Entrepreneurial policy. Strategy. Entrepreneurial policy, initiative. Business risks

Illegal entrepreneurial activity According to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, entrepreneurial activity without registration or in violation of its rules, as well as the provision of documents for registration containing knowingly false information, is illegal. Except

Entrepreneurial Model

Entrepreneurial model What does an entrepreneur see in the distance - something that is difficult for a specialist to see? What is an entrepreneurial model? It is a business model that satisfies the needs of a certain part of consumers in a new way. Within the framework of an entrepreneurial model

The success of the company is determined by the knowledge of the needs of the market and the fruitfulness of the entrepreneurial economic initiative of the managers and their staff.

Economic initiative- these are independent actions of the company's personnel aimed at obtaining a given result. The initiative, in turn, is a function of the target setting, determined by the firm itself or imposed on it from the outside, including the order of a higher economic body or the requirements of shareholders. To achieve this goal, the staff carries out a comprehensive analysis of the internal potential of the company and the state of the external environment in which it operates, and, First of all, the analysis

physical and moral depreciation and the structure of the production capacity of the company;

personnel and their qualifications;

the company's finances and leverage opportunities;

conjuncture of the market segments of interest to the company.

Based on the data obtained, the most appropriate direction of activity and the development strategy of the company are determined. Company priorities, short-term tasks and long-term goals of the company as a whole and its divisions are established. The tactics of behavior of specialists and managers is built, aimed at achieving the strategic goal of the company and the formation of its priorities.

Target – this is a specific end state or desired result that the firm (a group of people or an individual) seeks to achieve.

Priorities - these are the main values ​​adopted by the company in its activities for the period of movement towards the goal, expressed in the form of an idea (for example, the creation and production of a new product) or tactics of behavior in order to conquer sales markets. Most often, priorities are expressed in specific indicators: the qualitative characteristics of the product, financial resources and their distribution. For example, top priorities might be:

maximum return on invested capital;

minimum costs for the production of specific products;

elimination of dependence on some external factors (deliveries of raw materials, materials, services, etc.);

high product quality as a guarantee of expansion (or retention) of sales markets.

Politics – these are forms and methods of tracking and maintaining priorities in order to achieve the main goals of the firm. On the basis of the established goals, priorities and developed policy of the enterprise, the main directions of activity of its structural divisions and officials responsible for obtaining the intended results, and their specific tasks are determined.

In general, the choice of company objectives is influenced mainly by the following factors:

availability and volume of demand for products;

availability of own material and financial resources;

level of profitability;

the capital intensity of products, which is determined on the basis of two parameters (the minimum amount of initial capital required to organize the production of this type of product and the ratio of the average annual cost of means of production to the cost of products produced during the year);

availability of suppliers of raw materials, materials, components and equipment necessary for the manufacture of products;

availability of engineering solutions for the release of new or modified products;

availability of qualified personnel.

In all cases, each entrepreneur takes into account:

presence of competitors and their intentions;

the degree of international relations in the field of trade in products of interest to him;

availability of land for construction and possible expansion of the enterprise;

type and capacity of transport communications;

Availability of utility and other infrastructure to service the existing enterprise.

Accounting and analysis of the main factors of the enterprise's activity are necessary in order to avoid future losses of funds and time that can lead to bankruptcy.

An economic initiative is an independent action of the enterprise personnel aimed at obtaining a given result. The initiative, in turn, is a function of the target setting, determined by the enterprise itself or imposed on it from the outside, including by order of a higher economic body or the requirements of shareholders. To achieve this goal, the personnel of the enterprise analyzes the internal potential of the enterprise and the state of the external environment in which it operates.

Based on the data obtained, the most appropriate direction of activity and the development strategy of the enterprise are determined. Firm priorities, short-term tasks and long-term goals of the enterprise as a whole and its divisions are established. The tactics of behavior of specialists and managers is built, aimed at achieving the strategic goal of the enterprise and the formation of its priorities.

