The structure of a complex sentence. The specifics of a complex sentence as a syntactic unit Features of the construction of complex sentences in Russian

A complex sentence is one that has two or more grammatical For example: It was July, the days were clear and sunny.

Parts of a complex sentence can be connected using conjunctions, in which case it is customary to speak of an allied compound sentence. Depending on the meaning of the union, allied sentences are classified into compound and compound: No one was sleeping in the house when I returned.(the sentence is complex, since the union when is subordinate). The sky became cloudy, gray, and on Wednesday it began to rain.(the sentence is compound, since its parts are connected by a coordinating union and ). The connection of parts of a sentence can be carried out using intonation, that is, it is unionless, in this case the sentence is called unionless: The cheese fell out - there was such a cheat with it (Kry.). You can't go: the road is washed out.

In formation complex sentence many difficulties are encountered. Therefore, when using complex syntactic constructions, you should remember:

1. The use of two single-valued unions side by side is grammatical error: Your recommendations are worthy, but nevertheless this project is not yet possible.(unions but and yet are opposite and convey the same meaning) ; He claims, as if the aircraft was refueled with substandard fuel(unions what and as if convey an explanatory meaning) .

2. In a complex sentence, you need to pay attention to the correct choice of union: Your assumption will be confirmed only if it is proved ... (instead of if you need a union when, correlative with the word then in the main sentence).

3. In a complex sentence, inappropriate repetition of a particle is not allowed would in the appendage ( If these measures had been taken, everything would have ended well.). The repetition of unions or allied words with the consistent subordination of subordinate clauses gives the phrase heaviness.

4. It is necessary to avoid the tautology of unions, that is, their unjustified repetition: In the distance, the peaks of the mountains were visible, which were covered with snow that sparkled in the sun. - In the distance, the tops of the mountains were visible, covered with snow, which sparkled in the sun. In the first example, the replacement of the subordinate part of a complex sentence participle turnover not only simplified the construction, but also clarified the word being defined (not mountains, but peaks).

5. The structure of a complex sentence is also violated when one of its members and the subordinate part are combined. In one row you can not put, for example, addition and subordinate clause: The prime minister spoke about lowering inflation and that there would be no more delays in wages. It is also illegal to combine the participial turnover and the subordinate attributive: Indulgence deserves people who accept criticism and who correct their mistakes.. The subordinate clause should be replaced with a participial phrase ( correcting their mistakes) or instead of participial turnover.

6. When constructing a complex sentence, ambiguity should be avoided, for example: A conversation was held with the head of the drama group, who recently staged a new play(it is not clear who staged the play, the leader or the team). In this case, it is better to replace the complex sentence with two simple ones, for example: There was a conversation with the head of the drama group. This director recently directed a new play.

7. When transmitting direct speech using indirect, it should be remembered that in direct speech, personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person are used, and in indirect speech - only the 3rd person, For example: To the question how you spent time on the road, the passengers replied that the Russian liner deserves high praise. This is indirect speech, so instead of a pronoun you pronoun must be used they.

Control tasks for chapter 5

1. In the proposals, find errors related to violation of the norms of coordination, give the corrected version:

There was a conversation with Nastya Severyukhina, one of the strongest sprinters in the country. For many years he has been living as a spiritual orphan. a third of the directors of the company did not want to discuss this topic at all. A million children in our country are deprived of parental care. people want to know how their heroes live. The organization sells cereals: barley, buckwheat, wheat. Half of Russians live below the subsistence level. Both the left and right doors were open. More than 2,000 painting restoration specialists work in the country. Over the past couple of years, about a hundred and fifty scientists have left the university.

2. Find errors in the sentences. related to violation of management standards, give the corrected version:

Of course, looking at these parties, there is something to admire. All club leaders must be present at the meeting. We need a specialist competent in disarmament issues. we will give you confidence in our bright future. A weekend in another galaxy is awesome! Arriving in Moscow, he skimped on all negotiations. Buses will pick you up upon arrival. Winter blew from the Arctic. A certificate can only be issued upon presentation of insurance. According to the law, such offenses can be punished administratively. Many things that you bought but do not use could serve others. This creative union has long been known and loved by our listeners. The events will be held in connection with the upcoming holiday of the Builder's Day. Legal acts guarantee a person. lost or unemployed, minimal means of subsistence.

3. In the sentences, find errors related to the violation of syntactic norms, determine their type, give the corrected version:

In March, the enterprise will hold a competition for the title of the best worker in the profession. Now there is an opportunity to buy in installments, paying only a third of the cost of the car. When working with details, you should remember that: you need to carefully evaluate the number of the unit. We miss you very much. At the end of the meeting, the personnel issue was raised. In this struggle, presidential envoys will either leave political arena or power must change. 32 air traffic controllers take part in the strike. When asked how you spent your time on the road, the passengers replied that the Russian liner deserves a high rating. The company, shamelessly using other people's money, having debts to the townspeople, continues to prosper. We admire and admire the courage of the soldiers. Children's plant "Belochka" again accepts children after a major overhaul. The illustrations for the stories submitted for the contest are well done.

