MITTENS
A type of glove with a compartment for the thumb only.
Origin of the word mitten some linguists associate with Varangians and they explain it as "Varangian mittens", others consider it a Russian word formed from the verb cook, meaning ‘to protect, preserve’. Another, older, name for mittens is mittens. Perhaps this word is formed from a noun hand and verb twist, that is, mittens are ‘wrap around the arm’.
Warm mittens are an obligatory detail of traditional Russian outerwear. They are worn winter. In our time, mostly - children, and adults - only in severe frost, since their fingers are warmer than gloves. Mittens are usually knitted from woolen threads, they can be decorated with embroidery or a multi-colored knitted pattern. Especially warm are mittens made of fur (fur inside).
Word mitten included in phraseological units open the mitten and open mitten, that is, open your mouth wide in surprise.
Knitted mittens:
Russia. Large linguo-cultural dictionary. - M .: State Institute of the Russian Language. A.S. Pushkin. AST-Press. T.N. Chernyavskaya, K.S. Miloslavskaya, E.G. Rostova, O.E. Frolova, V.I. Borisenko, Yu.A. Vyunov, V.P. Chudnov. 2007 .
Synonyms:See what "MITTENS" is in other dictionaries:
Mittens - get an active Dr.Koffer coupon at Academician or buy profitable mittens at a low price on sale at Dr.Koffer
Mittens- in the Saami national costume Mitten (pl. mittens) or mitten (pl. mittens) is a piece of winter clothing for the hands, in which there are two compartments: one for the thumb, and the other for all other fingers. Usually knitted from wool, but they can ... ... Wikipedia
MITTENS- knitted mittens with one thumb. They begin to knit a mitten from a wristband (i.e., elastic bands): they pick up the number of loops on the knitting needles corresponding to the volume of the hand (for determining the number of loops, see the article Hand knitting, Calculation of knitting a product) ... The Concise Encyclopedia of the Household
mittens- see mittens Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011. mittens n., number of synonyms: 3 ... Synonym dictionary
mittens- A jersey that partially covers the forearm, the palm of the hand, four fingers together and the thumb separately. [GOST 17037 85] Subjects sewing and knitwear General terms glove products ... Technical Translator's Handbook
MITTENS- 1942, 41 min., b/w. genre: drama. dir. Naum Lyuboshits, Pavel Armand, sc. Semyon Polotsky, Matvey Tevelev, opera. Vyacheslav Gordanov, art. Vladimir Pokrovsky, comp. Vera and Pavel Armand, sound. Kirill Pozdnyshev. Cast: Vladimir Chestnokov, Matvey ... ... Lenfilm. Annotated Film Catalog (1918-2003)
Mittens- pl. Warm usually knitted mittens. Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova
mittens- mittens, mittens, mittens, mittens, mittens, mittens (Source: "Full accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak") ... Word forms
mittens- in arrezhki, zhek, unit. h. zhka, and ... Russian spelling dictionary
Mittens- warm, usually knitted, mittens. (Terminological dictionary of clothes. Orlenko L.V., 1996) ... Encyclopedia of fashion and clothing
mittens- zhek, zhkam; pl. (sing. mitten, and; f.). Warm (usually knitted) mittens. Woolen c. Children's mitten. ◊ Open, open the mitten. Rough. 1. Be very surprised. 2. Speak sharply for what l., scold someone l ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Mittens in the Latvian style National motifs Knitting, Ozolina E. Mittens are an important attribute of the history and culture of many northern countries, including Latvia. For several centuries, they were the most common gift there, and some people until ... Buy for 413 rubles
- Mittens in the Latvian style. national motives. We knit with needles, Ozolina Eva. Mittens are an important attribute of the history and culture of many northern countries, including Latvia. For several centuries, they were the most common gift there, and some people up to ...
The history of mittens in Russia goes back many centuries. It is believed that mittens appeared in Russia in the 13th century. But most likely this happened much earlier, they were simply used until the 13th century only by peasants.
