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C is a syndrome. There are a large number of signs and symptoms associated with the disease. P - acquired. The disease is not due to a genetic predisposition, but is acquired in a specific way. And - immune. D - deficit. In this case, the immune system is suppressed and loses the ability to resist various infections.
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The first cases of AIDS were noted in the early eighties in the United States among drug addicts. Now the epidemic has covered about 190 countries of the world.
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Why can't the body defend itself? Virus T-lymphocyte T-lymphocyte with a virus Infection of new T-lymphocytes Antibody Viruses in cells are in a form inaccessible to antibodies
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As a result of illness human body becomes defenseless against infectious and neoplastic diseases, which the normal immune system copes with.
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Stages of AIDS disease. I. Infection with the HIV virus: weekly fever, swollen lymph nodes, rash. A month later, antibodies to the HIV virus are detected in the blood. II. Latent period: from several weeks to several years: mucosal manifestations, fungal infections skin, weight loss, diarrhea, fever. III. AIDS: pneumonia, tumors, sepsis and other infectious diseases.
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Ways of transmission of HIV infection. Through the blood: during blood transfusion, transplantation of organs and tissues. From mother to child: in utero, during childbirth, while breastfeeding. When using contaminated medical instruments, for drug addicts - with one syringe. Sexual - with a constant sexual partner (use condoms!) And homosexual relationships; with artificial insemination.
- a decrease in the number of CD4 lymphocytes;
- various infections (opportunistic);
- tumor diseases of an infectious and non-infectious nature.
AIDS is the final stage of infection.
What you should pay attention to?
- cough for more than a month;
- dermatitis;
- herpes;
- candidiasis;
- lymphadenopathy.
Symptoms (large)
- weight loss (more than 12% of the original);
- diarrhea (chronic);
- fever (constant or intermittent).
Stages of the disease
- Infection.
- The period of infection (latent).
- Laboratory signs of infection.
- Clinic (primary) viral infection acute character is not a mandatory step.
- AIDS in the clinic - immunodeficiency with the addition of disease indicators.
Ways of transmission of infection
- Direct contact of mucous membranes or blood with fluids (containing the virus).
- Sexual contacts: anal, oral, vaginal sex.
- Blood transfusion.
- From mother to fetus.
Current state of infection
Today, HIV infection has become an epidemic. In 2008, the number of citizens infected with HIV was 34 million. In Russia, more than 790,866 thousand people are living with HIV infection, including about 7,000 children under 15 years of age.
When was HIV formed?
The method of molecular phylogeny proved that the birthplace of a terrible disease is the region West Central Africa. This infection arose there at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. For the first time, the symptoms of the disease were described in 1981 in the United States. This was done by an organization called the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
How is HIV treated?
At present, no vaccine has been developed. Treatment of this infection slows down the course of the disease, but does not eliminate the disease itself. Science and society are aware of one case of a cure for HIV by transplantation of stem cells (modified). Antiviral therapy reduces disease mortality, but medicines against the disease are expensive. They are not available to citizens of all countries of the world.
Disease prevention
Because HIV is difficult to treat, special role physicians assign the prevention of HIV infection. It consists of disseminating information about safer sex and the use of disposable syringes.
Through which contacts the disease is not transmitted?
HIV is not dangerous through household contact through salivary and lacrimal fluid, in addition, it is not transmitted by airborne droplets, through moisture and food. The saliva of an infected person can be potentially dangerous if it contains blood.
Should there be a day of remembrance for citizens who died of AIDS?
Notable people who died from this disease
Actor Rak Hudson, singer Freddie Mercury, Rudolf Nureyev, Isaac Asimov (writer).
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HIV can only infect cells of the human body that have a CD4 protein molecule on their shell: these are cells of the immune system (mainly blood cells called T-lymphocytes, or CD4-lymphocytes) and central nervous system B - virus I - immunodeficiency H - human
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HIV infection is an infectious disease of viral etiology with a long asymptomatic stage, characterized by a slowly progressive defect in the immune system, which leads to the death of the patient from secondary lesions, described as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Development History Twenty-four years ago, most health professionals did not know what HIV was. The first reports of a mysterious fatal illness appeared in the US in 1978. In 1983, scientists managed to isolate the causative agent of the disease, called HIV. Over the years, 16 million people have died as a result of AIDS, the end-stage disease caused by HIV.
