FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
federal state educational institution higher vocational education
"SOUTH FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"
Faculty of Philology and Journalism
E. V. Akhmadulin, R. P. Ovsepyan
HISTORY OF RUSSIAN JOURNALISM
for university students educational institutions students in the direction 030600, specialty 030601 "Journalism"
Rostov-on-Don Southern Federal University Press
UDC 070(091)(470+571)(075.8) BBK 76.01ya73
Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of the Southern Federal University
Reviewers:
Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Kuban State University
Luchinsky Yu. V.,
Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Southern Federal University
Stanko A.I.
The textbook was prepared and published as part of the national project "Education" under the "Program for the Development of the Federal State Educational Institution
Higher Professional Education “Southern Federal University” for 2007–2010”
Akhmadulin E. V., Ovsepyan R. P.
A 95 History of domestic journalism of the twentieth century: a textbook / E. V. Akhmadulin, R. P. Ovsepyan. - Rostov n / D: Publishing House of the Southern Federal University, 2008. - 416 p.
ISBN 978-5-9275-0480-0
The new textbook aims to trace the features of the development of domestic journalism - the mother country and the Russian diaspora, as a single historical, cultural, historical and journalistic process over the course of the 20th century, to show the mental, creative, typological, functional continuity of journalism systems of different nature against the dynamically changing background of Russian journalism. stories.
It is intended for teachers and students of faculties and departments of journalism, researchers, media workers, as well as for everyone interested in the history of Russian journalism.
Introduction ................................................ ...................................... |
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JOURNALISM OF RUSSIA IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY |
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(1900–1917) ........................................... ............................... |
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Russian press at the turn of the century (1900–1904) .......... |
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Press and censorship in Russia |
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in the early 1900s.............................................. ...................... |
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Official government press .................................................. |
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Official and conservative press .................................................................. |
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Mass newspapers of Russian publishers .............................................. |
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Liberal Publications .................................................................. ................. |
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Social-radical press .................................................................. .......... |
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Illegal socialist press .................................................................. . |
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Variety of types of journals .............................................. |
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Journalism in the years of the first |
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Russian Revolution (1905–1907) ................................ |
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The struggle for freedom of the press and censorship .............................................. |
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Liberal press law |
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and emergency measures ............................................................... ................... |
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The development of the political press .................................................................. .... |
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Reorganization of the government press .................................................. |
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Press of conservative parties .................................................................. ... |
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Publications of the liberal parties .............................................................. ...... |
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satirical magazines .................................................................. ............... |
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The press of radical parties............................................................... ........ |
Domestic journalism between two |
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bourgeois-democratic |
revolutions |
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Printing after the June 3rd coup .................................................. |
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Journalism in the years of the new |
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public uplift .............................................................. ............. |
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Printing during the First World War ....................................................... |
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JOURNALISM IN CONDITIONS |
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BOURGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC STATE |
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(February–October 1917) ............................................... ........ |
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A new stage in the history of national journalism ....... |
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Dual power and the press .................................................................. ................ |
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The collapse of the monarchist press .................................................................. ....... |
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New press law and development |
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party press .................................................................. ...................... |
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Journalism in political struggle |
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socialist parties .................................................................. .......... |
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Printing after the dispersal of the July demonstration .......................................... |
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Hot on the trail of the Bolshevik coup .............................................. |
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DOMESTIC JOURNALISM |
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IN THE SOVIET STATE |
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(November 1917–1991). ................................................. ........... |
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Journalism of the first decade of Soviet power |
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(November 1917–1927) .......................................... ................. |
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Journalism of Soviet Russia in the conditions |
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The assertion of one-party Soviet journalism |
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during the Civil War and foreign intervention |
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(July 1918–1920) .......................................... ......................... |
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Seal white movement........................................................... |
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Domestic journalism in the period of liberalization |
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Soviet regime (1921–1927) .............................................. .... |
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Russian journalism is gaining ground abroad............... |
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Measures to Overcome the Crisis of the Soviet Press............................... |
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The press in the inner-party struggle |
20s........................ |
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Domestic journalism |
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in the late 1920s and 1930s. ................................... |
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Fund structure development |
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mass media................................................................ |
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Journalism and socialist construction .............................. |
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Domestic journalism of the 30s .............................................. |
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Soviet journalism in the mode |
