.
- A few days before the vaccination, it is recommended not to visit places where there is a large crowd of people. In no case should you change the usual daily routine, dietary patterns. Do not introduce new products.
- 3 days before the planned vaccination date, do not take antihistamines (suprastin, tavegil, etc.), stop taking vitamin D3. You can add calcium to complementary foods.
- To try to avoid the risk of complications, the parent is obliged to see if the child went to the toilet in a big way. In extreme cases, on the day of vaccination, you can do a cleansing enema.
- Parents of older children who strictly adhere to the Russian 2015 vaccination schedule for children are required to prepare the child for vaccination by telling them about the need for an injection. For infants, hospital visits and possible contact with other children should be kept to a minimum.
- After vaccination, it is necessary to spend a maximum of 1 hour in the fresh air.
- On the day of vaccination, it is forbidden to bathe the baby.
- In a situation of hardening at the grafting site, it is recommended to make an iodine mesh. When the temperature rises, starting from 37.1 ° C - give an antipyretic and call an ambulance.
The vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age is only valid for healthy babies. In the case of frequent illnesses, an individual vaccination table is compiled.
Indications and contraindications for vaccination
As stated above, the child is brought in for vaccination, provided that he had no behavioral abnormalities a few days before the plans of doctors and parents. He ate in the usual way, was in high spirits, did not get sick and did not act up.
Any ARVI pushes back the scheduled vaccination 2 weeks ago. This circumstance should be reported to the attending pediatrician.
Also, the reason for not vaccinating, violating the vaccination schedule for children under 3 years old, is the child's disability and birth trauma.
Reaction to the vaccine, side effects, possible complications (for example, DTP)
DPT stands for adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.
If you put DTP, the vaccination schedule looks like this:
- 3 months,
- 4.5 months
- six months
- 1.5 years.
Consequences - diarrhea, vomiting, fever, cough, loss of appetite.
At this moment, the parent should not worry, there is no need to frantically search for children's medicines in the first-aid kit: the reaction to the vaccine will pass by the evening. Unless, of course, the child has not caught a viral disease in the clinic.
Read more about complications after DPT vaccination, how to deal with them, as well as the opinions of doctors and parents' reviews about this vaccine, read in this material.
If there were any complications after vaccination , the vaccination schedule is still mandatory for doctors, moms and dads.
Do I need to be vaccinated with DTP at all, is it worth risking a child and can I refuse it? We talk about these and other questions.
How to avoid complications or what to do if they occur? (on the example of vaccination against polio)
There are no antiviral drugs for the treatment of poliomyelitis. The disease most often affects children under 10 years of age. If you pay attention to the vaccination schedule for children under 3 years old, the table shows that the vaccine against such a terrible disease as polio is planned for a baby from 3 months old.
The main condition for successful vaccination is good health, which is confirmed general analysis blood, urinalysis and visual examination by a pediatrician.
If poliomyelitis vaccination is carried out, the schedule of which is agreed with the WHO organization, this means that there are no other remedies for a terrible disease.
Vaccinations are carried out in the form of drops in the mouth and in the form of injections. At the same time, after vaccination, the reactions of the baby's body in this case Hardly ever:
- after vaccination, the temperature may rise to 37.5 ° C within 14 days,
- seldom there are frequent stools. They stop exactly after one or two days.
If complications arise, you should not worry. With the vaccine, pathogens and bacteria are introduced, and the child's body, in turn, tries to develop immunity against dangerous diseases. And the parent of the baby for this period should temporarily refrain from various innovations in food, "hikes" to relatives and friends.
And do not forget to revaccinate after 1 year after the first vaccination!
6 rules to follow before and after vaccination
Vaccination is an important step for all parents. The vaccination calendar for children under 3 years of age is mandatory subject to a number of rules:
- Children vaccinated with one vaccine against one infection can be vaccinated with another vaccine no earlier than after 2 months.
- Polio vaccinations can be given on the same day as pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations.
- If the child was born prematurely, with a body weight of less than 2300 g or a little more, then the dose of the vaccine is halved.
- An individual vaccination table for children under 3 years of age is entered in the child's medical record.
- When curing injection hepatitis and meningococcal infection, the vaccination schedule after 1 year is postponed later by 6 months.
- Severely endured SARS shifts the vaccination calendar by 1 month.
What should parents do if they want to refuse vaccinations and does it make sense?
The vaccination calendar for children under 3 years of age, the table presented above, can be a guide to action. At the same time, the legal representative of the child decides for himself whether to vaccinate or not.
Regarding the dilemma - to vaccinate or not, smart parents have no doubts. Otherwise, when a child reaches 2-3 years old, there will be problems with attending preschool institutions.
Caring parents argue that it is better to vaccinate than to refuse it. Indeed, in case of disagreement with the doctor, all responsibility for life and health is transferred to the parents, and an unexpected illness can ruin the whole fate of the little man and even lead to irreparable consequences.
The national calendar of preventive vaccinations 2015 was developed based on the results of many years of practice of practicing doctors. All experts believe that the disease is better to prevent than to cure.
If you are still in doubt and do not dare to vaccinate your child, listen to the authoritative opinion of Dr. Komarovsky, a pediatrician, a doctor of the highest category.
Vaccination, done on time, according to the schedule, becomes the guarantor of the health and longevity of your child.
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Any doctor will tell you that prevention is the most effective way to treat a disease. And this statement is one hundred percent true. Since it is much easier to prevent the development of the disease than to spend time, effort and money on its treatment. In addition, many diseases are so aggressive that a person learns about them too late.
Therefore, doctors do not get tired of repeating that, firstly, you should definitely monitor your health and regularly undergo examinations. And, secondly, do not ignore preventive measures aimed at maintaining good health.
Ancient doctors spoke about the importance of prevention. The fathers of medicine suggested that their patients observe the rules of personal hygiene, as well as adhere to the rules of a healthy diet. With the development of mankind and medical science, preventive methods of combating diseases have also improved.
Nowadays, in any developed country, considerable funds are allocated for sanitary and hygienic, anti-epidemic and educational measures that help to avoid major pandemics and ensure a stable growth of a healthy population. can be considered one of the main ways to prevent a fairly wide range of diseases that a hundred years ago exterminated hundreds of thousands of people.
Types of vaccinations
Before we talk about what vaccines are and why they are needed at all, it is worth paying attention to some general questions on the topic and making a short digression into history. Did you know that until the 19th century, European doctors were helpless in the face of the often recurring large-scale epidemics (pandemics) of infectious diseases.
For example, (a deadly virus that appeared in Asia around the 5th century AD) annually affected millions of people, of which 30% died, and the survivors remained crippled for life. Ancient doctors looked for all sorts of ways to protect against this deadly disease.
Thanks to this, they came up with such a method as inoculation or vaccination, i.e. the process of introducing foreign or contaminated material (such as fluid from a smallpox blister) to a healthy person in order to develop immunity. In India, this procedure was called variolation .
According to another version, China is considered the birthplace of inoculation, where they used such a method of combating smallpox as nasal insufflation , i.e. inhalation of a powder containing the smallpox virus. European physicians received information about vaccination thanks to the East India Company.
