Since ancient times (beginning with ancient Indian, ancient Chinese, ancient philosophy), the problem of man has occupied the minds of philosophers. This problem becomes even more relevant in the 20th century, when the scientific and technological revolution has become new factors in human life and the human personality risks being leveled "in the grip" of the information-technogenic society.

Man is a special being, a phenomenon of nature, possessing, on the one hand, a biological principle (bringing him closer to higher mammals), on the other hand, spiritual - the ability for deep abstract thinking, articulate speech (which distinguishes him from animals), high learning ability, assimilation achievements of culture, a high level of social (social) organization.

The problem of personality is one of the central ones in the entire system of humanitarian knowledge. And each of the theoretical disciplines that study personality outlines its image in its own way, expressing it in specific terms, from its own point of view.

Philosophy analyzes the problem of personality in its own way. It is no coincidence that in the structure of philosophical knowledge, in the system of philosophical anthropology, such a branch as "personalism" was designated - a philosophical concept of personality and its universal status, free development.

From the standpoint of philosophical personalism, a person is not an object among other objects, a thing among other things. It cannot be known from outside. Personality is the only wholeness that we both know and create from within. Russian personalism (N. Berdyaev) considers personality as something inimitable, unique, valuable in itself. It should be understood only from itself, and not from anything external (nature, sociality, even the transcendent). The essence of personality is its freedom. It is a spiritual reality, the triumph of freedom over slavery, victory over the heaviness of the world.

Most philosophers believed that an individual becomes a person, not closing in on himself, but entering into complex relationships with Others, showing up in an ensemble of social relations, presenting himself as a social individual.

Based on the fact that in different theoretical constructions a person “looks” differently, it can be argued with one measure of evidence or another that each individual is a person, and vice versa, that not everyone can be relied upon as a person. So, for a lawyer, a newborn is a person protected by law and possessing a certain set of rights (property, the right to protect dignity, etc.). And for a teacher or psychologist, a newborn is only the potency of a full-fledged personality, he still needs to “distinguish himself”, become a personality.

In philosophical humanistics, it is still customary to consider all living individuals, regardless of any differences (age, ethnicity, the presence or absence of talent, etc.). Even those who have left us “into the other world” are also individuals. Respect for the dead is an essential feature of any humanistically oriented culture.

Sometimes it is proposed (M.S. Kagan) to separate the three concepts that characterize an individual, in this way:

An individual is the designation of a person taken as an "individual", a single representative of the species "Homo sapiens";

Personality is a sociological interpretation of an individual, which includes the acquisition of a set of sociocultural roles and the maturation of a set of value orientations in the inner world.

For many centuries, the concept of "personality" has been used to characterize the spiritual beginning of a person - a set of innate and acquired spiritual properties of a person, his inner spiritual content.

Personality is the innate qualities of a person, developed and acquired in the social environment, a set of knowledge, skills, values, goals.

Individuality is a culturological vision of an individual, in which his originality, originality, originality, his "self" and irreplaceability come to the fore.

Thus, a person is a socio-biological being, and in the conditions of modern civilization, due to education, laws, moral norms, the social principle of a person controls the biological.

Life, development, upbringing in society is a key condition for the normal development of a person, the development of all kinds of qualities in him, and his transformation into a personality. There are cases when people from birth lived outside of human society, were brought up among animals. In such cases, of the two principles, the social and the biological, only one, the biological, remained in man. Such people acquired the habits of animals, lost the ability to articulate speech, lagged far behind in mental development, and even after returning to human society did not take root in it. This once again proves the socio-biological nature of man, that is, that a person who does not have the social skills of educating human society, possessing only a biological principle, ceases to be a full-fledged person and does not even reach the level of animals (for example, in which he was brought up) .

Of great importance for the transformation of a biological individual into a socio-biological personality is practice, work. Only by engaging in any specific business, and one that meets the inclinations and interests of the person himself and is useful for society, a person can appreciate his social significance, reveal all the facets of his personality.

When characterizing the human personality, attention should be paid to such a concept as personality traits - congenital or acquired habits, way of thinking and behavior.

According to their qualities, their presence, development, people are distinguished. Through qualities, one can characterize a person's personality. To a large extent, qualities are formed under the influence of family and society.

Positive moral qualities stand out in philosophy: humanism; humanity; honour; conscience; modesty; generosity; Justice; loyalty; other qualities. and socially condemned-negative: swagger; cynicism; coarseness; parasitism; cowardice; nihilism; other negative traits. Socially useful qualities include: will; determination; wisdom; skill; installations; beliefs; patriotism.

A person, as a rule, combines all kinds of qualities; some qualities are developed more, others less.

characteristic feature each person, personality is the presence of needs and interests.

Needs are things that a person needs. Needs may be:

Biological (natural) - in the preservation of life, nutrition, reproduction, etc .;

Spiritual - the desire to enrich inner world to join the values ​​of culture; material - to ensure a decent standard of living;

Social - to realize professional abilities, to receive a due assessment from the society.

Needs are the basis of human activity, an incentive to perform certain actions. Satisfaction of needs is an important component of human happiness. A significant proportion of needs (except biological) are formed by society and can be implemented in society. Each society corresponds to a certain level of needs and the ability to satisfy them. The more developed the society, the higher the quality of needs.

Interests - a specific expression of needs, interest in something. Together with needs, interests are also the engine of progress. Interests include:

Personal (individual);

Group;

Class (interests of social groups - workers, teachers, bankers, nomenklatura);

Public (the whole society, for example, in safety, law and order);

State

The interests of all mankind (for example, in preventing nuclear war, ecological catastrophe, etc.). Interests may also be:

material and spiritual;

normal and abnormal;

Long-term and immediate;

Permitted and unpermitted;

General and antagonistic.

The presence of a different hierarchy of needs and interests, their conflict, struggle are the internal engine of the development of society. However, the difference of interests contributes to progress and does not lead to destructive consequences only if the needs and interests are not extremely antagonistic, aimed at mutual destruction (of a person, group, class, state, etc.), and correlate with common interests.

A special aspect of the normal life of a person (personality) in society is the presence of social norms.

Social norms are generally accepted rules in society that regulate the behavior of people. Social norms are vital to society:

Maintain order, balance in society;

They suppress the biological instincts hidden in a person, "cultivate" a person;

They help a person to join the life of society, to socialize.

The types of social norms are: “^ norms of morality;

Norms of the group, collective;

Special (professional) standards;

Rules of law.

Moral norms govern the most common behaviors of people. They cover a wide range of social relations, are recognized by all (or the majority); the mechanism for ensuring the fulfillment of the requirements of moral norms is the person himself (his conscience) and society, which can condemn the violator of moral norms.

Group norms are special norms that regulate the behavior of members of narrow teams (they can be the norms of a friendly company, a team, the norms of a criminal group, the norms of a sect, etc.).

Special (professional) norms regulate the behavior of representatives of certain professions (for example, the norms of behavior for loaders, seasonal workers differ from the norms of behavior for diplomats, special norms of behavior are common among health workers, artists, military, etc.).

Rules of law differ from all other social norms in that they:

Established by special authorized state bodies:

They are mandatory;

Formal-defined (clearly formulated in writing);

Regulate a clearly defined range of social relations (and not social relations in general);

Backed up by the coercive power of the state (the possibility of using violence, sanctions by special government agencies in the manner prescribed by law in relation to persons who have violated them).

The life of a person and society is impossible inaction - holistic, systemic, consistent actions aimed at a certain result. Labor is the main activity.

In a modern developed society, labor is one of the highest social values. Labor, when a person is alienated from the means and results of labor, loses its motivation and social attractiveness, becomes a burden for a person and negatively affects the personality. On the contrary, work that benefits the individual and society contributes to the development of human potential ...

Labor played an exceptional role in the formation and development of human consciousness, human ability, in evolution as a whole.

Thanks to labor and its results, a person stood out from the surrounding animal world, managed to create a highly organized society.

Life position - the attitude of a person to the world around him, expressed in his thoughts and actions.

There are two main positions in life:

passive (conformist), aimed at subjugation to the outside world, following the circumstances.

active, aimed at transforming the surrounding world, control over the situation;

In turn, a conformist life position can be:

Group-conformist (an individual, like other members of the group, strictly adheres to the norms adopted in the group);

Social conformist (an individual obeys the norms of society and "goes with the flow"); this behavior was especially characteristic of citizens of totalitarian states.

An active life position also has its facets:

Active, independent behavior in relation to other individuals, but submission to the leader of the group;

Submission to the norms of society, but the desire to lead in a group, team;

Ignoring social norms and actively striving to "find oneself" outside of society - in a gang of criminals, among hippies, in other antisocial groups;

Non-acceptance of the norms of society, but the desire to independently and with the help of others to change the entire surrounding reality (example: revolutionaries - Lenin and others).

For the normal entry of a person into society, for his adaptation, the harmonious existence of the society itself, it is necessary to educate the individual.

Education is the familiarization of the individual with social norms, spiritual culture, preparing him for work and future life.

Education is carried out, as a rule, by various institutions of society: family, school, group of peers, army, labor collective, university, professional community, society as a whole.

An individual person can act as an educator, a role model: a teacher at school, an authoritative peer, a commander, a boss, a representative of the world of culture, a charismatic politician.

The mass media, as well as the achievements of spiritual and material culture (books, exhibitions, technical devices, etc.), play a huge role in the education of the individual on the part of modern society.