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totalitarian state .............................................................. ......... |
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Beginning of World War II |
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and the position of the press of the Russian diaspora ....................................... |
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Journalism in the period |
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Great Patriotic War |
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(1941–1945) ............................................... ............................... |
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Press and radio during the war years .............................................. ........ |
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Press on site, temporarily |
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occupied by the enemy .................................................. ............. |
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The main issues of speeches |
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Soviet journalism .............................................................. ........... |
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Journalism and Literature of the Russian Diaspora............................. |
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The Soviet press at the final stage of the war |
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Publicism in the years |
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Great Patriotic War............................................... ... |
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Journalism of the post-war decade |
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(1946–1956) ........................................... ............................... |
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The development of the media system .................................. |
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The theme of recovery and further rise |
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of the national economy in the Soviet press.................................................. |
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The second "wave" of emigration in journalism |
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Russian Diaspora .............................................................. .................... |
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Print, television and radio of the second half |
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50s - mid 80s .............................................. .......... |
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The development of the structure of the media .................................. |
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The theme of economic reformism in the press .......................................... |
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Journalism in captivity of voluntarism, |
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recurrence of the cult of personality |
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and "stagnation" phenomena .............................................. ................ |
DOMESTIC JOURNALISM |
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IN A DEMOCRATICALLY ORIENTED SOCIETY |
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(mid 80s - 90s) ....................................... ............. |
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Mass media |
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second half of the 80s - early 90s |
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Media under conditions |
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democratization and glasnost ............................................................... ....... |
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The revival of the multi-party press .............................................. |
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Journalism of the era of "perestroika" .............................................. |
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Publications of the third "wave" of emigration |
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and returned literature .................................................................. ........ |
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On the way to creation |
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Union of Independent States ............................................................... . |
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Journalism Russian Federation in 1991–2000 ...... |
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The system of printed periodicals in Russia .............................................. |
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Television broadcasting .................................................................. ............. |
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Broadcasting................................................. ...................... |
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News agencies .................................................................. ....... |
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Regional journalism .................................................................. ..... |
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Journalism on the Internet ....................................................... .. |
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Journalism in the Market .............................................................. |
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Leading themes of the media .......................................... |
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Journalism and power structures ....................................................... |
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Russian foreign press in the new Russia....................................... |
INTRODUCTION
XX in. represents the most eventful era in the history of civilization. This is the age of revolutions and world wars, the age of the collapse of empires and declared themselves of national liberation movements, the age of global catastrophes and world crises, the age of despair and hope, the age that connected the past with the future.
XX in. - this is an era of unprecedented technological progress: from steam engines to nuclear powered ships, from Edison's light bulb to nuclear power plants, from airplanes to spaceships, from Nobel's dynamite to hydrogen bomb, from the telegraph to the Internet.
Journalism, as a social system established in society, did not stand aside from the ongoing processes. She actively contributed to their implementation. Developing and acquiring new structural links, the mass media embraced the world space, which turned, according to Marshall McLuhan's prediction, into a "global information village".
nineteenth century was a century of inventions in the technical and technological equipment of journalism. 20th century implemented these innovations in journalistic practice. The first broadcasts on radio in the 1920s, and then on television in the 1950s, led to talk about the formation of a mass media system. At the end of the twentieth century. declared themselves satellite and cable television, computer and multimedia technologies, mobile connection, global telecommunication computer networks developed noticeably, the most famous of which was the Internet.
In connection with the processes of globalization of mass media in the information space, technical and technological re-equipment of production and delivery of information to any point on the planet using superhighways, integration of the produced mass media into the natural meta-information system, journalism itself has changed significantly, becoming more mobile, integrated and all-encompassing. , and therefore a more influential social institution
in any socio-political system. Its role, tasks, functions in the socio-political, socio-economic, cultural and moral environment and world civilization as a whole also changed.
The ongoing processes found real manifestations in Russian journalism. Politically, the country changed in those
century like no other. Having survived two bourgeois and one socialist revolutions, the World War and the Civil War at the beginning of the century, the Patriotic War in the middle, and abandoning communist illusions at the end of the century, Russia is building a democratically oriented society today.
In studies on the history of Russian journalism that appeared in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, new trends in the consideration of the historical past and state of the art Russian press. Freshness and originality, in particular, distinguishes the voluminous and, undoubtedly, important collective work of historians of the faculties of journalism of St. Petersburg and other universities "The History of Russian Journalism of the 18th-19th Centuries". B. I. Esin took a fresh look at many facts and events of individual stages of the past of the domestic press in the textbook “History of Russian Journalism of the 19th Century”. Scientific novelty in the assessment of individual stages and the entire process of development and functioning of domestic journalism of the twentieth century. contained in the works of E. V. Akhmadulin, A. F. Berezhny, G. V. Zhirkov, E. A. Kornilov, S. Ya. Makhonina, R. P. Ovsepyan and others.