The Greek doctors E. Tionis and Yakov and Chios Pilarinos were the first to practice vaccinations. This method of fighting smallpox in the United States and England was used for half a century before Edward Jenner's vaccine, officially recognized by the scientific and medical community, was invented in 1876.
However, it has not been widely adopted due to high percentage mortality and was used exclusively during periods of a surge in the disease. Interestingly, the first to fight back a deadly disease was a simple farmer, Benjamin Jesty, who noticed that people who had a mild version of the disease (cowpox) did not become infected with smallpox. He infected himself and his family, thus conducting a scientific experiment.
In the end, everything ended well, no one got sick or died. Subsequently, the already well-known English doctor E. Jenner was able to get a vaccine against smallpox by inoculating cowpox to the son of his gardener. The boy who had a mild version of the disease not only survived, but was further immune to smallpox. From that moment on, a revolution in medicine began.
A real breakthrough in vaccination was made by the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, who, using his innovative method of pasteurization, was able to develop vaccinations against and anthrax. Last case of infection smallpox was recorded in Somalia in 1977. With the help of mass vaccination, humanity was able to eradicate a disease that claimed millions of lives for hundreds of years.
Types of vaccines by composition:
- live vaccines, i.e. containing weakened live strains viruses or harmful microbes ( antigen );
- inactivated vaccines, i.e. containing inactivated, i.e. killed strains;
- biosynthetic vaccines, i.e. containing material (for example, proteins) obtained by genetic engineering;
- containing toxoids , i.e. inactivatedtoxins produced by the pathogen.
In addition to the antigen, vaccines may contain:
- preservatives ensure the sterility of the solution;
- fillers;
- sorbents;
- stabilizers;
- other non-specific contaminants (eg substrate proteins, animal sera or antibiotics).
Distinguish active and passive vaccination . In the first case, a person is injected with the waste products of a pathogenic microorganism ( , ), and in the second - antibodies (). It is important to note that during active vaccination, only inactivated ones are administered, i.e. killed or severely weakened microorganisms to eliminate the slightest possibility of infection.
Methods for administering vaccines:
- The intramuscular method of administering vaccinations is considered the most popular. Good blood flow to the muscles helps immune cells to as soon as possible reach the injection site of the pathogen. This is what ensures fast production immunity . In addition, the remoteness of the muscles from the skin reduces the likelihood of side effects on the skin. Children under three years of age are vaccinated in the thigh (front side). After three years, vaccines are placed in the shoulder (deltoid muscle). It is not recommended to inject vaccines into the gluteal muscle, since there is a risk of getting into the sciatic nerve, which is fraught with complications. In addition, the vaccination needle is too short to penetrate the layer of subcutaneous fat on the buttocks. As a result, subcutaneous rather than intramuscular administration of drugs is obtained.
- The cutaneous or intradermal method of administering vaccinations into the flexor surface of the forearm or into the shoulder is used for vaccination against tularemia , as well as . As a result, a lemon crust (a whitish spot with indentations) is formed at the injection site.
- The subcutaneous method is used to administer live vaccines, as well as streptococcal and gangrenous toxoids . This method is preferred for use in patients with bleeding disorders, as this administration of the vaccine reduces the risk of major bleeding.
- Aerosol way ( intranasal ) involves the introduction of the vaccine through the nose. This method is used for vaccination against influenza to provide local immunity in the so-called "entrance gates" of infection.
- The oral method of vaccination is used to vaccinate children from one year of age or older. typhoid fever .
- Comprehensive vaccination is a method that is characterized by the simultaneous administration of several vaccinations.
Ideally, after vaccination, the immune system should respond (i.e. fight back) against the harmful antigen. The process of developing “defenders” by the bone marrow starts leukocytes , which in turn produce antibodies . They kill the injected antigen, and if everything went as planned, then the body develops immunity to this species diseases.
Moreover, such immunity can persist for a long period of time or for life. Therefore, it is necessary to repeat some vaccinations over time to maintain the ability of antibodies to destroy pathogens. Having been vaccinated, a person does not get sick, because the antigens contained in the vaccine are weakened or killed.
Antibodies fight pathogens
They play the role of "provocateurs" of the immune system, which begins to protect the body as soon as it fixes harmful microorganisms. If in the future a person encounters a disease from which he was vaccinated earlier, then he will either not get sick at all, because. previously developed antibodies will destroy pathogenic microorganisms, or will suffer the disease in a mild form.
The immune system reacts to the vaccine immediately, this is how our body works. However, how smoothly this process will proceed is not known in advance. Therefore, unwanted side effects from vaccination. Unfortunately, we are all different and what is good for one may not be good for another.
Undesirable side effects are individual not only for a particular type of vaccination, but also for each individual human body. However, the most common common side effects are:
- edema , redness or thickening of the skin, as well as soreness at the injection site;
- insignificant increase in body temperature ;
- crying and loss of appetite in a child;
- headache;
- rash (permissible when vaccinated against , or ).
The adverse reactions listed above are considered normal, since this is how the immune system reacts to exposure to harmful microorganisms after vaccination. Reactions from the skin are due not only to the injected drug, but also to the injury caused by the needle from the syringe.
In addition, many vaccines often contain special components that are designed to provide more blood flow to the injection site. As a result, more immune cells will form in this place, and immunity will be stronger. Therefore, redness hyperemia ) on the skin after vaccination is a normal indicator of the body's work.
It is a completely different matter when, after vaccination, a person has pronounced complications, for example, severe allergic reaction ( , ) or the temperature is above 40 C. In such cases, you should not hesitate, you need to urgently call an ambulance, because minutes count.
In addition, vaccinations have a number of contraindications, which also differ depending on the type of vaccine. There are the following types of contraindications:
- True, i.e. those that are confirmed and proven by scientific means, and are also listed in international recommendations, orders and annotations to vaccines.
- False are contraindications that were either previously considered dangerous conditions for vaccination, or were invented “among the people” (for example, Down's disease , cerebral palsy , ,anemia , , , congenital malformations, as well as severe diseases transferred at an early age).
- Relative contraindications are classified as true contraindications, but the final decision on the vaccination of the patient is made by the doctor. For example, if there is an allergic reaction to a protein, flu shots are not given, but during an epidemic, a doctor may give permission for a patient to be vaccinated if he considers that the risk of developing an allergic reaction is lower than the risk of contracting the virus.
- Absolute, i.e. contraindications, in the presence of which the child is strictly forbidden to be vaccinated even if the time has come according to the recommended vaccination schedule.
- Permanent contraindications are conditions in which vaccination will always be unacceptable, for example, if a child has primary immunodeficiency .
- Temporary contraindications (exacerbation of chronic diseases, ARI, SARS ).
- General and particular contraindications. The first group includes conditions in which it is not recommended to do any type of vaccination (for example, fever body), and to the second - conditions in which a particular type of vaccination is contraindicated, and all others are not prohibited.
Should the child be vaccinated? Should children be vaccinated under one year of age? Can they be done with allergies? And in general, knowing about the possible severe, and in some cases deadly side effects, is it really necessary to trust the life of your precious baby to vaccines? These questions concern the vast majority of parents.
