Topic: Prevention of airborne diseases
Purpose: to find out the physiological basis of the concept of the prevention of the most important diseases transmitted through the air
- To acquaint students with the prevention of diseases such as influenza, tonsillitis, diphtheria, tuberculosis
- Repeat and summarize the entire material of the topic.
- Continue cultivating a value attitude towards your health
Equipment: presentation, ICT
Lesson type: combined
During the classes:
I. Stage "Organizational moment"
II. Stage "Studying new material". Reception "Conversation"
III. Stage "Generalization and repetition". IV. Stage "Homework"
V. Stage "Reflection"
Artificial respiration. - Demonstration of artificial respiration techniques. - Cooling is a common reason for lowering the body's resistance. - Story - Influenza and its prevention. - Angina, diphtheria. - Tuberculosis, prevention and control of this disease.
Harm of smoking. - A story with elements of conversation.
II. Stage "Learning new material"
Artificial respiration.
Artificial respiration techniques.
I invite one student.
- Inhale and exhale into the test tube.
- If you could count the number of germs in the air you breathed out, how many germs would there be?
Let everyone make their guess.
Airborne diseases
In conclusion of this small discussion, I ask you to clarify that in the air inhaled under these conditions in the classroom there are approximately 30 thousand microbes per 1 cubic meter. meter of air, and in the exhaled - several tens of thousands,
And now the questions:
How to explain that people get sick with diseases that are caused by microbes?
What diseases do you know that occur as a result of the penetration of microbes through the respiratory tract?
During cooling, the body's resistance decreases, for example: the permeability of blood vessels increases, which makes microbes more likely to penetrate into the blood, and phagocytic activity decreases. With a reduced resistance of the body, microbes that have entered it begin to exert their toxic effect.
Influenza viruses
Prevention of angina
Diphtheria
upper respiratory catarrh
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Koch wand
Statistical data on tuberculosis in the world
Harm of smoking
Lungs' cancer
Various diseases of the lungs and bronchi
chronic lung disease
What animals do you see in the picture
III. Stage "Generalization and repetition".
One of the main preventive measures to combat many diseases is dust control.
Name other hygiene rules related to breathing.
- Your attention is presented to the hygiene rules related to breathing. You must justify these rules using knowledge of human anatomy and physiology.
- “For example, if I tell you to breathe through your nose, then you must prove why” -
With this example, we will begin the general work of the entire class.
Do not eat ice cream after hot food;
Boys in adolescence should not shout and sing loudly;
It is necessary to clean the premises in a wet way;
When communicating with patients with influenza, you should wear a gauze bandage;
You need to be able to breathe deeply, with the correct ratio between the duration of inhalation and exhalation;
For the development of the respiratory system, it is useful to play sports; clean air is a good doctor;
- Good posture is essential for the functioning of the respiratory system.
IV. Stage "Homework"
Draw up in a notebook the rules for the prevention of diseases transmitted through the air.
Airborne infections are an extensive group of acute infectious diseases that cause a pathological process in the respiratory tract. For the first time, this type of infection most often affects children - preschoolers and schoolchildren. What diseases belong to this group, we will consider further.
How infection occurs
Airborne infectious diseases are united in one group, as they have common signs:- Distribution of infectious agents by airborne mechanism.
- The target for infection is the upper respiratory tract.
- They have a peculiarity for epidemics - in the cold season, in work and educational groups.
- Prevalence among all segments of the population.
- viral nature - causes the occurrence of diseases such as influenza, SARS, acute respiratory infections, measles, mumps, chicken pox.
- bacterial nature - causes meningococcal meningitis, scarlet fever, whooping cough, diphtheria.
The main pathogens and their manifestations
ORZ- respiratory pathological conditions with an acute course, which are caused by microorganisms of various origins (there are about 200 types of pathogens that can cause acute respiratory infections). They die at high temperatures, the influence of disinfectants on them, but are quite resistant to low temperatures. Pathogens settle on the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and begin to multiply rapidly, penetrating deeper and causing inflammation in the tissues. During the year, you can get sick with ARI several times.
- acute respiratory viral diseases. If ARI is caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasmas, then only viruses are the cause of ARVI. ARVI includes influenza, parainfluenza, rhinovirus, adenovirus infections. Immunity after themselves is left unstable - you can get sick more than once. It proceeds like a cold in a mild or erased form.