Despite the fact that the spelling standards are familiar to you from the school course of the Russian language, it’s too early to relax!

• Spelling is a branch of linguistics. studying the principles and rules for the transmission of speech sounds in writing.

The area of ​​study of spelling includes theoretical understanding of the principles, rules for the graphic design of a word, as well as the identification and study of internal trends and external factors that affect the changes taking place in the graphic system of the Russian language. Modern spelling includes: a) rules for the transmission of speech sounds in writing; b) rules for the use of continuous, semi-fused and separate spellings; c) rules for the use of lowercase and uppercase letters; d) rules for writing compound words (abbreviations); e) word hyphenation rules.

At the heart of Russian spelling, and hence many rules for writing words, are the following spelling principles:

1. The phonemic principle, according to which all phonemes of the Russian language are written uniformly. Most spellings in Russian follow the phonemic principle. For example, the phoneme [o] in the word sea written in letters -about-. In this case, we write -o- and pronounce the sound [o]. In the word nautical in place of this letter we pronounce the sound a - weakened however, we pass it by the same letter. The phonemic principle determines the spelling of all tested vowels and consonants.

2. Morphological principle, according to which all morphemes (parts of words) in the Russian language have a uniform spelling. This principle is close to phonemic. For example, the root morpheme "city" in the words city, city will be transmitted uniformly, regardless of the phonetic conditions in which the sounds that make up the morpheme are located. In accordance with the morphological principle, the majority of Russian roots, suffixes, and prefixes have a uniform spelling. However, there are also deviations from the morphological principle, for example, the word urban planner has a different spelling of the horse morpheme.

3. Phonetic principle. It is a departure from the morphological principle. According to this principle, we write a letter that fully corresponds to a certain sound. Phonetic in Russian are the following spellings:

a) writing consonants -h, s- at the end of attachments without-demon, from-is, times-races, through-through, etc. According to the rule, before a voiced consonant, we write -h-, before the deaf - c-, for example, pmelt, blurry, disappear, squirm, striped, too much, extreme, starless, unrestrained, etc.

b) writing a vowel -and- after prefixes ending in a hard consonant. In words uninteresting, play, pre-July, have, sum up, lack of initiative, pre-infarction, etc. We write -ы- because we hear this sound. The exception is words with prefixes -between, over-, words with foreign prefixes, as well as compound words, for example: disinfection, counterplay, pedagogical institute, financial inspector, pan-Islamic, highly sophisticated, inter-institutional, etc.

4. Traditional principle. These spellings are determined by the Russian spelling tradition. They include writing -chu, shu, cha, shcha-, -zhi, shi-, writing alternating vowels in word roots, spelling -oh, e- after hissing and -ts-, writing prefixes -pre, at- etc.

5. Differentiating principle, according to which different spellings are determined by different conditions in the text or different values, For example: a group of friends, but an election campaign; along the river (n.), but during the day (preposition); in spite of others (Greek), but despite the snowfall (pretext), etc.

Topic exercises

1. In these words, insert the missing letters, place the stress. . In case of difficulty, please contact explanatory dictionary" and " Spelling Dictionary"

F... ksimile, f... liant, triptych, urb... nist, b... rk... roll, s... r... nada, eng... f... ment, b... noir, impr... sario,... atoria, v... r... soot, p ... g ... nation, m ... n ... script, m ... rinist, s ... gidilla, f ... ltset, m ... s ... scene, aqua ... rel, p ... mflet, b ... n ... fiss, k ... media, v ... oloncelle , k...l...rit, b...t...phoria, p...n...frame, k...t...log, beech...nist, p...tit, m...stutterer, kv...nt, pr...d...ser, k...rd ... ballet, m ... stage.

2. Write down the words, inserting the missing letters where necessary. Explain the meanings of the words using the Explanatory Dictionary.

Ak ... mpan ... ment, access ... uar, a ... nexia, ap ... nd ... cit, as ... mbleya, at ... she, at ... rebut, af ... ect, bal ... ast, bar ... ok ... oh, dis ... onans, tank ... laurel, gut ... apercha, defect ... ect, d ... ficit, dilemma ... a, di ... gram ... a, dif ... uzia, dra ... ma, pie ... a, dress ..., duralumin ... yuminium, and ... yuziya, im...ation, im... unity, k... k... phonia, im... grant, im... nentny, imp... zantny, impres... ario, ip... odrom, k... ligraphy, coll... ej, k... lecturer, coll... ocquium, ear ..., quinte ... sensation, cor ... zia, cat ... ej, com ... ertion, palace ... oh, please ... e, effect ... ect.

3. Insert letters. Determine the lexical meaning of these words using dictionaries: explanatory, etymological, foreign words. Make suggestions with them.