The historiography of domestic journalism in a democratically oriented society is only taking shape. The main goal that researchers set themselves today is related to the desire to recreate a true picture of the historical development of Russian journalism over 300 years of its existence, to reflect the realities of modern historical journalism, which for decades has been captivated by dogmatic stereotypes, mythologized facts in assessing the role of one or another different personality in journalism. The tendentious approach distorted many facts of the history of the Russian press, led to the destruction of a single historical-cultural, historical-journalistic process; divided journalism according to the class principle into bourgeois and Bolshevik, and then into party-Soviet and emigre (anti-Soviet, counter-revolutionary). Meanwhile, the Russian émigré press, like that published abroad at the beginning of the 20th century. the press of the socialist parties, was the opposition to the system that existed in the country.
The introduction of previously unknown archival documents, original studies, books and monographs into scientific circulation in the last decade has made it possible to take a fresh look at some events in the history of the Russian press.
The historical experience of the functioning of the system of journalism in the early twentieth century. has not only cognitive, but also practical
cal value. In a short time from 1900 to October 1917, Russian journalism went from a powerful authoritarian system with elements of the opposition to a liberal one, with a party, parliamentary press rapidly developing under the conditions of the revolution (1905-1907). post-revolutionary downturn next step(1908-1909) ended with a new socio-political upsurge (1910-1914), interrupted by the First World War. The February Revolution of 1917 revealed the merits and contradictions of the formation of the system of journalism in the conditions of the bourgeois-democratic system interrupted by the October Revolution.
Historical truth requires to restore the process of becoming newest homelands scientific journalism in the conditions of the multi-party system that took place after the victory of October
in young Soviet Russia, to identify the main prerequisites for the establishment of one-party journalism in the country during the years of the Civil War and foreign military intervention. An important fact in the history of domestic journalism was the creation at that time of the press of the white movement, and then the formation of its system abroad in the centers of Russian emigration.
Until recently, ideas about the activities of the Russian press in the first decade of Soviet power were selective. It was not considered in the context of the
at that time social economic policy and military-communist ideology, it was hidden that in the 20s of the last century, under the influence of the new economic policy, a kind of historical and journalistic process developed, which made it possible to establish contacts between the journalism of the Soviet country and individual publications of the Russian diaspora.
In the 1930s, Soviet journalism, blindly promoting Stalinism as the highest achievement of Marxist theoretical thought, justified repressions against those who were suspected of apostasy and accused of betraying the cause of communist construction. An in-depth understanding of the historical processes that really took place helps to understand the role played by the Soviet press in the exceptionally rapid formation of the military-communist ideology, which had a tremendous impact on the forms and methods of governing the country over the following decades.
The beginning of the restructuring of political consciousness was laid by the report of N. S. Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU held in 1956 “On the cult of personality and its consequences”. However, the period of "thaw" was short-lived. Soviet journalism, not having time to renounce the heavy ideological burden of the past,
again found herself in captivity of voluntarism and relapses of the cult of personality. The coming to the leadership of the country by L. I. Brezhnev led to a tightening of the political climate, intolerance of the authorities to manifestations of free thought. Journalism moved away from a real assessment of the socio-political contradictions that were manifesting themselves. In the conditions created in the post-war decades, a special place was occupied by the domestic journalism of the Russian diaspora, which, unfortunately, was not accessible to the Soviet people because of the obstacles placed by censorship and law enforcement agencies.
The year 1985 brought complex and still unresolved problems to Soviet society. The emerging trends in social and political life led to the stereotypes and dogmas of the Soviet press becoming a thing of the past, and journalism acquiring qualities and opportunities unprecedented in the past.
While legally remaining within the structure of the Soviet state, journalism under the conditions of perestroika and glasnost contributed to the breakdown of the administrative-command system and the movement of society along the path of democratic reforms. The peculiarity of the historical and journalistic process of the second half of the 80s of the last century is that the mass media formally continued to be the ideological institution of the Soviet state. But at the same time, they became more and more noticeable as the subject of the emerging democratically oriented society. And the new political thinking expanded the object of the history of Russian journalism, opened the way to its consideration as a single, historical-cultural, historical-journalistic process.
If we compare the first and last decades of the twentieth century, which brought new trends into the life of Russia, then for all the difference in eras, they show certain similarities in political processes.
And then and now, for the first time, representative power was created
in face of the legislative State Duma. For the first time, publications appeared reflecting her activities.