The main goals of education:

prepare a person for life in society (transfer to him material, spiritual culture, experience);

develop socially valuable personality traits;

erase or dull, neutralize qualities condemned in society;

teach a person to interact with other people;

teach a person how to work.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://www.shpori4all were used. people.ru/

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Man, individual, personality. Personality structure

social life

Personality as one of the components

LECTURE 4

1. Man, individual, personality. The structure of personality.

2. Social dynamics and personality typology.

The central place in sociological knowledge is occupied by the problem of man and personality. The knowledge of man begins with the ancient Greek philosophers - the sophists, who laid the foundations for the most diverse anthropology. Man is the subject of study of many sciences. So philosophy, exploring the essence of man in the "man-world" system, reveals the general patterns of his biological and social development, seeks to give answers to the so-called "eternal questions". Art, literature, religion, morality, pedagogy, psychology, etc. are aimed at comprehending a person. At the same time, even today there is no scientifically reasoned idea of ​​a person in the unity of his various manifestations. Although the boundaries of knowledge about a person are expanding, he still does not fit in them.

Society as a social reality, consisting of people, one way or another explain more than twenty theories based on different paradigms. Similarly, more than a dozen theories and concepts explain and model human personality in different ways. We single out some of them: Z. Freud (psychoanalytic theory), A. Adler (individual personality theory), A. Maslow (humanistic theory), D. Rogers (the theory of "I-concept"), K. Horney (sociocultural theory), D. Kelly (cognitive theory of personality), G. Allport and T. Eysenck (dispositional theory), E. Erickson (psychoanalytic theory with an emphasis on the ego), B. Skinner (behavioral theory: SR), A. Bandura (socio-cognitive ), etc. The disagreements of the authors are especially striking in the question of the nature of man, its indicators and the degree of variability in history.

Man - ϶ᴛᴏ the totality of many systems: biological, social and mental. Systems have many subsystems. For example, psychological includes sensations, feelings, emotions, thinking, memory, will, character; spiritual - social experience, habits, knowledge, skills, etc. Therefore, personality is also one of the system properties of a person. Sociology considers the systemic definitions of “person” - “individuality” - “personality” from the standpoint of four approaches. The first is called conditionally substantial approach. It is based on the universal form of human interaction with the world - activity, as the substance (original principle) of human life. The activity of an individual is ϶ᴛᴏ the unity of external form and internal content. Interacting with the environment, the individual exhibits external activity. The mental life of a person, the relationship between his subsystems - internal activity. Transitional stage of internal activity to external, ᴛ.ᴇ. activity observed from the outside is called behavior human being, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ explains the theory of behaviorism.

Based on these premises, first of all, the concept activity, can essence substantial approach to express in the following reasoning. Human(holistic generic being) in the first place organism- the substance of physical or psychophysical activity. Taken together, the psychophysical and biosocial properties of a person express individual as a transitional state organism to personality. Each individual, as a subject of internal, mental activity, manifests his own uniqueness, uniqueness, ᴛ.ᴇ. individuality. Individual characteristics due to both heredity and lifetime influence of the environment.

The whole set of social qualities of a person, all forms of activity (activity) are expressed in personalities, how product development individual in society. The individual stands out from the undifferentiated tribal community in the process of socio-historical development. He acquires personality traits much later. It takes more than just time for an individual to become a person. It is necessary that he constantly be in human society, enter into one or another relationship with him. Forms the personality of the relationship "man - individual - society".

So, the substantial approach to the definition of personality fixes the types of human activity, corresponding to the four levels of reality: organic, biopsychic, psychosocial and psychic proper.

From another, formal-logical point of view, the concepts of "man", "individual", "individuality" and "personality" can be expressed through dialectical categories general (universal), special and singular.

Human- a social-natural being expressing general features of the entire human race, in connection with this universal- ϶ᴛᴏ « generic man».

Individual- characteristics of a person in his special dimension, as a separate representative of the human race or social group. An individual is a biosocial being, having both typical and special features, at the same time he concentrates in himself some common features inherent in the whole genus.

Individuality expresses the uniqueness, originality, singularity human existence in all its manifestations. This is an alloy of innate and acquired characteristics: temperament, psychological traits, manners and style of performing social roles.

Consequently, " personality" there is an integral unity of the universal, particular and individual. The semantic content of the personality is determined activity as a specific human way of existence and development.

Personality- ϶ᴛᴏ a single person as a system of stable qualities, properties realized in social relations, social institutions, culture, more broadly - social life. The natural, biological in the individual does not disappear, but manifests itself only as significant in social life.

Applicable to society as well as to the individual structural-functional an approach. This form of analysis allows comparing the concepts of "personality" and "individual" from different positions. In practice, for example, such an option is widespread when a personality is defined in relation to an individual as value-normative standard. The characteristics of the individual are then ascertained by "imposing" this standard. In cultural anthropology (ethnography), the conformity of the individual to the features of the national character is determined in this way.

In another position, a person can be considered as a carrier of statuses and roles, included in various institutional systems. As T. Parsons believed, primary needs are in the behavioral subsystem, and goals and motives are in the personal subsystem.

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, from the point of view of structural and functional analysis personality is a subsystem of a person focused on achieving goals.

The fourth approach is called relational. It is based on the principle of referentiality (from Latin refero – I refer, connect, compare). From the point of view of the relational approach, a person appears as a system of external and internal correlation of a person with society, his "introduction" (objective conditionality) and intrusion (subjective significance).

The 4 approaches listed above serve as the basis comparative personality analysis as systemic quality of a person.

And now we note some meaningful approaches to the concept of "personality".

The content side of the personality is also distinguished by a wide variety of definitions. Concepts differ from each other both in worldview and in methodological terms. The professional affiliation of the researcher, of course, leaves an imprint on approaches to the definition of personality. Let us single out briefly at least the main 4 approaches: philosophical, psychological, anthropological, sociological.

In philosophy, a personality is considered from the point of view of its position in the world as a subject of activity, communication, cognition and creativity in the "personality - society" system. The philosophical approach focuses the researcher on the knowledge of the universal laws of human existence. The merit of domestic philosophers is the development activity approach to the study of personality. (Domestic sociology developed mainly within the framework of the philosophy of historical materialism.) The conclusion that a person is a product and a product activities cannot lose its scientific significance in the future.

The second approach is conditionally called psychological. Personality in psychology is a stable integrity of mental properties and processes. There are many psychological theories of personality: psychoanalysis, analytical concept, phenomenological, etc.

famous psychologist R.S. Nemov, numbering about 50 personality theories, divides them:

- into psychodynamic, sociodynamic, interactionist;

– experimental and non-experimental;

- structural and dynamic.

From the point of view of the domestic psychologist A.A. Bodalev, all theories can be divided:

1) on role theories of personality;

2) A. Maslow's theory;

3) I-concept theory;

4) cognitive and humanistic theories of personality;

5) existentialism.

The famous psychologist Z. Freud considered the personality as a subject whose activity is conditioned by innate drives. E. Fromm argued that the understanding of the human personality should be based on an analysis of the human needs that society provides to it, created to embody the social essence of man.

Psychology reflects the structure of the "inner" side of the human personality. The psychological approach to understanding the personality consists, first of all, in explaining the psychological processes and mechanisms for including the personality in interpersonal relationships and group communities, in understanding the relationship between the internal and external (behavioral) aspects of the personality's activity.

Domestic psychologists have made a significant contribution to the problem of the content of the personality, they have given many definitions: personality is “an integral property of a person” (B.F. Lomov); systemic (social) quality acquired by an individual in objective activity and reflecting social relations (A.N. Leontiev, A.V. Petrovsky, etc.)

The socio-psychological literature emphasizes social conditioning personalities: it is "the integrity of the social properties of a person, a product community development and the inclusion of the individual in the system of social relations through active objective activity and communication” (V.A. Yadov); “man as an object and subject of biosocial relations that connect the universal, socially specific and individually unique” (B.D. Parygin).

In order to study the personality in its entirety and integrity, a anthropological approach. Anthropology considers the personality in unity with the culture in which it is formed. In this case, culture should be understood as the life forms of the existence of a person and structures generated by a particular culture.

The fundamental difference between the anthropological and sociological approaches to the study of personality lies in the fact that the first is focused mainly on identifying pre-structural, hidden forms of personality life, while sociological, on the contrary, is focused on the study of structural, institutionally isolated life forms, ᴛ.ᴇ. in the system of statuses, roles and positions.

Methods of anthropological paradigms are different: structural-functional, comparative, typological, evolutionary and historical analysis. Thus, the cultural-historical paradigm suggests that without studying the cultural environment, a person cannot be fully characterized. To analyze the relationship "personality - culture", "models" (J. Honigman) are used, to indicate the result of the impact of cultural institutions on a person - "project systems" (A. Kardiner and others). Summarizing, we emphasize that the anthropological approach involves considering the entire integrative socio-cultural context of personality development - from the cultural environment to the deep structures of the psyche.

Sociological approach focused on learning personality as a systemic quality of a person, due to his inclusion in the system of social relations, as well as the ability to act simultaneously as an object and subject of activity. In both cases, personality is formed in the process of interaction of people with the outside world.

