EXAMPLE PROGRAM OF BASIC GENERAL EDUCATION in the direction “TECHNOLOGY. TECHNICAL LABOR” EXPLANATORY NOTE Status of the document Exemplary program in the direction “Technology. Technical work” was compiled on the basis of the federal component of the state standard for basic general education. An exemplary program allows all participants in the educational process to get an idea of the goals, content, general strategy for teaching, educating and developing students by means of a given academic subject, specifies the content of the subject topics of the educational standard, gives an approximate distribution of teaching hours by course sections and the recommended sequence for studying topics and sections of the subject, taking into account inter-subject and intra-subject relationships, the logic of the educational process, and the age characteristics of students. An exemplary program is a guideline for compiling author's curricula and textbooks (can be used in the thematic planning of the course by the teacher). At the same time, the authors of curricula and textbooks can offer their own approach in terms of structuring educational material, determining the sequence of studying this material, distributing hours by sections and topics, as well as ways to form a system of knowledge, skills and methods of activity, development and socialization of students. Thus, an exemplary program contributes to the preservation of a single educational space without constraining the creative initiative of teachers, provides ample opportunities for the implementation different approaches to the construction of a training course taking into account the individual abilities and needs of students, the material base of educational institutions, local socio-economic conditions and national traditions. Document structure The sample program includes three sections: an explanatory note; the main content with an approximate (in the modality “not less”) distribution of teaching hours by sections of the course and the recommended sequence for studying topics and sections; requirements for the level of training of graduates. General characteristics of the subject The exemplary program has been drawn up taking into account the experience of labor and technological activities obtained by students while studying in elementary school. The main purpose of the educational area "Technology" in the system of general education is the formation of labor and technological culture of the student, the system of technological knowledge and skills, the education of labor, civil and patriotic qualities of his personality, their professional self-determination in the conditions of the labor market, the formation of a humanistically oriented worldview. The educational area "Technology" is a necessary component of the general education of schoolchildren, providing them with the opportunity to put into practice the knowledge of the fundamentals of science. In the basic school "Technology" is studied from the 5th to the 8th grade of this level of education. The lack of technology in the federal component of the new Basic Curriculum in the 9th grade does not allow ensuring the continuity of the transition of students from basic to profile, vocational training, labor activity and continuous self-education. To ensure the continuity of technological training in the system of general and vocational education, it is advisable to additionally allocate one hour a week in the 8th grade and 2 hours a week in the 9th grade from the regional component and the component of the educational institution. At the same time, national and regional features of the content can be represented in the program by appropriate technologies, types and objects of labor. Teaching schoolchildren technology is based on the development of specific processes of transformation and use of materials, energy, information, objects of the natural and social environment. In order to take into account the interests and inclinations of students, the possibilities of educational institutions, local socio-economic conditions, the mandatory minimum content of basic educational programs is studied within one of three areas: “Technology. Technical labor”, “Technology. Maintenance work”, “Technology. Agricultural labor (agrotechnologies). 1 Regardless of the technologies studied, the content of the program in the direction “Technology. Technical Labor” provides for the study of material along the following educational lines: culture and aesthetics of labor; receipt, processing, storage and use of information; basics of drawing, graphics, design; elements of domestic and applied economics, entrepreneurship; acquaintance with the world of professions, the choice of life, professional plans by students; the impact of technological processes on environment and human health; creative, design activities; history, prospects and social consequences of the development of technology and technology. The base for the program in the direction “Technology. Technical work” is the section “Creation of products from structural and ornamental materials”. The program must also include the sections “Electrical works”, “Technologies of housekeeping”, “Drafting and graphics”, “Modern production and professional education". Based on the need to take into account the needs of the student's personality, his family and society, the achievements of pedagogical science, specific educational material for inclusion in the program should be selected taking into account the following provisions: the prevalence of the studied technologies in the field of production, service and household and reflection in them modern scientific and technological achievements; the possibility of mastering the content based on the inclusion of students in various types of technological activities that have a practical orientation; selection of objects of creative and transformative activity based on the study of social, group or individual needs; the possibility of implementing a general labor, polytechnical and practical orientation of training, a visual representation of the methods and means of implementing technological processes; the possibility of cognitive, intellectual, creative, spiritual, moral, aesthetic and physical development students. Each section of the program includes basic theoretical information, practical work and recommended objects of work (in a generalized form). At the same time, it is assumed that the study of the program material related to practical work should be preceded by the necessary minimum of theoretical information. The program provides for students to perform creative or design work. The corresponding topic according to the curriculum of the program is given at the end of each year of study. At the same time, it is methodically possible to build an annual curriculum with the introduction of creative, project activities in the educational process from the beginning or from the middle of the academic year. When organizing creative or project activities of students, it is very important to focus their attention on the consumer purpose of the product that they put forward as a creative idea. The main form of education is the educational and practical activities of students. The priority methods are exercises, laboratory and practical, educational and practical work, project method. All types of practical work in the program are aimed at mastering various technologies for processing materials, electrical installation, construction, finishing and repair sanitary and technical work, calculation and design operations. Laboratory and practical work is carried out mainly on the topic "Machines and mechanisms". The teacher, in accordance with the available opportunities, chooses such an object or topic of work for students in order to ensure coverage of the entire set of technological operations recommended in the program. At the same time, he must take into account the feasibility of the object of labor for students of the appropriate age, as well as its social or personal value. The topics of the section “Home Maintenance Technologies” include teaching the elements of the family economy, mastering some types of repair and finishing and sanitary works. The relevant work is carried out in the form of training exercises. To perform these works, it is necessary to prepare training stands made of wooden boards, plywood or chipboard or fibreboard. For a deeper understanding of this section, due to the time allocated from the component educational institution technological practice of schoolchildren should be organized. Thematically, it can be related to the repair of equipment, school premises and their sanitary and technical communications: repair and painting of walls, restoration or replacement of tiled or plastic coatings, furniture repair, preventive maintenance and repair of sanitary devices, etc. 2 Content of drawing training and schedule, which is set as a mandatory minimum, the program has two options. Information and practical work on drawing and graphics, as a fragment of the content, are introduced into almost all technological sections and topics of the program. In addition, drawing and graphics are additionally studied as a general course in the 9th grade, in the event that time is allocated for technology from the educational institution component. Classes in the direction of "Technology. Technical work” are carried out on the basis of workshops for processing wood, metal or combined workshops. They must have a set of tools, instruments, machines and equipment recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. Much attention should be paid to ensuring the safety of students in the performance of technological operations. Particular attention should be paid to compliance with electrical safety rules. It is inadmissible for schoolchildren to work with production equipment that is not included in the list of equipment permitted for use in educational institutions. It is not allowed to use home-made electromechanical tools and technological machines in the classroom. It is also not allowed to use home-made electrified devices and devices designed for a voltage of more than 42 V in practical classes. These are connections with algebra and geometry when carrying out calculation and graphic operations, with chemistry when characterizing the properties of materials, with physics when studying the device and principles of operation of machines and mechanisms, modern technologies, with history and art when mastering the technologies of traditional crafts. Features of the implementation of the exemplary program of the direction “Technology. Technical Labor” in a Rural School In a rural school, both industrial and agricultural production technologies are traditionally studied. For students of such schools, taking into account the seasonality of work in agriculture, combined programs are created, including sections on agricultural technologies, as well as basic and invariant sections on technical labor technologies. At the same time, a comprehensive curriculum in a particular school is drawn up taking into account the seasonality of agricultural work in this region. In connection with the redistribution of time between the indicated sections in the combined programs, the volume and complexity of practical work in the content sections on technical work is reduced, while maintaining all the components of the minimum content of training in technology. Comprehensively for combined programs, it is planned to master the section “Modern production and vocational education” and project activities of students. It is desirable that the topics creative works and projects of students of rural schools were of a combined nature, combining the technologies of technical and agricultural labor. The necessary information about professions in industrial and agricultural production, the service sector, and ways of obtaining vocational education should be given to rural schoolchildren in the combined career guidance section common to both areas. In view of the objective difficulties in providing rural schools with parts or constructors for technologies related to electronic technology, the corresponding work can be replaced by electrical work with an electric drive and electromechanical automation of agricultural equipment. Objectives The study of technology in the primary school is aimed at achieving the following goals: mastering technological knowledge, the basics of a culture of creative labor, ideas about technological culture based on the inclusion of students in various types of labor activities to create personally or socially significant products; mastering general labor and special skills necessary for searching and using technological information, designing and creating labor products, housekeeping, independent and conscious determination of one’s life and professional plans; safe working practices; development of cognitive interests, technical thinking, spatial imagination, intellectual, creative, communication and organizational skills; education of diligence, thrift, accuracy, purposefulness, enterprise, responsibility for the results of their activities; respectful attitude to people of various professions and the results of their work; 3 gaining experience in applying polytechnical and technological knowledge and skills in independent practice. Place of the subject in the basic curriculum The federal basic curriculum for educational