- a viral disease involving the respiratory tract in the pathological process. There are three types of influenza virus - A, B, C. The latent (hidden) period is up to 4 days. The disease proceeds in the form of weakness, headache and muscle pain, chills due to intoxication of the body. Also accompanied by catarrhal symptoms of the upper respiratory tract (runny nose, cough, nasal congestion, sore throat). The course of influenza is mild, moderate and severe.
- an acute infectious pathology, the causative agent of which is a virus from the herpesvirus family. Common among children younger age but adults can get sick too. Once ill, lifelong immunity remains. A person becomes contagious a few days before the appearance of a characteristic rash and the entire period of illness. Incubation period varies from 10 to 20 days, and the disease itself usually lasts up to 7-10 days. A feature of chickenpox is the appearance of a blistering rash and a sharp increase in temperature.
- an infection of viral origin, which is highly contagious and transmitted through the air. Measles is caused by an RNA virus from the genus Morbillovirus. The reservoir of infection is a sick person 2-3 days before the onset of the disease and within 4-5 days after the onset of the rash. It is accompanied by common catarrhal symptoms and the presence of a papular rash. The rash is observed first on the head, then on the surface of the body and upper limbs and then down to the lower extremities. This sequence is characteristic of measles and helps to differentiate it from other diseases.
is an acute airborne disease. It is caused by an RNA virus that belongs to the Togavirus family. The virus is not resistant to high temperatures, disinfectants and ultraviolet radiation. The source of infection is a sick person - he becomes contagious 4 days before the appearance of rashes. The disease is accompanied by a characteristic small frequent pink rash and an increase in lymph nodes in the back of the head and neck.
- This is an infectious-inflammatory pathological condition with inflammation of the salivary, less often pancreas and gonads. The causative agent of mumps belongs to the paramyxovirus family. It is inactivated by heating, ultraviolet irradiation and exposure to antiseptic solutions, but remains viable for a long time at low temperatures. The disease is accompanied by fever and typical swelling in the parotid area. salivary glands. On palpation, the swelling is painful, soft consistency. In this state, it remains for 3-4 days, then its gradual decrease is noticeable. The latent period is about 12-20 days.
Whooping cough– infectious bacterial disease accompanied by severe spasmodic cough. The causative agent is the Borde-Jangu stick. Incubation time from several days to two weeks. The patient must be isolated for 40 days after the onset of symptoms. The morbid state begins with catarrhal signs, and then cough is added with an increase. The attacks are so severe that they often end in vomiting.
Diphtheria – infectious disease with airborne transmission mechanism of bacterial origin. The cause of the disease is diphtheria bacillus Leffler. It affects the tissues of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, skin and causes a pathological process there. It is characterized by inflammation of the tonsils, mucous membranes of the larynx and trachea and the appearance of a characteristic white coating on them.
- an acute bacterial infection, the causative agent of which is considered to be beta-hemolytic streptococcus group A. Distinctive features scarlet fever is a crimson tongue, a small rash on the surface of the skin and an increase in the tonsils.
The disease is accompanied by intoxication symptoms - headache, fever, malaise, chills, nausea. The latent period is from 3 to 10 days.
- a dangerous infectious disease transmitted by airborne droplets. The causative agent of meningitis is meningococcus, the spreader of the infection is considered to be a sick person or pathogen carrier. For many people, meningococcus first causes nasopharyngitis, which is characterized by a sore throat, runny nose, or nasal congestion. Further, intoxication and meningeal syndromes are added: severe headache, high fever, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, stiff neck. Untimely assistance provided by specialists can lead to the death of the patient.
Read about -
a preventive measure that will help protect the child from such a dangerous disease as meningococcal meningitis.
Symptomatic signs
The clinic of air infections is determined by a specific disease. For all these infections, catarrhal phenomena, intoxication of the body and specific manifestations are inherent.The phenomena of intoxication and catarrh are expressed in signs that are usually found in colds and viral diseases. This may include:
- rise in temperature;
- headache;
- loss of appetite;
- respiratory disorders;
- pain and sore throat.