Of the whole variety of sociological and socio-psychological concepts, two have received wide recognition. C. Cooley, J. Mead, R. Linton became the founders role concept of personality, the essence of which is to discover and study the socio-typical characteristics of the individual, expressed in the system of institutionalized relations (ᴛ.ᴇ. in the system of statuses and roles).

IN behavioral concept personality is considered as a system of human reactions to external stimuli. B. Skinner tried to create technologies of behavior in his concept. He distinguished two types of behavior - respondent, which is evoked by stimuli S, and operant, due to reactions R. Thanks to R-reactions, which determine the arbitrary nature of behavior, a person adapts to environmental conditions. This is the basis of behavioral theory: S-R.

So, it must be recognized that sociology does not claim to be a complete and exhaustive definition of personality, because personality is only a concrete expression of the social essence of a person, realized in an individual. For this reason, the concept of "personality" is used in the scientific literature in different meanings.

Let's move on to the second part of the first question and consider the structure of personality.

A.I. Kravchenko distinguishes purely static (constant) components (subconscious, unconscious, consciousness and superconsciousness) as well as dynamic ones in the structure of personality. Based on the fact that actions, deeds, movements and acts are minimally fractional units of social reality, ᴛ.ᴇ. building blocks of behavior and activity as two sides of human activity, it reveals the nature and hierarchy needs, referring to the concept of A. Maslow.

Understood and perceived needs at a certain stage form motives and motivation social action. An original alternative classification of the motives of social action was put forward in his time by the American sociologist T. Parsons. Motives, as conscious intentions, are certainly mediated values, which form the core of the human personality. From the point of view of sociology, values ​​are not sold or bought - ϶ᴛᴏ what is connected with social ideals and norms is what makes life worth living. The formed system of values ​​structures, arranges for the individual a picture of the world.

Value Core personality, as its structural element, presupposes defense mechanism this core. This is the dynamic side of the personality structure, according to A.I. Kravchenko We share this point of view and the logic of reasoning, however, it is extremely important to dwell in more detail on the elements of the personality structure with reference to the authors of theoretical concepts.

In modern social science, the concept of "fundamental structure of the personality" has become widespread, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ is derived on two grounds: "activity" and "relational". The “activity” basis, as already noted above, is characteristic of philosophy and psychology, while sociology, on the contrary, considers the structure of the personality to a large extent from the “relational” positions that develop between the personality and the social environment and form in their totality its social structure.

The nature of the activity makes it possible to single out several subsystems in the personality structure related to the search for life meaning, orientation, motivation, volitional decision, with real behavior and reflective reflection (as a regulatory system). Such a personality structure (a set of systems of the subject of activity) is common to psychology and sociology. Only a psychologist considers this structure from the point of view of a person's mental properties. Z. Freud believed that personality consists of 3 basic systems: id(congenital states and instincts of a person, which are a source of psychic energy); ego(the executive body of the personality, acting as an intermediary between instinctive requests and environmental conditions (norms, values); superego.

The author of the analytical theory K. Jung imagined the structure of personality in approximately the same way: the collective conscious and unconscious - ϶ᴛᴏ archetypes, universal ideas ( superego); lower will be ego- personal conscious, and even lower id - personal unconscious (individual experiences, suppressed and forced out of the sphere of consciousness of the complex), this is the "core" of the personal unconscious.

Based on the psychoanalytic concepts of Z. Freud, C. Jung, a number of sociological schools have developed that consider the structure of the personality from the standpoint of the realization of needs. These are E. Fromm (existential needs - existence); K. Horney (neurotic needs for love, a leading partner, power, recognition, ambition); G. Sullivan in the structure of personality identifies such components as dynamisms (energy units of the psyche), personifications (individual images of oneself or others), cognitive processes (experiences and ideas).

The author of humanistic psychology, Abraham Maslow, considered the structure of personality through a hierarchy and interpenetration of needs. He considered the basic needs to be physical (vital), the need for security and protection, self-respect, love, ᴛ.ᴇ. existential. These needs influence metaneeds (knowledge, aesthetic, ᴛ.ᴇ. spiritual). In turn, high spiritual needs have an impact on physical, existential, prestige and other needs.

The domestic psychologist K.K. Platonov. Taking as a basis the relationship of biological and social, innate and acquired, procedural (reflective) and content, in the structure of personality, he singled out 4 subsystems according to their qualitative characteristics.

The original theoretical model of personality was developed by Pitirim Sorokin in the System of Sociology, reflecting in it the concepts of many scientists. At the heart of his views are two important initial principles. The first is that the individual does not belong to one, but simultaneously to several social groups (social, political, professional) and the personality is formed, develops and acts in a system of completely defined coordinates. The second - ϶ᴛᴏ is that the personality is at the same time integral and mosaic, breaking up into a number of "I", often opposite to each other. In the realities of social relations, one "I" within one personality is connected with other "I", different from it, ᴛ.ᴇ. the place of the individual in the coordinate system changes and, accordingly, his position in society changes. The views of P. Sorokin are closely connected with the names of representatives of the role and behavioral concepts of the individual. So, C. Cooley in his theory of "mirror I" believed that personality consists of 3 elements:

1) ideas about how other people perceive us;

2) ideas about how they react to our behavior;

3) ideas about how we respond to the perceived reaction of other people.

In his behavioral concept, the sociologist George Mead, characterizing the structure of personality, bifurcates the "I". In the first part, I-myself (the reaction of the individual to the impact of other people and society as a whole) and I-me or I-other (a person's awareness of himself from the point of view of other significant people). It turns out the image of a generalized another through which a person can correlate himself and his actions with other people.

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, "relational" aspects in the social structure of the personality will occupy a leading place. Moreover, the correlation of a person with society can be considered both from the outside and from the inside. External correlation is expressed in the system social statuses(position of a person in society) and models of role behavior (as a dynamic side of statuses); internal correlation is represented by a set of dispositions (as subjectively meaningful positions) and role expectations (as the dynamic side of dispositions).

So, the social structure of the personality is expressed in the unity of two components: objectively (as a system of statuses and roles) and subjectively (as a system of dispositions and role expectations).

The status-role theory of personality was formed as a result of the synthesis of sociology, cultural anthropology and social psychology. As noted above, the foundations of the theory were laid by C. Cooley, and the interactionist J. Mead developed the concept of the “generalized other”, R. Linton described the sociocultural nature of role behavior. It was the anthropologist R. Linton in the 30s. 20th century introduced into scientific circulation the concepts of "status", "social position" and "social role". Functionists (T. Parsons and R. Merton) emphasized role pluralism (participation of the same people in a number of teams) and characterized the system of social roles. The system is distinguished by such features as emotionality (violent or restrained manifestation), method of obtaining, scale, formalization and motivation.

Robert Merton's theory role-playing And status sets personality. Each person has many social statuses (status set), one of which can be considered the main one, and others - secondary. Distinguish born or prescribed statuses (age, gender, social origin, nationality, place of birth) and acquired, achieved depending on the real achievements of the individual in a particular area of ​​​​life (education, official position, qualifications).

The social role expresses the dynamic side of the status, or rather, on the one hand, the normatively approved way of behavior of the individual and, on the other hand, the normative expectations of the participants in the interaction. The role behavior of the individual is the result of the performance of the role, which is preceded by the processes of learning and accepting roles. If there is a discrepancy between behavior and normative prescriptions and expectations, role tensions and conflicts may arise, which are resolved through rationalization, separation and regulation of roles.

So, we emphasize that in the concepts of social statuses and roles objective the level of the social structure of the individual.

At the same time, each person manifests his own (subjective) life position as sustainable direction on certain values, called disposition. The founder of the psychological theory of disposition was the famous scientist Gordon Allport. The sociological aspect of dispositional theory was successfully developed by American scientists William Thomas and Florian Znaniecki. A significant contribution to the development of the theory of disposition was made by the domestic sociologist V.A. Poisons. In his opinion, disposition is a person's predisposition to perceive the social situation, conditions of activity and to certain behavior in these conditions. V.A. Yadov not only developed a hierarchy of disposition levels, but also formulated the concept of dispositional regulation of personality behavior. The essence of the concept of dispositional regulation of behavior is that a person makes a choice of a line of behavior depending on a particular situation; in specific situations, elementary dispositions “help” her, and in more complex situations, generalized and higher ones.

We emphasize that social statuses express the objective positions of the individual in the social world, and dispositions - subjective positions, ᴛ.ᴇ. this is a subjective cut of statuses. Social roles that mediate the processes of interaction between the individual and society characterize the dynamic side of the social structure of the individual.

The above concepts give reason to single out in structure different personalities levels. First - biological: heredity, leading hemispheres of the brain, temperament, drives. Second - psychological: sensations, feelings, emotions, thinking, memory, will, character. The third - spiritual structure: social experience, habits, knowledge, abilities, skills. Fourth - social structure: interests, inclinations, ideals, beliefs, leading needs, their orientation, etc.

The initial paradigm of the sociological definition of a person as a person is the recognition of his sociocultural conditioning.

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Introduction

1 person

2. Individual and individuality

3. Personality

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Individual - are born,

Personality - become

Individuality is upheld.

Disputes about human nature have a long history. The question of what a person is, what is his nature and essence, how he differs from other living beings, is both simple and complex. The scientific understanding of a person involves the characteristics of his anatomy, physiology and other features that can be expressed in physicochemical and biological terms. On this account, there are, of course, various philosophical concepts about the nature and essence of man. The diversity of different opinions suggests that the answer to the question of what a person is is not an easy problem.