A goal is a specific end state or desired result that an enterprise (a group of people or an individual) seeks to achieve. Priorities are core values accepted by the enterprise in its activities for the period of movement towards the goal, expressed in the form of an idea (for example, the creation and production of a new product) or tactics of behavior in order to conquer markets. Most often, priorities are expressed in specific indicators: the qualitative characteristics of the product, financial resources and their distribution. For example, top priorities might be:

1) maximum return on invested capital;

2) minimum costs for the production of specific products;

3) elimination of dependence on some external factors (deliveries of raw materials, materials, services, etc.);

4) high product quality as a guarantor of expansion (or retention) of sales markets.

The choice of priority is largely determined by the goal, as well as the state of the internal and external environment of the enterprise. The selected priorities necessarily acquire a specific form of cost or technical indicators of the work of the enterprise and its divisions or instructions for personnel in the form of instructions, orders. After that, control over compliance with these indicators and orders is established.

Entrepreneurial policy is the forms and methods of tracking and maintaining priorities in order to achieve the main goals of the enterprise. Based on the established goals, priorities and developed policy of the enterprise, the main activities of its structural divisions and officials responsible for obtaining the intended results, and their specific tasks are determined (Appendix B, Fig. 2).

The dominant goal of manufacturing enterprises is to receive and increase income, since only with the availability of financial and material resources derived from income, the enterprise is able to function normally and solve the problems of maintaining production, increasing output, systematically updating and improving quality, and reducing costs. The solution of social issues, such as increasing the level of remuneration of personnel and creating favorable working conditions at the enterprise, are also associated with additional costs that can only be incurred if you have additional income that exceeds current costs. Of course, the choice and specification of the goals of the enterprise are largely determined by the interests and needs of its owner (including the state), the size of its capital, as well as the action of various internal and external factors. private interests and government agencies may not only be different. The state, unlike a private owner, can cover losses through taxes from other efficiently operating enterprises. However, the behavioral motives of the largest associations may partially or completely coincide with the interests of the state in their close interaction.

5. Business risks

The risk in business is the probability that the company will incur losses or losses if the planned event (management decision) is not implemented, and also if miscalculations or errors were made in making managerial decisions. Entrepreneurial risk can be divided into production, financial and investment.

Production risk is directly related to the economic activity of the enterprise. Production risk is usually understood as the probability (possibility) of an enterprise failing to fulfill its obligations under a contract or agreement with a customer, risks in the sale of goods and services, errors in pricing policy, and the risk of bankruptcy.

In the production activities of an industrial enterprise, the following risks can be distinguished:

1. 
   the risk of a complete shutdown of the enterprise due to the impossibility of concluding contracts for the supply of materials, components and other initial products necessary for this technology;
2. 
   the risk of not receiving raw materials due to the failure of concluded supply contracts, as well as the risk of non-return of funds transferred to the supplier in the form of prepayments;
3. 
   the risk of non-conclusion of contracts for the sale of manufactured products, works or services, i.e. the risk of complete or partial non-sale;
4. 
   the risk of non-receipt or untimely receipt of funds for products shipped for sale;
5. 
   the risk of the buyer refusing to receive and paid for products or the risk of a return;
6. 
   the risk of disruption of concluded agreements for the provision of loans, investments or credits;
7. 
   price risk associated with determining the price of products and services sold by the enterprise, as well as the risk in determining the price of the necessary means of production, used raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor and capital (in the form interest rates on loans). According to some calculations, a 1% error in the price of sold products leads to losses amounting to at least 1% of sales proceeds. If the demand for this product is elastic, then the losses can be 2-3%. With a product margin of 10-12%, a 1% price error can mean a 5-10% loss in profit. Price risk increases significantly in an inflationary environment;
8. 
   the risk of bankruptcy of both business partners (contractors, distributors, suppliers, etc.) and the enterprise itself.