We think that many of us at least once came across the opinion of opponents of vaccination, who argue that vaccinations are not just a waste of time and money, but also a dangerous occupation. There is a whole social movement that promotes anti-vaccination .
Adherents of the anti-vaccination movement have sharply criticized mass vaccination, challenging both its safety and effectiveness. It is interesting that the opponents of vaccination appeared immediately after the invention by E. Jenner in the 19th century of the first vaccination against smallpox.
At that time, people refused to be vaccinated for religious reasons. Over time, several anti-vaccination organizations formed in the US and the UK, which fought against vaccination on all fronts. It is important to note that representatives of the so-called alternative medicine formed the basis of such organizations, i.e. homeopaths, chiropractors, as well as traditional healers of all stripes.
They all argued that the "devil's vaccines" not only infringe on the human right to freedom of choice, but also cause irreparable harm to health. Despite the fact that the 21st century is in the yard, science and medicine are developing rapidly, the anti-vaccination movement is still flourishing. Because there are still people who naively trust the arguments of vaccine opponents that have not passed scientific verification.
In addition, the Internet contributes to the development of the modern anti-vaccine movement. After all, now anyone can get information of interest to him, even if it is false and unverified. As a rule, opponents of vaccination give the following arguments why you can not get vaccinated:
- "Vaccination is nothing more than a pre-planned plot by doctors and pharmaceutical giants to get rich." Anti-vaccinators are really convinced that all data about the real benefits of vaccinations are fabricated by scientists and pharmacists. This statement is so meaningless that sometimes I don’t even want to comment on such wild statements. Many doctors have been trying for centuries to find a cure for deadly viral diseases that literally “mowed down” entire generations of people. They conducted experiments on themselves or their loved ones. And when, in the 19th century, doctors and scientists managed to achieve success and find a way to save people from mass death due to epidemics of serious diseases, instead of gratitude that they received - condemnation and distrust. It is good that there are still more thinking people, otherwise we would again live in fear of such diseases as black pox , rabies , polio , measles or tetanus .
- "Vaccines don't work" is another statement that reeks of ignorance. Unfortunately, the main audience of the anti-vaccination movement is poorly educated and overly impressionable people who are not able to think for themselves and believe in all sorts of horror stories. Statistics say that it is thanks to vaccinations that people, faced with a serious infectious disease, either do not get sick, or endure it in a mild form. Things are quite different with an unvaccinated person who, firstly, cannot avoid the disease, and, secondly, it is not known how he will endure it. Even in the last century, hundreds of thousands of people died from smallpox or smallpox. Thanks to universal vaccination, cases of infection with this deadly disease have not been recorded over the past 30 years. Isn't this the most important proof that vaccinations really work.
- “Vaccines are not needed, because. the diseases they fight against are already extremely rare.” I just want to say at the top of my voice: “Gentlemen anti-vaccinators! Severe infectious diseases are indeed now rare. But only because people around the world have been vaccinated from birth for more than a hundred years.” Indeed, modern medicine has reached unprecedented heights in the diagnosis and treatment of infections. However, vaccination is still considered the best way to prevent and treat. Unfortunately, many parents still hesitate to vaccinate their child or not. Everyone is afraid possible complications, This is clear. But it is worth thinking about the fact that without vaccination, a whole layer of the population is formed, whose immune system is not protected. These people will not only suffer themselves, but also become potentially dangerous carriers of infectious diseases for others.
- “Vaccinations harm the health of children and contribute to the development of severe abnormalities and diseases.” Some people really believe that vaccines can cause . This is an absolutely ridiculous statement, since it has long been proven that childhood autism is a congenital genetic malformation. Anti-vaccinators actively use rumors and speculation to influence people's opinions. This is precisely the saddest thing in this whole movement, which is trying to fight what it absolutely does not understand and does not even try to understand.
- "Statistics on complications after vaccinations are deliberately underestimated by medical professionals who cannot be trusted." And why should humanity trust anti-vaccinators, who often do not have any specialized (medical, biological, chemical) education at all.
- "Vaccinations harm the immune system." Earlier we talked about the mechanism of the immune system's response to vaccines. The vaccine cannot somehow harm the immune system, it forms it, forcing the body's defense system to activate and at the same time produce antibodies that can destroy the infection. This ridiculous statement of anti-vaccinators speaks only of their complete ignorance and ignorance in matters of anatomy. human body and principles of operation of its main vital mechanisms.
- Religious motives and appeal to human rights. The basis of the anti-vaccine movement in the 19th century was deeply religious people who believed that man had no right to interfere with the plan of God and Providence. They say, to whom death from illness is written in the family, he will not be able to avoid this in any way. Nowadays, the religious opponents of vaccines (official representatives of the main religious denominations do not oppose vaccinations) have also been joined by fighters for the rights of the individual, who argue that only the person himself can decide what to do with his body. That's just, no one is forcing you to be vaccinated. This is a voluntary decision. Before vaccinating a child, the doctor must obtain not only oral, but also written consent from the parents, so there are no violations of the rights of the individual.
- Various conspiracy theories, according to which vaccination is a way of influencing human health, for example, in order to reduce the number of a certain nation.
If you are still in doubt about whether you should vaccinate your children and vaccinate yourself, then consider:
- The popularity of the anti-vaccination movement in some regions over the past two decades has led to epidemics of precisely those diseases that people massively refused to be vaccinated against.
- It has been proven that the risk of complications when using even the most severe vaccination for the body (an average of one case per thousand) is several times less than the risk of complications and death from an infectious disease.
- Refusal of vaccinations in childhood forms a whole layer of the population that will be vulnerable to infectious diseases in the future, and then a global pandemic will simply be inevitable.
If we discard all emotions and look sensibly at the movement of anti-vaccinators, then we can see that it is these people who competently manipulate for profit, and not doctors or pharmacists. Who are the anti-vaccinators who pay for vaccine-revealing media publications? As a rule, ardent opponents of the position of official physicians are representatives of non-traditional or unrecognized methods of healing.
In fairness, it should be noted that among the representatives of conservative medicine there are many critics vaccination . But this does not mean that they deny its benefits, they just want to improve the process of both production and use of vaccines. First of all, everyone is concerned about the safety of both the vaccines themselves and the vaccination process.
After all, vaccinations, unlike other methods of healing, are done initially healthy people. The vaccine should not worsen the patient's condition and harm. Its main goal is to temper the immune system and build protection against infection. Therefore, everyone who deals with vaccinations must be extremely scrupulous in their approach to safety issues.
It is for this reason that all vaccination issues should be dealt with exclusively by government bodies. After all, when the epidemic subsides and for a long period of time the infection does not make itself felt, the population switches from the danger of disease to the possible danger of vaccination. Mandatory state control will help improve the quality of vaccinations, as well as reassure people who are worried about possible negative consequences.
Of course, only the parents themselves can decide whether their children up to a year and older should be given all the vaccinations provided for in the calendar, but the opinion of doctors on this matter is unambiguous. Even taking into account the possible complications and side effects, which are really rare, especially with modern vaccines, vaccinations protect the child from the more terrible and sometimes fatal outcome of a serious infectious disease.