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Life with HIV Moment of infection end of life //___1___// ______________________2_________//_______3____//_4_// "window" carriage of the AIDS virus terminal - from three weeks to 3–6 months or more: it is impossible to diagnose HIV infection due to the lack of antibodies , but a person is a source of infection from the moment of infection until the end of life - the carriage of the virus - 7–15 years (without treatment): a person does not look and does not feel sick, remains able to work, and others social opportunities. Dispensary observation is necessary to make a decision on the timely appointment of treatment - AIDS - 3-5 years (without treatment): the ability to work is gradually lost, the person looks and feels sick, treatment is required - the terminal stage - 3-6 months: severe dying, outside care is required
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Remember!!! It is possible to become infected with HIV without knowing it and inadvertently pass HIV to others. According to the criminal code for deliberate infection - 5 years of imprisonment.
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Once in the body, the virus destroys the immune system gradually. Over time, it becomes weak. The development of numerous diseases: pneumonia, cancer, infectious diseases that usually do not occur in people with a healthy immune system. Sudden weight loss (10% or more) Elevated temperature body Intense night sweats Chronic fatigue Swollen lymph nodes Persistent cough Intestinal disorders Finally, there comes a point when the body's resistance is completely lost, and numerous diseases become so aggravated that the patient dies.
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Ways of transmission of HIV infection The first way is sexual contact with an infected person. HIV can be transmitted from man to woman, from woman to man, from man to man, and from woman to woman.
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The second way The second way is getting the blood of an HIV-infected or AIDS-infected person into a healthy body. This can happen when blood is transfused from HIV-infected donors and when non-sterile medical instruments are used. Blood used for medical purposes is tested for the presence of the virus, and instruments, primarily syringes, are disposable.
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third way third way - transmission HIV from an infected or AIDS-infected mother to her child. This can happen during pregnancy. HIV crosses the placenta into the fetus. During childbirth, during the passage of the child through the birth canal of the mother, HIV, along with blood, can enter the body of the newborn through easily vulnerable skin. But IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE YOU CAN BE CURED.
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Treatment -Currently, there is no vaccine that can prevent HIV infection and no drug that can destroy HIV in the body.
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The spread of HIV/AIDS through blood can be prevented by: Testing donated blood People establishing their own blood banks Sterilizing medical instruments and using disposable medical instruments Using personal instruments and tools for manicure, pedicure, piercing, shaving Strict adherence to the rules of safe behavior and use of personal protective equipment
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The HIV virus is not transmitted: bites of mosquitoes and other insects, air, handshake (in the absence of open skin lesions), a kiss (any, but in the absence of bleeding lesions and cracks on the lips and mouth), dishes, clothes, use of the bathroom, toilet, swimming pool, etc.
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WHY KNOW IF YOU HAVE HIV? - to stop the disease in time and prevent the development of AIDS; - to be more attentive to your health, tk. any disease on the background of HIV infection is more severe and requires special treatment. This is especially true for hepatitis, tumors, tuberculosis; - so as not to infect your loved ones and loved ones.
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7 HIV/AIDS Safe Behavior -I know how people get HIV and how I can protect myself. - I never use drugs. -I do not use non-sterile instruments for ear piercing, tattoos, piercings, shaving. -I always follow the rules of personal hygiene. -I will refuse medical services unless I am sure that the instruments are sterile. -For manicure or shaving I use only my personal tools. -If I was / will be at risk of contracting HIV, I will donate blood for analysis.
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You probably already know a lot about the problem that is called HIV / AIDS all over the world.
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They talk about it constantly and a lot, but still every minute in the world 15 people become infected with HIV, and 7-8 people of them are your peers.
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- People who have this virus are diagnosed with HIV infection.
- From the moment of infection with HIV to the development of AIDS, it can take from 7 to 15 years.
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- HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus.
- The virus damages the immune system, which performs the protective functions of the body.