institutions of the Russian Federation allocates 245 hours at the stage of general education for the compulsory study of each area of the educational field "Technology". Including: in grades V, VI and VII for 70 hours, at the rate of 2 teaching hours per week, in grade VIII - 35 hours. the regional component (35 hours in the eighth grade) and the educational component (70 hours in the ninth grade) and is designed for 350 hours. The hours allocated from the national-regional component and the component of the educational institution are presented in the approximate thematic plan by the number in brackets. In the exemplary program, a reserve of free study time is allocated in the amount of 25 hours or 10% in the federal component and 10 hours or 10% in the national-regional component and the component of the educational institution to take into account local conditions for the implementation of the program. General educational abilities, skills and ways of activity The exemplary program provides for the formation of students' general educational skills and abilities, universal ways of activity and key competencies. At the same time, the priority types of general educational activities for all areas of the educational field "Technology" at the stage of basic general education are: Determining adequate ways to solve a learning problem based on given algorithms. Combining known activity algorithms in situations that do not involve the standard use of one of them. Creative solution of educational and practical problems: the ability to motivately refuse a model, look for original solutions; independent performance of various creative works; participation in project activities. Bringing examples, selecting arguments, formulating conclusions. Reflection in oral or written form of the results of their activities. The choice and use of means of presenting information and sign systems (text, table, diagram, drawing, sketch, technological map, etc.) in accordance with the communicative task, scope and situation of communication. The use of various sources of information for solving cognitive and communicative problems, including encyclopedias, dictionaries, Internet resources and other databases. Possession of the skills of joint activities: coordination and coordination of activities with its other participants; objective assessment of one's contribution to solving the common tasks of the team. Evaluation of their activities in terms of moral, legal norms, aesthetic values. Learning outcomes Learning outcomes are presented in the Requirements for the level of training and contain three components: know / understand - a list of knowledge necessary for each student to master, be able to - possession of specific practical skills, as well as a component that includes knowledge and skills focused on solving various life problems. The learning outcomes are formulated in the requirements in a generalized form and are invariant with respect to the direction of technological training of students. The expected learning outcomes for this exemplary program in the most generalized form can be formulated as the mastery of labor and technological knowledge and skills in the transformation and use of materials, energy, information necessary to create labor products in accordance with their intended functional and aesthetic properties; ∗ In the VIII grade, 1 hour per week of the subject "Technology" was transferred to organize the study by students of the content of local history education in the regional (national-regional) component. 2 hours of the subject "Technology" in grade IX were transferred to the component of the educational institution for the organization of pre-profile training for students. 4 sti to the studied types of labor activity, to make life and professional plans; independent planning and housekeeping skills; formation of a work culture, respect for work and the results of work. Approximate thematic plan 5-9 GRADES – 245 (350) hours Sections and topics Number of hours class 5 6 7 8 9 CREATION OF PRODUCTS FROM CONSTRUCTIONAL AND WOODEN MATERIALS 36 36 36 14(4) MATERIALS 16 MATERIALS ON THE BASIS OF DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION Technologies for manufacturing products from planar parts 16 Technologies for manufacturing products using parts 16 of prismatic and cylindrical shapes Technologies for manufacturing products using complex joints AND TECHNOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION Technologies for manufacturing products from thin sheet metal and wire 16 Technologies for manufacturing products from long products 16 Technologies for manufacturing products using machined parts 16 MACHINES AND MECHANISMS. GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION AND 4 4 4 2(2) MODELING Mechanisms of technological machines 4 Assembly of models of technological machines 4 from designer parts according to sketches and drawings Assembly of models mechanical devices automation according to sketches and drawings Complex mechanisms 2(2) DECORATIVE AND APPLIED CREATIVITY 12(2) Manufacture of products for decorative and applied purposes. 12(2) ELECTRICAL WORK. 7 7 9 3(2) (8) Electrical work 3 3 Simple electrical circuits with a galvanic current source 4 Devices with an electromagnet 4 Devices with automatic elements 9 Electric drive 3(2) Simple electronic devices (8) HOME KEEPING TECHNOLOGIES. 4 4 4 12 (6) (9) Minor repairs and maintenance of clothing and footwear 4 Aesthetics and ecology of the home 4 4 Family budget. Rational planning of expenses. 4(2) Repair and finishing work in the house 4(2) Repair of elements of water supply and sewerage systems. 4(2) Introduction to entrepreneurial activity (9) DRAWING AND GRAPHICS (32) 5 Sections and topics Number of hours class 5 6 7 8 9 Drawing technique and drawing rules (4) Geometric constructions (2) Reading and performing drawings, sketches and schemes (10) Sections and sections (4) Assembly drawings (8) Applied graphics (4) MODERN PRODUCTION AND PROFESSIONAL 4 (4) (6) EDUCATION Spheres of production and division of labor 2(2) (2) Vocational education and professional career 2(2) (4) CREATIVE, PROJECT ACTIVITY 16 16 14 0(16) (8) LEARNING TIME RESERVE 7 7 7 4 (3) (7) TOTAL 70 70 70 35 (35) (70) Note: in brackets, italics indicate the missing study time required to master the relevant technologies; the missing teaching time for learning technology can be allocated from the hours of the educational institution component or the national-regional component of the Basic Curriculum. For rural schools, creative, project activities are carried out in a complex way with a combination of agricultural technologies and technical labor technologies. MAIN CONTENT 245 (350) 5 CLASS CREATION OF PRODUCTS FROM STRUCTURAL AND WOODEN MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES OF CREATING PRODUCTS FROM WOOD AND WOODEN MATERIALS ON THE BASIS OF DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION (16 HOURS) Technology of manufacturing products based on planar parts (16 hours) and its application. Deciduous and coniferous wood species. Characteristic signs and properties. Natural defects of wood: knots, cracks, rot. Types of wood materials: lumber, veneer, plywood. Areas of application of wood materials. Waste wood and their rational use. Professions related to the production of wood materials and reforestation. Traditional types of arts and crafts and folk crafts in Russia. The concept of the product and details. Types of graphic images: technical drawing, sketch, drawing. Planar detail drawing. Graphic representation of structural elements of parts: holes, grooves, chamfers. Basic information about drawing lines. Rules for reading planar detail drawings. Technological map and its purpose. Workbench, his device. Hand tools and devices for woodworking. The main technological operations and features of their implementation: marking, sawing, filing, finishing, joining parts, visual and instrumental quality control of parts. Labor safety rules when working with hand carpentry tools. Practical work Recognition of deciduous and coniferous tree species by external features: color, texture. Identification of natural defects of wood materials and blanks. Determination of types of wood materials by external signs. 6 Reading a drawing of a planar part: determination of the material of manufacture, shape, dimensions of the part, structural elements. Determination of the sequence of manufacturing a part according to the technological map. Organization of the workplace: rational placement of tools and workpieces; installation and fixing of workpieces in the clamps of the workbench; familiarization with rational methods of working with hand tools (measuring ruler, carpenter's square, hacksaw, file, jigsaw, abrasive sandpaper, hammer, tongs). Production of planar parts according to drawings and technological maps: correlation of the dimensions of the workpiece and part; marking the workpiece, taking into account the direction of the fibers and the presence of defects in the material; determination of the base angle of the workpiece; marking blanks of the correct geometric shape using a ruler and a joiner's square; sawing blanks with a hacksaw; marking blanks with a curvilinear contour according to a template; sawing with a jigsaw along the outer and inner contour; drilling technological holes, processing the edge of the workpiece with files and abrasive sandpaper; use of a ruler, square, templates for product quality control; connection of product parts with glue and nails; protective and decorative finishing of the product; detection of defects and their elimination; compliance with labor safety rules when using hand tools and workbench equipment. Workplace cleaning. Manufacture of products for decorative and applied purposes using the technologies of artistic processing of materials. Variants of objects of labor Flat toys, games, kitchen and household utensils, arts and crafts. TECHNOLOGY OF CREATING METAL PRODUCTS ON THE BASIS OF DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION (16 HOURS) Production of products from thin sheet metal and wire (16 hours) Basic theoretical information Metals; their main properties and scope. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Types and methods of obtaining sheet metal: sheet metal , tin, foil. Wire and methods for its production. Professions related to the mining and production of metals. The concept of the product and details. Types of graphic images: technical drawing, sketch, drawing, technological map. Drawing (sketch) of parts made of sheet metal and wire. Graphic representation of structural elements of parts: holes, grooves, etc. Basic information about drawing lines. Rules for reading detail drawings. Locksmith workbench and its purpose. Locksmith vise device. Hand tools and devices for processing thin sheet metal, their purpose. The main technological operations of processing thin sheet metal and the features of their implementation: dressing of thin sheet metal, plane marking, cutting with scissors, filing edges, punching holes, bending, finishing. Hand tools and devices for wire processing, their purpose. The main technological operations of wire processing and the features of their implementation: determining the length of the workpiece, straightening, linear marking, cutting, bending. Labor safety rules. Practical work Recognition of types of metals. Selection of blanks for the manufacture of the product. Reading drawings of parts made of thin sheet metal and wire: determining the material of manufacture, the shape and dimensions of the part, its structural elements. Determination of the sequence of manufacturing parts according to the technological map. Organization of the workplace: rational placement of tools and workpieces on the locksmith's workbench; fixing workpieces in a vise; familiarization with rational methods of working with hand tools (locksmith's square, locksmith's scissors, files, abrasive skin, mallet, punch, locksmith's hammer, wire cutters, pliers, round-nose pliers). Production of parts from thin sheet metal according to the drawing and technological map: billet straightening; determination of the base angle of the workpiece; marking blanks using a ruler and a bench square; cutting workpieces with metalwork scissors; punching holes with a punch, filing 7 the edge of the workpiece with files; bending of blanks in a vice and on mandrels; abrasive sanding. Visual and instrumental quality control of parts. Identification of defects and their elimination. Protective and decorative finish of the product. Compliance with labor safety rules. Cleaning of the workplace. Manufacture of parts from wire according to the drawing and technological map: determination of the length of the workpiece; wire straightening; marking blanks; cutting wire with wire cutters; wire bending using pliers, round nose pliers, mandrels. Visual and instrumental quality control of parts. Identification of defects and their elimination. Compliance with labor safety rules. Manufacture of products for decorative and applied purposes using the technologies of artistic processing of materials. Traditional types of arts and crafts and folk crafts in Russia. Variants of objects of labor Puzzles, chains, fasteners, decorative and household items, gardening equipment. Machines and mechanisms Graphic representation and modeling (4 hours) Mechanisms of technological machines (4 hours) Basic theoretical information Mechanisms and their purpose. Belt and friction gears. Mechanism details. Symbols for parts and units of mechanisms and machines on kinematic diagrams. Reading and building simple kinematic diagrams. Practical work Reading kinematic diagrams of simple mechanisms. Assembling models of mechanisms from parts of a constructor of the “Designer-mechanic” type. Test models in action. Quantitative measurements of gear ratios in mechanisms. Objects of labor Constructor, mechanisms for equipping school workshops. Electrical work (7 hours) Electrical work (3 hours) Basic theoretical information Organization of a workplace for electrical work. Types of wires. Tools for electrical work. Installation products. Techniques for mounting installation products. Rules for safe work with electrical installations and when performing electrical work. Professions related to the performance of electrical work. Practical work Electrical work: familiarization with the types and methods of using electrical tools; performing mechanical termination, connection and branching of wires. Connecting wires to an electric socket, switch, socket. Checking connections in simple electrical circuits with a probe. Variants of objects of labor Wires, wiring accessories. The simplest electrical circuits with a galvanic current source (4 hours) Basic theoretical information General concept of electric current, voltage and resistance. Types of current sources and receivers of electrical energy. Conditional graphic symbols on electrical diagrams. The concept of an electrical circuit and its circuit diagram. 