Credit risk is associated with non-payment by the borrower of the principal and interest accrued on the loan. Interest risk - the danger of losses by commercial banks, credit institutions, investment funds as a result of an increase in interest rates paid by them on attracted funds over rates on loans granted. Currency risks reflect the risk of currency losses associated with a change in the exchange rate of one foreign currency against another, including the national currency during foreign economic, credit and other currency transactions. The risk of lost financial benefit is determined by the probability of financial loss that may arise as a result of the failure to carry out any activity or stop economic activity. In the investment activity of an enterprise, one can single out the risk of investing in securities, or "portfolio risk", which characterizes the degree of risk of reducing the yield of specific securities and the formed portfolio of securities, as well as the risk of innovation.

New projects contain three types of risks:

Risk associated with technical innovations;

The risk associated with the economic or organizational side of production;

The risk determined by the "youth of the enterprise". Risks can also be classified according to other criteria. So, for example, risks are distinguished as pure and speculative, dynamic and static, absolute and relative. Pure risks mean the possibility of a loss or a zero result. Usually they include production and investment risks. Speculative risks are expressed in the probability of obtaining both positive and negative results. Financial risks, for example, are considered speculative risks.

Dynamic risk is the risk of unforeseen changes due to management decisions or changes that have occurred in the economic, political and other areas. public life. Such changes can lead to both losses and additional income. Static risk is the risk of loss due to damage to property, as well as loss of income due to the incapacity of the organization. This risk can only lead to losses.

The absolute risk is estimated in monetary units (rubles, dollars, etc.); relative risk - in fractions of a unit or in percent. For example, risk in business can be measured by an absolute value - the sum of losses and losses, and a relative value - the degree of risk, i.e. a measure of the probability of non-implementation of the intended event or failure to achieve the target level of profit, income, price. Both indicators are necessary and carry relevant information - absolute and relative risk.

It is possible to classify economic risks on the basis of many features. Similar attempts have already been made by representatives of fundamental science. J. Keynes, in his classification, considered risk through the prism of the "borrower-creditor" relationship.

Keynes believed that it is advisable to distinguish three main types of risk:

Entrepreneur risk;

Creditor risk;

Money risk.

The entrepreneur's risk arises from doubts about whether it will really be possible to acquire the prospective benefit that he predicts. This type of risk arises when an entrepreneur uses only his own money.

Creditor risk is associated with doubts about the validity of the trust, i.e. with the danger of intentional bankruptcy or other attempts by the debtor to evade performance of obligations; and also with the possible risk of involuntary bankruptcy due to the fact that the borrower's expectations for income were not met. This type of risk arises where lending operations are practiced, by which J. Keynes understood the provision of loans.

Monetary risk is associated with a decrease in the value of a monetary unit. Based on this, J. Keynes believed that a money loan, to a certain extent, is less reliable than tangible assets.

It should be noted that the factors of uncertainty and risk in the conditions of the modern economy are all stages of reproduction - from the purchase of raw materials to the supply finished products consumers. At the same time, it is necessary to highlight the relationship between risk and profit. One example of a direct relationship between risk and the amount of potential profit, the rate of capital growth is short-term bonds: this type of securities has the lowest risk, and capital growth is the slowest, on the contrary, an ordinary stock with a minimum degree of security has the most fast growth capital.

The economic literature reflects several areas of risk that an enterprise may fall into in the course of economic activity. As a basis for establishing the risk area, it is advisable to take the share of the company's assets that it loses as a result of its activities. Depending on the state of the enterprise, it may be located in one of the following zones, while simultaneously falling into bankruptcy of varying degrees. This depth of fall affects the way out of bankruptcy within the institution of insolvency.

1. Risk-free area - characterized by the absence of losses, the operations performed guarantee a minimum of standard profit, the potential profit of the company is not limited, and its receipt occurs, as a rule, at the expense of equity, when the borrowed capital is zero.

2. The area of ​​acceptable risk is characterized by the level of losses that do not exceed the expected profit, and entrepreneurial activity retains its financial and market feasibility.

3. Area of ​​crisis, characterized by the possibility of losses. The area of ​​crisis is characterized by the danger of losses that obviously exceed the expected profit and, at the maximum, can lead to the irretrievable loss of all funds invested by the entrepreneur in the business.