Why do you think the nobles and boyars did not use mittens? And all because their clothes had very long sleeves, in which they hid their hands from the cold. Clothing with such sleeves was inconvenient for work, which is why the saying appeared: working through the sleeves means very bad.
However, the Russian tsars in those days had gloves, which were called fingered mittens. Their gloves were usually fur-lined.
Where did this word - "mitten" come from? It comes from the phrase "Varangian gauntlet". Probably, mittens came to us from the Vikings. Remember who the Vikings are? That's right, they are from the Scandinavian countries.
Although, perhaps, the word “mitten” comes from the verb “cook”, “varovati”, which means “protect”, “protect”.
Or did it come from another verb “varegs”, that is, “cook”, because in the old days woolen mittens were first knitted and then boiled in boiling water to make them denser and warmer.
There were a lot of names for mittens: knits, braids, ties, sleeves - they were usually knitted; rolled wire, felted boots - you probably already guessed that they were felted, like felt boots. They sewed from fur - fur coats, fur coats and fur coats.
Gradually there was a separation of concepts. Mittens were called what was sewn from fur or fabric. And the mittens were only knitted.
However, the fashion has changed, the sleeves have become shorter. It was necessary to protect hands from the cold, and the upper class also began to use mittens and mittens. But their mittens became very different from the peasant ones. They were richer and smarter. The gentlemen's mittens were made of brocade, velvet and morocco, they were decorated with beads, pearls, precious stones, as well as gold and silver embroidery. These mittens were real masterpieces that were passed down from generation to generation by inheritance.
Mittens usually differed in men's and women's. The men's ones were simple, without decorations and were knitted without an elastic band, so that it would be comfortable to work in them and easily throw them off your hands for a smoke break or wipe off sweat. Women's mittens were more elegant and miniature, multi-colored and with patterns.
In Russia, as a rule, they wore several pairs of mittens at the same time: first they wore knitted ones (“undershirts”), then fur ones (furs). And in order to work, leather mittens, canvas or horsehair, were also put on top. On weekdays, undershirts were worn in one color, and on holidays, multi-colored with patterns.
In the 19th century, mitts came into fashion (they were also called knuckles) - long narrow gloves without fingers. They were popular among young people from wealthy families. They were usually knitted from white cotton threads and worn on major holidays. But in the 20th century, the fashion for them has already passed. However, felters still make wool mitts for lovers of retro style.
According to an old Russian custom, before the wedding, the bride had to make (except for sewing a wedding dress) patterned mittens and stockings for all members of the groom's family. Moreover, all products had to have different ornaments.
By the way, the technique of knitting mittens on knitting needles came to Russia from Scandinavia. In the Scandinavian countries, it was usually men who knitted. In our country, women have mastered this art, and they learned this from an early age in order to have time to prepare a dowry for the wedding.
Patterned knitting from wool is one of the few women's occupations that is still quite widespread today. However, we are only interested in knitted products that are made in local traditions. A well-known restorer architect, a fine connoisseur of Pskov antiquity, K.P. Spegalsky in the post-war period created a whole series of drawings with traditional patterns of Pskov mittens. It was a time when it was still possible to buy clay toys, hand-made ceramics, and furniture on the Pskov market. Of the traditional types of wool knitting, only mittens have survived. Craftswomen have retained their original knitting patterns for many years. Every craftswoman knows from childhood a large number of drawings, which she herself still varies in every thing. The patterns on mittens are as significant as all ornaments in folk art. Stylized birds, flowers, rhombuses, crosses, triangles, stripes in complex combinations, pleasing to the eye - these are amulets that passed from mother to daughter and are still preserved on warm woolen "knittings" of Pskov craftswomen.
Additional information by phone. 72-84-08 (department of industrial literature of POUNB).
Pskov, st. Profsoyuznaya, d. 2, room. 26.
Ponomarenko Elena Borisovna,
leading librarian
department of industrial literature
Pskov Regional Universal Scientific Library
Two sisters, two braids
From sheep's wool thin.
How to walk - so put on,
So that five and five do not freeze.