8 Practice Reading a simple electrical circuit. Assembling an electrical circuit from designer parts with a galvanic current source. Checking the operation of the chain with various options for assembling it. Variants of objects of labor Models of low-voltage lighting and signaling devices. Housekeeping technologies (4 hours) Minor repairs and care of clothes and shoes (4 hours) Basic theoretical information various types floor coverings and lacquered furniture, their minor repairs. Cleaning products for sinks and dishes. Means for care of furniture. Selection and use of modern care products for clothing and footwear. Methods for removing stains from clothes and furniture upholstery. The choice of technologies for long-term storage of clothing and footwear. Window care. Ways to insulate windows in winter. Modern household appliances that make household chores easier. Professions in the field of service and service. Practical work Performance of small repair of footwear, furniture. Removing stains from clothes and furniture upholstery. Variants of objects of labor Furniture, outerwear , shoes. Creative, design activities (16 hours) Basic theoretical information Choice of project topics. Justification of the design and stages of its manufacture. Technical and technological tasks, possible ways of their solution (choice of materials, rational design, tools and technologies, assembly order of finishing options). Practical work Justification of the choice of product. Search for the necessary information. Making a sketch of the product. Parts manufacturing. Product assembly and finishing. Product presentation. Variants of objects of labor Topics of design work are given in the appendix to the program. Grade 6 Creation of products from structural and ornamental materials (36 hours) Technologies for creating products from wood and ornamental materials based on design and technological documentation (16 hours) Technology for manufacturing products using prismatic and cylindrical parts (16 hours) Basic theoretical information Types of lumber , technology of their production and scope. Impact of materials processing technologies on the environment and human health. Technological defects of wood: mechanical damage, moldiness, deformation. Professions related to the processing of wood and wood-based materials. Traditional types of arts and crafts and folk crafts in Russia. Ideas about the methods of manufacturing parts of various geometric shapes. Graphic representation of details of prismatic and cylindrical shapes. Structural elements of parts and their 9 graphic representation: spikes, eyes, holes, ledges, grooves. Basic information about the types of projections of parts in the drawing. Rules for reading drawings of parts of prismatic and cylindrical shapes. Hand tools and fixtures for the manufacture of prismatic parts. Arrangement and purpose of a thickness gauge, planing tools (planer, sherhebel), miter box, chisel. Assembly tools. The main technological operations and features of their implementation: marking, sawing, slotting, drilling holes; assembly of product parts, quality control; carpentry and decorative finishing of products. Labor safety rules when working with hand carpentry tools and on a drilling machine. Organization of the turner's workplace. Hand tools and fixtures for the manufacture of cylindrical parts on a lathe. Appointment of flat and semicircular incisors. Caliper device and methods for performing measurements. The main technological operations and features of their implementation: rough and finish turning of cylindrical surfaces; turning ledges, grooves; quality control. Labor safety rules when working on a lathe. Modern technological machines and electrified tools. Practical work Determining the types of lumber. The choice of lumber and blanks, taking into account the natural and technological defects of wood. Reading drawings (sketches) of prismatic and cylindrical parts: determining the material, geometric shape, dimensions of the part and its structural elements; determination of permissible dimensional deviations in the manufacture of parts. Determination of the sequence of manufacturing parts and assembling the product according to the technological map. Organization of the carpenter's workplace: preparation of the workplace and tools; fixing workpieces in the clamps of the workbench. Acquaintance with rational methods of working with hand tools, fixtures and drilling holes with a drilling machine. Production of products from prismatic parts according to the drawing and technological map: selection of blanks, determination of the base surface, marking using a thickness gauge; determination of the allowance for processing; planing of the workpiece, sawing using a miter box. Marking and making ledges, chiselling wood; connection of parts “in half a tree”, on a round tenon, using overhead parts; pre-assembly and adjustment of product parts. Assembly of product parts on glue, using nails and screws. Protective and decorative finish of the product. Visual and instrumental quality control of parts. Identification of defects and their elimination. Compliance with labor safety rules when working with hand carpentry tools and on a drilling machine. Organization of the turner's workplace: installation of growth stands, preparation and rational placement of tools; preparation and fixing of the workpiece, installation of a handpiece, checking the machine at idle. Compliance with rational methods of work in the manufacture of products on a lathe for wood processing. Production of cylindrical parts on a lathe: determination of machining allowances, rough turning, marking and turning of structural elements (grooves, ledges, shoulders, chamfers); fine turning, trimming the ends of the part, processing with abrasive sandpaper. Visual and instrumental quality control of parts. Identification of defects and their elimination. Protective and decorative finish of the product. Compliance with labor safety rules when working on a lathe. Manufacture of products for decorative and applied purposes using the technologies of artistic processing of materials. Options for objects of labor Toys and games, pens, interior decoration items, feeders, cooking utensils, kitchen and household utensils. Technology for creating metal products based on design and technological documentation (16 hours) Technologies for manufacturing products from long products (16 hours) Basic theoretical information 10
Municipal educational institution
Kozmodemyanovskaya secondary school
WORKING PROGRAMM
by technology (technical work)
at the level of basic general education
for students in grades 5-8.
Bayda Sergey Gennadievich,
teachers of the 1st qualification category
With. Kozmodemyanovka
2016 - 2018 academic year
EXPLANATORY NOTE
The work program of the subject "Technology" was compiled taking into account the federal componentstate standard of basic general education in technology, approvedby order of the Ministry of Education of Russia No. 1089 dated 05.03.04. Served as the basisPrograms of educational institutions “Technology. Labor training",recommended by the Ministry of Education Russian Federation, 5th editionpublishing house "Enlightenment", Moscow, 2006
The work program of the technology curriculum is designed to teach students in grades 5-8 of a secondary school.
At the school, "Technology" is an integrative educational area that synthesizes scientific knowledge from mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology and shows their use in industry, energy, communications, agriculture, transport and other areas of human activity. Therefore, the study of the educational field "Technology", which provides for the creative development of students within the framework of the project system, will allow students to acquire general labor knowledge and skills, as well as provide them with intellectual, physical, ethical and aesthetic development and adaptation to socio-economic conditions.
The main goal of the subject "Technology" is to prepare students forindependent working life in the modern informational post-industrialsociety.
The study of technology at a basic level is aimed at achieving the following goal:
development technological knowledge, technological culture based on the inclusion of students in various types of technological activities to create personally or socially significant labor products;
mastery general labor and special skills necessary for searching and using technological information, designing and creating labor products, housekeeping, independent and conscious determination of one's life and professional plans; safe working practices;
development cognitive interests, spatial imagination, intellectual, creative, communicative and organizational abilities;
upbringing industriousness, thrift, accuracy, purposefulness, enterprise, responsibility for the results of their activities, respect for people of various professions and the results of their work;
receiving experience in applying technological knowledge and skills in independent practical activities.
Achieving these goals involves solving the followingtask:
the acquisition by the child of knowledge, skills and abilities of labor activity, taking into accountits capabilities and interests, as well as in accordance with the needs of society;
creation of learning conditions under which students could reveal their capabilities, prepare for life in a high-tech world;
development of creative abilities, formation of professionally significant qualities;
achievement high level competence in the chosen field of labor activity;
formation of the student's personality, which has an intellectual, ethical, technological culture, a healthy lifestyle culture, capable of self-education and self-realization;
development of the need for labor activity.
General characteristics of the subject
workingthe program was compiled taking into account the experience of labor and technological activities received by students while studying in elementary school.
The main purpose of the educational area "Technology" in the system of general education is the formation of the labor and technological culture of the student, the system of technological knowledge and skills, the education of labor, civil and patriotic qualities of his personality, their professional self-determination in the conditions of the labor market, the formation of a humanistically oriented worldview. The educational area "Technology" is a necessary component of the general education of schoolchildren, providing them with the opportunity to put into practice the knowledge of the fundamentals of science. In the basic school "Technology" is studied from the 5th to the 8th grade of this level of education.
Regardless of the technologies studied, the content of the program in the direction “Technology. Technical work" provides for the study of the material on the following through educational lines:
culture and aesthetics of work;
receipt, processing, storage and use of information;
elements of domestic and applied economics, entrepreneurship;
acquaintance with the world of professions, the choice of life, professional plans by students;
the impact of technological processes on the environment and human health;
project activity;
history, prospects and social consequences of the development of technology and technology.
Basic for the program in the direction “Technology. Technical work” are the sections “Woodworking”, “Metalworking”. The program must also include the sections "Folk arts and crafts", "Modern production and vocational education".
Each section of the program includes basic theoretical information, practical work and recommended objects of work (in a generalized form). At the same time, it is assumed that the study of the program material related to practical work should be preceded by the necessary minimum of theoretical information.