In reality, this type of risk manifests itself in difficulties with the necessary cash flow, which may increase if creditors come to the conclusion that there is a danger of renewing the contract even with an increased interest (since the risk of returning funds increases with a decrease in the value of the company's equity capital) and the company will have to pay not only interest, but also the amount of the principal debt.

Being in this area of ​​entrepreneurial risk, the company, experiencing a liquidity crisis, will enter a state of "absolute" insolvency, which can be considered as bankruptcy, and the latter is the basis for initiating a liquidation procedure. This degree of falling into bankruptcy is called business bankruptcy - as a result of inefficient enterprise management, marketing policy or irrational use of labor, natural and financial resources.

To create conditions for stable reproduction, the market requires certain costs of real resources, which are called transaction costs (from the English transaction).

Transaction costs are the value of resources used in the course of solving the problem of coordination and distributive conflicts within the institutional environment and institutional relations.

These costs consist of:

Costs of searching for information about prices and required resources;

Contracting costs;

Control over their implementation and legal support.

If some enterprises fail to pay transaction costs, there is a possibility of bankruptcy. In other words, the bankruptcy of an enterprise is the price paid by the population and the state for the presence of transaction costs.

This conclusion is based on an analysis of the work of Ronald Coase, who revealed the fundamental role that transaction costs perform and must perform in the process of formation of institutions - elements of the macroeconomic system. The most important form of accommodation to the problem of the presence of transaction costs is the emergence of the firm. If there were no transaction costs, then there would be no need for a firm, an enterprise, a corporation.

In a planned economy, the place of transaction costs was occupied by planning and coordination costs, which were not considered by either Ronald Coase or other researchers, although they also exist in a market economy in the form of government costs to compensate for externalities. Low efficiency state enterprises rather, their permanent pre-bankrupt state during the period of the planned economy was due to the need for constant administrative coordination of all stages of their production activities (i.e., high planning and coordination costs), while the market mechanism implies much lower transaction costs, however, and a deeper fall.

4. The area of ​​the catastrophe represents the area of ​​losses, which exceed the crisis level in scale and can reach a size equal to the real value of the enterprise. AT this case A decrease in a firm's profitability implies a decrease in its price. The price of a firm as a business unit is defined as the product of the number of common shares (N) and their market price (P). The market value of the firm = NP. In this area of ​​risk, the price of the firm may fall below the amount of liabilities to creditors, which is equivalent to minimizing share capital. This is the bankruptcy of the shareholders or the bankruptcy of the owner. This option is possible as a result of the owner's lack of resources for expanded or even simple reproduction, despite the fact that there is a need for this type of product on the market. True, there are some nuances here. Due to the fall in the price of the firm, the latter may fall below the liquidation value of the assets. Then the liquidation of the firm becomes more profitable than its operation, and if the liquidation value of the firm is lower than the price of obligations, then the shareholders lose all their capital. This phenomenon is called the bankruptcy of production. Also, the catastrophe risk category should include the risk associated with a direct danger to human life or the occurrence of man-made disasters, which is especially likely when using obsolete means of production.

The success of an enterprise is determined by the knowledge of the needs of the market and the fruitfulness of the entrepreneurial economic initiative of the leaders of the enterprise and its personnel.

The economic initiative is the independent actions of the personnel of the enterprise aimed at obtaining a given result. The initiative, in turn, is a function of the target setting, determined by the enterprise itself or imposed on it from the outside, including by order of a higher economic body or the requirements of shareholders. To achieve this goal, the personnel of the enterprise analyzes the internal potential of the enterprise and the state of the external environment in which it operates.

Based on the data obtained, the most appropriate direction of activity and the development strategy of the enterprise are determined. Firm priorities, short-term tasks and long-term goals of the enterprise as a whole and its divisions are established. The tactics of behavior of specialists and managers is built, aimed at achieving the strategic goal of the enterprise and the formation of its priorities.