Pr... ambula, pr... valute, pr... dikat, pr... zent, pr... zentable, pr... zident, pr... people, pr... miera, pr... fend off, pr... rogative, pr... stige, pr... trend, pr... tenacity, pr...cedent, pr...wadded, pr...madonna, pr...mate, pr...mitiv, pr...vilegia.

4. Explain the spelling of pronouns. To do this, rewrite, inserting the missing letters, opening the brackets.

1. There lived n ... who, a rootless man, lonely, far from the city, in the wilderness (Kr.). 2. N ... what did not touch him, he did not notice anything ... what (P.). 3. Samghin quietly, n ... with whom, without saying goodbye, left (M.G.). 4. N ... on what to rest the eyes, exhausted by the monotony of the endless picture (Gonch.). 5. The boy made something out of shells, almost not moving and not noticing anything around (Fed.). 6. There is nothing to do here - friends kissed (Kr.). 7. (N ...) (who) had no doubt that enemy regiments were coming, that a lot would depend on this battle (Fad.). 8. Nastya left the Fence stealthily, trying not to see her ... and (n ...) (about) what she didn’t ask (Paust.). 9. Lizaveta Ivanovna (n ...) (c) who was to consult: she had neither friends nor mentors (P.). 10. He is very disgusting to me, but strange: (n ...) (for) whatever I would not want him to like me too (P.). 11. They don’t like a morgach, because he himself doesn’t ... who cares (T.). 12. Klim never (n ...) (with) anyone spoke like with Marina (M.G.). 13. He understood everything and (n ...) (into) that he did not want to interfere (Hump.). 14. (N ...) which did not portend bad weather (Ars.). 15. Two minutes later, the keys rattled, someone seemed to be going down the stairs (G.). 16. Suddenly, the door on the block screeched and the floor shook from someone's steps (Ch.). 17. He lived in solitude, only occasionally someone (who) came to him.

2. This failure (n ...) is nothing but an extinct crater. 2. The question can be resolved by the director, and (n ...) who else. 3. The project is made (n ...) by someone other than a well-known specialist. 4. The proposed proposal is (n...) nothing but the result of a misunderstanding. 5. (N ...) what else could not help the patient as much as a change in climate. 6. (N…) who else, except for a little naughty, could not do this. 7. The work will be completed by the assistant master, and (n ...) no one else will do it better.

5. Rewrite, inserting the missing letters in the future tense and imperative verb endings.

1. Exit ... those from the room. “After you go out, the room will be ventilated. 2. Write ... those unfamiliar words in a notebook. - Will you subscribe to ... the newspaper for the next quarter? 3. Help me out, please, this time too. - If you help out ... those, I will be very grateful. 4. Send ... those ordered books cash on delivery. - When you left ... those, report it. 5. Jump...those again? – Please, jump… those, you are good at it. 6. Wipe ... those hands: they are damp. - When you're dry, hang the towel on a hanger. 7. Get used to the regime in the rest home. - When you get used to ... those, you will like it. 8. Shut up ... those at least for a minute! - Until you stop ... those, I will not tell. 9. If the door is locked, knock on it or call out to one of us. - As soon as you knock ... those or call ... those, they will open it for you. 10. Bring out ... those spots. - When you bring out ... those, iron the fabric.

6. Rewrite, inserting letters, denoting participle suffixes. In parentheses, indicate the conjugation of the verb from which the participle is formed.

A growing ... growing ... steppe, a building ... a building, a heavy ... panting ... a man, a young man chopping firewood, grinding ... a worker who hates ... a traitor, a man drinking ... a worker working a tree, a hiding ... animal, splashing ... children splashing in the water, gluing a box ... a boy trembling ... a fish, a number indicated on the list, fighting ... a crew fighting a storm, preparing ... a student for tests, a dozing ... an old man, creeping ... fog, la ... a dog, sleeping ... grapes, bubbling ... laughter, whipping ... splashing

7. Write down the texts, inserting the missing letters, opening the brackets.

Pampering children

It is dangerous to pamper children not only because pampering ... waits for egocentrism and dependency ... in them, but also because it very soon leads ... to satiety and equal ... soul. (Not) a spoiled child ... it’s much easier for a child to ... put joy: any gift, any treat or entertainment gives him much ... more pleasure than a spoiled child, knowing ... that he only wants to, and the whole world will be to him services. To complete the feeling of life, it is completely (not) necessary that (would) the child have a lot of expensive toys, (what) would on holidays ... holidays (not) just go to five ... or six Christmas trees, which (would) to ... sweets and ice cream ... came out ... on demand.