Place of the subject in the curriculum
The universality of technology as a methodological basis of general education lies in the fact that any activity - professional, educational, creative, transformative - must be carried out technologically, that is, in a way that guarantees the achievement of the planned result, and in the shortest and most economical way.
The subject "Technology" is a necessary component of the general education of schoolchildren. Its content provides young people with the opportunity to enter without conflict into the world of artificial, man-made environment of technology and technology, which is called the technosphere and is the main component of the reality surrounding a person. The artificial environment - the technosphere - mediates the interaction of people with each other, with the sphere of nature and with society.
Value orientations of the content of the subject "Technology"
As a result of learning, studentsmaster:
. labor and technological knowledge and skills in the transformation and use of materials, energy, information necessary to create labor products in accordance with their intended functional and aesthetic properties;
. the ability to navigate the world of professions, assess their professional interests and inclinations for the studied types of work, make life and professional plans;
. skills in the use of common hand tools and devices, work culture, respect for work and the results of work.
As a result of studying technologystudent
regardless of the studied block or sectiongets the opportunity
:
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. with basic technological concepts and characteristics;
. with the purpose and technological properties of materials;
.with the purpose and arrangement of the used hand tools, devices, machines and equipment;
. with the types, methods and sequence of technological operations, the impact of various technologies for processing materials and obtaining products on the environment and human health;
. with professions and specialties related to the processing of materials, the creation of products from them, the production of products;
perform the following labor operations and works in accordance with established standards:
. rationally organize workplace;
. find the necessary information in various sources;
. apply design and technological documentation;
. draw up a sequence of technological operations for the manufacture of a product or performance of work;
. connect parts by gluing, on nails, screws;
. design, model, manufacture products;
. perform technological operations according to specified criteria using hand tools, fixtures, machines, equipment, electrical appliances;
. observe safe work practices and rules for the use of hand tools, machines and electrical equipment;
. carry out available measuring instruments, measuring instruments and visually control the quality of the manufactured product (part);
. find the necessary technical information;
. carry out the development of a creative project for the manufacture of a product or obtaining a product using mastered technologies and available materials;
. plan work taking into account available resources and conditions;
. distribute work in collective activities;
Personal results of studying the course "Technology" in the basic school:
. manifestation of cognitive interests and activity in the given area of subject technological activity;
. expression of desire to study and work in industrial production to meet current and future needs;
. development of diligence and responsibility for the quality of their activities;
. mastery of attitudes, norms and rules scientific organization mental and physical labor;
. self-assessment of mental and physical abilities for work in various fields from the standpoint of future socialization and stratification;
. the formation of self-determination in the chosen field of future professional activity;
. educational and professional career;
. awareness of the need for socially useful labor as a condition for safe and effective socialization;
. careful attitude to natural and economic resources;
. readiness for rational housekeeping;
. manifestation of technical, technological and economic thinking in the organization of their activities;
. self-assessment of readiness for entrepreneurial activity in the field of technical work.
The meta-subject results of mastering the course "Technology" by graduates of the basic school are:
. manifestation of an innovative approach to solving educational and practical problems in the process of modeling a product or a technological process;
. independent organization and implementation of various creative works on the creation of technical products;
. identification of needs, design and creation of objects with use value;
. selection for solving cognitive and communicative problems of various sources of information, including encyclopedias, dictionaries, Internet resources and other databases;
. the use of additional information in the design and creation of objects that have a personal or socially significant use value;
. coordination and coordination of joint cognitive and labor activities with its other participants;
. assessment of one's cognitive and labor activity from the point of view of moral, legal norms, aesthetic values according to the requirements and principles accepted in society and the team;
. compliance with the norms and rules of labor culture in accordance with the technological culture of production;
. compliance with the norms and rules of safety of cognitive labor activity and creative work.
The subject results of mastering the program "Technology" by students of the basic school are:
in the field of knowledge:
. rational use of educational and additional technical and technological information for the design and creation of labor objects;
. orientation in the available and possible means and technologies for creating objects of labor;
. classification of types and purpose of methods for obtaining and converting materials, energy, information, objects of wildlife and the social environment, as well as relevant industrial production technologies;
. recognition of types, purpose of materials, tools and equipment used in technological processes;
. possession of codes and methods of reading and methods of graphical representation of technical, technological and instructive information;
. application of general scientific knowledge in the subjects of the natural and mathematical cycle in the process of preparing and implementing technological processes to substantiate and argue the rationality of activities;
. possession of methods of scientific organization of labor, forms of activity corresponding to the culture of work and technological culture of production;
. application of elements of applied economics in the justification of technologies and projects.
in the labor field:
. planning of the technological process and the labor process;
. selection of materials taking into account the nature of the object of labor and technology;
. selection of tools and equipment, taking into account the requirements of technology and material and energy resources;
. designing a sequence of operations and compiling an operational work map;
. performance of technological operations in compliance with established norms, standards and restrictions;
. compliance with the norms and rules of labor safety, fire safety, sanitation and hygiene rules;
. observance of labor and technological discipline;
. substantiation of criteria and indicators of quality of intermediate and final results of labor;
. selection and use of tools, instruments and equipment in technological processes, taking into account their areas of application;
. control of intermediate and final results of labor according to established criteria and indicators using control and measuring tools;
. identifying mistakes made in the labor process and substantiating ways to correct them;
. calculation of the cost of the product of labor;
. an approximate economic assessment of possible profit, taking into account the current situation in the market of goods and services.
in the motivational area:
. assessment of one's ability and readiness to work in a specific objective activity;
. assessment of one's ability and readiness for entrepreneurial activity;
. the choice of a profile of technological training in the upper grades of a full secondary school or a profession in institutions of primary vocational or secondary special education;
. expressed willingness to work in the sphere of material production or the service sector;
. harmonization of their needs and requirements with the needs and requirements of other participants in cognitive labor activity;
. awareness of responsibility for the quality of labor results;
. the presence of an environmental culture in the justification of the object of labor and the performance of work;
. the desire for economy and frugality in spending time, materials, money and labor.
in the aesthetic field:
. product design or rational aesthetic organization of work;
. modeling the decoration of the object of labor and optimal planning of work;
. aesthetic and rational equipment of the workplace, taking into account the requirements of ergonomics and the scientific organization of labor;
. rational choice of working clothes and tidy maintenance of working clothes.
in the field of communication:
. formation of a working group for the implementation of the project, taking into account the common interests and capabilities of future members of the labor collective;
. registration of communication and technological documentation, taking into account the requirements of current regulations and standards;
. public presentation and defense of the project of a product, product of labor or service;
. development of options for advertising images, logans and labels;
. consumer assessment of the visual range of existing advertising.
in the physiological and psychological sphere:
. development of motor skills and coordination of hand movements when working with hand tools and performing operations using machines and mechanisms;
. achieving the necessary accuracy of movements when performing various technological operations;
. a combination of figurative and logical thinking in the process of project activities.
Basic form of education is the educational and practical activity of students. It is proposed to use exercises, laboratory-practical, educational-practical work as priority teaching methods. The program provides for the implementation of creative or design work by schoolchildren at the end of each year of study.
The project method allows schoolchildren in the system to master organizational and practical activities along the entire design and technological chain - from an idea to its implementation in a model, product, service; integrate knowledge from different areas; apply them in practice, while obtaining new knowledge, ideas, creating material values.
The technology program provides that students receive technical and technological knowledge and practical skills in processing various materials, get acquainted with the influence of their properties on the choice of processing method; study special terms and designations, design terms.
Knowledge and skills in design and modeling allow students to make household items on their own, develop interest, aesthetic taste and creative abilities of students.
Acquaintance with history allows you to trace the history of various national crafts of your region, fosters love for your historical roots. Collective classes allow you to cultivate creativity, mutual assistance and mutual verification of practical skills.
The section on the basics of painting work, the basics of plastering, introduces students to the variety of work typical of a rural resident, provides the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities in the manufacture of building structures from wood, the construction of an individual rural house, and the arrangement of a household plot.
The program provides for a systematic acquaintance with the world of professions to help students choose their life path. For this, literature materials and Internet resources in the form of presentations and direct Internet access are used.
For each topic of the program, the content of theory and practical work is determined, sources of methodological and didactic literature are given.
Criteria for assessing students' knowledge and skills in technology
Approximate norms for assessing the knowledge and skills of students in an oral survey
A score of "5" is given if the student:
Fully mastered the training material;
Able to express it in his own words;
Independently confirms the answer with specific examples;
Correctly and thoroughly answers additional questions of the teacher.
A score of "4" is given if the student:
He basically mastered the educational material, makes minor mistakes when presenting it in his own words;
Supports answer with specific examples;
Correctly answers additional questions from the teacher.
A grade of "3" is given if the student:
Did not master a significant part of the educational material;
Makes significant errors in his presentation in his own words;
It is difficult to confirm the answer with specific examples;
Poor answers to additional questions.
A score of "2" is given if the student:
Almost did not learn the educational material;
Cannot express it in his own words;
Cannot support answer with concrete examples;
Doesn't answer most of the follow-up questions
Approximate norms for assessing students' performance of graphic tasks and laboratory and practical work
Mark "5" is placed if the student:
Creatively plans the execution of work;
Independently and fully uses the knowledge of the program material;
Correctly and accurately performs the task;
Mark "4" is placed if the student:
Correctly plans the execution of work;
Independently uses knowledge of the program material;
Generally correctly and accurately performs the task;
Able to use reference literature, visual aids, instruments and other means.
Mark "3" is placed if the student:
Makes mistakes when planning the execution of work;
Cannot independently use a significant part of the knowledge of the program material;
Makes mistakes and inaccurately performs the task;
It is difficult to independently use reference literature, visual aids, instruments and other means.