The results of the mass refusal of vaccination led to epidemics:
- smallpox in Stockholm in 1873-1874, when the number of vaccinated people dropped sharply from 90% to 40%.
- in the UK in the 70-80s of the last century, when after another dispute about the benefits and harms of vaccination, the number of vaccinated people decreased from 81% to 31%.
- whooping cough in Sweden from 1976 to 1996, due to a moratorium on childhood vaccinations imposed by the authorities, a high mortality rate was avoided due to the lifting of restrictions on vaccinations.
- Diphtheria in the CIS countries in the period from 1990 to 1999, when, along with a general decline in health care, there was a massive refusal to vaccinate. As a result, about 5,000 of the 150,000 infected died from diphtheria.
- Corey in the Netherlands in 1999-2000, when an outbreak occurred in religious communities where the benefits of vaccination are denied.
- Corey in Dublin (Ireland) in 2000 and again due to the mass refusal of vaccinations.
- diphtheria, and measles in Nigeria from 2001 to the present. The terrible situation was provoked by the leadership of the northern part of the country. The governor of the state of Kano, a religious conservative and an adherent of anti-vaccination, has recommended that his citizens refuse to be vaccinated. As a result, these territories have become "suppliers" of infection for all their neighbors. Unfortunately, to this day in Nigeria, so-called Western medicine and vaccination are wary. People keep dying, and what's the worst the highest percentage The deaths are among young children.
- Corey in India in 2005, a generation vulnerable to the disease grew up because children were not vaccinated.
- Polio in the territories of Pakistan and Afghanistan controlled by the Islamist Taliban movement. The disease is raging there up to the present moment due to the ban on vaccination, financed from the budget of Western states, with which the authorities in this region are in a state of armed conflict.
According to the rules, doctors use for vaccination children's vaccination schedule. This means that at different ages the child is supposed to have a certain type of vaccination. Such a peculiar plan or schedule was provided not by chance. The childhood vaccination schedule is a well-defined vaccination system that will help the child's immune system develop protection against major infectious diseases.
It is important to note that such a list of vaccinations from birth is advisory in nature, i.e. it is preferable to stick to it, but there is nothing to worry about if for some objective reason (illness, departure, etc.) you missed the vaccination. The main thing is to get vaccinated, albeit late.
Pediatricians recommend paying special attention to vaccinations given to children under one year of age. It is best not to miss vaccinations at this age, as newborns and one-year-olds are most at risk for the disease.
In order for the vaccination process to be successful and not cause inconvenience to both parents and babies, it is worth adhering to the following recommendations:
- Vaccination can only be carried out in medical institutions and used for this exclusively immunobiological preparations , tested, approved and registered in accordance with national legislation.
- To vaccinations need to prepare in advance. This means that before vaccination, you should visit a doctor who must examine the child and give his permission for the vaccination. In addition, the pediatrician should be provided with fresh blood and urine tests for examination. These are extremely important preparatory measures that will help eliminate the risk of developing side effects from a vaccination given against the background of an ongoing illness. Parents and the doctor must be sure that the child is healthy and feels well. Otherwise, it is better to postpone the vaccination.
- If the child is allergic, then about a week before vaccination, you should not introduce new foods into his diet. In addition, it will be useful to check with the pediatrician about ways to eliminate or mitigate a possible allergic reaction. For example, often the doctor prescribes antihistamines, to prepare the child's body.
- Before vaccination with live vaccines, you should avoid taking drugs containing sulfanilamide and antibiotics.
- The first half hour after vaccination is best spent in the clinic. This will allow you to quickly receive qualified medical care in case of side effects or complications.
- It is strictly forbidden to apply any compresses or dressings to the injection site.
- On the day of the vaccination, as well as tomorrow, you should refrain from walking, because. large crowds or hypothermia increase the risk of developing or ORZ against the background of vaccination, after which the immune system is “busy” in the fight against infection.
- If after vaccination the child has a fever (up to 38.5 C), then you can give an antipyretic, after consulting with your doctor. If the temperature is above 38.5 C, then you should immediately call an ambulance.
What vaccinations are given to children under one year old
So, what vaccinations and how many do they do before the year? The national vaccination schedule for children in Russia, presented in the table below, will help us answer this question.
| Age | Vaccination name | |
| newborn babies | Viral hepatitis B | On the first day after birth, the child is vaccinated against viral hepatitis B. Newborns from the risk group are also vaccinated:
|
| Newborns on 3-7 days of life | Tuberculosis | Vaccination is carried out to prevent the development of an epidemic of tuberculosis in the subjects of the Russian Federation, where the incidence rate exceeds 80 cases per 100,000 people. Be sure to vaccinate those children, surrounded by people with tuberculosis. |
| Newborn babies at the age of 1 month | Second vaccination against hepatitis B | |
| Newborn babies aged 2 months |
|
Vaccination is carried out in accordance with the rules established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and instructions for the use of drugs. Vaccinations are repeated for children at risk. |
| Newborn babies aged 3 months | Diphtheria , whooping cough , tetanus , polio. | |
| Children at 3-6 months of age | Haemophilus infection. |
Vaccination is carried out in accordance with the rules established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and instructions for the use of drugs. The vaccination course consists of three stages. Vaccinations are done at intervals of 1-1.5 months. Risk group for vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae:
|
| Children aged 4-5 months | The second vaccination diphtheria , tetanus , whooping cough , poliomyelitis , pneumococcal and hemophilic infection. | Vaccination is carried out in accordance with the rules established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and instructions for the use of drugs for children who received the first vaccination at 3 months. |
| Children aged 6 months | The third vaccination tetanus , diphtheria , whooping cough , viral hepatitis B , hemophilic infection and poliomyelitis. | Vaccination is carried out in accordance with the rules established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and instructions for the use of drugs. |
Immunization schedule for children under 3 years old
What vaccinations are given to a child in a year? Procedure and terms of vaccination one year old babies regulated by the vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age.
| Age | Vaccination name | Procedure and recommendations |
| Children aged 12 months |
|
Vaccination is carried out in accordance with the rules established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and instructions for the use of drugs. |
| Children aged 15 months | The first revaccination pneumococcal infection | |
| Children aged 18 months | The first revaccination whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis and Haemophilus influenzae | Vaccination is carried out in accordance with the rules established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and instructions for the use of drugs for children vaccinated in the first year of life. |
| Children aged 20 months | Second revaccination against poliomyelitis | Vaccination is carried out in accordance with the rules established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and instructions for the use of drugs for children vaccinated in the first year of life. |
At the age of 6-7 years, the child is revaccinated against mumps , rubella and measles , as well as a second revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria . At 7 years of age, the child is revaccinated against tuberculosis .
Adolescents at the age of 14 are revaccinated against poliomyelitis , tetanus and diphtheria . At the age of 18, a revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria , which a person needs to repeat every subsequent 10 years of life.