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This is what the human immunodeficiency virus looks like (a stylized image of a cross section of HIV)
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HIV does not fly through the air. It can only exist in the human body.
- An artificially colored photograph taken with a scanning electron microscope.
- HIV viruses (green) bud from an infected lymphocyte.
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AIDS
Until an HIV infection develops into AIDS, an infected person may feel good, look healthy, and not even suspect that he is infected, but he can still infect others.
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AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection when the body's defense system is destroyed. Diseases that a person overcomes in ordinary life (for example, influenza or pneumonia) can be fatal for people who have AIDS.
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AIDS develops faster in those whose health is initially poor. Smoking, alcohol abuse, drug use, poor nutrition, stress also negatively affect.
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The virus is transmitted:
- during sexual intercourse without the use of a condom;
- with direct ingestion of blood into the human body through wounds, sores, mucous membranes;
- during blood transfusion;
- when performing piercing and tattooing with non-sterile instruments;
- when using non-sterile syringes and other tools for the preparation of drugs, as well as when introducing an already contaminated solution of a drug;
- from an infected mother to a child during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding.
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You can't get HIV:
- with handshakes, hugs, kisses;
- when coughing and sneezing;
- when eating;
- when sharing crockery and cutlery, towels and bed linen;
- when sharing a bathroom and showers;
- when doing sports together;
- when staying in the same room with HIV-infected people;
- with bites of insects and / or animals.
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HIV INFECTION IS A REALITY!
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The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that between 1981 and 2006, 25 million people died from HIV and AIDS-related illnesses.
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Adult HIV prevalence by country in 2007:
- More than 20%
- 15-20 %
- 10 – 15 %
- 5 – 10%
- 2 – 5 %
- 1 – 2 %
- 0,5 – 1,0 %
- 0,1 – 0,5 %
- Less than 0.5%
- Less than 0.1%
- No data
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In the Belgorod region from January 1, 1992 to May 1, 2012, 1026 cases of HIV infection were registered. 70% of cases are people aged 20-39; 170 HIV-infected people died.
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HIV infection is one of the most devastating epidemics in human history.
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HIV - human immunodeficiency virus
HIV infection, like a wildfire, has now engulfed almost all continents. In an unusually short time, it has become the number one concern for the World Health Organization and the United Nations, pushing cancer and cardiovascular disease into second place. Perhaps no disease has given scientists such serious riddles in such a short period of time.
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HIV infection is a disease. It is caused by HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus. Immunodeficiency is a condition in which the body cannot resist various infections. HIV lives and multiplies only in the human body. HIV affects the human immune system, over time depriving it of the ability to resist not only the reproduction of HIV, but also other diseases and infections
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The human immune system integrates organs and tissues that protect the body from disease by identifying and destroying viruses, bacteria, and other micro-organisms that cause disease. A healthy immune system uses the mechanism of "cleansing" the body of viruses and bacteria, which involves three types of cells: T-lymphocytes - cells that are the first to detect a foreign substance (virus or bacterium). B-cells, on command of T-lymphocytes, produce antibodies to the virus to indicate that this microorganism is “alien”. Phagocytes, or killer cells, in response to the production of antibodies, destroy viruses.
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Thus, when a virus enters the body, its timely detection and destruction is ensured. The main feature and danger of the human immunodeficiency virus is that it affects the immune system, depriving it of the ability to defend itself. At the last stage, when AIDS develops, the immune system weakens and can no longer provide the body with protection against various viruses and bacteria. A person dies not from the HIV infection itself, but from any other disease that the immune system is no longer able to resist.
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How does HIV affect the human immune system?
HIV, like any virus, can only reproduce (multiply) inside the host cell. As a host cell, HIV uses T-lymphocytes, whose function is to give a "danger signal" when a virus is detected. Once inside the T-lymphocyte, HIV uses its biological processes to its advantage, forcing the cell to create copies of itself. This process depletes the host cell and, over time, most of the infected T cells die. And new copies of the immunodeficiency virus invade new T-lymphocytes, kill them, and the cycle repeats. The fewer T-lymphocytes become, the more the body's immune system weakens.