And then and now, numerous political parties, unions, movements, blocs arose on the democratic wave, which laid the foundation for the formation of a multi-party journalism in the country.
And Then and now, after the abolition of censorship and the announcement of freedom of speech and the press in Russia, the number of not only politicized publications, but also typologically diverse business publications, differentiated by audience and interests of the mass media, has noticeably increased. popular science, educational, entertainment, tabloid and other types of press.
Home > SeminarQUESTIONS FOR SEMINAR LESSON ON TOPIC 3
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY: EXTERNAL INFORMATION ACTIVITIES AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES OF THE USSR AND THE USA (BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY) - 1991)1. Information potential of the USA: the state of media and culture, the main directions of foreign information policy.
Sources- Alleune M.D. International Power and International Communication. 1995. p.76-92 (reading room of the faculty of journalism) File: History of world journalism_CHAPTER2.dos (on the press)
File: History of world journalism_CHAPTER3.dos (electronic media)
2. Information potential of the USSR: the state and development of media and culture, the main directions of foreign information policy. Activity Comintern.
Sources- Alleune M.D. International Power and International Communication. 1995. pp. 76-92 (reading room of the faculty of journalism) Hovsepyan R.P. History of the latest domestic journalism (Tutorial). - M.: GU Publishing House, 1999. (files: 52.doc - 56.doc) File: History of world journalism_CHAPTER2.dos
File: History of world journalism_CHAPTER3.dos
3. The USSR and the USA after 1945: interaction in the conditions of the Cold War.
SourcesUS television. Digest of articles. Comp. and ed. will enter, articles by V. Petrusenko. Abbr. per. from English. M., "Art", 1976. - 223 p. (at the department)
Alleune M.D. International Power and International Communication. 1995. pp. 76-92 (reading room of the faculty of journalism)
The history of the latest domestic journalism (Uchebn.posobie). - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1999. (files: 57.doc, 58.doc)
Tsygankov PA Political sociology of international relations. Tutorial. - M., 1994.- p.171-174 (file: Tsygankov.dos)
Lundestad East, West, North, South: main directions international politics. 1945--1996. M., 2002. (BSU library)
Plashchinsky A. The initial period of the Cold War and the formation of the US global leadership concept // Belarusian Journal international law and international relations. -2002, N2 1. - p.69-74.
Kosov A. Russian historiography on the role of the United States in unleashing the Cold War // Belarusian Journal of International Law and International Relations. - 2004,.N2 3. - p.54- - 59. (reading room of the FFSN)
4. Redistribution of forces in the global information space in the early 90s. Reasons for the defeat of the USSR in the Cold War.
SourcesHovsepyan R.P. History of the latest domestic journalism (Tutorial). - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1999. (file: 59.doc)
Modern international relations. Textbook / Under. ed. AB. Torkunov. - M.: ROSSPEN, 1999. - p.152-166 (BSU library)
Lundestad East, West, North, South: the main directions of international politics. 1945-1996. M., 2002. (BSU library)
Ivanyan E.A. How did it end? cold war» (J. Matlock recalls...) // USA. Canada. Economy. Politics. - 2005,.N2 1. - p.bl-70.
Educational and methodological complex for the course "History of domestic journalism of the twentieth century"
Training and metodology complexBachelor's Program № Department: Theories and History of Journalism Direction: Journalism, Public Relations Discipline: History of Russian Journalism (1917-1992) Credit
ProgramTopics of term papers for the course "Patriotic journalism of the XX century" Russian journalism of the period of the bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1905-1907
DocumentKuznetsov I., Fingerit E. Newspaper world Soviet Union. 1917-1970 - M., 1972. T. 1. Central newspapers; T. 2. Republican, regional, regional and district newspapers.
Discipline program History of national journalism for students of 1-3 courses of the correspondence department
discipline programThe discipline "History of Russian journalism of the 19th century" is included in the block of general professional disciplines for the training of specialists in the direction 030600 "Journalism".
The program of the discipline "History of national journalism" for the direction 030600. 62 "Journalism" for the preparation of a bachelor Author Nuridzhanov G. A
discipline programThe program of the discipline "History of national journalism" (print and electronic press) has been developed State University– Higher School of Economics for the preparation of a bachelor in the direction of "Journalism", taking into account the requirements
Hovsepyan R. P. The history of the latest domestic journalism (February 1917 - early 90s). - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1999. - 304 p.
Annotation: The manual examines the most important features of the functioning of domestic journalism in the conditions of the multi-party system of the Soviet state and the beginning of democratic transformations in the transition period. The purpose of the manual is to understand the role of the media in the diverse processes of the socio-political and economic life of the country at various stages of its history.