In addition to the national calendar of mandatory childhood vaccinations, there is also a vaccination schedule for epidemic indications, which prescribes to be vaccinated against:
- Tularemia people living in areas with an increased risk of infection with this disease and employed in hydromelioration, agriculture, logging, as well as those engaged in geological or surveying, fishing, pest control work and those who are in direct contact with active pathogens (medical workers, researchers ).
- plagues people who are in direct contact with active pathogens.
- bruculosis people who work in animal husbandry (with goats or sheep) and meat harvesting, as well as those who are in direct contact with active pathogens.
- anthrax people involved in hydromelioration, agriculture and animal husbandry, zoo workers, builders working with soil, as well as those who are in direct contact with active pathogens.
- people working with animals (veterinarian, rangers), as well as those who are in direct contact with active pathogens.
- Leptospirosis people working in animal husbandry, in the service of capturing stray animals, as well as those who are in direct contact with active pathogens.
- people living in the areas of distribution of this disease, working in agriculture and animal husbandry, builders and people working on open ground(ameliorators, surveyors, and so on), as well as those who are in direct contact with active pathogens.
- yellow fever , cholera , Q fever people who often travel to places where the disease is spread, as well as those who are in direct contact with active pathogens.
- typhoid fever people working in the public utilities sector, as well as those who are in direct contact with active pathogens.
- people who, due to their work duties, are at occupational risk of infection (doctors, medical staff, workers employed in the food industry, in services, in public utilities), as well as those who are in direct contact with active pathogens.
- shigellosis people employed in the field of catering, working in bacteriological and stationary laboratories.
Side effects of the polio vaccine
As we said earlier, the reaction of the body to a particular vaccination is purely individual. Unfortunately, side effects cannot be avoided. Because we are all unique and our immune system reacts differently to vaccinations.
However, as the people say, "informed means armed." Therefore, let's look at the main adverse reactions of the most common vaccinations. Let's start with the possible side effects vaccines against poliomyelitis .
Consequences of polio
Infantile spinal palsy or polio - it's sharp infection in which poliovirus infects the gray matter of the spinal cord. This disease is characterized by multiple pathologies of the nervous system. The danger of polio lies in the fact that at the initial stage it seems to a person that he just caught a cold.
The risk group is children aged from six months to six years. The virus is transmitted by airborne droplets(disease of "unwashed hands", transmitted by insects) and progresses very quickly. Penetrating into the body through the oral cavity, polio multiplies and grows stronger in the intestines, gradually affecting the nerve cells and the gray membrane of the spinal cord.
Ultimately, entire muscle groups atrophy, and nerve cells die, the child develops severe forms of paralysis. The symptoms of poliomyelitis are similar to those of SARS (the temperature may rise, cough and runny nose may appear, diarrhea is sometimes possible). After a few days, the symptoms of the disease disappear, and the person seems completely healthy.
However, after a few days, flaccid paralysis of the limbs develops, when the child cannot stand up. In one-year-old babies, it can paralyze the respiratory tract, which is fraught with suffocation and cardiac arrest. Unfortunately, to date, neither scientists nor doctors have been able to offer a treatment regimen that would help put children who have recovered from polio on their feet.
Experts believe that it is most effective to prevent the child from becoming infected with the disease, and, therefore, to get vaccinated against spinal paralysis in time. Of course, the vaccine has side effects, like all medicines, but they are extremely rare. The polio vaccine uses a weakened or pre-killed virus that triggers the immune system to produce antibodies that can defeat the disease.
There are two main ways to vaccinate against polio:
- when an inactivated vaccine is administered by injection;
- when using drops that are administered to the child through the oral cavity (orally).
It is believed that due to the fact that in nature the virus multiplies in the intestine, the risk of side effects of polio drops is much higher in comparison with the introduction of the drug intramuscularly. On the other hand, when the vaccine is administered orally, a stronger immunity against the disease is developed.
The polio vaccine contains three main strains of the virus. It helps to develop a child's lifelong immunity from the disease.
Possible side effects of the vaccine:
- local reactions in the form of redness, induration, or edema ;
- general weakness;
- elevated body temperature (up to 38.5 C);
- an allergic reaction to the constituent components of the vaccine.
Doctors say that with proper preparation for vaccination and in the absence of any contraindications, the polio vaccine is absolutely safe. Development cases vaccine-associated poliomyelitis can occur if a person:
- congenital immunodeficiency;
- malformations of the gastrointestinal tract;
- there are malignant neoplasms ;
- neurological disorders;
- HIV or AIDS .
Side effects of the rubella vaccine
Rubella - This is a viral disease, which is characterized by such symptoms as: a red rash on the entire surface of the body, , headache , elevated temperature, as well as . Most often, the virus affects children, who suffer from the disease in a much milder form than adults, especially pregnant women.
Rubella
As with other infectious diseases, doctors do not have a single effective rubella drug for which symptomatic therapy is used. That is, they alleviate the symptoms of the disease and help immune system organism to defeat the virus that caused rubella.
Vaccination is considered the most effective way to prevent and treat the disease. As a rubella vaccine, use:
- combined preparations MMR or , which in addition to rubella contain weakened viruses mumps and measles ;
- one-component vaccinations Rudivax , Ervevax and a vaccine containing live virus.
It is believed that it is the multicomponent vaccine that is more difficult to tolerate by the child's body and can give complications and side effects in the form of:
- redness, edema or induration at the injection site;
- swollen lymph nodes (neck, armpits) located near the injection site;
- general weakness;
- elevated temperature;
- pain in the joints.
In some cases (for example, if the vaccination was carried out without taking into account contraindications), the vaccinated person may develop a rash (purple, red), develop a severe allergic reaction, or vaccine-associated rubella .
Rubella vaccination contraindications:
- a history of complications after previous rubella vaccinations;
- allergic to aminoglycosides , neomycin or other constituents of the vaccine;
- congenital or acquired immunodeficiency ( AIDS , HIV , pathology of the circulatory system);
- pregnancy ;
- period lactation ;
- acute infectious processes;
- exacerbation of chronic pathologies;
- chemotherapy ;
- reception corticosteroids .
Refraining from vaccination until the body is fully recovered is for people who have recently had a blood transfusion or those who have undergone surgery.
Side effects of the tetanus shot
Tetanus - This is an acute infectious disease in which the nervous system is affected and generalized convulsions occur against the background of tonic tension of the skeletal muscles. The infection enters the body through open wounds, burns, frostbite, damage to the mucous membranes, as well as some inflammatory diseases accompanied by gangrene, skin ulcers, abscesses and bedsores .
Contraindications for vaccination:
- allergic reaction for a previous vaccination;
- individual intolerance to any component of the vaccine ( tetanus toxoid, thiomersal , aluminum hydroxide );
- immunodeficiency congenital or acquired due to diseases ( , HIV );
- ARVI, ARI , exacerbation of chronic diseases;
- exacerbation neuralgic diseases ;
- and lactation .
Side effects of vaccination tetanus in adults, as in children, can be expressed in the following adverse reactions:
- increase in body temperature;
- strong headache ;
- inhibited reaction or, conversely, increased excitability;
- loss of appetite;
- local reactions in the form of seals, redness or swelling at the injection site.
The above complications can go away on their own without any serious consequences.