Mark "2" is placed if the student:
Cannot properly plan the execution of work;
Cannot use knowledge of program material;
Makes gross mistakes and inaccurately performs the task;
Cannot independently use reference literature, visual aids, devices and other means.
Checking and evaluating students' practical work
"5" - the work was done at the specified time, independently, in compliance with the technological sequence, qualitatively and creatively;
"4" - the work was done at the specified time, independently, in compliance with the technological sequence, while performing individual operations, small deviations were made; general form products neat;
"3" - the work was performed at the specified time, independently, in violation of the technological sequence, individual operations were performed with a deviation from the sample (if there was no installation for that); the product is framed carelessly or not finished on time;
"2" - the student did not cope with the work on his own, the technological sequence was violated, large deviations were made during the performance of operations, the product was designed carelessly and has an unfinished look.
The assessment of the test of students is carried out according to the following system
"5" - students who coped with the work of 100 - 90% receive;
"4" - is set if the correct answers make up 80% of the total;
"3" - corresponds to the work containing 50 - 70% of correct answers.
Project Evaluation Criteria
1. Originality of the theme and idea of the project.
2. Design parameters (compliance with the design of the product; strength, reliability; ease of use).
3. Technological criteria (compliance with documentation; originality of application and combination of materials; compliance with safety regulations).
4. Aesthetic criteria (compositional completeness; product design; use of folk culture traditions).
5. Economic Criteria(the need for the product; economic justification; recommendations for use; the possibility of mass production).
6. Environmental criteria (the presence of environmental damage in the production of the product; the possibility of using secondary raw materials, production waste; environmental safety).
7. Information criteria (standard design documentation; use of additional information).
practical exercises the leading role in the program is assigned - this is 75-80% of the lesson time. Different methods of work allow you to increase the effectiveness of the lesson, develop labor skills, and maintain a steady interest in work.
Planning is based on the following programs: “Country house and family Moscow Enlightenment 2001; "Labor training. Technology for rural schools”. M. Enlightenment. 1998; "Technology. Labor training". M. Enlightenment. 2006
5th grade
Educational and thematic plan
| Name of sections and topics | Total hours | Number of hours |
|
| Theoretical | Practical |
||
| Wood processing | |||
| Metal processing. | |||
| Folk crafts | |||
| Final lesson | |||
| Total | |||
6th grade
Educational and thematic plan
| Name of sections and topics | Total hours | Number of hours |
|
| Theoretical | Practical |
||
| Wood processing | |||
| Metal processing | |||
| Folk crafts | |||
| Final lesson | |||
| Total | |||
7th grade
Educational and thematic plan
| Name of sections and topics | Total hours | Number of hours |
|
| Theoretical | Practical |
||
| Wood processing | |||
| Metal processing | |||
| Repair work at home | |||
| Folk art crafts | |||
| Final lesson | |||
| Total | 36 | ||
8th grade
Educational and thematic plan
| Name of sections and topics | Total hours | Number of hours |
|
| Theoretical | Practical |
||
| Basic woodworking operations | |||
| Joinery joints used in rural construction | |||
| Home improvement | |||
| Electrical work | |||
| Agricultural machines and mechanisms | |||
| Total | 36 | ||
5th grade
WOOD PROCESSING. (14h)
Labour Organization. (2h)
Labor safety rules, environmental protection.
Practical work.
Rational placement of tools in the workplace.
Variants of objects of work.The workplace of the young master.
Manufacturing technology of products based on planar parts. (12h)
Basic theoretical information
The concept of technical drawing, sketch and detail drawing. Applying dimensions. Types of wood. Parts of a tree. The concept of lumber. Techniques for working with hand tools. Nails, glue, their purpose and application. Assembly of products on nails and on glue. Burning techniques, varnishing.
Practical work.
Preparation of the base surface Marking according to the template or using carbon paper. Sawing along and across the fibers, drilling, planing wood. Assembling parts with glue and nails.
Variants of objects of work.
Tool handles, pointers, rails, souvenirs, candlesticks.
METAL PROCESSING. (12h)
Organization of labor (2h)
Workplace, its organization and care. Labor safety rules.
Rules for safe work with stabbing and cutting tools.
Technology for manufacturing products from wire and thin sheet metal (10 hours)
Basic theoretical information.
Reading a drawing. The concept of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Tool for metal processing Appointment of the simplest metalwork tools. Device for bending thin sheet metal (mandrels, templates, bending devices). Types of wire and its application. Ways of straightening, bending and cutting wire. The main parts of the file and hacksaw. Types of files in shape, notches and their purpose. Techniques for cutting with a hacksaw, filing with a file, cutting with a chisel. Techniques for drilling holes on a drilling machine and a drill. Caliper device and measurement techniques.
Practical work.
Organization of a workplace for manual work. Selection of tools and materials. Workpiece selection and work planning. Editing the workpiece and marking. Cutting with scissors, cutting metal in a vice and on a plate. Hole drilling, rivet connection. Bending in a vice and on a mandrel.
Variants of objects of work.
Scriber, curtain rings, bracket, planter, bracket, window square.
FOLK ARTISTIC CRAFTS (8 hours).
Basic theoretical information.
Brief information from history. Local art crafts, traditions and culture of each nation. Sawing with a jigsaw as one of the types of artistic wood processing. The device and purpose of the jigsaw. Cutting along the contour. Artistic burning. Markup rules, drawing copying, template translation.
Practical work.
Preparation of blanks for sawing and burning. Fixing files in a jigsaw. Making souvenirs, toys. Contour burning. Assembly of products on nails and glue. Finishing of surfaces of products.
Variants of objects of work.Cutting boards, toys, souvenirs.
CREATIVE, PROJECT WORKS (2 hours).
6th grade
WOOD PROCESSING (14).
Organization of labor (2 hours).
Organization of work and safety rules for chiselling, sawing spikes and eyes.
Workplace organization. Safety precautions when working on a lathe, working with electrified tools.
Manufacturing technology of products based on planar parts (12 hours).
Basic theoretical information.
The main knots and connections of wooden structures. Marking and sawing spikes and eyes. Sharpening woodworking tools. Mechanical processing of wood with electrical tools. Appointment of an electric drill, electric jigsaw, electric jointer. The main components of the lathe (statin, front and rear headstocks, a handpiece with a carriage, an electric motor), the principles of its operation, the operations performed. Cutters for rough and fine turning of wood. Measuring tools (caliper, caliper, caliper, ruler). Preparing the machine for work.
Practical work.
Development, flushing, lubrication and assembly of headstock and tailstock parts. Selection of wood for turning. Preparation of blanks for turning on machines. Mounting fixtures on the spindle. Installing the tailstock. Sanding, toning, varnishing of product surfaces. Production of parts with conical and shaped surfaces on a lathe.
Variants of objects of work.
Candlesticks, nesting dolls, rolling pins, rollers, towns, details for decorative items, etc.
METAL WORKING (8 h)
Organization of labor (2 hours)
Organization of labor and safety rules when processing materials with hand tools. Definition according to the drawing of structural elements of parts.
Technology for manufacturing products from long products (6 hours)
Basic theoretical information.
Ferrous metals - steels and cast irons, their carbon content. structural steels. Long products. Non-ferrous metals (copper, aluminum, zinc) and their alloys (brass, bronze, duralumin). Basic properties of metals (tensile strength, hardness, brittleness, ductility, elasticity, solderability, weldability). The main parts of the file and hacksaw. Types of files and forms of notches. Techniques for marking and work on marking, cutting with a hacksaw and filing. Chiseling techniques. Caliper device. Vernier. Nonius counting. Methods of measurement with a caliper.
Practical work.
Determination of types of metals and their alloys. Calculation and distribution of allowance for processing. Economic cutting of material. Reading and compiling technical charts. Marking parts according to the drawing using marking tools. Metal felling. Cutting metal with a hacksaw. Sawing planes on a ruler, a square and a template. File cleaning, deburring. Joining parts with rivets. Quality control of products using calipers. Cutting and trimming of external contours with scissors for metal. Editing and final sawdust. Assembly of the product using seam seams and soldering.
Variants of objects of work.
Suspension for stands, square for fastening tables and workbenches, rakes, hoes, locksmith's square, wrenches, mock-ups and working models, etc.
FOLK CRAFTS (10 h)
Basic theoretical information.
Organization of the cutter's workplace. Materials, tools and devices. The concept of ornament. His role in the arts and crafts. Types of ornaments. Acquaintance with the interpretation of ornamental symbols. Method for constructing ornaments. Technology for decorating household items with ornaments. The technology of openwork sawing with a jigsaw.
Practical work.
Surface preparation for planimetric carving on wood. Toning. Drawing translation. Making carved compositions. Construction of ornaments. Onamental decoration of household items and kitchen utensils. Finishing of surfaces of products. Toning, varnishing, oil coating.
Variants of objects of work.
Panels, decorative carved plates, decoration of finished products, cutting boards; openwork shelves, coasters, etc.
Sample topics.
7th grade
WOOD PROCESSING (12 h)
Organization of labor (2h)
Organization of labor and workplace equipment when working with an electric drill, electric planer, electric jigsaw, etc. Labor safety rules.
Manufacturing technology of products based on planar parts. (10 h)
Basic theoretical information.
wood properties. The concept of its moisture content. Methods for drying wood. Selection of materials for strength, texture, texture. Connection methods with metals and other materials.
Techniques for working with an electric jigsaw when processing shaped surfaces. Widespread use of an electric drill with the use of various nozzles. Electric plane work. Techniques for turning conical and shaped surfaces and holes, cutting ends and ledges, cutting and finishing the surfaces of parts on a lathe under a tree.
Practical work.
Drawing up ornamental drawings, sketches and reading drawings of parts with conical and shaped surfaces. Drawing up a title and technological planning of work (development of a technological map).