Picking berries

Large strawberries and strawberries shone so brightly everywhere that they turned into rubies on the dark green grass. The guys worked deftly, I then (same) (nor) (from) someone did not lag behind ... shaft. He bent down to the ground and ran as (same) nimbly as the most nimble yag ... dniki. (B) currents ... (not) how many hours ... owls my bucket was as (same) full as the guys. Closer to (half) day, we were already picking berries in our mouths or caps. Rzh…noy bread…, fresh berries, rest on the track…quickly restored our strength. After (half) an hour of rest, we rushed to the forest river ... nka, which also (same) served as one of the decoys of our journey .... By evening, we were in a hurry to go home, so that (would) the next day ... repeat the (same) journey ... procession. During the day we felt (not) a little tired. For (then) how nice it is to be in the forest and pick berries!

Beware of punctuation marks! Dig deeper and take your time!

• Punctuation is commonly understood as: a) a system of graphic non-alphabetic characters, that is, punctuation marks; b) a system of rules for the use of punctuation marks.

In modern Russian speech, there is a diverse use of punctuation marks and graphic means that make up a single graphic system of the Russian language, including the following punctuation marks: dot, semicolon, comma, colon, dash, exclamation mark, question mark, quotation marks, ellipsis, brackets ( they are central), as well as metagraphemes ( italics, r a z r i d k a, font), which are peripheral signs.

Putting punctuation marks in writing determined by the following principles of punctuation:

1. The grammatical principle, according to which punctuation marks separate one grammatical part of the text from another. For example, a period separates one sentence from another, punctuation in a compound sentence separates one predicative part of a sentence from another, and so on.

2. Logical or semantic principle. According to this principle, punctuation marks highlight a part of a sentence that has a special meaning. For example, according to the logical principle, a comma is placed, highlighting the participial, adverbial, comparative turns, as well as punctuation marks with an unassociated complex sentence that convey the semantic relationships between the parts of such a sentence: Gold rusts, and steel rots - only the power is given to the word (the dash conveys the semantic relations of comparison).

3. Intonation principle. According to this principle, punctuation marks convey the intonation pattern of oral speech in writing. For example, after each phrase, we make a logical pause, in place of which a period or some other sign is obligatory in written speech: It is dangerous to joke with a dream: a broken dream can be the misfortune of life. (In place of the pause, we put a colon).

However, most often, punctuation marks are placed in written speech in accordance with several principles, for example, a period is placed in accordance with all three principles of punctuation.

Related exercises

Read the texts, insert missing punctuation marks, explain the punctuation marks, defining the rule and principle of punctuation that applies in this or that case.

Taimyr Lake stretches from west to east as a long shining strip. Blocks of stone rise to the north, black ridges looming behind them. Spring waters bring traces of human presence from the upper reaches - torn nets, floats, broken oars and other simple fishing accessories.

At the marshy shores, the tundra is bare, only in some places specks of snow are whitening and shining in the sun. The ice-bound permafrost still holds its feet firmly, and the ice in the mouths of rivers and streams will stand for a long time, and the lake will be cleared in ten days. And then the sandy shore, washed down with light, will turn into a mysterious glow of sleepy water and then into solemn silhouettes and bizarre outlines of the opposite shore.

On a clear windy day, inhaling the smells of the awakened earth, we wander through the thawed patches of the tundra and observe a lot of curious phenomena from under our feet now and then a partridge runs out, falling to the ground; breaks off and immediately, like a shot one, a tiny little sandpiper falls to the ground, which, trying to take the uninvited visitor away from the nest, also begins to tumble at its very feet. At the base of the stone placer, a gluttonous Arctic fox, covered with shreds of faded wool, makes its way, and, having caught up with the stones, makes a well-calculated jump, crushing the mouse that has jumped out with its paws. Farther on, a stoat, holding a silver fish in its teeth, gallops towards the heaped boulders.

Near slowly melting glaciers, plants will begin to revive and bloom, the first among which will be roses, because they develop and fight for life even under a transparent crust of ice. In August, among the polar birch creeping on the hills, the first mushrooms will appear, berries, in a word, all the gifts of the short northern summer. The tundra, overgrown with miserable vegetation, also has its own delicious aromas. When summer comes and the wind shakes the corollas of the flowers buzzing, a bumblebee, a great connoisseur of wonderful nectar, will fly in and sit on the flower.

And now the sky has frowned again and the wind whistled furiously, announcing to us that it is time to return to the wooden house of the polar station, where it smells deliciously of baked bread and the comfort of human habitation. Exploration starts tomorrow.

Only the eleventh hour is running out, and already there is no getting away from the heavy heat that the July day breathes. Hot air barely sways over the unpaved sandy road. The grass that has not yet been mowed, but half withered, droops and stumbles from the heat, which is almost unbearable for a living being. The greenery of groves and arable lands slumbers without life-giving moisture. Something unintelligible incessantly whispers in a half-drowse restless grasshopper. Neither man nor animal nor insect no longer struggles with languor. Apparently, everyone gave up, convinced that the force of languor that had taken possession of them was invincible and irresistible. Only the dragonfly feels as before and, as if nothing had happened, dances tirelessly in the fragrant needles. In the unmowed meadows there is neither a breeze nor a drop of dew. In the grove under the canopy of foliage it is as stuffy as in the open field. Around the boundless dry land, and not a cloud in the sky.