For students of faculties and departments of journalism of universities.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. RUSSIAN PRESS AFTER THE FEBRUARY BOURGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION
Russian periodicals at the beginning of the 20th century
The February Revolution and the Development of Printing in Russia
Journalism in the political struggle of the opposing sides
Printing after the July events
CHAPTER 2. JOURNALISM OF THE FIRST DECADE OF SOVIET POWER (November 1917 - 1927)
The establishment of one-party Soviet journalism in the years civil war and foreign military intervention (July 1918–1920)
Domestic journalism during the liberalization of the Soviet regime (1921–1927)
CHAPTER 3. DOMESTIC JOURNALISM in the late 1920s and 1930s
Development of the media structure
Journalism as a means of ideological and organizational support for the Bolshevik concept of socialist construction
Domestic journalism of the 30s.
CHAPTER 4. JOURNALISM BEFORE AND DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (1939–1945)
Soviet journalism in the prewar years. Press and radio in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War
The main problems of the speeches of the Soviet press during the war years
Publicism during the Great Patriotic War
CHAPTER 5. JOURNALISM OF THE POST-WAR DECADE (1946-1956)
The development of the media system in the post-war years
The theme of the restoration and further development of the national economy in the Soviet press
The theme of economic recovery and development in the press of the post-war years
CHAPTER 6
Further development of the media structure
The theme of economic reform in the press
Journalism in captivity of voluntarism and relapses of the cult of personality
CHAPTER 7
Mass media in conditions of democratization and publicity
The revival of the multi-party press in the country
Journalism and new political thinking
CHAPTER 8. JOURNALISM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (90s)
The system of mass media in Russia in the first half of the 90s.
The structure of the periodical press of the Russian Federation
TV broadcast
Broadcasting
News agencies
Book publishers
Regional journalism
Journalism in the Marketplace
Leading topics of the media of the Russian Federation
Journalism of the Russian Federation and power structures
Press of Russia on the Internet
INTRODUCTION
The history of the latest domestic journalism at all stages of its path is complex and contradictory. The essence of journalism is determined not by the sum of published editions and publications, different in nature and content, but by a dynamic, diverse process in which the publication, publicist and society are in a very complex relationship, in constant motion and development.
The history of the mass media (mass media) has developed under the influence of numerous not only objective, but also subjective factors that influenced the content, the nature of all its structural links. For decades, historical science, including historical journalism, has been under authoritarian pressure. It performed apologetic functions, depriving itself of the scientific principles of historicism, objectivity, truthfulness. In the historical and journalistic literature, everything that could cast a shadow on the "infallibility" of the party, its leaders, sow doubts about the absolute correctness of their line was hushed up.
Many works have been devoted to the construction of the Soviet press and its participation in the socio-political transformations of our society. Among them are “Party and Soviet Press in the Struggle for the Construction of Socialism and Communism”, published in two editions in 1961 and 1966, “Press and the Construction of Communism” (M., 1969), “Soviet Journalism and the Communist Education of Working People” (M. ., 1979), "Multinational Soviet journalism" (M., 1975). A prominent place in the historiography of the latest domestic journalism was occupied by the following works: T. Antropov. The newspaper "Pravda" in the struggle for the victory of the October Revolution (M., 1954); R. Ivanova. Party and Soviet press during the years of extensive construction of socialism (1929-1937) (M., 1977); I. Kuznetsov. Party and Soviet press during the years of socialist industrialization of the country (M., 1974); S. Matvienko. Party and Soviet press as an instrument of socialist construction (1926-1932) (Alma-Ata, 1975); A. Mishuris. The press born in October (M., 1968), etc. However, while carrying rich factual material, these books are mostly written from the positions of the “Short Course in the History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks” and directive documents of the CPSU that have been established in historical science and do not reflect today the realities of modern historical science.
The authors of many studies were deprived of access even to complete sets of newspapers, not to mention archival materials. The objective conditions of life in Soviet society deprived them of the opportunity to recreate a true picture of the historical development of domestic journalism.
Books and studies were silent about the fact that the bourgeois-democratic state, which arose for the first time in the history of Russia in February 1917, proclaimed freedom of speech, the press and other manifestations of democracy. The opened prospects provided an opportunity for the socialist parties of Russia to legalize their activities and set about organizing their own network of periodicals.
It is necessary to restore the truth about the process of formation of the newest domestic journalism in the conditions of a multi-party system that took place after the victory of October in young Soviet Russia.