Urgently seek medical help when:
- at the injection site, an edema larger than 8 cm has formed;
- a strong allergic reaction (angioedema , rash throughout the body)
- appeared convulsions which can lead to encephalopathy.
Side effects of the diphtheria vaccine
Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease that affects bronchi , oropharynx , larynx , as well as the skin. Complicated forms of the disease also harm other organs. In children, a common complication of diphtheria is croup (swelling and blockage of the airways).
For the treatment of diphtheria bacillus, a special serum containing an antidiphtheria antitoxin . However, vaccination is considered the most effective way to prevent the disease, for example, or ADS .
Since the frequency of vaccinations from diphtheria and tetanus , as well as whooping cough coincides, then a complex adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine against all three diseases (abbreviated as DPT) is used. The second type of ADS vaccine is used when a person has contraindications for whooping cough vaccination.
After vaccination against diphtheria, the following adverse reactions may occur:
- increased body temperature;
- general weakness;
- local reactions in the form of redness, swelling, painful compaction;
- diarrhea;
- allergic reaction.
According to doctors, the diphtheria vaccine is one of the safest and most easily tolerated vaccines. Adverse reactions, from which are comparable to the common cold, but the effectiveness is so high that it helps, if not to prevent the disease in 100% of cases, then to ensure its mild form of leakage.
Side effects of the Hemophilus influenzae vaccine
Hemophilus infection is a group of infectious diseases , pneumonia , , purulent , septicemia ), which affect mainly the central nervous and respiratory systems and are accompanied by the development of purulent foci in the internal organs.
Vaccination against hemophilic infections in the vast majority of cases is easily tolerated. However, side effects such as:
- redness and slight swelling at the injection site;
- loss of appetite;
- general weakness;
- bad dream.
In the case of using a multicomponent or complex vaccination for vaccination against hemophilic infection, complications such as:
- allergic reaction ( , );
- edema lower limbs;
- bronchitis ;
- vomit ;
- cough ;
- nausea ;
- neuritis shoulder nerve.
To avoid complications and side effects, you should strictly adhere to the rules for preparing for vaccination, which we talked about earlier, and also do not get vaccinated if there are contraindications.
Side effects of the tularemia vaccine
Tularemia is a zooanthropogenic (i.e. common to humans and animals) infectious disease that affects the lymphatic system of the body and is accompanied by fever and general intoxication. The carriers of the disease are voles, rabbits, water rats and hares.
A person becomes infected through direct contact with animals (hunting), or through contaminated food and water. Also, the infection is carried by blood-sucking arthropods (mosquitoes, ticks, horseflies). As a rule, vaccination against tularemia is given to those people who live in an area where the focus of this disease is recorded.
After vaccination against tularemia, the following side effects may occur:
- edema and redness at the injection site;
- soreness and short-term increase lymph nodes ;
- headache ;
- slight increase in body temperature;
- general weakness ;
- allergy .
Global vaccination of children is a forced necessity in the fight against the spread of dangerous diseases that cause serious complications, even death. The ability of pathogenic microorganisms to develop covertly (standard incubation period is 3 weeks) does not make it possible to timely identify the carrier of the infection. As a result, the disease spreads at an enormous rate.
Why is vaccination needed?
There are treatments for tuberculosis, measles, diphtheria, hepatitis B, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, mumps, chickenpox, rubella, and influenza. However, often it has only a symptomatic effect and does not exclude such consequences as a chronic form, disability, and even death. World experience shows the high efficiency of vaccination against these diseases.
| Disease | Frequency | Description, statistics, risks | Graft |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatitis B | 3537 |
Asymptomatic course in 93% of newborns, complications develop during the transfer of the disease:
|
Combiotech-LTD, Engerix B, Eberbiovak HB |
| Tuberculosis | 2679 | All children | BCG-M |
|
Children at risk:
|
BCG | ||
| The vaccine is given 3-7 days after birth. | |||
| Diphtheria | 14 | Films form in the throat causing suffocation and death | |
| The vaccine is given along with antipyretic drugs to reduce the risk of complications | |||
| Tetanus | 3 |
|
|
| Whooping cough | 3589 | Manifested by a debilitating cough that lasts more than 3 months | DPT |
| Polio | 0 | Damage to the central nervous system leads to impaired motor function, possible paralysis, disability and death. | IPV and OPV |
| Mumps | 856 | Men are at risk, as a complication of the disease causes incurable infertility | Priorix |
| Rubella | 1152 | At risk are girls and pregnant women, for whom exposure to rubella is an indication for abortion | |
| Measles | 99 | It is manifested by severe intoxication and fever. The cause of infant mortality is a complication such as measles encephalitis. | |
| pneumococcal infection | 137 | It usually develops against the background of other infections. In 50% of cases, pneumonia is resistant to penicillin, and in 30% to tetracycline. |
Pneumo-3, Prevenar |
Frequency refers to the number clinical cases according to the latest data per 100,000 people.
These are not the only diseases included in the national vaccination schedule. For example, due to the prevalence of influenza (474,671 cases, of which 189,195 were in children under 14), the schedule includes additional seasonal immunization and a clear therapeutic regimen that significantly reduces the risk of mortality.
The diseases listed in the table are of particular danger in epidemiological and individual terms, since they spread rapidly and can cause complications leading to functional impairment of a person and death. Despite global vaccination, viruses mutate, which is why cases of morbidity are periodically observed.
National vaccination calendar
In order to avoid outbreaks of dangerous infections, the Ministry of Health has approved a general vaccination schedule for all children, which determines the following necessary vaccinations and timing:
| Mandatory vaccinations | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Disease |
Timing |
Graft |
|||||||||||||||
|
Months |
years |
||||||||||||||||
|
Hepatitis B |
Combiotech |
||||||||||||||||
|
Tuberculosis |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Diphtheria |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Tetanus |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Polio |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Rubella |
Priorix |
||||||||||||||||
|
pneumococcal infection |
Pneumo-3 |
||||||||||||||||
|
Hemophilus infection |
Akt-Khib or DTP |
||||||||||||||||
|
GR annually |
Grippol, Fluarix, Begrivak |
||||||||||||||||
|
Supplemental immunization |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Beginning with… |
|||||||||||||||||
|
The choice of vaccination is based on individual clinical indicators. |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Tularemia |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Leptospirosis |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Q fever |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Tick-borne encephalitis |
|||||||||||||||||
|
Typhoid fever |
|||||||||||||||||
Designations:
[+] - vaccination is shown to all children,
[GR] - vaccination is given to children at risk.
BCG-M and ADS-M vaccines are attenuated virus vaccines and are recommended for immunocompromised children.
Vaccinations are given to adults if, for any reason, including due to a medical withdrawal due to a disease, the vaccination procedure established by the national calendar was not followed. Also, additional revaccination is necessary when traveling to a country where there is an epidemic of specific infections, such as polio in Pakistan. Seasonal outbreaks of diseases (new strains of influenza) are an indication for secondary revaccination.
Supplemental immunization against rare diseases required only for professional contingent and children who are in the zone of increased bacteriological danger. The type of vaccine used is determined individually.