In fact, the Russian people have been wearing mittens for quite a long time. The first mention of such clothes for hands dates back to the 13th century.
But there are claims that mittens appeared in Russia much earlier. There are no earlier mentions of them only because until the 13th century only peasants wore mittens.
Don't wealthy people get cold hands? Why didn't they use gloves? The answer lies in the luxurious robes of the nobles, which were notable for the presence of long sleeves. It was in them that the rich hid their hands from the cold.
It was extremely inconvenient to do anything in such clothes. This is how the words “To work carelessly” appeared - which means irresponsibly, slowly, inaccurately and badly.
While the boyars hid their hands in their sleeves, the tsars wore fur mittens (they were also called fingered). As you know, fur in those days was valued dearly and was considered a luxury. Some kings even collected tribute from the people with fur.
Where and how did the word "mitten" come from? Perhaps it was formed from the words "Varangian mitten". Then this means that we borrowed this clothes for hands from people from Scandinavia - the Varangian. But this fact has not been confirmed.
Perhaps mittens began to be called so from the verbs "cook", "varovati" - to protect and protect.
Maybe from the word "varegs" - boil. What is it about here? Previously, ready-made knitted mittens were necessarily dipped in boiling water and boiled. They did this so that the fabric became denser and warmer.
There were plenty of varieties of gloves in Russia: fur coats were sewn from fur; bundles, bundles, braids, sleeves were knitted from wool; according to the principle of felt boots, felted felts and wire rods were made.
When the nobles finally abandoned long sleeves, they also had to wear mittens. But their mittens were very different from the peasant ones. But they were very different from the peasants. Like all the clothes of wealthy citizens, their gloves were smart, frilly and luxurious.
They were sewn from lace or velvet. Pearls, beads, precious stones served as decorations. Such mittens were a real work of art and a family heirloom, which was passed down by inheritance.
In the 19th century, narrow and long fingerless mittens became fashionable - the so-called mitts. They were worn only on special occasions and holidays.
Mitts were popular mainly among young rich people. Their popularity quickly ended, and in the 20th century no one wore such accessories.
The appearance of the gloves has changed many times. Something became fashionable, something quickly left the wardrobes of beauties. But winter outfits for our hands are also necessary, as before.
Mittens are a purely practical thing in the wardrobe. But practical doesn't mean boring! Fashion designers diligently invent and add colorful and interesting decorations to old warm mittens. The modern clothing market offers us mittens and any colors, shades, styles, models. The materials for such accessories can be very different, but by right the most popular is a woolen knitted mitten.
And the other - for all other fingers. Mittens are more effective at retaining hand heat than gloves, as individual fingers freeze quickly. Usually knitted from wool, but can be made from leather, jersey, and other materials and combinations thereof. Mittens are often an integral part of the national costumes of northern peoples.
There are also mittens designed specifically for the military, where in addition to the thumb compartment, there is a compartment for the index finger (so that it is possible to pull the trigger without removing the mittens).
Mittens are often a piece of workwear.
At the beginning of the 21st century, mittens became a fashion accessory, often made of genuine leather (sometimes suede), natural fur, embroidery, and rhinestones were used as trim.
Etymology
According to one of the versions put forward by Max Fasmer, the word "mitten" comes from the phrase "Varangian mitten", probably reflecting the fact that this garment was borrowed from the Varangians.
According to another version, the word "mitten" comes from the Old Russian verb "variti" - "protect", "protect"; then "mittens" - "guards", "protectors" for hands (Lev Uspensky).
According to the third version, the mittens got their name from the process of their processing - knitted mittens could be boiled to give greater density.
Varieties
| A photo | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Knitted mittens | Typically handmade. | |
| Mittens in national costume | Mittens are found in the national costume of the Saami (Norway), etc. | |
| Mitten-tack | Used to avoid burns when in contact with hot kitchen utensils. |
see also
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Notes
Literature
- Mittens - Concise Household Encyclopedia / ed. I. M. Skvortsov and others - M .: State Scientific Publishing House "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" - 1959.