Until recently, ideas about the activities of the Russian press in the first decade of Soviet power were fragmentary. It was not considered in the context of the socio-economic policy and military communist ideology pursued at that time, it was hidden that even after the victory of the October Revolution, the administrative apparatus of the Provisional Government continued to operate, helping the Soviet government to avoid anarchy and paralysis in governing the country, that forced surplus appropriation led to a serious change in the principles of distribution, naturalization of wages, equalization. The principles of "war communism" propagated by the press were presented as a definite plan for an accelerated transition to communist production and distribution. Blindly promoting Stalinism as the highest achievement of Marxist theoretical thought, it justified the repressions against those who were suspected of apostasy and accused of betraying the cause of communist construction. An in-depth understanding of the historical processes that really took place helps to understand the role played by the press in the exceptionally rapid formation of the military-communist ideology, which had a detrimental effect on the forms and methods of governing the country over the next decades.
The beginning of the restructuring of political consciousness was laid by the report of N.S. Khrushchev at the XX Congress of the CPSU "On the cult of personality and its consequences" held in 1956. However, the period of "thaw" was short-lived. Analysis of the press of the late 60s and 70s. more and more asserts in thought that the coming to the leadership of the country L.I. Brezhnev led to a tightening of the political climate, intolerance of the authorities to manifestations of free thought. Journalism moved away from a real assessment of the emerging socio-political contradictions.
The year 1985 brought complex and still unresolved problems to Soviet society. Journalism in the context of the democratization of society, publicity, which opened the door to a little-known past, has acquired new qualities and opportunities. The revival of the multi-party press has become a reality. Under the influence of democratization and glasnost in the publications that saw the light after 1985, much of the secret became clear. The possibility of an objective assessment of the past made it possible to make the property of historical and historical-journalistic science that which had previously been hushed up or distorted.
Many new, instructive collections of journalistic materials contain: “If in good conscience” (1988), “No other choice” (1988), “Returned names”, in two books. (1989), “Pages of the history of the CPSU. Data. Problems. Lessons" (1988), "They were not silent" (1989), "Our Fatherland. Experience of political history”, in two volumes (1991), book by N. Werth “History of the Soviet state: 1900–1991” (1995), textbook “History of the latest domestic journalism. February 1917 – early 90s” (1996), “Journalism of the end of the 20th century: lessons and perspectives” (1998), etc.
The historiography of domestic journalism in a democratically oriented society is only taking shape. Nevertheless, many works have been published in recent years, the authors of which give an objective picture of the processes that took place in the 1990s. in mass media. This, in particular, refers to the books: “The Mass Media System of Russia” (1994), “Moral Principles of TV Journalism (Experience of the Code of Ethics)” (1994), “History of the Newest Russian Journalism. Transition Period (Mid-1980s – 1990s)" (1996), "Five Years of Freedom of the Press" (1996), "Mass Information: Production Strategy and Consumption Tactics" (1996), "Judicial Reform: Problems of Analysis and Coverage . Discussions on Legal Journalism" (1996), "Mass Media: Systemic Characteristics" (1996), "Journalism in Transition: Problems and Prospects" (1996) and others.
The rethinking of a number of problems in the history of modern Russian journalism necessitated overcoming the elements of a dogmatic approach to examining the nature and content of the Soviet press at all stages of its activity. A resolute rejection of the subjectivist interpretations of the processes of formation and development of the latest domestic journalism that have developed in historical journalism science opens up new horizons along this path.
A new reading and understanding of many documents and facts, an unbiased analysis of the newspaper sheet made it possible to return the undeservedly forgotten names of publicists to domestic journalism, to get acquainted with their activities and literary skills. In the history of modern Russian journalism, the editorial and journalistic activities of N. Berdyaev, N. Bukharin, G. Plekhanov, P. Struve, N. Ustryalov, L. Trotsky, V. Chernov, M. Zoshchenko, K. Radek, P. Milyukov and other political figures and writers.
Hovsepyan or Hovsepyan(arm. Հովսեփյան) is an Armenian surname. Formed on behalf of its own and belongs to the common type of Armenian surnames.
Origin
After the adoption of Christianity, during the official baptism ceremony, each person received a baptismal name from the priest, which served only one purpose - to provide a person with a personal name. Baptismal names corresponded to the names of saints and were therefore common Christian names.
The basis of the surname Hovsepyan was the church name Joseph. Hovsep - the Armenian version of the Christian male name Joseph, which is of Hebrew origin and translates as "God's reward."