Man is the highest level of living organisms on Earth, the subject of socio-historical activity and culture. The question of the nature and essence of man is one of the global problems of philosophical thought.

Concepts: a person, an individual, a person are among the complex, complex. It is impossible to give their exhaustive interpretation, which could not be clarified or challenged in some detail. At the same time, these concepts are widely used in various fields of knowledge about a person.

The purpose of the work: the study, generalization and characterization of the diverse manifestations of man.

It is necessary to expand and deepen knowledge about the main approaches to the essence of man; the uniqueness of each person, the possibilities of individual self-realization, the unity of the biological and social in a person, the essential features of a person that distinguish him from other living beings.

The work consists of an introduction, three parts, a conclusion and a list of references. The total amount of work is 17 pages.

1. Human

Philosophical disputes about human nature have a long history. Studying society and social relations, people have long tried to comprehend the essence of man himself, to identify his main features and specific features. By changing views on the essence of human existence, one can trace the main milestones in the development of human knowledge.

According to scientific views, man bodily belongs to mammals, namely to hominids (humanoid creatures). Man, like all other living beings, is a part of nature and a product of natural, biological evolution. Anthropologists have traced the biological evolution of Homo sapiens from higher primates to modern man. Pithecanthropes, Australopithecus, Sinanthropes, Neanderthals, Cro-Magnons constitute separate stages of this evolution, which clearly demonstrates the development of man as a biological species, an increase in the volume of his brain, a change in limbs and his entire natural constitution.

Like any living being, a person is a kind of metabolic system that exists due to the exchange of substances with the environment. He breathes, consumes various natural products, exists as a biological body within certain physical, chemical, organic and other environmental conditions. As a natural, biological being, a person is born, grows, matures, grows old and dies.

Man, like an animal, is characterized by instincts, vital (vital) needs. There are also biologically programmed proto-social (pre-social) patterns of human behavior as a specific biological species.

Like any biological species, Homo sapiens is characterized by a certain set of specific features, each of which can vary in different representatives of the species within fairly large limits. Such a change can be influenced by both natural and social processes. Biological determinants (factors that determine existence and development) are determined by a set of genes in humans, the balance of hormones produced, metabolism and other biological factors. All this characterizes a person as a biological being, determines his biological nature. But at the same time, it differs from any animal and, above all, by the following features: Klimenko A.V. Social science: Proc. / A.V. Klimenko, V.V. Rumynina. - M.: Bustard, 2004. - P.14.

Produces its own environment (housing, clothing, tools), while the animal does not produce, only uses what is available;

Changes the world not only according to the measure of its utilitarian need, but also according to the laws of knowledge of this world, as well as according to the laws of morality and beauty, an animal can change its world only according to the needs of its species;

It can act not only out of necessity, but also in accordance with the freedom of its will and imagination, while the action of an animal is oriented exclusively to the satisfaction of physical needs (hunger, the instinct of procreation, group, species instincts, etc.);

Able to act universally, the animal is only in relation to specific circumstances;

It makes its own life activity an object (meaningfully relates to it, purposefully changes, plans), while the animal is identical to its life activity, and does not distinguish it from itself.

The above differences between man and animal characterize his nature; it, being biological, does not consist in the natural activity of man alone. He, as it were, goes beyond the limits of his biological nature and is capable of such actions that do not bring him any benefit, he is characterized by altruism, he distinguishes between good and evil, justice and injustice, is capable of self-sacrifice and of asking such questions as “Who am I? ”, “What am I living for?”, “What should I do?” and etc.

Man is not only a natural, but also a social being, living in a special world - in a society that socializes man. He is born with a set of biological traits inherent in him as a certain biological species. A reasonable person becomes under the influence of society. He learns the language, perceives social norms of behavior, is saturated with socially significant values ​​that regulate social relations, performs certain social functions and plays specific social roles. All his natural inclinations and senses, including hearing, sight, smell, become social and culturally oriented. He evaluates the world according to the laws of beauty developed in a given social system, acts according to the laws of morality that have developed in this society. It develops new, not only natural, but also social spiritual and practical feelings. These are, first of all, feelings of sociality, collectivity, morality, citizenship, spirituality. Together, these qualities, both innate and acquired in society, characterize the biological and social nature of man.

The biological nature of man is the basis on which the formation of the actual human qualities. Biologists and philosophers name the following anatomical, physiological and psychological features of the human body, which form the biological basis of human activity as a social being: Ibid. - p.15

a) straight gait as an anatomical feature that allows a person to take a wider view of the environment, freeing the forelimbs even during movement and allowing them to be used for labor better than quadrupeds can do;

b) grasping hands with movable fingers and an opposing thumb, allowing complex and subtle functions to be performed;

c) a look directed forward, and not to the sides, allowing you to see in three dimensions and better navigate in space;

G) big brain and a complex nervous system, enabling a high development of mental life and intellect;

f) long-term dependence of children on parents, and consequently, a long period of guardianship by adults, a slow rate of growth and biological maturation, and therefore a long period of learning and socialization;

g) the plasticity of innate impulses and needs, the absence of rigid mechanisms of instincts, such as those found in other species, the possibility of adapting needs to the means of satisfying them - all this contributes to the development of complex patterns of behavior and adaptation to various environmental conditions;

h) the persistence of sexual attraction, which affects the forms of the family and a number of other social phenomena.

With the development of these qualities of a person, a weakening of some of his physical properties occurred: the sharpness of feelings became dull, physical strength decreased, and the protective properties of the body weakened in relation to adverse external factors.

If we turn to the other side of man - his consciousness, then here the differences from animals will be even more striking. Bogolyubov, L.N. Man and society. Social Studies. / L.N. Bogolyubov, L.F. Ivanova, A.Yu. Lazebnikova and others; Ed. L.N. Bogolyubova, A.Yu. Lazebnikova. - M.: Enlightenment, 2002. - P.17. While the behavior of an animal is inextricably linked with the environment and is guided by instincts, human activity is not rigidly programmed, there is always room for free choice in it. This much less dependence of man on the environment than in animals made it possible to specialize his sense organs and expand their functions, created conditions for the development of independent thinking, feeling, expression of will, the emergence of memory and fantasy. Man has not only consciousness, but also self-consciousness.

According to a number of philosophers, an individual spirit rises above the human soul, which establishes a connection not so much with the external material world, but with the essence (ideas) of things. This elevates man even more above the animal world and man above nature.

The soul and body of a person, his spiritual and physical sides are inextricably linked. Thanks to his special bodily and mental organization, a person becomes a person capable of purposeful, planned actions, creative achievements, among which the creation of human forms of communication is in the first place. On this basis, speech and writing develop, the ability to name things and generalize their properties in concepts, to work together not only to develop natural resources, but also to create a new socio-cultural environment.

Being, of course, a natural being living according to the laws of the natural world, a person can fully live and develop only in a society of people like him. Such important factors of human life as consciousness, speech, are not transmitted to people in the order of biological heredity, but are formed in them during their lifetime, in the process of socialization, i.e., the assimilation by the individual of the socio-historical experience of previous generations.

Thus, a person is a being belonging to the human race, possessing speech, consciousness, higher mental functions (abstract thinking, logical memory, etc.) capable of creating and using a tool of labor in the process of social labor.

2 . Individual and individuality

A person from the moment of his birth is an individual, i.e. a single natural being, a carrier of individual_peculiar traits.

individual commonly called a single concrete person, considered as a biosocial being. Bogolyubov, L.N. Guidelines for the course "Man and Society" / L.N. Bogolyubov, L.F. Ivanova, A.T. Kinkulkin and others - M .: Education, 2003. - P.16.

How often about a person who is noticeable, standing out among others, one has to hear: “He is an individuality!” Close in sound and origin to this word is the concept of "individual". In everyday speech, these words are used as equivalent. However, science distinguishes them in meaning.

The term " individual characterizes a person as one of the people. This term also means how typical the signs of a certain community are for its various representatives (priest of Amon Anen, Tsar Ivan the Terrible, plowman Mikula Selyaninovich).

Both meanings of the term "individual" are interconnected and describe a person from the point of view of his identity, features. This means that the features depend on society, on the conditions in which this or that representative of the human race was formed.

Term individuality makes it possible to characterize the differences of a person from other people, implying not only the external appearance, but also the whole set of socially significant qualities. Each person is individual, although the degree of this originality may be different.

Multi-talented people of the Renaissance era were bright individuals. Remember the painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, engineer Leonardo da Vinci, painter, engraver, sculptor, architect Albrecht Dürer, statesman, historian, poet, military theorist Niccolo Machiavelli, and others. They were distinguished by originality, originality, bright originality and individuality.

The concept of "individuality" in biology refers to the specific features inherent in a particular individual, organism due to a combination of hereditary and acquired properties.

In psychology, individuality is understood as a holistic characteristic of a certain person through his temperament, character, interests, intellect, needs and abilities.

Philosophy considers individuality as a unique originality of any phenomenon, including both natural and social. In this sense, not only people can have individuality, but also historical eras(for example, the era of classicism).