Performing operations: sawing with an electric jigsaw along the contour, working with an electric drill with nozzles, planing with an electric planer, turning conical and shaped surfaces, trimming ends, processing the inner cylindrical surface.
Variants of objects of work.
Lights, cornices, cutting boards, tool handles, door and furniture handles
METAL WORKING (10 h)
Organization of labor (2h)
Workplace organization. Labor safety rules for turning and milling machines. General arrangement of metal-cutting machines.
Technology of manufacturing products on turning and milling machines (8 hours)
Basic theoretical information.
The concept of the cutting process on a lathe. Main and auxiliary movement. The main types of work performed on screw-cutting lathes. Types and designs of turning tools and methods of their installation. Types of cutters. The design and geometry of the tooth of a cylindrical cutter.
Practical work.
Turning. Organization of the workplace and labor safety. Lathe control. Installation and fixing of workpieces. Choice of cutting modes. Cutting ends and ledges. Treatment of cylindrical surfaces. Removing bevels. Drilling and reaming blind and through holes on a lathe. Chamfering. Quality control.
Milling. Organization of the workplace and labor safety. Milling machine control. Installation and fastening of blanks. Milling planes with manual and mechanical feed. Quality control.
Variants of objects of work.
Rollers and axles with a diameter of 10 ... 20 mm, bolts, nuts, plugs, washers, bushings, brackets, rods, rods, simple tools and fixtures.
REPAIR WORK IN HOUSEHOLD (4h)
Basic theoretical information.
The concept of carving. The main elements of the thread. thread profiles. Tools for cutting external and internal threads. Details for threaded connections.
Labor safety rules during electrical work. Electrical circuit: source, consumer, controls (switch, button, types of switches, their designation on electrical diagrams). Electric circuit: basic, assembly.
The sequence of electrical work. Installation of internal external wiring. Saving electricity.
Practical work.
Cutting internal threads in through and blind holes. Cutting external cylindrical threads with a die on a rod. Cutting threads on pipes with a die or with the help of a die. Assembly of water supply elements using squeegees, union nuts, adapters, elbows, tees and water intake fittings.
Drawing up basic and wiring diagrams for the electrical wiring of a single-family residential building and outbuildings.
Termination and connection of wires and cables using terminal blocks, twisting, soldering. Joint isolation.
Assembly and disassembly of the main wiring devices.
Installation of lighting wiring using electrical installation devices and fuses (on the panel).
Variants of objects of work.
Screws, bolts, studs, nuts, body products. Electrical wiring of a rural house (on layouts); electrical wiring of outbuildings (on layouts).
FOLK ART CRAFTS (6 hours)
Organization of labor (2 hours)
Workplace organization. Labor safety rules when performing wood carving.
Wood carving technology (4 hours)
Basic theoretical information.
Finishing the carved surface of the product (grinding and polishing, coating with oil, wax, varnish, glue, toning).
Wooden architecture. Flemish carving. Cloud carving. Varieties of house carving: deaf, consignment note, volumetric. Materials and tools. Elements of the hut, decorated with house carvings: chapels, balusters, frontal board, platbands, dormers, valance, kokoshnik, towel, melon, volute, comb.
Practical work.
Preparation and marking of surfaces for decoration with geometric carvings. Performing training exercises. Construction of sketches of compositions for decorating products. Making creative carved compositions. Finishing carved products: oil, varnish, toning.
Production of models of wooden buildings. Making individual elements of house carving to decorate the interior of a home. Creation of sketches and phased work on the project.
Variants of objects of work.
Cutting boards, spatulas, caskets, candlesticks, other household items; architraves, ornamental stripes, cornices, office decoration items, etc.
CREATIVE, PROJECT WORKS (4 hours)
8th grade
BASIC WOODWORKING OPERATIONS (8h)
Basic theoretical information.
Markup. Appointment and role in carpentry. Marking and measuring tools, markup according to the drawing, markup according to the template and sample. Sawing. Purpose of saws, setting of teeth. Planing. The device of a planer, jointer and other tools for planing. Sharpening and straightening planer knives. Chiseling, cutting with a chisel and drilling. Sharpening and straightening of chisels and chisels. Cutting and sharpening angles. Drilling wood. Drilling tools and drill elements. Techniques for drilling blind and through holes. Drilling quality control.
Practical work.
Preparing hand saws for work. Checking the correct wiring and sharpening of saw teeth. Teeth setting and sharpening by hand. Planing of bars and boards with a sherhebel, planer and jointer with checking the correctness of the roughness of the planed surfaces. Sharpening of planer knives, jointers and tools for profile planing. Checking the quality of sharpening knives. Marking for drilling holes perpendicular to the surface of the part. Drilling holes (through and to a given depth). Sharpening of various drills, chisels and chisels. Cutting with a chisel along, across and in the butt. Chamfering with chisels, cutting grooves.
Variants of objects of work.
Mallet, stool, shoe rack, clothes hanger, household equipment.
JOINT JOINTS USED IN AGRICULTURAL CONSTRUCTION (5 hours)
Basic theoretical information.
The concept of cuts. Ways of merging and building logs, beams. Tools and templates used in marking and making cuts. Rallying logs and beams. Rallying plates and boards. Types, markings and techniques for making corner joints in log houses. Connection of parts on nails and screws. Box connections. Examples of application and calculation of the main dimensions of the corner middle and box connections. Types of joints used in the manufacture of window and door blocks, carpentry partitions and built-in furniture. Glue connections. Technological process of gluing: preparing wood materials and glue, applying glue to wood, pressing the parts to be glued, curing.
Practical work.
Connection of bars dry: angular, tee, cross. Rallying boards and shields with dry edges along the width; on a smooth fugue and plug-in spikes, in a quarter, in a tongue, on a rail; rallying shields on dowels with plug-in rails at the ends, into the tip. The connection of the spikes is dry (without glue; on the “mustache” with solid and plug-in spikes; on the “dovetail” spikes). Marking straight spikes and eyelets using various devices. Cutting straight spikes and lugs in squared parts using hand carpentry tools. Hollowing out sockets for inserts various shapes with sealing of the resulting nests with inserts of the appropriate shape.
Variants of objects of work.
Portrait frame. Book and kitchen hanging shelves. Frame. Stools of various designs.
HOUSEHOLD DEVELOPMENT (5 hours)
Basic theoretical information.
Various greenhouse designs. Expedient location of greenhouses on the site. Wooden and metal elements of greenhouse structures. Rules for the assembly and installation of frame structures for greenhouses. Methods for mounting transparent coatings. Greenhouse automation elements.
Practical work.
Development of greenhouse structures. Workplace organization. Preparation of the necessary tools and blanks. Production of individual parts of the greenhouse. Installation of a transparent coating. Quality control of work.
ELECTRICAL WORKS (6 h)
Basic theoretical information.
General characteristics household consumers of electricity. Electric heaters: electric stoves, irons, heaters, water heaters. Characteristics of heating elements. The device of an electric iron and electric stove and the procedure for their maintenance. Methodology for identifying and troubleshooting.
Electrified tools: electric drill, electric planer, electric hand saw under the tree. Device and maintenance of collector electric motors.
Specifications Household electric machines for tillage, harvesting, animal care (rotary electric tiller, electric cutter, lawn mowers, fodder grinders, etc.)
Practical work.
Introduction to electrical heating devices. Disassembly and assembly of electric iron and electric stove.
Familiarity with the device of the electrified tool. Disassembly and assembly of the electric drill. Service of the collector electric motor. Installation of the electric pump on a plate or on a pontoon. Acquaintance with the device of a single-phase asynchronous electric motor in the process of assembling and disassembling the feed chopper.
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND MECHANISMS (12 hours)
Basic theoretical information.
Classification of agricultural machines. Tillage machines: plows, deep tillage cultivators, disc cultivators, disc and tooth harrows and rollers. Purpose, device, principle of operation. Preparation of tillage machines for work. Labor safety rules when working on soil-cultivating units.
Purpose, device and principle of operation of machines for applying organic and mineral fertilizers. Preparation for work. Protecting the environment from pollution when using fertilizers. Occupational safety when fertilizing.
Classification of sowing and planting machines. Purpose, design features of a grain seeder, potato planter and transplanter. The principle of operation of sowing and planting machines. Preparation of sowing and planting machines for work. Occupational safety when working on sowing and planting machines.
Classification of soil-cultivating combined machines and units. Purpose, device and principle of operation. Preparation for work. Daily maintenance.
Practical work.
Setting the plow and cultivator to a given depth of tillage. Maintenance of a disc cultivator.
Familiarization with the working process of the mineral fertilizer spreader. Daily maintenance of mineral and organic fertilizer spreaders.
Familiarization with the working process of a grain seeder, potato planter, transplanter. Acquaintance with the working process of soil-cultivating combined machines and units. Carrying out daily maintenance. Basic adjustments of the working bodies and setting to a given depth of tillage.
Familiarization with the working process of plant care machines (cultivator, duster, sprayer), mower, pick-up stacker, grain cleaner, forage harvesters. Mastering a set of measures for the rational use of agricultural machinery.
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF PREPARATION OF STUDENTS 5 CLASS.
know/understand:
be able to:
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF PREPARATION OF STUDENTS 6 CLASS.