One of the patrons of this name is considered to be the Monk Joseph Volotsky. He lived in the 15th century, studied literacy at the Vozdvizhensky Monastery and was a well-known polemicist. Joseph Volotsky was for some time the rector of the monastery of Pafnutiy Borovsky, but after a while he left the monastery and founded the famous Volokolamsky Monastery. Hovsep, eventually received the surname Hovsepyan. It is a remarkable monument of Armenian literature and culture.
Foreign language analogues
- Russian Osipov
- English Joseph(Joseph)
- German Joseph(Joseph)
Notable speakers
- Hovsepyan, Avetis Vartanovich(b. 1954) - Soviet footballer.
- Hovsepyan, Agvan Garnikovich(b. 1953) - Prosecutor General of the Republic of Armenia.
- Hovsepyan, Albert Azatovich(b. 1938) - public and political figure Abkhaz Republic.
- Hovsepyan, Andranik(b. 1966) - Soviet and Armenian football player.
- Ovsepyan, Vasily Andreevich(b. 1949) - Soviet and Russian journalist, editor, producer, poet.
- Ovsepyan, Irina Vasilievna (Irina Karenina) (b. 1979) - Russian poet, journalist, editor.
- Hovsepyan, Ron President and CEO of Novell, Inc.
- Hovsepyan, Ruben Garnikovich(b. 1958) - Armenian political and statesman.
- Hovsepyan, Ruben Georgievich(b. 1939) - Armenian writer-publicist. Member of the ARF.
Journalism of the twentieth century is traditionally divided into 8 stages. The period we are considering - the 80s - captures two of them at once. The turning point, both in the history of the country and in the history of journalism of the Soviet era, was April 1985, when M.S. Gorbachev, who came to power, completely changed course further development countries. Therefore, an excursion into the history of the period of interest to us should also be divided into stages “before” and “after”.
The journalism of the pre-perestroika period was purely propaganda in nature. The fact that the Central Committee of the CPSU recognized Soviet journalists as the main "helpers" of the party speaks for itself. Such a flattering statement was made in honor of the creation in 1959 of the Union of Journalists of the USSR. From the end of the 60s to the mid-80s, there were only four congresses of the Union, which "were moving away from those realities of life that remained out of sight of the media and contributed to the rapid flowering of stagnation" R.O. Hovsepyan “History of the newest domestic journalism. February 1917 - the beginning of the XXI century.
Particular attention was devoted to the role of the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic war, all dates related to the course of the war were excessively widely covered in all media. Invariable was the exaggeration of the role of first N. Khrushchev, and then L. Brezhnev in achieving victories on the fronts of the Second World War. In other words, while creating an ideal picture of life in the country, journalists kept silent only about the tragic and controversial moments in its history.
The media coverage of the international mission of the Soviet troops in Afghanistan is also interesting. From the pages of newspapers the people learned about the glorious mission of helping the fraternal people. Television showed the exciting reports of Alexander Kaverznev from Afghanistan. The information that in fact the Soviet soldiers got involved in the armed struggle against the Mujahideen was simply not provided.
The media kept the picture in the minds of citizens quiet life in the country. As the researcher Strovsky writes: “In the late 70s - mid-80s. pomposity, false pathos, unbridled glorification, a clear desire to pass off wishful thinking, a departure from real problems put forward by life are being established in Soviet journalism.
The period until the 1970s and 1980s was also marked by an unprecedented increase in the number of publications and their circulation. Appeared a large number of brand new editions with different themes. The historian of journalism R.O. Hovsepyan cites the following statistics. “In 1985, Ogonyok had a circulation of 1.5 million copies, in 1990 - 4 million,“ New world"- 425 thousand and 2.7 million, "Znamya" -177 thousand and 900 thousand copies. The largest circulations were still in the magazines "Worker" (20.5 million), "Peasant" (20.3 million), "Health" (25.5 million copies)". R.O. Hovsepyan “History of the newest domestic journalism. February 1917 - the beginning of the XXI century "
This growth in printed journalism brought the country closer to the position of the most reading country in the world. By 1985, only Japan was ahead of the USSR in terms of the number of newspapers per thousand people.
By the end of the 70s - beginning of the 80s, the role of TASS increased even more. At the expense of state appropriations, its complete technical re-equipment took place, and the network of correspondents expanded. Own correspondents now worked in more than 100 countries around the world.
Despite the change in the number of print media in the Union, the topics covered on their pages remained unshakable. As before, journalists and writers sought to instill patriotism, honesty, and decency in their readers. The role of such an artistic and journalistic genre as an essay has increased. And although the journalism of that period could not boast of sharp social criticism, the desire to adequately reflect the contradictory processes that took place in the country, it still remained bright and civic. Among the publicists who touch on the most significant social topics in their essays, one can single out A. Agranovsky, G. Bocharov, V. Peskov, Yu. Chernichenko, S. Smirnov.