An excerpt characterizing Mittens
- Voila l "agrement des camps, monsieur le prince, [Here is the pleasure of the camp, prince,] - said the officer on duty.They went to the opposite mountain. The French were already visible from this mountain. Prince Andrei stopped and began to examine.
- Here is our battery, - said the staff officer, pointing to the highest point, - that same eccentric who was sitting without boots; From there you can see everything: let's go, prince.
“I humbly thank you, now I’ll pass alone,” said Prince Andrei, wanting to get rid of the officer’s headquarters, “please don’t worry.
The staff officer lagged behind, and Prince Andrei rode alone. The Russian word "mittens" comes from the phrase "Varangian mitten", perhaps this indicates that this garment was borrowed from the Varangians. Varangians in Russia were called people from the Scandinavian countries.
Another version of the origin of this word is from the Old Russian verb "variti", "varovati", that is, "protect", "protect". From what? Yes, from the cold! But there is a third: the word "varegs" - from "cook", that is, earlier knitted woolen mittens were brewed in boiling water to make them denser and warmer.
In different regions of Russia, mittens were called differently: feltings, wire rods, braids, bundles, ties - according to the method of their manufacture. There were also fur coats, fur coats ... These, it is easy to guess, were made of their fur - deer, dog, goat, wolf, bear, etc.
In Russia, mittens have been known since the 13th century, but in peasant life they probably existed before. Why did the boyars and nobles not use mittens? There was simply no need for them. Remember the saying - to work carelessly, that is, badly? The boyars and nobles wore clothes with very long sleeves, in which they hid their hands from the cold. Such clothes were warm, but completely uncomfortable for work.
Fashion has changed, sleeves have been shortened, and there is a need for hand protection. So the mittens moved from the worker-peasant life to the nobility. And they look much brighter and richer!
Mittens were divided into men's and women's. Women's - smaller, more elegant, multi-colored. Men's ones are simpler, knitted without a cutter, so that it is more convenient to work and easy to throw off your hands, wipe off sweat or smoke.
Usually, several pairs of mittens were worn: first knitted (they were called undershirts), and then fur ones - with fur outward (furs). To work on top, they put on canvas, leather or horsehair knitted. On holidays they wore undershirts with ornaments, on weekdays they wore plain ones.
In Russian traditional clothing, the sleeves were sometimes very long, they "replaced" mittens. But the Russian tsars put on fingered mittens, i.e. gloves. They were fur-trimmed with beaver. After that, mittens began to appear in others.
In the 19th century, girls and young married women from wealthy families wore knuckles (mitts) on major holidays - long narrow fingerless gloves. They were knitted from white cotton threads. By the early 20th century, they had almost universally disappeared from rustic costume.
Mittens in Russia had many names - varegs, mittens, vargas, varyashki, vachags, divers, tufts, tufts, sleeves, ties. An old Russian custom is known - before the wedding, the girl had to demonstrate her skills. In addition to sewing a wedding dress, the bride presented the groom's family with patterned stockings and mittens. Moreover, all products had to be with different ornaments.
For gentlemen, they were made of velvet, brocade and morocco, decorated with pearls, beads, precious stones, gold and silver embroidery. Such masterpieces were even inherited from generation to generation. And peasant mittens also underwent certain changes - the usual mittens appeared for all of us.
The fact is that gradually a separation of concepts began to occur: mittens - something that is made of fur or fabric, and mittens - only knitted. They often wore both, especially in the far north: on the outside there is a large fur mitten, under it is a knitted mitten, thinner and more delicate. Such mittens were called undersides.
The mitten was not only a piece of clothing that protected from the cold, but also a work of art and even a kind of message: its beautiful, sometimes very complex multi-color pattern could carry certain secret information.
By the way, the complex knitting technique did not appear in Russia. Even earlier, it was mastered by other peoples. The most skilled craftsmen were considered Italians, Spaniards and Scandinavians. The skill of knitting came to us from Scandinavia, and the first to pick up knitting needles there were men.