- general weakness;
- cough and chest pain;
- chills;
- runny or stuffy nose;
- with chickenpox, the presence of a blistering rash over the entire surface of the body, accompanied by fever, is mandatory;
- measles is characterized by a rash in the form of bright pink spots with a certain sequence of appearance;
- mumps typically has a painful swelling behind the ears or under the jaw;
- whooping cough is accompanied by a strong barking cough in the form of attacks;
- diphtheria is characterized by the formation of white plaque on the tonsils;
- scarlet fever is characterized by a small rash and a raspberry-colored tongue;
- rubella is diagnosed by a small, profuse rash all over the body and swollen lymph nodes;
- meningitis is characterized by positive syndromes of Kernig, Brudzinsky, neck muscle tension, fountain vomiting, convulsions, photophobia, increased sensitivity of the senses.
Diagnostic methods
The diagnosis of airborne diseases is based on:
- characteristic clinical symptoms that have been described above;
- history data (whether there were contacts with the sick);
- laboratory research.
- Virological method - based on the identification of a specific virus that caused a particular disease. To do this, biomaterial is taken from the respiratory tract (mucus, sputum, nasal secretions) and examined to identify the pathogen.
- Serological and ELISA methods - allow you to detect the presence of antibodies to viruses.
- Bacteriological method - material is taken (mucus from the nose, throat, sputum, pus) and sent to the laboratory. There, the material taken is cultured and observed for the detection of pathogenic bacteria.
- General blood and urine tests - you can see indicators of the inflammatory process.
Therapeutic methods
Patients, and especially young children, with measles, meningococcal meningitis, whooping cough, diphtheria are subject to mandatory hospitalization in the infectious diseases department. Uncomplicated acute respiratory viral infections, acute respiratory infections, influenza, chicken pox are treated at home after visiting a doctor.Treatment principles include:
1. Symptomatic therapy:
- medicines to lower the temperature - Paracetamol, Nurofen; in children Ibufen, Cefekon (candles);
- cough medicines - Mukaltin, Bronholitin, Lazolvan;
- sore throat remedies - Strepsils, Linkas;
- cold drops - Pinosol, Sanorin, Rinoxil;
- antihistamines - Zodak, Suprastin, Tavegil;
- rash with chickenpox and measles lubricate with a solution of brilliant green, a solution of kostellation, fucarcin;
- local antiseptics for the throat - Ingalipt, Hexoral, Chlorophilipt;
- with parotitis, dry heat, compresses are applied locally to the swollen area.
2. Antiviral therapy - for infections of viral origin: Acyclovir, Anaferon, Ribavirin, Amizon.
3. Antibiotic therapy for infections of bacterial origin: Penicillin, Cefatoxime, Cefazolin, Azithromycin. Children are prescribed Suprax, Zinnat suspensions.
4. In case of diphtheria, the administration of anti-diphtheria serum is prescribed.
Treatment of droplet infections in children also consists of relieving symptoms. The difference lies in the choice of approved drugs in appropriate doses.
Preventive measures
Non-specific methods of prevention are the following activities:- during the cold and flu season, limit or exclude crowded places;
- strengthen immunity with wellness procedures;
- use local antiviral agents for prophylactic purposes (Oxolinic ointment, Interferon);
- vitamin complexes;
- treat emerging diseases in time, without leading to chronicity;
- during epidemic outbreaks, wear medical masks.
- MMR vaccine - prevention of measles, rubella, mumps. It is carried out twice: at 12 months and 6 years.
- DTP vaccine - prevents the development of whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus. It is carried out three times, starting from 3 months of a child's life with a break of 45 days. Then do the first revaccination after 18 months from the last vaccination.
- ADSM vaccine - repeated vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus. They do it at 7 and 16 years old.
- Influenza vaccines - Influvac, Grippol. It does not apply to mandatory vaccinations, but it is recommended for frequently ill children and adults.
Anti-epidemiological measures and precautions in the epidemiological focus
For all registered infectious diseases, it is necessary to take anti-epidemiological measures to destroy the reservoir of infection and prevent infection of healthy people. Activities that are carried out in the focus of infection:- measures for the patient. Patients are hospitalized and isolated for the duration of the contagious disease. Patients with influenza, SARS, chickenpox can be isolated at home. They need to allocate a separate room, dishes and linen.