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Gradually, the number of T-lymphocytes decreases so much that the body can no longer resist infectious agents that a healthy immune system can usually cope with. Subsequently, this leads to the development of AIDS - the last stage of HIV infection.
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The spread of HIV infection is mainly associated with unprotected sex, the use of virus-contaminated syringes, needles and other medical instruments, the transmission of the virus from an infected mother to her child during childbirth or breastfeeding. AT developed countries Mandatory screening of donated blood has greatly reduced the possibility of transmission of the virus through its use.
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HIV is NOT transmitted through:
bites of mosquitoes and other insects, air, shaking hands, kissing, dishes, clothes, sharing a bathroom, toilet, swimming pool, etc.
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To date, there are 4 main types of HIV: HIV-1 - discovered in 1983. The most common representative HIV-2 - discovered in 1986. Less studied. It is believed that HIV-2 is less pathogenic. HIV-3 - discovered in 1988. HIV-3 is rare. More often, this virus is designated as HIV-1 subtype O. HIV-4 - discovered in 1986. Occurs rarely.
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Stylized cross section of HIV
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Periods of HIV infection:
incubation period. Classical concept: " incubation period" is the period of time from the moment of infection to the onset of the first symptoms of the disease. However, for HIV, this definition is not applicable, since clinical manifestations are often absent until the period of formation of pre-AIDS (1-5 years). Therefore, the incubation period for HIV is this is the time from the moment of infection to the appearance of antibodies in the blood (3 weeks - 3 months) Prodromal period - the period of precursors infectious disease: fever, urticaria, stomatitis, inflammation of the lymph nodes. Often this period is absent or goes unnoticed by the infected.
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Latent (hidden) period - lasts 5-10 years, while the only (but not mandatory) manifestation is a persistent increase in lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy). Pre-AIDS - duration 1-2 years - at the same time, signs of immunosuppression begin to appear: recurrent herpes, recurrent stomatitis, recurrent fungal diseases, including candidiasis. AIDS - lasts 1-2 years and is accompanied by generalized opportunistic infectious processes:
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Tuberculosis. Generalized forms of salmonellosis (meningitis, encephalitis). Pneumonia caused by legionella. Pneumocystis pneumonia. Severe forms of the flu. Severe forms of herpes simplex. Generalized forms of diseases caused by protozoa. Generalized mycoses (fungal lesions). Formation of malignant tumors. Kaposi's sarcoma. Lymphomas.
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HIV diagnosis:
ELISA is used to diagnose HIV. In the presence of positive result ELISA, an additional method is carried out - immunoblot (IB). With a doubtful result of IB, PCR diagnostics is performed. This minimizes the chance of a false positive result.
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HIV prevention:
Psychological setting Some psychological aspects are important for HIV prevention. In particular, the understanding that any act of life is your personal choice, but along with the freedom of choice, you also receive responsibility for it. Loyalty to a loved one In order not to get sick with HIV, you need to avoid sexual contact with partners who may be infected. First of all, it is important to avoid casual sexual intercourse - the probability of contracting HIV is extremely high here, because it is impossible to check the HIV status of an unfamiliar partner. Therefore, HIV prevention should begin with streamlining relationships with the opposite sex in general. Of course, it is better to start only serious relationship based on mutual trust and respect, because it is useful not only from a moral, but also from a medical point of view. It is important to be faithful to your partner and not make connections on the side - this also protects against HIV.
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We are examined together If you are planning a serious relationship, and sexual intercourse becomes not a momentary pleasure, but an expression of your feelings, it is advisable to make sure in advance that your partner is not infected with HIV. How can you find out? As Galina Pankova, head of the epidemiological department of the Moscow City Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS, advises: “It is best if partners who are going to enter into an intimate relationship are tested for HIV together, for example, in an anonymous testing room - this will avoid misunderstandings and unpleasant surprises in the future . In rare cases, people may lie about their HIV status.” Avoiding drugs In order to protect yourself from HIV, you need to avoid the use of narcotic and psychoactive drugs, as well as a large number alcohol. Injecting drug use leads directly to HIV - the blood of an HIV-positive person can get into your blood, and the risk of infection will be extremely high! Non-injection drugs, psychoactive substances and large doses of alcohol contribute to the infection of HIV indirectly - you lose control of your behavior and you can have casual sex with an HIV-infected partner
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Personal Hygiene It is important to practice good personal hygiene - use only your own toothbrush and razor, or new ones, and do not allow other people to use them. Although the transmission of HIV in this way is practically not found, it is better to protect yourself from this side as well.