The midday sun, ready to strike with every ray, burns unbearably. Silently, barely noticeable, crystal clear water flows in the low banks, calling to refresh the body exhausted by the heat in the cool depths.

But you don’t want to go swimming, and there’s no need to steam even more in the sun after swimming.

One hope for a thunderstorm, only she alone can wake nature bound by heat and dispel sleep.

And suddenly something really rumbles in the distance, obscure and foggy, and a ridge of dark clouds moves from the southeast side. For a very short time, about ten or fifteen minutes, an ominous silence reigns and the whole sky is covered with clouds.

But out of nowhere, a sharp gust of wind bursts into the dead wilderness, which, it seems, cannot be restrained by anything. He swiftly drives a column of dust in front of him, mercilessly tears and throws tree foliage, mercilessly crushes and bends field cereals to the ground. A bright flash of lightning cuts the blue thick clouds.

It would be nice to hide from this completely unexpected but welcome guest at the right time. It will not be possible to run to the village, and only a child can sit in the hollow of an old oak tree. A thunderstorm is approaching, occasionally lightning flashes in the distance, a faint rumble is heard, gradually intensifying, approaching and turning into intermittent peals, embracing the entire horizon. But then the sun came out for the last time, illuminated the gloomy side of the sky and disappeared. The whole neighborhood suddenly changed, took on a gloomy character and a thunderstorm began.

The quiet September day was coming to an end. By forest roads cannons and three-ton guns skillfully disguised with branches were moving downhill, caravans of horses loaded apparently with mines were moving. Everyone was in high spirits that day, the fighters, exhausted in recent days, settled down in small but dense groups or singly, hastily wrote letters and in an undertone, talking in an undertone, were reinforced with canned meat.

It was already completely dark and it became cold in the gorge when the battalions left their positions and set off. It was not clear how in a dense forest with a barely peeping moonlight, moving by feel, people would find their place in the mountains and prepare for battle. However, the company commanders studied the surroundings in advance, and therefore the withdrawal proceeded normally.

During the night, the enemy, who almost did not try to storm at dawn, openly rushed at our rearguard company left in the gorge ... But none of the Nazis saw how on top of the crystalline rocks, covered with armfuls of light creeping plants, barely swaying in the wind, observers settled down, literally taking their eyes off the enemy.

Excited by the long wait, ready to fight to the death, the fighters lay on the rocks, and the Nazis marched on the roads, inaccessible to fire. The danger was so great that no one had the thought of neglecting it, or even belittling it. ^

The swan, by its size, strength and beauty and majestic posture, has long and rightly been called the true king of the entire underwater bird world. White as snow, long-necked with shining small eyes, it is beautiful when calmly floating on the dark blue mirror surface of the water. But all his movements are full of artless charm: if he starts to drink and, scooping up water with his nose, raises his head up and stretches his neck; will he start swimming, diving like a real swimmer, splashing his mighty wings daringly, spreading water splashes far; if he spreads his wing through the air like a long oblique sail, and begins to incessantly touch every feather in it with his nose, airing it and drying it in the sun, everything is incomprehensibly picturesque and majestic in it.

I have not seen flocks of swans in those places of the Orenburg province where I constantly hunted and where I often met schools of other birds. However, it also happens that a few idle swans will like a free place not far from my wooden temporary hut, and if they are not frightened off, they will stay for a week or even more. I don't know where they come from and where they go. Once their visit lasted three months, and, perhaps, it would have been more until the most unpleasant thing happened: a local old-timer, none other than the ranger of our site, killed one on the spot for fluff, whose unsurpassed virtues are known to us.

In most of the old songs, especially in the South Russian ones, the swan is presented as a luxurious, noble bird that never leaves its fellow flocks in misfortune. Exhausted, bled, they will desperately defend others. Swans do not bow even before insurmountable obstacles.

Their remarkable strength is not unknown. They say that if a dog rushes at the children of a swan or someone approaches him lightly wounded, he can beat him to death with a blow of his wing.

Sending Metelitsa to reconnaissance, Levinsoy ordered him to return at all costs that night. But the village where the platoon commander had been sent actually lay much further than Levinson assumed: Metelitsa left the detachment at about four o'clock in the afternoon and, conscientiously, drove the stallion, bending over him like a bird of prey, cruelly and cheerfully inflating his thin nostrils, as if intoxicated by this frantic run after five slow and boring days, but until dusk, the taiga ran after it, not decreasing in the rustle of grasses, in the cold and sad light of a dying day. It was already completely dark when he finally got out of the taiga and held the stallion near the old and rotten hare with a collapsed roof, apparently long abandoned by people.