- Events with contact persons. If infected with measles, chickenpox, scarlet fever, diphtheria, whooping cough are detected, preschool institutions are closed for quarantine. Contacts are subject to observation by medical workers, necessary examinations, and unvaccinated persons in history (DTP, MMR) are vaccinated.
Those in contact with ARVI patients should wear gauze masks, lubricate the nasal passages with oxolin ointment and use immunostimulating drugs.
- Anti-epidemic actions indoors. The patient's room should be frequently ventilated and wet-cleaned daily. Irradiation of the room with bactericidal lamps is also recommended. All accessories used by the sick person must be disinfected.
Next article.
Lesson objective: to find out the physiological foundations of the concept of the prevention of the most important diseases transmitted through the air, which is practically important for maintaining health; repeat and summarize the entire material of the topic.
Equipment. Demonstration material: tables: "Brain", "Pathways for the spread of infectious diseases", "The number of microbes in the air of different places", "Techniques of artificial respiration", "Change in the composition of the air in the classroom during the school day" (home-made); model chest; model of the larynx, lung.
Lesson PlanConducting a lesson
The material of the last lesson is difficult, so it is better to check its assimilation by an individual survey.
Students talk about respiratory movements and their regulation.
When interviewing, it’s good to pose some additional questions: give your own examples of unconditioned and conditioned respiratory reflexes. Where does a person breathe less often, in the fresh air or in a stuffy room? How can this be explained and what does it matter? Why does it become difficult to breathe when you eat heavily? Which is better, before diving, to take as much air into the lungs as possible or to take a series of quick deep breaths in and out?
In a number of schools, eighth grade students are trained in artificial respiration techniques in the classroom physical education under the joint guidance of biology and physical education teachers. If this is not done at school, then in this lesson it is necessary to demonstrate artificial respiration techniques on a student (more conveniently on a boy).
After the students' answers about respiratory movements and their regulation, the teacher notes that in many accidents it becomes necessary to do artificial respiration.
One student portrays the victim, and the teacher shows him the techniques of artificial respiration. If the teacher does not find it possible to show artificial respiration techniques on a student, but confines himself to analyzing the corresponding table, then students should be warned to practice artificial respiration techniques at home.
To move on to explaining new material on disease prevention, the teacher calls the student to talk about the experience with breathing valves. After he does this, the teacher, showing the test tube into which the student exhaled, asks: if you could count the number of microbes in the air that you exhaled, how many microbes would there be?
Students make several guesses.
At the end of this short discussion, the teacher clarifies that in the air inhaled under these conditions in the classroom there are approximately 30 thousand microbes per 1 cubic meter. meter of air, and in exhaled air - several tens of thousands, and asks the question: how to explain that people get sick with diseases caused by microbes? What diseases are caused by the penetration of microbes through the respiratory tract? Students name diseases, and the teacher additionally talks about influenza, tonsillitis, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. He talks about the causes of diseases, the reaction of the body, the danger of diseases. During cooling, the body's resistance decreases, for example: the permeability of blood vessels increases, which makes microbes more likely to penetrate into the blood, and phagocytic activity decreases. With a reduced resistance of the organism, the microbes that have entered it begin to exert their toxic effect. For the occurrence of the disease, their relative virulence and quantity are important. The teacher talks about the symptoms of flu, sore throat and upper respiratory catarrh, which is often incorrectly called the flu. Influenza is especially dangerous because it is often accompanied by complications - pneumonia and heart disease.
Speaking about the success of treating diseases with antibiotics, the teacher warns about the dangers of taking antibiotics without a doctor's instructions.
With regard to tuberculosis, the teacher reveals the conditions for the development of tuberculosis bacilli, the detection of tuberculosis, measures to prevent tuberculosis, the treatment of tuberculosis, and the successes in the fight against tuberculosis in the USSR.
One of the main preventive measures to combat many diseases is dust control. The teacher briefly points out the direct relationship between the spread of infectious diseases and the amount of dust in the air, reveals the bactericidal value of phytoncides, and shows the means of controlling dust in the workplace.
Speaking about the dangers of smoking, the teacher especially emphasizes the inadmissibility of early smoking, when the body, which is not yet strong, is poisoned by the toxic constituents of tobacco smoke.
Students are strongly impressed by the statistical data on the high incidence of tuberculosis and asthma in smokers; especially lung cancer.