A goal is a specific end state or desired result that an enterprise (a group of people or an individual) seeks to obtain. Priorities are the main values ​​adopted by the enterprise in its activities for the period of movement towards the goal, expressed in the form of an idea (for example, the creation and production of a new product) or tactics of behavior in order to conquer sales markets. Most often, priorities are expressed in specific indicators: the qualitative characteristics of the product, financial resources and their distribution. For example, top priorities might be:

1) maximum return on invested capital;

2) minimum costs for the production of specific products;

3) elimination of dependence on some external factors (deliveries of raw materials, materials, services, etc.);

4) high product quality as a guarantor of expansion (or retention) of sales markets.

The choice of priority is largely determined by the goal, as well as the state of the internal and external environment of the enterprise. The selected priorities necessarily acquire a specific form of cost or technical indicators of the work of the enterprise and its divisions or instructions for personnel in the form of instructions, orders. After that, control over compliance with these indicators and orders is established.

Entrepreneurial policy is the forms and methods of tracking and maintaining priorities in order to achieve the main goals of the enterprise. Based on the established goals, priorities and developed policy of the enterprise, the main activities of its structural divisions and officials responsible for obtaining the intended results, and their specific tasks are determined (Appendix B, Fig. 2).

The dominant goal of manufacturing enterprises is to obtain and increase income, since only with the availability of financial and material resources derived from income, the enterprise is able to function normally and solve the problems of maintaining production, increasing output, systematically updating it and improving quality, and reducing costs. The solution of social issues, such as increasing the level of remuneration of personnel and creating favorable working conditions at the enterprise, are also associated with additional costs that can only be incurred if you have additional income that exceeds current costs. Of course, the choice and specification of the goals of the enterprise are largely determined by the interests and needs of its owner (including the state), the size of its capital, as well as the action of various internal and external factors. The interests of private individuals and state bodies can be not only different. The state, unlike a private owner, can cover losses through taxes from other efficiently operating enterprises. However, the behavioral motives of the largest associations may partially or completely coincide with the interests of the state in their close interaction.

In general, the choice of goals of enterprises is influenced mainly by the following factors: Volkova O.I., Devyatkina O.V. Economics of the enterprise (firm): textbook. M.: INFRA-M 2007. p.76

1) the presence and volume of demand for products;

2) availability of own material and financial resources;

3) the level of profitability, which is defined as the ratio of the price of manufactured products to its cost;

4) the capital intensity of products, which is determined on the basis of two parameters (the minimum amount of initial capital; the ratio of the average annual cost of means of production to the value of products produced during the year);

5) availability of suppliers of raw materials, materials, components and equipment necessary for the manufacture of products;

6) availability of engineering solutions for the release of new or modified products;

7) availability of qualified personnel.

In private entrepreneurship, the choice of the main priorities and goals is significantly influenced by the profession of an entrepreneur, his inclinations and family traditions. In all cases, each entrepreneur takes into account:

1) the presence of competitors and their intentions;

2) the degree of international relations in the field of trade in products of interest to him;

3) availability of land for construction and possible expansion of the enterprise;

4) type and capacity of transport communications;

5) availability of communal and other infrastructure to serve the operating enterprise.

Accounting and analysis of the main factors of the enterprise's activity are necessary to avoid future losses of funds and time that may lead to bankruptcy.

Ketko Natalia Vladimirovna, cand. economy Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Management, Marketing and Organization of Production, Volgograd State Technical University, Russia

Manaenkova Anna Alexandrovna, Postgraduate Student, Department of World Economy and economic theory, Volgograd State Technical University, Russia

Incentive policy of entrepreneurship: goals, objectives, economic feasibility of development and application

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Sources:

1. Androniceanu A. Motivation of the Human Resources for a Sustainable Organizational Development. – Economia: Series Management. - 2011. - 14. - p. 425–438.
2. Shakhovskaya L.S., Ketko N.V. Evaluation of labor motivation of employees in a market economy. - M .: Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and K0", 2012. - 112 p.