As a result of studying technology, the student, depending on the section being studied, must
know/understand:
.what is a technical drawing, sketch and drawing;
.the main quality parameters of the part: the shape, roughness and dimensions of each elementary surface, their relative position; be able to exercise their control;
.ways to prevent the negative consequences of human labor activity on the environment and one's own health;
.types of lumber; take into account their properties during processing;
.the general arrangement of a locksmith's workbench, the rules and techniques for using it when performing locksmith operations;
.purpose, device and principle of operation of the simplest plumbing tools (marking, percussion and cutting) and devices for riveting; basic rules for using them when performing relevant operations;
.the main types of mechanisms according to the functions they perform, as well as the working bodies used in them;
.types of lumber;
be able to:
.rationally organize the workplace and observe the rules of labor safety and personal hygiene when performing these works;
.to carry out adjustment of the simplest hand tools (sherhebel, planer, hacksaw) and a wood lathe for a given shape and size, ensure the required accuracy of the relative position of surfaces;
.develop the content of instructional and technological maps and use them when performing technological work;
.find the necessary information, process and use it;
.perform stud joiner joints;
.grind and polish flat metal surfaces;
identify and use in practice the simplest methods of artistic wood finishing technology (grinding, burning, finishing the surfaces of materials with paints and varnishes)
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF PREPARATION OF STUDENTS GRADE 7 .
As a result of studying technology, the student, depending on the section being studied, must
know/understand:
.what is a technical drawing, sketch and drawing;
.the main quality parameters of the part: the shape, roughness and dimensions of each elementary surface, their relative position; be able to exercise their control;
.ways to prevent the negative consequences of human labor activity on the environment and one's own health;
.types of lumber; take into account their properties during processing;
.the general arrangement of a locksmith's workbench, the rules and techniques for using it when performing locksmith operations;
.purpose, device and principle of operation of the simplest plumbing tools (marking, percussion and cutting) and devices for riveting; basic rules for using them when performing relevant operations;
.the main types of mechanisms according to the functions they perform, as well as the working bodies used in them;
.types of lumber;
.general arrangement and principle of operation of woodworking lathes of the turning group;
be able to :
.rationally organize the workplace and observe the rules of labor safety and personal hygiene when performing these works;
.to carry out adjustment of the simplest hand tools (sherhebel, planer, hacksaw) and a wood lathe for a given shape and size, ensure the required accuracy of the relative position of surfaces;
.develop the content of instructional and technological maps and use them when performing technological work;
.graphically depict the main types of gear mechanisms;
.find the necessary information, process and use it;
.perform basic training and production operations and manufacture parts on drilling and turning machines for wood;
.perform stud joiner joints;
.grind and polish flat metal surfaces;
identify and use in practice the simplest methods of artistic wood finishing technology (grinding, burning, finishing the surfaces of materials with paints and varnishes)
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF PREPARATION OF STUDENTS 8 CLASS.
As a result of studying technology, the student, depending on the section being studied, must
know/understand:
.what is a technical drawing, sketch and drawing;
.the main quality parameters of the part: the shape, roughness and dimensions of each elementary surface, their relative position; be able to exercise their control;
.ways to prevent the negative consequences of human labor activity on the environment and one's own health;
.types of lumber; take into account their properties during processing;
.the general arrangement of a locksmith's workbench, the rules and techniques for using it when performing locksmith operations;
.purpose, device and principle of operation of the simplest plumbing tools (marking, percussion and cutting) and devices for riveting; basic rules for using them when performing relevant operations;
.the main types of mechanisms according to the functions they perform, as well as the working bodies used in them;
.types of lumber;
.the possibilities and use of a PC in the course of work to perform the necessary calculations, obtain the necessary information about the technology of processing parts and assembling products;
.general arrangement and principle of operation of woodworking lathes of the turning group;
be able to:
.rationally organize the workplace and observe the rules of labor safety and personal hygiene when performing these works;
.to carry out adjustment of the simplest hand tools (sherhebel, planer, hacksaw) and a wood lathe for a given shape and size, ensure the required accuracy of the relative position of surfaces;
.develop the content of instructional and technological maps and use them when performing technological work;
.graphically depict the main types of gear mechanisms;
.find the necessary information, process and use it;
.perform basic training and production operations and manufacture parts on drilling and turning machines for wood;
.perform stud joiner joints;
.grind and polish flat metal surfaces;
identify and use in practice the simplest methods of artistic wood finishing technology (grinding, burning, finishing the surfaces of materials with paints and varnishes)
LIST OF TRAINING AND METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT
Technology. Technical work: Grade 5: Textbook for students of educational institutions. / Ed. V.D. Simonenko. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2008. - 192p.
Technology. Technical work: Grade 6: A textbook for students of educational institutions. / Ed. V.D. Simonenko. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2008. - 208s.
Technology. Technical work: Grade 7: Textbook for students of educational institutions. / Ed. V.D. Simonenko. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2009. - 176s.
Technology. Technical labor:8th grade:Textbook for students of educational institutions. / Ed. V.D. Simonenko. -M: Ventana-Count, 2009. - 208s.
Khromov A.A., Khromov A.I. Methodical system of teaching schoolchildren project activities. // School and production, 2008. - No. 8. - P. 10-15.
Equipment
Locksmith's tools: (hammers, files, locksmith's saws, locksmith's corner, etc.).
Drilling machine, lathe, milling machine, jigsaw, electric drill, posters.
Carpentry tools: (planers, mallets, hacksaws, chisels, workbenches, marking equipment).
Didactic material
Instruction cards:
Aircraft catapult, boat with rubber motor, cutting board, scoop, snow shovel, mop, stretcher making, box connections.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Basic
Pichugina G.V. Competence-based approach in technological education. // School and production, 2006. - No. 1. - P. 10-1
Standard for basic general education in technology. // School and production, 2004. - No. 4. - P. 10-15.
Khotuntsev Yu.L., Simonenko V.D. Programs of educational institutions. Technology. Labor training. 1-4, 5-11 grades. - M .: Education, 2006. - 240s.
Additional (for teacher)
1. Borovkov Yu.A. Technical handbook of the teacher of labor: a guide for teachers in grades 5-8. Yu. A. Borovkov, S. F. Legornev, B.A. Cherepashentsev. 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M .: Education, 1989 .
2. Kovalenko V.I. Labor objects. 5-8 grades. Processing of wood and metal: a guide for the teacher. V.I. Kovalenko. V.V. Kulenenok.- Enlightenment, 1990.
3. Website of social workers.
Additional (for students)
1. Richvik, E. We make wood: a book for students in grades 5-8. E. V. Rikhvik. - M .: Education, 1988.-128 p.
2. Leontiev, D.P. Do it yourself. Children's Literature, 1978.
Lesson Objectives:
- Summarize and repeat with students the sections on creating products from wood and metals.
- Fix the rules of safe work in the workshop.
- Cultivate accuracy and care in work.
Lesson objectives:
- Develop technical thinking.
- Develop independence, purposefulness, diligence.
- Expand the horizons of students when summarizing the material covered.
- Encourage students to work in a team.
Lesson type: problem-developing.
Work form: group.
Teaching methods: problem presentation, partial search, knowledge control.
Interdisciplinary connections: mathematics, literature, natural history.
Decor- On the desk:
- Brain Ring poster
- poster with painted tree
The stages of the quiz are written out:
- Forest and industry
- Drawing - the language of technology
- Machines and mechanisms
- Metals in industry
- Hello, I need help.
DURING THE CLASSES
Organizing time
Checking students' readiness for the lesson. Mark absent.
Teacher. In 5th grade, you were introduced to wood and metal as widely used structural materials. In the 6th grade, we continued to get acquainted with these materials. And today at the lesson we will summarize the knowledge gained on the topics covered: 1. Technology for creating wood products 2. Technology for creating metal products.
Lead student:(approaches the tree on the blackboard) More than 100 different species of trees grow in the forests of our country. All tree species are divided into coniferous and deciduous. The texture of hardwood is more varied and more beautiful. Therefore, today in the lesson we will try to dress a tree by answering questions.
Teacher. To make it more interesting, we will be divided into two teams: green and yellow (4 people per team). In order to dress a tree, what do we need?
Student responses: Knowledge, intelligence, skills.
1 round: FOREST AND INDUSTRY.
1. What does the forest industry do? (It is divided into forestries and forestries. Leskhozes organize and carry out the necessary felling of the forest. Forestries are in charge of protecting and growing forests)
2. How is nature preserved during timber harvesting? (The age of the wood is 80 or 120 years. It is called ripe. New seedlings are planted)
3. The nature around us is protected by laws, list these laws. (Land. Water, Forest)
4. What are the main types of lumber. (Boards, bars)
5. What is called wood defects? (Deviations from its normal structure, appearance, as well as damage)
Leading:
Dressed in coarse aprons -
Who in the village do not ask -
Forever my great-grandfathers and grandfathers -
Carpenters were in Russia.Not looking at them from childhood.
The sons took an ax in their hands.
Because the masters of uncle
It is still in the area to this day.Will we ever forget
That by which the genealogy lived,
Kohl carried a grain of happiness to people
The breath of the saw and the turn of the drill.Let the time come.
The age of electric saws is your time!
Electric saws were just born
From a simple saw and an ax ...
Teacher: What genre does this passage belong to? (Poem)
- What profession are we talking about? (A carpenter)
What instruments are mentioned in the passage?
You already know that for the manufacture of any product, you need to know its device, the shape and dimensions of the parts, the material from which they are made, how the parts are connected to each other. We learned all this information from the language of technology - the drawing.
Round 2: DRAWING - THE LANGUAGE OF TECHNOLOGY
1. What is shown on the assembly drawing? (Only those types by which the design of the product can be determined)
2. How should an assembly drawing be read? (First, they study the content of the main inscription, the name of the product, the scale of the image, the purpose and principle of operation of the product)
3. What is recorded in the route map? (The sequence of work in the manufacture of the product)
4. What does the specification contain? (List of product features)
5. Why are models made? (To understand the design of the product and the principle of operation)
Teacher: The second round is over, I propose to play the game "The smartest one" with the fans. Team members can also participate. Each correct answer earns a token.