But it was impossible not to raise unpleasant topics that were of concern to the whole country. And although the role of samizdat and "tamizdat" (Russian press abroad) decreased slightly during these years, censorship in the USSR still had enough work to do. The fire of criticism was taken over by the Novy Mir magazine, which willingly published the works of Solzhenitsyn and Tvardovsky, objectionable to the authorities. The magazine was reduced, withdrawn from sale, subjected to severe pressure, but everything existed. It was there that Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" was published, which caused a wide public outcry.
Describing the state of the media during this period, it is impossible not to touch upon the actively developing television and radio. By 1985, the radio network covered the entire country, and about 90% of the population had televisions in their homes. In 1981, the country celebrated the 50th anniversary of television broadcasting. During this time, television became color, round-the-clock and ubiquitous. The Union began 1982 with an all-Union program that combined information, socio-political, cultural, educational, artistic and sports topics and covered more than 230 million people.
April 1985 was a turning point in history for the country as a whole and for domestic journalism in particular. The course towards renewed socialism and its more liberal attitude towards the media raised the people's interest in journalism. Perestroika connected all the media to the propaganda of the new course. All the smallest events related to the acceleration of scientific and technical progress, the reconstruction of production, and programs to combat the shortage of consumer goods were covered. The emphasis is on bringing every reader to the process of building a "new socialism". Pravda publishes readers' letters with proposals for the further development of the country, assessments of government statements, and even amendments to the program and charter of the CPSU.
The main feature of the journalism of the perestroika period is its polemical nature. One after another, collections of journalism “If in good conscience ...”, “Perestroika in the mirror of the press” and others appear. It can be said that after 70 years of silence, journalists were allowed to speak for the first time. Hence, the credibility of the media has increased significantly. In 1989, the country's newspaper and magazine world consisted of 8,800 newspapers with a one-time circulation of 230 million copies, and 1,629 magazines with a circulation of over 220 million copies. A year later, the circulation of newspapers increased by 4.6%, and that of magazines by 4.3%. V.V. Kuznetsov "History of national journalism (1917-2000)".
Moreover, the organizational function of journalism has finally begun to be resolved. Thanks to the speeches of prominent publicists of that time and the responses of readers, the project for the construction of the Nizhneobskaya hydroelectric power station was rejected. Construction could lead to flooding of hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of territory. In general, assistance in solving acute social and environmental issues- this is another important page in the journalism of the perestroika period. But even at this time, the use of the media as the main organs of propaganda did not stop. First of all, this is evidenced by the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU “On the newspaper Pravda”, which was adopted at the April 1990 congress. “Being the main tribune of the party,” this resolution emphasized, “Pravda is called upon to focus on key areas of implementing the policy of the CPSU,” and a communist journalist, no matter where he works, must be “an active, thinking fighter of the party.” And already in June a qualitatively new step was taken - the first "Law on the press and other mass media" in the history of the country was adopted.
But even the new trends in journalism at the end of the 1980s did not change the very structure of receiving and processing operational information. The main channel for the exchange of information and the main propaganda organ of the ruling party was still the unshakable TASS, which could not but affect the very essence of the work of journalists. Alternative news agencies began to appear only closer to the collapse of the USSR - in 1992.
Scientific and technological progress, about which newspapers and magazines wrote so much and widely, made it possible for television to approach the place of the leader among all media. Teleconferences between the USSR and the USA were a huge success, helping to solve problems both external and domestic policy both states. On September 5, 1982, the first such teleconference "Moscow - Los Angeles" took place during the youth festival "We" in America. The initiator from the American side was Steve Wozniak, from the Soviet side - screenwriter Iosif Goldin and director Julius Gusman. It was interesting for a Soviet person to look into another continent, to see the life of an American so distant to him. The Soviet government did not need another reason to show where to live better.
The already quite developed Leningrad television played a special role. One of the most popular was the Telecourier program. It was a review and short reports that were filmed on Saturdays and aired at midnight. It was Leningrad television that took the liberty of broadcasting the first interviews with Academician Sakharov, the first rallies in both capitals of the USSR.
The end of the perestroika period in Russian journalism is connected primarily with the end of the history of Soviet journalism in general, which happened exactly at the same time as the collapse of the Soviet Union. But the very next day, journalism woke up in a new capacity - Russian journalism. But this is a completely different page of history.