If the individual is considered as a representative of the community, then individuality is seen as the originality of a person's manifestations, emphasizing the uniqueness, versatility and harmony, naturalness and ease of his activity. Thus, in a person, the typical and the unique are embodied in unity. So, considering the difference between the terms "individual" and "individuality", we turn to an example. March 20, 1809 in Sorochintsy in the family of the landowner Vasily Gogol-Yanovsky, a son was born, baptized with the name Nikolai. It was one of the sons of the landowners born on that day, named Nicholas, i.e. individual. The newborn was distinguished by signs characteristic only for him (height, hair color, eyes, body structure, etc.). Later, he developed traits associated with growing up, learning, and an individual lifestyle: he began to read early, wrote poetry from the age of 5, studied diligently at the gymnasium, and became a writer, whose work was followed by Russia. It showed a bright individuality, i.e. those features, properties, signs that distinguished Gogol. Bogolyubov, L.N. Man and society. Social Studies. / L.N. Bogolyubov, L.F. Ivanova, A.Yu. Lazebnikova and others; Ed. L.N. Bogolyubova, A.Yu. Lazebnikova. - M.: Enlightenment, 2002. - S. 21-22.

Thus, individuality is the uniqueness, originality, originality of the qualities and properties of a person that distinguish him from the people around him.

From these two concepts "man" and "individual" it is necessary to distinguish the concept of "personality".

3 . Personality

The problem of personality is one of the main ones in the system of sciences that study man and society, as well as philosophy. It runs like a red thread through all other problems.

Personality is called a human individual who is the subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant features, properties and qualities that he implements in public life.

The concept of personality is inextricably linked with the social properties of a person. Outside of society, an individual cannot become an individual (because then there is nothing and no one to compare his properties with), much less a personality.

The Philosophical Encyclopedia defines personality as follows: it is a human individual as a subject of relations and conscious activity.

Other meaning, personality- a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society.

Both definitions emphasize the links between the individual, the individual and society. Let's try to understand these connections. In science, there are two approaches to personality. There. - p.23

The first considers the essential (most important for understanding a person) characteristics. Here the personality acts as an active participant in free actions, as a subject of knowledge and change of the world. At the same time, such qualities are recognized as personal, which determine the way of life and self-esteem of individual characteristics. Other people will certainly evaluate a person through comparison with the norms established in society. A person with reason constantly evaluates himself. At the same time, self-esteem can change depending on the manifestations of the personality and the social conditions in which it operates.

The second direction of studying personality considers it through a set of functions, or roles. A person, acting in society, manifests himself in a variety of circumstances, depending not only on individual traits, but also on social conditions. So, let's say, in the tribal system, relationships in the family require from its older members the same actions, in modern society- others. A person can simultaneously carry out actions, performing different roles - an employee, a family man, an athlete, etc. He performs actions, manifests himself actively and consciously. He can be a skilled worker, a caring or indifferent family member, a stubborn or lazy athlete, etc. A person is characterized by a manifestation of activity, while an impersonal existence allows for “swimming by chance”.

The study of personality through role characteristics necessarily implies a person's connection with social relations, dependence on them. It is clear that both the set of roles and their performance (so to speak, the repertoire and the design of the role) are connected with the social structure and with the individual qualities of the performer. In his role manifestations, the personality develops, improves, changes. It is not the personality itself that acts, loves, hates, fights, yearns, but the person who has personality traits. Through it, in a special way, inherent only to him, organizing his activities, relationships, the individual appears as a Man.

When talking about a person, first of all, they mean its social individuality, uniqueness. The latter is formed in the process of upbringing and human activity, under the influence of a particular society and its culture. Not every person is a person. Humans are born, they become individuals in the process of socialization.

Socialization the process of influence of society and its structures on them throughout the life of individuals, as a result of which people accumulate social experience of life in a particular society, become individuals. Klimenko A.V. Social science: Proc. / A.V. Klimenko, V.V. Rumynina. - M.: Bustard, 2004. - P.20.

Socialization begins in childhood, continues through adolescence and into adulthood. Its success depends on how much a person, having learned the values ​​and norms of behavior accepted in a given culture, will be able to realize himself in the process of social life.

The environment surrounding a person can influence the development of a person both purposefully (by organizing training and education) and unintentionally. A huge role is played here by such an important social institution as the family.

Thanks to the process of socialization, a person joins the life of society, can acquire and change his social status. social status- this is a position in society associated with a certain set of rights and obligations. The system of human needs is also socialized: in addition to biological needs (for food, breathing, rest, etc.), social needs are added, such as the need to communicate, to care for other people, to receive high marks from society, etc.

The process of socialization goes through several stages, which sociologists call life cycles: childhood, youth, maturity and old age. Life cycles are associated with changing social roles, acquiring a new status, changing habits and lifestyles. According to the degree of achievement of the result, they distinguish between initial, or early, socialization, covering the periods of childhood and adolescence, and continued, or mature, socialization, covering maturity and old age.

The formation of a person's personality in the process of socialization occurs with the help of so-called agents and institutions of socialization. Under the agents of socialization refers to specific people responsible for teaching other people about cultural norms and helping them master various social roles. There are agents of primary socialization (parents, brothers, sisters, close and distant relatives, friends, teachers, etc.) and agents of secondary socialization (high school officials, enterprises, television employees, etc.). Agents of primary socialization constitute the immediate environment of a person and play an important role in the process of forming his personality, agents of secondary socialization have a less important influence.

Institutes of socialization- these are social institutions that influence the process of socialization and direct it. Like agents, socialization institutions are also divided into primary and secondary. An example of a primary institution of socialization can serve as a family, school, secondary - the media, the army, the church.

The primary socialization of the individual is carried out in the sphere of interpersonal relations, the secondary - in the sphere of social relations. Agents and institutions of socialization perform two main functions: Ibid. - P.21.

1) teach people accepted in society cultural norms and patterns of behavior;

2) carry out social control over how firmly, deeply and correctly these norms and patterns of behavior are assimilated by the individual.

Therefore, such elements of social control as encouragement (for example, in the form of positive assessments) and punishment (in the form of negative assessments) are at the same time methods of socialization.

During the period of secondary socialization, a person can be the subject of the processes of desocialization and resocialization. Desocialization is the loss or conscious rejection of learned values, norms of behavior, social roles, habitual way of life. Resocialization is the opposite process of restoring lost values ​​and social roles, retraining, the return of the individual to a normal (old) way of life. If the process of desocialization is negative and deep enough, it can destroy the foundations of the personality, which will be impossible to restore even with the help of positive resocialization.

For society itself, successful socialization is a guarantee of its self-preservation and self-reproduction, the preservation of its culture.

In this way, personality is a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant qualities that he implements in public life.

Conclusion

Thus, the ambiguity and complexity of the human phenomenon is reflected in the variety of concepts used in its study.

The concept of " human" is used to characterize the universal qualities and abilities inherent in all people. This concept emphasizes the presence in the world of such a special historically developing community as the human race.

In everyday speech, the concept of "man" is identified with the concept of "personality". However, there are profound semantic differences between them.

At its core human being biosocial(i.e. merged into one), is part of nature, at the same time is inextricably linked with society.

He can fully live and develop only in a society of people like him. Such important factors of human life as consciousness, speech, are not transmitted to people in the order of biological heredity, but are formed in them during their lifetime, in the process of socialization, i.e. assimilation by the individual of the socio-historical experience of previous generations.

But humanity as such does not exist on its own. Individuals live and act. The existence of individual representatives of humanity is expressed by the concept of "individual". Individual- this is a single representative of the human race, a specific carrier of all the social and psychological features of mankind: mind, will, needs, interests, etc. The concept of "individual" in this case is used in the sense of a specific person.

Individuality- the unique originality of a person, a set of his unique properties. Individuality was considered in:

1. Philosophy - as a unique originality of any phenomenon, including natural and social.

2. Psychology - as an integral characteristic of a certain person through his temperament, character, interests, etc.

3. Biology - as specific features inherent in a particular individual, organism due to a combination of hereditary and acquired properties.

From these two concepts it is necessary to distinguish the concept of "personality".

Personality- this is a human individuality, which has a set of socially significant features, properties, qualities that it implements in everyday life.

Personality- these are the results of the development of the individual and the most complete embodiment of all his qualities. When talking about a person, first of all, they mean its social individuality, and this is formed in the process of upbringing and activity, under the influence of a particular society and its culture.

Not every person is a person. A person becomes in the process of socialization. Signs that distinguish a person from a person include positive characteristics. With this approach, not all people are recognized as a person.

All people have common features, but at the same time, each person has only his inherent features. If we consider the general characteristics of a person associated with the social sphere of his life, and correlate them with his individual characteristics, this will be special - personality. From this point of view, the concept of personality applies to all people.

Bibliography

2. Bogolyubov, L.N. Social science: textbook. for grade 11: profile. level / L.N. Bogolyubov, A.Yu. Lazebnikova, A.T. Kinkulkin and others; ed. L.N. Bogolyubova and others - M .: Education, 2008. - 415 p.

3. Bogolyubov, L.N. Man and society. Social Studies. Proc. for students in grades 10-11 general education institutions. At 2 pm / L.N. Bogolyubov, L.F. Ivanova, A.Yu. Lazebnikova and others; Ed. L.N. Bogolyubova, A.Yu. Lazebnikova. - M.: Enlightenment, 2002. - 270 p.