Leading:
1. Without pencil and paper, divide 30 by 1/2 and add 10. (70)
2. What object, contrary to the law of universal gravitation, the heavier it is, the easier it is with it? (Wallet)
3. 5 lights were on, three lights turned off. How many light bulbs are left? (5)
4. How many ends do three sticks have? (6)
5. What wrench can not unscrew the nut? (Rodnikov)
6. Which wheel does not spin on the car? (Spare).
Teacher: The last question was about the car. We also studied the components of machines and a lathe for turning wood.
Round 3: MACHINES AND MECHANISMS
1. What is the engine used for in a car? (To convert energy into mechanical)
2. What are wood turning lathes for? (For the manufacture of wooden products having a cross-sectional shape of a circle)
3. What is done with the product before dyeing? (dry up)
4. What tools are used for turning on a lathe when processing wood? (Chisels, sanding pads)
5. How is paint applied to the product? (brush, roller)
Leading: In the Stone Age (5-6 thousand years BC), man used copper, gold, silver, meteoric iron to make jewelry and simple tools. Gradually, man began to smelt metal from ore, mastered the processes of smelting, hot forging and casting. The range of products expanded significantly, as it was possible to obtain a metal of a wide variety of properties.
Teacher: Let's start round 4.
Round 4: METALS IN INDUSTRY
1. What is an alloy? (Molten mixing of two or more metals)
2. What alloys are black? (Steel, cast iron).
3. For what purpose is a cut made with a trihedral file on the workpiece at the cutting point? (So that the canvas does not slip on its surface)
4. Name the files according to the shape of the cross section? (Flat, semi-circular, square, trihedral, round, knife, rhombic)
Teacher: It must be remembered that a defective tool and violation of safe working methods can lead to an accident.
Round 5: HELLO NEED HELP
1. You cut your hand, what are your actions?
2. Violating safety precautions, Ivanov hurt his hand, how can I help him?
3. What should I do if the sleeve of the sweater gets into the flywheel while working on a lathe?
4. Shavings got into the eye. Your actions?
5. While working with a burner, student Petrov got distracted and burned his hand. First aid?
Teacher: Our quiz game has come to an end, we have repeated the sections on wood and metal processing. Once again, remember the rules of first aid. Let's summarize.
(Summing up - green, yellow)
- As the saying goes "The work of the master is afraid", and mastery requires not only skills, but also the mind. The mind must be nourished, there is such a proverb among the people "Sugar is the food of the mind". Let's refresh our minds with sweets. (Awarding participants).
Used Books: textbook for students of the 6th grade of educational institutions (version for boys) Edited by VD Simonenko, Moscow Izd. Center "Ventana-Graf" 2008
Lesson- the main form of organization of educational work on technical work. Types of technical labor lessons: theoretical, practical, laboratory, testing, combined.
Structure and content of the plan theoretical lesson for technical work.
Structure and content of the plan practical lesson for technical work.
Structure and content of the plan laboratory lesson for technical work.
Structure and content of the plan test lesson for technical work.
Structure and content of the plan combined lesson for technical work.
Form of organization of training as a didactic category, it denotes the external side of the organization of the educational process, which is associated with the number of students trained, the time and place of training, as well as the order of its implementation.
In educational institutions forms of organization of training in technical work are divided into two groups: educational and extracurricular. To educational forms include different types technical labor lessons. To extracurricular - technical circles, electives in technology, student design bureaus, excursions, business games in technology, scientific and technical conferences, weeks of science, technology and production, competitions young technicians, technical tournaments, matinees or evenings of technology, labor training Olympiads, sports and technical competitions; exhibitions of technical and artistic creativity of students, etc.
Lesson of technical labor - an educational form of organizing training in technical work, which is characterized by a permanent composition of students of the same level of training (subgroup of the class), a certain time (basic level - 45 minutes, advanced - 90 minutes) and a place of employment (training workshops), classes according to an established schedule.
At the lessons of technical labor, the teacher solves a set of training, developmental and educational tasks; systematically presents new educational material; organizes the perception of this material and the independent activity of students in the assimilation, consolidation and application of theoretical knowledge, the formation of practical skills and abilities in the process of manual and mechanical processing of structural and natural materials, checking and evaluating the knowledge, skills and abilities of students.
Compared with other subjects, technical labor lessons have a number of structural and meaningful distinctive features:
– construction of a subject on the basis of double lessons (90 min) in training workshops;
– conducting introductory, current and final briefings that focus on compliance with the rules of safe work;
– the priority of practical activity of students over theoretical in the process of using the forms and methods of teaching technical work;
– organization of socially useful productive labor and the creation of material values;
– formation of conditions for the mental and physical development of students;
– development of artistic and technical abilities in the process creative activity students;
– introducing students to the traditions of arts and crafts and folk crafts;
– versatile professional self-determination of students.
The main place in the lessons of technical labor is given to practical work. In this regard, it is advisable to conduct training sessions in the workshops in the form of double lessons (90 minutes). At the lesson of 45 minutes of practical work, little time is allocated, which is not enough to fully master the technological operations for manual and mechanical processing of structural and natural materials in the manufacture of products of varying complexity. A significant part of the lesson is spent on preparing and cleaning classrooms, presenting new material, consolidating and repeating the studied material, and conducting briefings.
In 90 minutes, the teacher and students manage to fully complete all the stages of the lesson and do the necessary amount of practical work. Dual lessons give students moral and physical satisfaction from the work done, allow the teacher of technical work to correctly assess the results of not only collective, but individual students' activities, focused on mastering them not by individual, but by a complex of technological operations of various levels of complexity.
Lesson of technical labor in training workshops consists of separate main stages its implementation: organizational part, checking the studied material, presenting new material, consolidating new material, introductory briefing, independent practical work, current briefing, final briefing, cleaning the training workshop(Table 3).
Table 3 - The main stages of the technical labor lesson
In general learning theory lessons are classified on various grounds: in academic subjects(lessons: mathematics, physics, etc.), by dominant learning objectives(lessons: learning new material, developing skills, summarizing and systematizing the studied material, testing and assessing knowledge, skills and abilities of students, etc.), by prevailing teaching methods(lesson-conversation, lesson-lecture, etc.) and other features.
In the methodology of teaching technical work, various signs are also used to classify lessons: by the predominance of students in the lessons of studying theoretical information and performing practical work; by dominant learning objectives, by prevailing teaching methods.
According to the indicated features of the classification, various types of technical labor lessons: theoretical, practical, laboratory, testing, combined.
Theoretical lesson. They take, as a rule, no more than 45 minutes, therefore, in most cases, they are held as part of a two-hour lesson of another tin. At theoretical lessons, students get acquainted with the elements of materials science (properties and methods for obtaining various materials: wood, metals, etc.), study various technical devices (tools, fixtures, equipment), master specific technologies for manual and mechanical processing of structural and natural materials.
In theoretical lessons, students learn how to draw up drawings and sketches for these products; planning of technological processes for the manufacture of products and the development of technological maps; solving graphic, technological and design problems; get acquainted with the issues of labor organization, general rules safe work and labor protection.
Theoretical lessons are usually held as introductory lessons at the beginning of the school year or when moving from studying one specific technology to another. For example, when moving from studying wood processing technology to studying metal processing technology; from the study of textile technology to the study of cooking. Theoretical lessons are applied at the beginning of the study of a particular topic or section of educational material. In other words, theoretical lessons are held in those cases when it is necessary to organize the assimilation by students of a significant amount of theoretical educational material.
The structure of the theoretical lesson: organizational part, presentation of new material, consolidation of new material, final briefing.
Practical lesson. It aims at the practical mastering by students of the methods of work, the performance of technological operations, the formation of technological skills and abilities. Practical lessons occupy a significant place in the system of lessons on technical work.
In these lessons, students master the practical skills and abilities of the proper organization of the training place, the use of tools, fixtures and equipment.
Practical lessons play an important role in developing the culture of labor movements among students and the formation of a general technological culture.
The structure of the practical lesson: organizational part, introductory briefing, independent practical work, current briefing, final briefing, cleaning of the training workshop.
Laboratory lesson. These lessons are a kind of practical lessons, as students are mainly engaged in independent laboratory activities. However, unlike practical lessons, when performing laboratory work, students do not perform technological operations for manual and mechanical processing of structural and natural materials.
Laboratory work on technical work is usually associated with the practical study of materials (wood, metals, etc.), the study of the properties of materials, the study of the types and arrangement of tools, fixtures and equipment, machines and mechanisms, carrying out measuring work, etc. These works do not always require a long time, so they are often held within one academic hour.
The structure of the laboratory lesson: organizational part, presentation of new material, consolidation of new material, introductory briefing, independent laboratory work, current briefing, final briefing.
Test lesson. The purpose of this lesson is to obtain data on the level of preparation of students for work, on the degree of strength of their assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities. Testing lessons are usually held at the end of the quarter (trimester), half year, academic year. This allows for the necessary periodic certification of students in technical work. Testing lessons of technical work are distinguished by the practical nature of testing and evaluating the knowledge, skills and abilities of students who are given a task for practical control work. Based on the results of this work (the exact dimensions and quality of the product, the time spent, etc.), the presence and level of acquired technological knowledge, skills and abilities are judged.
Test lesson structure: organizational part, introductory briefing, independent practical work, final briefing, cleaning of the training workshop.
Combined lesson. In teaching practice, the most common are combination lessons, which make up approximately 70-75% of the total number of lessons on technical work. This lesson combines (combines) the solution of training, developmental and educational tasks of theoretical and practical lessons of technical labor. Hence it got its name - combined.
In the practice of teaching technical work, the task often arises to give students the necessary amount of theoretical technical information in order to build on their basis the practical work of students in the application of new knowledge and the formation of practical skills. Various combinations of the stages of the lesson and their transition into each other provides the flexibility and mobility of its structure, the solution of many educational problems.
The structure of the combined lesson: organizational part, verification of the studied material, presentation of new material, consolidation of new material, introductory briefing, independent practical work, current briefing, final briefing, cleaning of the training workshop.
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