In Russia, women knitted. This was learned from childhood, because the girl had to have time to prepare her dowry for the wedding. It was necessary not only to sew a wedding dress, embroider towels and tablecloths, but also to give the groom's family knitted stockings and mittens with colorful ornaments.
Now mittens are as popular as in ancient times. Only, of course, they are no longer inherited. Mittens are a purely practical thing. However, modern fashion designers have again turned their attention to them. After all, what could be more comfortable than a good old warm mittens? A patterned knitted mitten looks great with a modern plain jacket, with a knitted hat and scarf, and with bright high boots that are fashionable today. Usually several pairs were worn: first knitted, and then fur - with the fur out. On holidays, they wore colored mittens with a pattern. On weekdays, it's monotonous.
The patterns on the mittens, however, were different: patterns with birds, crosses, triangles and stars, rhombus patterns symbolizing the sun, goodness, happiness.
The patterns on mittens are as significant as all ornaments in folk art. The word "ornament" comes from the Latin "ornamentum" - decoration. In Russia, the word "pattern" was more common, bearing the same meaning - decorating the surface of an object.
The elements of the ornament suggest to the person the surrounding nature, his habitat, climate, customs of the people, the outlines of the human body and surrounding objects. Ornament in the past was never purely decorative. Each of its elements had a certain meaning, was a conditional, but understandable image of the laws of nature: birth, life, death. The ornament can be called the ancient language of communication between people.
The tradition of decorating household items, clothes with patterns that carry a protective function has existed in Russia since pagan times. With the adoption of Christianity, this tradition did not disappear, it changed and survived to the present day, however, having partially lost the charm of the patterns.
The symbolism of ornaments is the same for many peoples. For example, a diamond has many meanings. Once it was a symbol of the sun, a sign of fertility, agriculture, goodness, happiness, full of life. A rhombus with a dot in the middle denoted fertilized land, sown fields. It was this ornament that the bride most often used when knitting her dowry.
The most common after the geometric - floral ornament. Its main motifs are stylized flowers, shoots, leaves, and plant branches. There are other types of ornament: animalistic (birds, animals, insects), natural (waves), teratological (fantastic or fabulous animals or their parts). In fact, in folk ornaments, people embodied what they saw around. Another large group is objects created by man: tools, tools, weapons, buildings.
Ornamental motifs can be either finite (for example, a "star") or endless (for example, a wavy line). The final ornament creates a feeling of staticness, the endless one - an idea of mobility. A zigzag stripe or a "rope" pattern knitted on a mitten meant a wish for longevity to its owner.
The color palette of patterns of Russian mittens
When knitting patterns, color plays no less a role than the ornament. Traditionally, colors, as well as patterns, depended on the purpose of the product. Previously, on everyday things, the patterns were simpler (dots, crosses, strokes) and the colors were more modest: black, gray, white. Festive mittens were knitted with bright threads of contrasting colors. The following stable combinations were common: red-green, black (blue)-yellow, black (blue)-red. The borders that bordered the main motifs of the pattern were most often knitted, combining red and white threads.
The favorite colors of mittens among the peoples of Pomorye were combinations of green and red, yellow and purple, orange and blue, they were considered harmonious in the 19th century. The need for such bright combinations was due to the thirst for color in the long polar night.
The color of earlier products was ocher-yellow (with a hint of tobacco green), red-brown - without sharp contrasts. Calm soft colors were obtained by dyeing wool with natural dyes: stems, flowers and plant bark.
The invention of the knitting bed in the 16th century influenced the development of knitting. Having spread quite quickly across Europe, machine knitting in the 19th century began to displace hand knitting. Mass production of the same, standard items has replaced for us skillfully and lovingly made handicrafts.
Despite this, the charm of handmade remains, and hand-knitted products are valued more and more every year. Because each handmade thing is unique, a piece of soul is invested in each. Knitting the same things is simply not interesting. Every time I want to create something new. We haven’t finished knitting one pair of mittens yet, but the sketch of the next one is already ripening and I want to quickly start implementing what was planned. And how nice it is to see the admiring glances of fellow travelers, looking at my mittens with interest in winter.