He tied his horse and, grabbing the loose edges of the log cabin, crumbling under his hands, climbed to the corner, risking falling into a dark hole, from where there was a disgusting smell of strangled herbs. Raising himself on tenacious, half-bent legs, he stood motionless for ten minutes, peering and listening vigilantly into the night, invisible against the dark background of the forest and even more like a bird of prey.

Snowstorm jumped on the saddle and rode out onto the road. Its long black ruts barely showed through the grass. The thin birch trunks quietly whitened in the darkness like extinguished candles.

He climbed a hillock on the left, as before, there was a black ridge of hills, curved, like the backbone of a giant beast, the river roared. Two versts away, probably near the river itself, a fire was burning, it reminded Metelitsa of the orphan loneliness of a shepherd's life; further across the road stretched the yellow, unblinking lights of the village. The line on the right turned away, lost in the blue haze. In this direction, the terrain dropped significantly.

A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are simple or complex. Both of them fulfill their main function- communicative.

Types of complex sentences in Russian

As part of a complex, two or more simple sentences are distinguished, interconnected by conjunctions or only intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.

Compound sentences

Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. As a means of communication, coordinating unions are used, which are divided into three groups. On their basis, the following types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection are distinguished.

1. With connecting unions: AND, ALSO, YES (= AND), ALSO, NOR ... NOR, NOT ONLY ... BUT AND, HOW ... SO AND, YES AND. In this case, parts of compound unions will be located in different simple sentences.

The whole city was already asleep, I too went home. Soon Anton Not only read all the books in the home library, but also turned to his comrades.

A feature of compound sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( And thunder rumbled, and the sun broke through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled and a dump truck followed him) or one follows from the other ( It's already quite dark and had to disperse).

1. With opposing unions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), ZATO, SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandpa seemed to understand everything. but Grigory had to convince him of the need for a trip for a long time.) or matching ( Some fussed in the kitchen a others began to clean the garden) between its parts.
2. With dividing unions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT ... NOT THAT, THAT ... THAT, OR ... OR. The first two unions can be single or repetitive. It was time to get to work, or he was going to be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Whether Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( Her whole day then covered melancholy, then suddenly approached an inexplicable fit of fun).

Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting unions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.

The main types of complex sentences with a subordinate relationship

The presence of the main and dependent (subordinate) parts is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing between them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: the allied word, unlike the union, is always a member of the sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew exactly what(union word, you can ask a question) I should look for. Tanya completely forgot what(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.

Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The place of the adnexa is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.

Types of clauses in NGN

Traditionally, it is customary to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, three main groups are distinguished into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.

Type of adnexa		Question	Means of communication	Example
Determinants			Which, which, whose, when, what, where, etc.	There was a house by the mountain, a roof whom already lost some weight.
Explanatory		Case	What (s. and s.s.l.), how (s. and s.s.l.), so that, as if, as it were, either ... or who, like others.	Michael did not understand as solve the problem of.
circumstantial		When? How long?	When, while, how, barely, while, since, etc.	The boy waited until then Bye the sun hasn't set at all.
		Where? Where? Where?	Where, where, from where	Izmestiev put the papers there, where no one could find them.
		Why? From what?	Because, since, because, due to the fact that etc.	The cab driver stopped for the horses suddenly snorted.
	Consequences	What follows from this?		It cleared up in the morning so the squad moved on.
		Under what condition?	If, when (= if), if, once, in case	If a the daughter did not call for a week, the mother involuntarily began to worry.
		What for? For what purpose?	In order to, in order to, so that, in order to	Frolov was ready for anything to get this place.
		Despite what? Against what?	Although, despite the fact that, let, for nothing, whoever, etc.	The evening was generally a success. although and there were minor flaws in its organization.
	Comparisons	How? Like what?	As, as, exactly, as if, as, as, as, as, as, as,	Snowflakes flew down in large, frequent flakes, as if someone poured them out of a bag.
	Measures and degrees	To what extent?	What, to, how, as if, as if, how much, how much	There was such silence what it became somehow uncomfortable.
	Connecting		what (in indirect case), why, why, why = pronoun this	There was no car from what anxiety only increased.

NGN with multiple clauses

Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.

Depending on this, the following ways of linking simple to complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the structures described).

1. With consistent submission. The next subordinate part depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, what this day will never end as more and more problems.
2. With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the whole part) and belong to the same species. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. Between accessory parts there may be coordinating conjunctions. It soon became clear what it was all just a bluff and what no major decisions were made.
3. With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and refer to different words (of the whole part). Garden, which sown in May, already gave the first harvest, because life became easier.

Associative compound sentence

The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationship between them comes to the fore. It is they who influence the punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.

Types of non-union complex sentences

1. The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
2. The parts are unequal, the second:

• reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused anxiety: (= namely) in the corner someone rustled insistently);
• complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: there appeared someone's figure);
• indicates the reason Sveta laughed: (= since) the neighbor's face was smeared with mud).