Contraindications and post-vaccination complications
Any drug, including vaccines, has contraindications and side effects. This is especially true of BCG and DTP vaccinations, which are given at an early age.
BCG is a vaccine containing live dried strains of tuberculosis, which were weakened by "reseeding" for 13 years. This is the first vaccination in a baby's life, after which a small white papule appears immediately, disappearing after 20 minutes. A month later, a small abscess with a crust appears in its place, and then a scar 1 cm in diameter is the “stigma” of all people living in the post-Soviet space. However, in 5% of children, this scar disappears without a trace.
Although the vaccine does not cause obvious rejections and symptomatic manifestations (as in the case of DPT), it leads in the frequency of post-vaccination complications - 1 case per 10,000 vaccinations. Most often they occur due to congenital immune defects that cannot be differentiated into early dates life. In order to avoid complications in France, the BCG vaccine is given only to one-year-old children, when it is possible to conduct an examination for the compatibility of the baby's immune reactions and the active elements of the vaccine.
As far as DTP is concerned, last years no life-threatening complications were recorded. This vaccine caused the dislike of parents due to the frequent occurrence of adverse reactions. However, this is not unique to her.
| Graft | Contraindications | Side effects and complications |
|---|---|---|
|
Growing keloid scars that appear one year after vaccination |
|
|
First two days:
|
|
|
Possible further complications:
|
||
|
Combiotech- LTD |
|
Normal response:
Complications:
|
|
neurological complications |
Vaccine Associated Poliomyelitis |
|
|
Mild malaise and subfebrile temperature |
||
|
Priorix |
|
Local reaction to injection |
More detailed list contraindications are indicated on a specific drug. European-made vaccines are safer because they are made from dead viruses. The baby's body tolerates them more easily, and the risk of health-threatening complications is almost zero.
In addition, multi-component preparations allow you to combine several vaccinations, eliminating the need to repeatedly inject.
Studies show that a one-time combination of vaccines is not dangerous for the health of the baby, so it is allowed to put DTP and OPV / IPV at once.
A universal contraindication for any vaccination at any age is inflammatory process, regardless of whether it is caused by a primary infection or an exacerbation of a chronic disease. Any inflammation weakens the immune system, making it susceptible to secondary infections. Therefore, even if it is necessary to comply with the national vaccination calendar, they must be set in accordance with the individual history. In case of any manifestations of allergies or indigestion, vaccination should also be postponed.
The introduction of the vaccine involves a preliminary examination of the immune system and the implementation of a number of rules.
It is very important to assess the state of the child's immune system with the help of tests every six months, so as not to doubt the development of protection against dangerous diseases and make sure there are no hidden complications.
What vaccinations should be given to a child and at what age to plan vaccination of children - we have prepared a calendar of vaccinations for children in Ukraine, and also found out whether a child needs to be vaccinated.
If you are wondering when to go for a routine vaccination and at what age your baby needs vaccination, it's time to sort out these issues.
Why vaccinate children
Vaccination is a way with a high degree of probability to protect the baby from many diseases or to significantly alleviate the course of diseases.
Vaccination involves the introduction of antigenic material in order to develop immunity to the disease. Antigenic material can be living but weakened organisms, inanimate microbes, they are also called inactivated, as well as purified materials of microorganisms or synthetic components.
The key to successful vaccination is to follow, proper preparation to vaccination and adherence to all recommendations on how to behave after vaccination, as well as in case of reaction to it or complications.
What to do before vaccination:
- go to an appointment with an immunologist and a pediatrician so that specialists can assess the health of the baby;
- pass all the recommended tests, the results of which will provide detailed information about the health of the child;
- discuss with your doctor possible reactions to the vaccine and complications, as well as advice on how to behave;
- set up the child psychologically for the vaccine, tell him honestly that it will hurt a little, but explain that it is necessary.
Important! It is worth refusing to be vaccinated according to the calendar only if the child has obvious ones.
How to prepare a child for preventive vaccinations - Dr. Komarovsky (video)
What to do after vaccination:
- carefully monitor the child's condition, in case of strange reactions: difficulty breathing, convulsions, severe rash, call a doctor;
- if the temperature rises, give the child an antipyretic;
- do not bathe the child 2-3 days after vaccination;
- On the day of vaccination, it is advisable not to walk with the kids.
What parents should do after vaccination in a child - Dr. Komarovsky (video)
Elena Karpenko, pediatrician: “Many parents ask if a vaccine can cause ARI? So, it can't. If after vaccination your child fell ill with acute respiratory infections, it means that he caught the infection in the clinic where you were vaccinated with him. The main reactions to the vaccine and possible complications after it are described in detail in the instructions for the vaccine that you will receive. You can read this leaflet before getting vaccinated so you know what to expect.”
There are preventive vaccinations in Ukraine, which are determined by the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. A number of changes were made to it dated May 18, 2018 No. 947 "On Amendments to the Preventive Immunization Calendar in Ukraine".
According to the new vaccination calendar for 2018, children are vaccinated against tuberculosis () once - on the 3rd-5th day of life. The vaccination against will be done three times, as before, and the second will be carried out at 2 months as part of a multicomponent vaccine that will protect against several diseases at once: hepatitis B, tetanus, whooping cough and polio.
And about. Minister Uliana Suprun said that this approach reduces the number of visits to the clinic. It is planned that children who experience stress from communicating with doctors will respond more calmly to vaccination.
Immunization calendar Ukraine 2018
In the first 6 months, the baby is given a lot of vaccinations according to the calendar, then the next vaccinations await the child in a year and a half. After a year and a half, the next vaccination, according to the calendar, should occur at 6 years.
- Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is transmitted by airborne droplets, also through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person.
May occur in acute or chronic form. Causes cirrhosis of the liver, its failure, liver or respiratory failure, cerebral edema, liver cancer. If the infection is not treated, death is possible.
- Tuberculosis - It is an infectious disease caused by various bacteria. It is transmitted by airborne droplets.
The disease affects the lungs. It may also affect other parts of the body, including the kidneys, spine, or brain. Possible complications in the form of hemoptysis or pulmonary bleeding, pulmonary heart failure, spontaneous pneumothorax, renal failure, bronchial fistulas. In some cases, it leads to death.
At this age, the child should be vaccinated ), polio (OPV vaccine), and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR).
- Diphtheria
Acute bacterial infection. It is transmitted by airborne droplets, as well as by contact with open wounds on the patient's body and through household items.
It affects the respiratory tract, mucous membranes, in rare cases, the genitals and skin. If rubella is not cured in time, infectious-toxic shock, heart damage and tubular bones, kidneys, bleeding disorders, as well as deafness, cataracts.
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- Tetanus
An infectious disease that affects the nervous system .
Tetanus develops from infection with spores of the anaerobic bacillus Clostridium tetani, which lives in the soil and enters the body through cuts and other skin lesions. Treating wounds with an antiseptic does not protect against tetanus. When infected, the likelihood of death is high.
- Polio
An infectious viral disease that affects the central nervous system, lymphatic system, gastrointestinal tract. The causative agent of poliomyelitis is a virus that is transmitted by airborne droplets, as well as through the secretions of a sick person or unwashed food.