4. Klimenko A.V. Social science: Proc. / A.V. Klimenko, V.V. Rumynina. - M.: Bustard, 2004. - 199 p.

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Introduction

The entire history of world social thought reflects the main thing in the processes taking place in society: the life of a person entering into relationships with other people in order to meet emerging needs. But not only the life activity of a person characterizes the qualitative certainty of society, but society also forms a person as a thinking being, possessing speech and capable of purposeful creative activity shapes the personality.

A special place in the social structure of society is occupied by a person as the main, initial element of this structure, without which there is and cannot be either social actions, connections and interactions, or social relations, communities and groups, or social institutions and organizations. Man is both the subject and the object of all social relations. It is rightly said: what are the people - such is the society; but it is no less true that, as a society, so are the members of that society. As the prominent Yugoslav sociologist Er. Lukacs rightly notes, “Man is a product of society and its laws, but society is the way it is, precisely because it is a society of people, because people are united in it, and not other creatures” . This does not mean, he further notes, that society is wholly determined by man, or even primarily by man; but it means that the individual is one of the factors that determine society.

Human- a living being with the gift of thinking and speech, the ability to create tools and use them in the process of social labor. From a biological point of view, man is the highest stage in the development of animals on earth. While the behavior of an animal is completely determined by instincts, human behavior is directly determined by thinking, feelings, will, the degree of knowledge of the laws of nature, society, and oneself.

Individual - is used to refer to any individual representative of the human race, a single representative of some whole. The concept of an individual is based on the fact of indivisibility, the integrity of the subject and the presence of its characteristic features. Representing a product of phylogenetic and ontogenetic development under certain external conditions, the individual, however, is by no means a simple "tracing paper" of these conditions, it is precisely the product of the development of life, interaction with the environment, and not the environment taken by itself. In psychology, the concept of "individual" is used in an overly broad sense, leading to no distinction between the characteristics of a person as an individual and his characteristics as a person. But it is precisely their clear distinction, and, accordingly, the underlying distinction between the concepts of "individual" and "personality" that constitutes a necessary prerequisite for the psychological analysis of personality.

Our language well reflects the mismatch of concepts: the word personality is used by us only in relation to a person; moreover, starting only from a certain stage of its development. We don't say "animal personality" or "newborn personality." No one, however, finds it difficult to speak of the animal and the newborn as individuals, about their individual characteristics (an excitable, calm, aggressive animal, etc.; the same, of course, about the newborn). We are not seriously talking about the personality of even a two-year-old child, although he shows not only his genotypic features, but also a great many features acquired under the influence of the social environment; By the way, this circumstance once again testifies against the understanding of personality as a product of the intersection of biological and social factors. It is curious, finally, that cases of a split personality are described in psychopathology, and this is by no means only a figurative expression; but no pathological process can lead to a bifurcation of the individual: bifurcated, "divided" the individual is a nonsense, a contradiction in terms.

Personality. the primary agent of social interaction and relationships is the individual. What is a personality? In order to answer this question, it is necessary, first of all, to distinguish between the concepts of "man", "individual", "personality".

The concept of "personality" is used to characterize the universal qualities and abilities inherent in all people. This concept emphasizes the presence in the world of such a special historically developing community as the human race, humanity, which is different from all others. material systems only in his own way of life.

So, humanity exists as a specific material reality. But humanity as such does not exist on its own. Individuals live and act. The existence of individual representatives of humanity is expressed by the concept of "individual".

"Individual" - a single representative of the human race, a specific carrier of all social and psychological traits of humanity: mind, will, needs, etc. The concept of "individual" in this case is used in the meaning of "concrete person". With such a formulation of the question, both the features of the action of various biological factors (age characteristics, gender, temperament) and the differences in the social conditions of human life are not fixed. The individual in this case is considered as the starting point for the formation of the personality from the initial state for the onto- and feylogeny of a person, the personality is the result of the development of the individual, the most complete embodiment of all human qualities.

Since sociology is interested in man, first of all, not as a product of nature, but as a product of society, the category of “personality” is of paramount importance for it.

Personality is usually considered as a concrete expression of the essence of a person, the embodiment and realization in him of a system of socially significant features and qualities of a given society. As K. Marx noted, the main thing in a personality is “not its abstract physical nature, but its social quality”.

Personality - the social image of a person as a subject of social relations and actions, reflecting the totality of social roles that he plays in society. It is known that each person can act in many roles at once. In the process of performing all these roles, he develops the corresponding character traits, behaviors, forms of reaction, ideas, beliefs, interests, inclinations, etc., which together form what we call a personality.

Personality is the object of study in a number of humanities, primarily philosophy, psychology, and sociology. Philosophy considers a personality from the point of view of its position in the world as a subject of activity, cognition and creativity. Psychology studies personality as a stable integrity of mental processes, properties and relationships: temperament, character, abilities, volitional qualities.

The sociological approach singles out the socially typical in the personality. The main problematic of the sociological theory of personality is connected with the process of personality formation and the development of its needs in close connection with the functioning and development of social communities, regulation and self-regulation. social behavior personality, the study of the natural connection between the individual and society, the individual and the group. Here are some of the most general principles approach to the study of personality in sociology.

The concept of personality shows how socially significant features are individually reflected in each personality, and its essence is manifested as the totality of all social relations. Sociology seeks to identify the social foundations for the formation of personal qualities, the social content and social functions of the types of personalities existing in society, that is, to study the personality as a source of social life and its real carrier. Personality, from the point of view of sociology, denotes a single person who manifests socially significant features of individual life activity through interaction with other people and thereby contributes to the stabilization and development of social relations.

The concept of personality helps to characterize in a person the social beginning of his life activity, that is, the properties and qualities that a person realizes in social relations, culture, that is, in public life in the process of interaction with other people.

1. Main approaches to the problem of correlation between biological and social in personality
2. The binary nature of man
3. Correlation of the concepts individual, individuality, personality
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

In psychological science, the category of personality is one of the basic categories. It is not purely psychological and is studied, in essence, by all social sciences. In this regard, the question arises about the specifics of the study of personality by psychology: all mental phenomena are formed and developed in activity and communication, but they do not belong to these processes, but to their subject - a social individual, personality. Along with other principles in psychology, a personal principle has been formulated, which requires the study of mental processes and states of the individual.

But the problem of personality in psychology also appears as an independent one. And at the same time, in different plans, it is studied by various branches of psychological science. The most important theoretical task is to reveal the objective foundations of those psychological properties that characterize a person as an individual, as an individuality and as a personality. Man is born into the world as a man. The structure of the body of a born baby determines the possibility of upright walking, the structure of the brain is a potential developed intellect, the structure of the hand - the prospect of using tools, etc., and with all these possibilities the baby differs from the baby of the animal, thereby affirming the fact that the baby belongs to the human race, fixed in the concept of "individual" in contrast to the baby of the animal, from birth to end of life called an individual.

The concept of an individual expresses the generic affiliation of a person, i.e. every person is an individual. But, coming into the world as an individual, a person acquires a special social quality, he becomes a personality. The fundamental philosophical materialistic definition of personality was given by K. Marx. He defined the essence of man as a set of social relations. To understand what a person is, it is possible only through the study of real social ties and relationships in which a person enters. The social nature of an individual always has a specific historical content. It is precisely from the concrete socio-historical relations of man that it is necessary to deduce not only general terms and Conditions development, but also the historically specific essence of the individual. The specificity of the social conditions of life and the way of human activity determines the features of its individual features and properties. All people accept certain mental traits, attitudes, customs and feelings of their society, the society to which they belong. The Marxist definition of the concept of personality is opposite to those definitions in which it appears as a closed spiritual entity independent of the world, inaccessible to scientific methods of research. Personality cannot be reduced only to a set of more or less arbitrarily identified internal mental properties and qualities; it cannot be isolated from objective conditions, connections and relations of the individual with the outside world.

1. Main approaches to the problem of correlation between biological and social in personality

The fact that the concepts of "personality" and "individuality" do not coincide does not allow us to present the structure of personality only as a certain configuration of individual psychological properties and qualities of a person. In non-Marxist psychological concepts, the individual is not considered as the subject of a system of relations that are social in nature. From the point of view of their adherents, it is enough to characterize the structure of individuality, and thus the personality of a person will be fully covered and described, for which special personality questionnaires are used. It must be pointed out, however, that with the help of these methods it is possible to describe the individuality of a person, but by no means the whole personality.

Indeed, if we take into account that the personality always acts as the subject of its actual relations with a specific social environment, its structure must necessarily include these actual relations and connections that develop in the activities and communication of specific social groups and collectives. The structure of a person's personality is wider than the structure of his individuality. From the standpoint of domestic psychology, the data obtained as a result of the study of personality as an individuality cannot be directly transferred to the characteristics of personality as a subject of interindividual relations.

Central to the science of psychology is the problem mental development individual. And the first thing one has to face when turning to the study of the mental development of an individual is the question of the relationship between the biological and the social in it. In the history of science, almost all possible formal-logical connections between the concepts of mental, social and biological have been enumerated. Mental development was also interpreted as a completely spontaneous process, independent of either the biological or the social; and as a derivative only of biological, or only of social development, or as a result of their parallel action on the individual or interaction, etc. In the concepts of spontaneous mental development, it is considered as completely determined by its own internal laws. The question of the biological and social for these concepts simply does not exist: the human body here, at best, is assigned the role of a kind of "receptacle" of mental activity, external to it.