3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This is manifested in the fact that:

• the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - no one else);
• into the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got overclocked - the opponent immediately remained in the tail); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you endure); comparison ( Will look frowningly - Elena will immediately burn with fire).

JV with different types of communication

Often there are constructions that have three or more predicative parts in their composition. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating unions, allied words, or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely presented in fiction) with various types connections. Michael has long wanted to change his life, but something constantly stopped him; as a result, the routine dragged him more and more every day.

The scheme will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:

difficult sentence. A sentence consisting of two or more parts, similar in form to simple sentences, but forming a single semantic, constructive and intonation whole (simple parts, combined as part of a complex one, form not an arithmetic, but an algebraic sum).

The unity and integrity of a complex sentence are created for its individual types by various means, which include:

1) int o n a c and i. Parts of a complex sentence do not have intonational completeness, which is one of the main features of a sentence as a communicative unit: this feature is inherent in a complex sentence as a whole. Foam boiled and water splashed through the air(Bitter) (before the union and the voice rises, and the lowering of the voice characteristic of a declarative sentence appears only at the end of the second part of the complex sentence);

2) unions or allied words. The son silently took the flail, and the work went on in four flails.(L. Tolstoy). I I want a pen to be equated with a bayonet (M and I to about in with to and and). I do not I know where the border between a friend and a friend(Svetlov); (I don’t write because they are listed below and in question 23)

3) lexical composition (specialized words with the meaning of indication, systemic lexical relations - synonymy, antonymy). In one or another part of a complex sentence, there may be words indicating its lack of independence. One thing was certain: he would not come back(Turgenev) (the first part needs an explanation of the word in it one). You are too human not to be horrified by these consequences.(Herzen) (the means of coupling both parts is a pair too ... to). Before I had time to come to my senses, as someone's hand in a white glove found itself in my(L. Tolstoy) (couple did not have time ... how). Now one had only to look back at the village, how vividly all yesterday was remembered.(Chekhov) (couple cost ... how);

4) the syntactic structure of the parts (incompleteness of one of the parts, structural parallelism of the parts). The cat sat motionless on the mattress and pretended to sleep(Chekhov) (the first part needs to be distributed with the help of the second). Pavel feels: someone's fingers are touching his arm above the elbow(N. Ostrovsky) (the same). She had not yet seen Alexei, while all the young neighbors were only talking about him.(P at w-k and n) (parallelism in the location of the members of the sentence in both parts);

5) the order of the parts. Some types of complex sentences allow only one specific order of the parts. The rope was almost the length of the room, so that only the opposite corner could be safe from attack. terrible beast(Pushkin) (rearrangement of parts is impossible);

6) ratio forms of verbs k az u e m y x (coordination of aspectual-temporal forms of verbs-predicates). In some cases, the ratio of aspectual-temporal forms of the verb or mood forms in parts of a complex sentence is its constructive feature. His foxy, shaven face smiled pleasantly, and his eyes squinted, looking around at all those gathered.(L. Tolstoy) (the meaning of simultaneity is conveyed by imperfect forms). If I knew the craft, I would live in the city(Gorky) (the meanings of conditions and consequences are expressed in the form of the imperative in the first part and the subjunctive in the second).

Possessing each of its own specifics, a simple sentence and a complex sentence in some cases approach each other, forming transitional cases. I came here to explain(Turgenev) (infinitive turnover to explain occupies an intermediate position between the subordinate clause of the goal and the circumstance of the goal;

cf.: I came to explain. Like a distant lightning in the dead of midnight, a vague consciousness of danger flashed(Serafimovich) (comparative turnover like a distant lightning in the dead of midnight occupies an intermediate position between the subordinate clause and the circumstance of the mode of action; compare: ... flashed by a distant lightning e deaf midnight).

According to the type of connection, joint ventures are divided into allied and non-union.

BSP - a complex sentence, the predicative parts of which are connected by interconnectedness of their meaning and structure, by rhythmic and melodic means, without the help of conjunctions or relative words. Differ:

1) non-union complex sentences homogeneous composition (with the same type of parts). According to the meanings they express (simultaneity or sequence of events, comparison or opposition of actions, etc.) and according to some structural features (enumerative intonation or intonation of opposition, the uniformity of the aspectual-temporal forms of verbs-predicates, the possibility of inserting coordinating conjunctions), sentences of this type can be correlated with SSP. They are characterized by an open structure (the number of parts is limited only by the will of the speaker). A white blanket is thrown to the floor, the house is empty, Vera Nikandrovna is alone(Fedin). You are eager for war - we have strengthened the world(B e z y y e n s k i i);

2) non-union complex sentences heterogeneous composition (with different types of parts). According to the meanings expressed by them (relationships conditioned! and, causal, explanatory, etc.) and according to some structural features (intonation, the order of the predicative parts with a single goal, the lexical composition of the first part, etc.), sentences of this type can be correlated with NGN . The number of parts in this type of sentence is no more than two. Sometimes the horses fell through the belly: the soil was very viscous (F a e f e c). Fedor understood: it was about communication (F at r-m and n about in).