The last part of the lesson is constructed somewhat unusually. The teacher calls hygiene rules related to breathing. Students will need to justify these rules using knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. “For example, if I tell you to breathe through your nose, then you must prove why,” the teacher says. This example starts general work class. The teacher consistently brings the following judgments to the attention of the class: you can’t eat ice cream after a hot meal; boys in adolescence should not shout and sing loudly; rooms need to be cleaned in a wet way; when communicating with patients with influenza, you should wear a gauze bandage; you need to be able to breathe deeply, with the correct ratio between the duration of inhalation and exhalation; for the development of the respiratory organs it is useful to play sports; clean air is a good doctor; Good posture is essential for the functioning of the respiratory system.
In this conversation, all the main issues of respiratory hygiene are exhausted and the material on the structure and functions of the respiratory organs is briefly repeated.
At the end of the conversation, the teacher offers questions: why can a person die from carbon monoxide poisoning? What should be done to help or save the victim?
If the lesson will be based on the film "Respiratory Hygiene", then it can be demonstrated at the very beginning of the lesson. It gives all the necessary hygienic material, including the dangers of smoking, and proper breathing. And then it is convenient to conduct the lesson as indicated above. The students will be guided by the material of the film when answering in the conversation.
Homework: textbook article “Airborne diseases. Artificial respiration ”, draw up in a notebook the rules for the prevention of diseases transmitted through the air.
Infection, translated from Latin, means infection, that is, the ingress of harmful microorganisms into the human body, accompanied by an infectious disease.
The source of infection can infect healthy people by airborne droplets. Children who do not have hygiene skills are most susceptible to infection. Diseases such as bronchitis, whooping cough, diphtheria, mumps, tonsillitis, chickenpox, rubella, measles, scarlet fever, etc. are transmitted by airborne droplets. Infection can only be avoided in a room with clean air. Disinfection and purification of air is effectively carried out with the help of photocatalytic air purifiers and integrated air purification systems "Aerolife".
Scarlet fever- a very common childhood infection transmitted by droplets. It has been proven that the infection is not transmitted to other rooms and does not spread when using an air purifier in a room with a sick person. Children can become infected by taking infected things into their mouths. The disease manifests itself in the form of a rash, inflamed tonsils and fever.
Measles- infection occurs by airborne droplets over a long distance. Even being in a neighboring apartment, you can get infected, so you just need to create a healthy microclimate in the rooms. The disease begins with a headache and fever, then a runny nose, sneezing and coughing appear. The rash appears behind the ears and gradually spreads to the entire face, affecting the mucous membranes. In such a situation, air humidification is essential.
Rubella- swelling of the lymph nodes, accompanied by a rash covering the entire body and fever. It is very dangerous for pregnant women to become infected with this infection.
Chickenpox- begins with vomiting, headache and high temperature. The whole body and mucous membranes are covered with a rash. If the air in the patient's room is not sufficiently purified and has harmful substances, infection of the burst bubbles of the rash may occur.
Angina- an infectious lesion of the tonsils caused by streptococci - microbes that live in the air and are transmitted by droplets. In addition, the disease can be triggered by tobacco smoke and various dust. Angina has a negative effect on the entire human body. To avoid this disease, you must constantly get rid of harmful substances in the air.
Piggy- acute viral disease of the salivary glands caused by paramyxoviruses. This disease can have serious consequences, in the form of meningitis and encephalitis. The patient is isolated in his room for 9 days and is in dire need of purified humidified air.
Diphtheria- the most severe viral disease caused by a microbe in the form of a stick. Healthy man can get sick just by breathing contaminated air. Treatment of the disease takes place strictly in the infectious diseases hospital. In addition, it is necessary to disinfect not only the room in which the patient was located, but also the air of the entire apartment.
Whooping cough- an infection, also transmitted through the air and leading to pneumonia and tuberculosis. This disease begins imperceptibly and manifests itself after 10 to 20 days. Being with the patient in the same room without ventilation and proper air purification, all members of his family will fall ill.
Bronchitis- bronchial disease associated with overheating, cooling or polluted air. It leads to otitis media, sinusitis and pneumonia. In order for bronchitis not to develop into asthma, it is necessary to breathe only clean fresh air.
To protect your child from airborne infections, use an air purifier with a photocatalytic filter.