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What not to be afraid of:
An HIV-positive person is very different in appearance. HIV-positive people are no different from ordinary people, since for a long time the disease does not manifest itself at all, in addition, HIV does not have specific clinical signs. You can only find out the HIV status of a person with an appropriate examination. HIV infection can be contracted at home. In fact, HIV is not transmitted by airborne droplets - that is, by coughing and sneezing, as well as through handshakes and hugs with an HIV-positive person - intact skin serves as a reliable barrier to the virus. In addition, the virus is very quickly destroyed in the external environment. Therefore, HIV is not transmitted through a towel, clothes, bed linen, dishes.
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HIV can be transmitted through saliva, sweat and tears. The virus can indeed be in these biological fluids, but the amount of it in them is small - therefore, there is no risk of infection under normal conditions. For example, in order for the dose of the virus in saliva to become sufficient for infection, three liters of saliva are needed, if the saliva is mixed with blood, then ten milliliters. If we talk about sweat, then a whole bath of sweat is needed for infection, in the case of tears, a whole pool. HIV can be contracted in the pool, sauna or through the bath. As we said earlier, HIV is very unstable in the external environment and is quickly destroyed, therefore it is also impossible to get infected with HIV in such ways.
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Children infected with HIV can infect a healthy child when joint games, for example, when bitten. Therefore, such children should attend special kindergartens or schools, separate from healthy children. Children don't bite each other that often. In addition, a lot of saliva is needed to infect HIV, which is probably why such a case of infection has not been recorded in the entire history of the epidemic. All over the world, HIV-infected children attend regular schools and kindergartens and should not be isolated from healthy children. Mosquitoes transmit HIV through their bites. If this myth were true, then, probably, the entire population of the globe would already be infected with HIV. While HIV cannot live and multiply in the body of a mosquito, in addition, too little virus fits on the proboscis of a mosquito, this amount is clearly not enough for infection.
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If the test is positive:
The will to live is the most powerful medicine for people with HIV infection and AIDS. If you have the will and purpose, you will live happily ever after. Believe in yourself and love yourself. Remember that your family and friends need you. You can be a positive example for other people living with HIV. Find new goals in life:
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Finish your education and go to study further. Well-educated people are in demand all over the world right now. Gaining new knowledge is not only a way to distract yourself, but also an opportunity to make your life more fulfilling and successful. Make a career. Being a good specialist is not only an opportunity to provide for yourself, your family and children financially. It is also a reason for legitimate pride You have been able to achieve more than other people. For example, the famous American basketball player Irvin "Magic" Johnson, who announced that he was HIV-positive in 1991, received Olympic gold in Barcelona a year later, continued for another five years sports career and is still alive. And if you want, you will find hundreds more examples of what people living with HIV have been able to achieve. Have healthy children. You have such an opportunity. Protect them, love them, help them grow into worthy people. You will definitely wait for grandchildren. Make your lifestyle healthier. Now is the time to give up bad habits, start moving more and eat healthy food. Your body will need help and strength to fight HIV infection. Finally, do what you have wanted all your life, but for which you have never had the time or energy. Enjoying life and being happy is the most important thing you can do for yourself.
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HIV treatment:
To date, there are no drugs that can rid a person of HIV, however, antiretroviral drugs are used that can significantly slow down the development of the virus. In addition to the use of basic antiviral therapy, it is of great importance healthy lifestyle the life of an HIV-infected person. With the formed AIDS, etiotropic treatment is also carried out, taking into account the pathogen.
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The only way to protect against HIV infection is to prevent infection by following all possible preventive measures. But in the case of HIV infection, it is possible to keep the disease under control - regularly visit a doctor at the Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS, and, if necessary, take therapy. In this case, there is a chance to live a long and full life, as well as give birth to a healthy child.
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