In biologization concepts, mental development is considered as a linear function of the development of the organism, as something that unambiguously follows this development; here they try to derive all the features of mental processes, states and properties of a person from biological laws. In this case, the laws discovered in the study of animals are often used, which do not take into account the specifics of the development of the human body. Often in these concepts, to explain mental development, the main biogenetic law (recapitulation) is involved, according to which in the development of an individual the evolution of the species to which this individual belongs is reproduced in the main features, they try to find in the mental development of an individual a repetition of the stages of the evolutionary process as a whole, or at least the main stages of development of the species.

Of course, if you wish, you can see here some external analogies, but they do not give grounds for concluding that the principle of recapitulation is correct in relation to the mental development of a person. Concepts like these are a typical case of illegitimate expansion of the scope of the biogenetic law.

The idea of ​​recapitulation is not alien to sociological concepts of the mental development of the individual. Only here it is presented somewhat differently: it is argued that the mental development of the individual in a concise form reproduces the main stages of the process of the historical development of society, primarily its spiritual life and culture.

The essence of such concepts was most clearly expressed by V. Stern. At the same time, in the interpretation he proposed, the principle of recapitulation covers both the evolution of the psyche of animals and the history spiritual development society.

Each generation of people finds society at a certain stage of its development and is included in the system of social relations that has already taken shape at this stage. He does not need to repeat, in any condensed form, the entire previous history. In addition, being included in the system of established social relations, each individual acquires and assimilates certain functions in this system, a certain social position, which are not identical to the functions and positions of other individuals. In his cultural development, the individual begins with mastering the culture of his time and the community to which he belongs. The development of the individual is subject to a special order of laws.

At the same time, the first and obvious fact from which a person's life begins is that he is born as a biological being. His body is a human body and his brain is a human brain. At the same time, the individual is born biologically, and even more so socially immature; the maturation and development of his organism from the very beginning takes place in social conditions, inevitably leaving a strong imprint on these processes. The laws of maturation and development of the human organism manifest themselves in a specific way, differently than in animals. The task of psychology is to reveal the laws of the biological development of the human individual and the specifics of their action in the conditions of his life in society. For psychology, it is especially important to clarify the relationship of these laws with the laws of the mental development of the individual. The biological development of the individual is the initial prerequisite for his mental development. But these premises are realized in the social actions of the individual. The development of the individual does not start from scratch, not from scratch. The old idea about its initial basis is not confirmed by science. The human individual is born with a certain set of biological properties and physiological mechanisms, which act as such a basis. The entire genetically fixed system of properties and mechanisms is a common initial premise further development individual, provides his universal readiness for development, including mental.

It would be naive to imagine that biological properties and mechanisms have some significance only in the initial period of mental development, and then it is lost. The development of the organism occurs throughout the life of the individual, i.e. always these properties and mechanisms play the role of a general prerequisite for mental development: the biological determinant acts throughout the life of the individual, although this role is different in different periods. In psychology, a lot of data has now been accumulated that reveals the features of sensations, perception, memory, thinking, etc. at different stages of an individual's development. It is significant that these mental processes develop in activity and communication with other people. Meanwhile, without studying how the biological support of developing mental processes changes, it is difficult to identify the laws that govern the mental development of a person. Without studying the biological development of the organism, it is difficult to understand the real laws of mental processes. We are talking about the development of the very highly organized matter, the property of which is the psyche. It is clear, of course, that the substratum of the psyche does not develop on its own, but in the real life of the individual, the most important component of which is the mastery of historically established methods of activity, communication, knowledge, skills, etc. For psychological research, the content of the individual's life activity in each time interval is important.

Prominent domestic psychologist B.F. Lomov, developing a systematic approach to understanding the essence of personality, tries to reveal the complexity and ambiguity of solving the problem of the relationship between social and biological in personality. His views on this problem boil down to the following basic propositions. Investigating the development of the individual, psychology, of course, is not limited to the analysis of only individual mental functions and states. She is primarily interested in the formation and development of a person's personality. In this regard, the problem of correlations between the biological and the social acts primarily as a problem of the organism and personality. One of these concepts was formed in the context of biological sciences, the other - social sciences, but both refer to the individual as a representative of the species "reasonable man" and as a member of society. At the same time, in each of these concepts, different systems of human properties are fixed; in the concept of an organism - the structure of a human individual as a biological system, in the concept of personality - its inclusion in the life of society. As already noted, in studying the formation and development of the personality, domestic psychology proceeds from the Marxist position on the personality as a social quality of the individual. Outside of society, this quality of the individual does not exist, and therefore, outside the analysis of the relationship between the individual and society, it cannot be understood. The objective basis of the personality properties of an individual is the system of social relations in which he lives and develops. On a global level, the formation and development of an individual can be viewed as the assimilation of social programs that have developed in a given society at a given historical stage. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that this process is directed by society with the help of special social institutions, primarily the system of upbringing and education.

General conclusion: the determination of the individual's development is systemic and highly dynamic. It necessarily includes both social and biological determinants. Attempts to present it as the sum of two parallel or interconnected series is a very crude simplification that distorts the essence of the matter. With regard to the connections between the biological and the psychic, it is hardly advisable to try to formulate some universal principle that is valid for all cases. These connections are multifaceted and multifaceted. Under some circumstances, the biological acts in relation to the mental as its mechanism, in others - as a prerequisite, thirdly - as the content of mental reflection, fourthly - as a factor influencing mental phenomena, fifthly - as the cause of individual acts of behavior, sixthly, as a condition for the emergence of mental phenomena, etc.

The relations of the psychic to the social are even more diverse and multifaceted. All this creates very great difficulties in studying the triad biological - psychic - social. The ratio of social and biological in the human psyche is multidimensional, multilevel and dynamic. It is determined by the specific circumstances of the individual's mental development and develops differently at different stages of this development and at its different levels. Let us return to the question of understanding the psychological essence of personality. It turned out to be not an easy task to characterize what a person is, namely in its meaningful psychological plan. And the solution to this problem has its own history. Let us consider how the idea of ​​what a person is in Russian psychology developed.

In the history of Russian psychology, the idea of ​​the psychological essence of personality has repeatedly changed. Initially, it would seem that the most reliable way to overcome the theoretical difficulties associated with the need to comprehend the personality precisely as a psychological category is to enumerate the components that form the personality as a kind of psychological reality. In this case, personality acts as a set of qualities, properties, features, characteristics of the human psyche. This approach to the problem was called by Academician A.V. Petrovsky “collectionist”, because in this case the personality turns into a kind of receptacle, a container that takes in the traits of temperament, character, interests, abilities, etc. The task of the psychologist in this case is reduced to cataloging all this and identifying the individual uniqueness of its combination in each individual person. This approach deprives the concept of "personality" of its categorical content.

As early as the 1960s, psychologists realized their dissatisfaction with the results of this approach. The question arose about structuring numerous personal qualities. Since the mid-1960s, attempts have been made to elucidate the general structure of personality. Very characteristic in this direction is the approach of K.K. Platonov, who understood a certain biosocial hierarchical structure as a personality. The scientist singled out the following substructures in it: orientation, experience, (knowledge, abilities, skills); individual characteristics various forms reflections (sensation, perception, memory, thinking) and, finally, the combined properties of temperament. The main disadvantage of this approach was that general structure personality was interpreted mainly as a certain combination of its biological and socially determined features. As a result, perhaps the main problem in the psychology of the individual was the problem of the relationship between the social and the biological in the individual. However, in fact, the biological, entering the personality of a person, becomes social.

By the end of the 70s, the orientation towards a structural approach to the problem of personality is replaced by a tendency to apply systems approach. In this regard, of particular interest is the appeal to the ideas of A.N. Leontiev, whose ideas about personality are detailed in one of his last works. Following these ideas, A.N. Leontiev solved such fundamental problems as the formation and foundations of personality typology, forming personalities, etc. However, the potential for a new understanding of personality significantly exceeds those implementations that the author himself managed to realize.

Let us briefly characterize the features of the understanding of personality by A.N. Leontiev. Personality, according to him, is psychological education a special type generated by human life in society. The subordination of various activities creates the basis of personality, the formation of which occurs in ontogeny. It is interesting to note those features that A.N. Leontiev did not attribute to personality, primarily genotypically determined features of a person: physical constitution, type nervous system, temperament, dynamic forces of biological needs, affectivity, natural inclinations, as well as acquired skills, knowledge and skills, including professional ones. The above constitutes the individual properties of a person. The concept of an individual, according to A.N. Leontiev, reflects, firstly, the integrity and indivisibility of an individual of a given biological species, and secondly, the features of a particular representative of a species that distinguish it from other representatives of this species. Individual properties, including genotypically determined ones, can change in many ways in the course of a person’s life, but this does not make them personal. Personality is not an individual enriched by previous experience. The properties of the individual do not pass into the properties of the personality. Although transformed, they still remain individual properties, not defining the emerging personality, but constituting the prerequisites and conditions for its formation. The general approach to understanding the problem of personality, designated by A.N. Leontiev, found its development in the works of A.V. Petrovsky and V.A. Petrovsky.