The polio virus infects the intestines, nerve endings, so when infected, the spinal cord and brain are especially affected. Children under the age of 4 are most susceptible to polio.
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- Measles
Viral infection respiratory system. It is transmitted through contact with infected mucus and saliva, as well as through airborne droplets. The virus penetrates the central nervous system, tonsils, lungs, bone marrow, liver, intestines, spleen. Suppresses the immune system and affects the mucous membranes of the body.
Possible complications in the form of laryngitis, otitis media, tracheobronchitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, measles encephalitis, lymphadenitis. Measles is the leading cause of death in children.
Vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella is given at one year and at 6 years with the MMR vaccine, which consists of live measles, mumps and rubella viruses.
Vaccinations 2018
« Vaccinations 2018 "- this is the vaccination calendar for 2018, which includes a schedule of all necessary preventive vaccinations for children included in national calendar . What vaccinations are given to children? This list includes all the necessary vaccinations for children, for kindergarten, school admission, a trip to the camp, etc. Vaccinations in 2018 year will include a standard list of vaccines, including: tetanus, BCG, DPT and others.
The medical portal site, especially for you, dear users, has collected the entire list of mandatory vaccinations for the year in one place so that you do not look for grains of the necessary information on different sites.
The team of our portal really asks you for two things:
Vaccinations 2018
National vaccination calendar for 2018 , includes for the most part the same vaccine as last year.
Vaccinations for 2018 year will include vaccination against the following diseases:
- Hepatitis B
- Tuberculosis
- Diphtheria
- Whooping cough
- Tetanus
- Rubella
- Mumps (popularly, "mumps")
| Child's age | Type of vaccine |
| Newborns (in the first 12 hours after birth) |
|
| Newborn babies (in the first 3-7 days after birth) |
BCG (short for Bacillus Calmette - Guérin). |
| 1 month | 2nd vaccine against virus hepatitis B. |
| 2 months |
|
| 3 months |
|
| 4.5 months |
|
| 6 months |
|
| 12 months |
|
| 15 months |
|
| 18 months |
|
| 20 months |
|
| 6 years |
|
| 7 years |
|
| 13 years old |
|
| 14 years |
|
| adults |
|
Immunization calendar 2018
What is a vaccination calendar?
Immunization calendar - this is a list approved by the Ministry of Health, which indicates the entire list of necessary vaccines, depending on the age of the patient.
It is worth noting that in Russia the national calendar of preventive vaccinations was approved on June 27, 2001 by order N 229 of the Ministry of Health.
National vaccination calendar for 2018
According to vaccination calendar for 2018 2 types of vaccinations are given to newborn children, these are:
Hepatitis B vaccine- it is done in the first 24 hours after the birth of the child.
BCG vaccination (against tuberculosis)- This vaccination is given during the first 3 to 7 days of the newborn.
Should newborns be vaccinated? This is a difficult question that each family answers differently. There are a lot of reviews and opinions on this subject on the Internet, despite the fact that opinions are often diametrically opposed. If you were vaccinated at birth to your child, we VERY ask you to leave - this is an infectious disease that can affect both animals and people. Tetanus affects, first of all, the nervous system with the appearance of severe convulsions and tonic muscle tension. The most frequent causes of death in patients with tetanus are: paralysis of the respiratory muscles and, as a result, respiratory arrest, paralysis of the heart muscle - cardiac arrest.
Whooping cough- an infectious disease transmitted by airborne droplets. The main symptom of whooping cough is an attack of severe spasmodic cough, which often results in hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Whooping cough is especially dangerous for children under one year old, because it can cause apnea (stop breathing). Whooping cough is most common in children aged 5 to 7 years.
Contraindications to DTP vaccination.
Contraindications for DTP are the same as for other vaccines. Get vaccinated ABSOLUTELY impossible only in cases: if the child has a progressive CNS disease and the child had seizures early (if the seizures were not associated with fever).
How is DTP done?
DTP vaccination is done according to vaccination calendar 2018. Thus, vaccination against tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria is done in 4 stages: most often at 2, 3, 4 and 12 months.
BCG vaccination 2018
BCG- vaccination against tuberculosis. The vaccine is used for active specific prevention of tuberculosis and is done in the first 3-5 days after the birth of the baby.
How long does it take to develop immunity after BCG?
In general, anti-tuberculosis immunity is formed in a child during the first year of life. How to understand that the child's immunity has formed? - if the immunity has formed successfully, then a scar will appear on the shoulder at the site of the vaccine, as in the picture below:
Scar after BCG vaccination
To whom is the BCG vaccine absolutely contraindicated?
- in children with immunodeficiency (HIV-positive parents, etc.)
- if the brother or sister of the child to be vaccinated has previously had severe complications from BCG vaccination
- children with congenital disorders of enzyme metabolism
- with severe genetic diseases in a child, for example, with Down syndrome
- at serious illnesses nervous system, such as cerebral palsy.
How long does immunity develop after BCG vaccination?
Immunity after the vaccine lasts on average for 5 years.
Since BCG is on the list vaccinations for 2018 year, then parents should in no case refuse this vaccination, since no one is insured against contracting tuberculosis and it is not worth considering tuberculosis as a “disease of the poor”.
Polio vaccination
The polio vaccine is included in . It is worth distinguishing between 2 types of vaccinations:
What is poliomyelitis and why is it dangerous?
Polio is an acute infectious disease that affects the gray matter of the spinal cord and causes a violation in nervous system, most often leading to paralysis and paresis (decrease in muscle function, as a result of damage to the corresponding nerve pathway).
A child paralyzed as a result of complications of polio
Is polio vaccination required?
Answer to this question YES! For example, a child will not be accepted into Kindergarten until he is vaccinated against polio, as this vaccine is included in the mandatory vaccination list 2018.
How many times is the polio vaccine given?
All vaccinations and revaccinations against polio are done 6 times according to vaccination schedule this happens at: 3 months, 4.5, 6, 18, 20 months and again at 14 years.
When should you not be vaccinated?
Vaccination is not done if the child has a pronounced immunodeficiency of various etiologies.
IMPORTANT! That a child with immunodeficiency should not come into contact for at least 14 days with a child who received a live polio vaccine!
Paid vaccination
Immunization calendar 2018- there is a list of vaccines against a limited list of diseases that, in the opinion of the Ministry of Health, are most important. These vaccinations can be done free of charge in polyclinics, or they can be done for a fee in private clinics (by choosing, for example, the country of the vaccine manufacturer - England, Belgium, France).
Along with the list of must-haves vaccination 2018, there is also a list of vaccines that are made at the request of the patient, these include:
- Chickenpox vaccine- it should be done for adults and children over 10 years old who have not had chickenpox. The vaccine can be given between the ages of 1 and 50.
- Hepatitis A vaccination- This vaccination can be done from the 1st year. It is carried out in 2 stages for children, adults receive a double dose in one procedure.
- Vaccination against cervical cancer- done from 10 years to 26. The effectiveness of vaccination against cervical cancer is as much as 100%, due to the immunization of the woman's body to the human papillomavirus.
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