What is a personality as a special social quality of an individual? All Soviet psychologists deny the identity of the concepts "individual" and "personality". The concepts of personality and individual are not identical; this is a special quality that an individual acquires in society, throughout the totality of his relations, social in nature, in which the individual is involved ... personality is a systemic and therefore “supersensory” quality, although the bearer of this quality is a completely sensual, bodily individual with all his innate and acquired properties” It is necessary to clarify why a person is spoken of as a “supersensory” quality of an individual. It is obvious that the individual has quite sensual (i.e., accessible to perception with the help of the sense organs) properties: physicality, individual characteristics of behavior, speech, facial expressions, etc. How, then, are qualities found in a person that cannot be perceived in their immediately sensible form? Personality embodies a system of relations, social in nature, which fit into the sphere of the individual's being as his systemic (internally dissected, complex) quality. Only an analysis of the relationship "individual-society" allows us to reveal the foundations of the properties of a person as a person. To understand the foundations on which certain properties of a person are formed, it is necessary to consider her life in society, her movement in the system of social relations. The involvement of an individual in certain communities determines the content and nature of the activities they perform, the range and methods of communication with other people, i.e. features of his social life, lifestyle. But the way of life of individual individuals, certain communities of people, as well as society as a whole, is determined by the historically developing system of social relations. Psychology can solve such a problem only in the context of other social sciences.

Is it possible to directly derive the psychological characteristics of this or that person from socio-historical laws? It is possible to characterize a personality only by seeing it in the system of interpersonal relations, in joint collective activity, because outside the collective, outside the group, outside human communities, there is no personality in its active social essence. For the individual, society is not just some external environment. As a member of society, it is objectively and necessarily included in the system of social relations. Of course, the connection between social relations and the psychological properties of a person is not direct. It is mediated by many factors and conditions that require special study. If we consider the life of an individual in society on a global level, then it must be said that the totality of social relations, their entire system as a whole in one way or another determines the social status of each individual and its development. But a more detailed analysis reveals that the ways of including specific individuals in different types of social relations are different; the degree of their realization in the life of each individual is also different. Ways of inclusion and measure of participation of the individual in different types public relations are different; in particular, they have different relationships different forms activities and communication. In other words, the "space of relations" of each individual is specific and very dynamic.

The concept of personality refers to certain properties that belong to an individual, and it also means the originality, uniqueness of the individual, i.e. individuality. However, the concepts of individual, personality and individuality are not identical in content: each of them reveals a specific aspect of the individual being of a person. Personality can be understood only in a system of stable interpersonal relationships mediated by the content, values, and meaning of the joint activity of each of the participants. These interpersonal connections are real, but supersensible in nature. They are manifested in specific individual properties and actions of people who are part of the collective, but they are not reducible to them.

Interpersonal connections that form a personality in a team externally appear in the form of communication or a subject-subject relationship along with a subject-object relationship characteristic of objective activity. On closer examination, it turns out that direct subject-subject relations exist not so much on their own, but in the mediation of some objects (material or ideal). This means that the relation of an individual to another individual is mediated by the object of activity (subject - object - subject).

In turn, what outwardly looks like a direct act of the objective activity of the individual is in fact an act of mediation, and the mediating link for the individual is no longer the object of activity, not its objective meaning, but the personality of another person, an accomplice in the activity, acting as if refracting device through which he can perceive, understand, feel the object of activity. All of the above allows us to understand the personality as a subject of a relatively stable system of interindividual (subject - object - subject and subject - subject - object) relations that develop in activity and communication.

The personality of each person is endowed only with its inherent combination of features and characteristics that form its individuality - a combination of the psychological characteristics of a person that make up his originality, his difference from other people. Individuality is manifested in character traits, temperament, habits, prevailing interests, in the qualities of cognitive processes, in abilities, and in an individual style of activity. Just as the concepts of individual and personality are not identical, personality and individuality, in turn, form a unity, but not identity. If personality traits are not represented in the system of interpersonal relations, they turn out to be insignificant for assessing the personality of an individual and do not receive conditions for development, just as only individual traits that are most "drawn" into the leading activity for a given social community act as personal traits. Until a certain time, the individual characteristics of a person do not manifest themselves in any way until they become necessary in the system of interpersonal relations, the subject of which will be this person as a person. So, individuality is only one of the aspects of a person's personality.

2. The binary nature of man

The dual (binary) nature of man is manifested in the fact that each member of human society can be viewed from two sides.

First, man is a biological being with natural needs for food, drink, procreation, and security. A person, considered from this point of view, has innate instincts, qualities that create his uniqueness and individuality are genetically embedded in him. From this point of view, a person differs from an animal only in that he is able to learn, change his behavior through interaction with other people.

On the other hand, a person constantly develops his thinking, individual character, knowledge of environment through communication with other people. Without the influence of other people, the individual remains at the level of the animal, cannot become a full member of human society. Consequently, a person can also be considered as a social being, which is formed through being in a human society, through connections with other individuals.

The binary nature of man must be constantly taken into account when studying social reality. Indeed, in some situations a person can behave according to instincts and natural biological needs, but in other cases, a person's behavior is oriented towards other people, culture and social ties.

3. Correlation of the concepts individual, individuality, personality

The dual nature of man has left its mark on concepts that allow, focusing on its main characteristics, to understand the human essence.

The most common concept is the individual. When using this concept, it should be remembered that we are simply isolating an individual member of human society. At the same time, the qualities of a person are not taken into account, they fade into the background. Therefore, using the concept of "individual", we emphasize impersonality, we believe that it can be any person.

We often use the concept of "individuality" when we talk about a person's personality. However, it should be remembered that this concept does not reflect the integrity of the individual, but only emphasizes the specific features of a person that distinguish him from other people. For example, the phrase "bright personality" tells us about the presence of a significant number of specific qualities.

The concept of “personality” implies that an individual has special qualities that he can form only in the course of communication with other people. Personality is the integrity of the social properties of a person, a product of social development and the inclusion of an individual in the system of social relations. Consequently, in any society, a person can be considered only from the point of view of a person's entry into social structures and social communities.

Personality traits are stable, stable characteristics of the personality, almost invariably and at the same time clearly manifested at the behavioral level, regardless of the changing external circumstances of the subject's life. As a rule, researchers of personality traits distinguish three main and, at the same time, their mandatory properties: “the mandatory properties of personality traits are the degree of their severity in different people, transsituation (personality traits of an individual appear in any situation) and potential measurability (personality traits are available for measurement using specially designed questionnaires and tests) ”(A. M. Etkind). It should be noted that, of course, the third property can hardly be considered as adjacent to the first two, in fact, only being actually meaningful and relating to the psychological nature of personality traits. In this case, however, it is more about assessing the level of elaboration of this problem, and not about what really constitutes psychological reality. It is clear that with the development of experimental psychology, the set of personality traits will expand due to progress in the creation of effective methodological tools that allow diagnosing the presence and measuring the level of expression of personality traits.

In this regard, it is possible with full confidence to predict a fundamental increase in the list of personality traits that meet the condition of the "third property", according to A. M. Etkind. But even today it is not easy to compile at least an approximate set of personality traits that meets all three criteria for their definition: externality-internality, neuroticism, anxiety, aggressiveness, extroversion-introversion, rigidity, impulsivity, etc. It should be especially noted that, without in any way diminishing the importance of a specific set of his personality traits for understanding the specifics of the personal behavioral activity of a particular subject, one should not exaggerate their significance as some important indicator if the goal is to predict the nature of individual actions of an individual.

First, personality traits characterize only the most general outline of possible personality manifestations.

Secondly, specific behavioral features and forms of personality manifestations, due to the presence of certain personality traits, are realized in different ways in groups of different levels of socio-psychological development.

Conclusion

Thus, based on the foregoing, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The individual is the bearer of the biological in man. A person as an individual is a set of natural, genetically determined properties, the development of which is carried out in the course of ontogenesis, resulting in the biological maturity of a person. Thus, the concept of an individual expresses the generic affiliation of a person, i.e. every person is an individual. But, coming into the world as an individual, a person acquires a special social quality, he becomes a personality.

Personality is a person as a carrier of consciousness. The more active a person's activity, the more clearly, brighter the features (features) of his personality will appear. The totality of the features of the qualities of a personality that form its unique appearance is commonly called the individuality of a personality. It is quite obvious that a person is not born as a person, since he still has to develop his consciousness, and a person can cease to be a person (although as an individual he will continue to live, retaining some mental processes characteristic of a person) with severe mental illness.

Being by its nature a social formation, the personality, nevertheless, bears the imprint of the biological organization of man. The natural features of a person are important prerequisites, the necessary conditions mental development, but in themselves they do not determine either the character or abilities of a person, or his interests, ideals, beliefs. The brain as a biological formation is a prerequisite for manifestations of personality, but all its manifestations are a product of human social existence.

The individuality of a person is made up of the characteristics of various personality traits, and the influence of the social and biological in them is far from the same. There are personal qualities in the development of which the role of the biological, innate is great (for example, temperament), but there are qualities (thinking, memory, imagination, etc.), in the development of which learning features begin to play a dominant role. The role of education in the development of knowledge, skills and abilities is growing even more. A certain group is made up of qualities of personality orientation (interests, ideals, beliefs, worldview, etc.), in the formation of which the role of biological is negligible, but the role of social experience, and especially education, is exceptionally great.

Psychology takes into account that a person is not only an object of social relations, not only experiences social influences, but refracts and transforms them, since gradually a person begins to act as a set of internal conditions through which the external influences of society are refracted. Thus, a person is not only an object and product of social relations, but also an active subject of activity, communication, consciousness, self-consciousness.

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