With this classification, transitive or intermediate types of non-union complex sentences are possible that do not correlate with compound or complex sentences, for example, non-union sentences with explanatory relations. The weather was terrible: the wind howled, wet snow fell in flakes...(Pushkin).

Another classification of non-union complex sentences is based on various types of intonation as the most important formal side of their construction. Stand out:

1) enumeration sentences. Silk does not tear, damask steel does not split, gold does not rust(proverb);

2) comparative sentences. L UTB stores - winter eats(proverb);

3) conditional sentences. To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest(proverb);

4) explanatory sentences. She imagined a picture: a fragile boat rushes downstream(Veresaev);

5) connecting offers. The Russian intelligentsia grew and developed in absolutely brutal conditions - this is undeniable.(Bitter).

Allied, in turn, are represented by SSP and SPP.

SSP - a complex sentence, the parts of which are interconnected by coordinating unions. From a grammatical point of view, the parts are equal. The old prince was still in the city, and they were waiting for him every minute (L.. Tolsto a). The old man was clearly indignant, and Grigory frowned(Sholokhov).

The connection between the parts of a compound sentence is also carried out by other grammatical and lexical means. The Germans will leave, and all the territory occupied by them will pass into the hands of the Red Army(N. Ostrovsky) (incompleteness of the intonation of the first part; the ratio of the forms of perfective verbs, conveying the relation of succession; the order of the parts corresponding to the order of the actions that are mentioned). Liza was frightened by the strangely aged look of Vera Nikandrovna, and she did not dare to object.(Fedin) (the interconnection of the parts and the semantic lack of independence of the second part are emphasized by the use of the pronoun in it she is). The hallway smelled of fresh apples and hung wolf and fox skins. (L. Tolstoy) (parts of a complex sentence are united by a common secondary member in canopy). Snow is still whitening in the fields, and the waters are already rustling in spring(Tyutchev) (the interdependence of parts is expressed using the words more ... and already).

There can be relations between the parts of a compound sentence:

1) connecting (with the meaning of simultaneity, sequence, cause and effect, etc.). Dark rainy clouds were moving in from the east, and moisture smelt from there.(Ch e x about v). Pierre went in to the children, and the laughter and screams intensified even more. (L. T o l s t o i). That day I was a little unwell, and therefore I did not wait for supper and went to bed.(A rs e n e in);

Unions: and , rep. particle union and , yes (=and), also, also , rep. union no no

2) separating (with the meaning of incompatibility, alternation, mutual exclusion). That dim sun shines, then a black cloud hangs(N e-krasov). Either you get dressed now, or I'll leave alone.(Pismsky);

Unions: a, but, yes (=but), however, same (this union is located distantly in relation to the boundary of the predicate part), but .

3) adversative (with the meaning of opposition, inconsistency). Everyone looked after him, but no one smiled.(Turgenev). He a clumsy, disheveled, ragged man, and his face is almost beautiful(Bitter);

Unions: or, or , rep. unions whether - whether - or, something, or - roofing felts, not that - not that .

4) connecting, gradation and explanatory

Connecting unions: yes and but also.

I really wanted to go home, and there was nothing to go there for.

Gradational unions: not only but; not that, but.

Not only the administration came out to meet the guests, but students and schoolchildren also came out.

Explanatory conjunctions: that is, namely, or (= i.e.)

Ivan Ilyich sat down to work in the evening, that is, he read papers, corrected laws.

SPP - a sentence, the parts of which are interconnected by subordinating conjunctions or allied words. Do not feel sorry for the forces if they give such results(N. Ostrovsky). The battle is won by the one who is determined to win it.(L. Tolstoy). The subordinating relationship between parts of a complex sentence is expressed in the syntactic dependence of one part (subordinate clause) on the other (main clause). (for details see question 23)

25.Style (French style from Greek stylos - stick for writing).

1. A variety of language, characterized by features in the selection, combination and organization of language means in connection with the tasks of communication. Language style. functional style.

2. A set of methods of using the means of language, characteristic of any writer, work, genre. Pushkin's style. The style of “Eugene Onegin" The style of the romantics. The style of the fable. The style of the feuilleton.

3. Selection of language means according to the principle of their expressive-stylistic coloring. Book style. The style is official. Solemn style. The style is satirical. The style is humorous.

4. Construction of speech in accordance with the norms of word usage and syntax. The style is artificial. The style is casual. The style is simple. style mistakes. Work on style.

(Dictionary of linguistic terms by D.I. Rosenthal)

Main style unit. systems are functions. style.

In school traditions styles are considered in accordance with different aspects of social life.

V.V. Vinogradov emphasized the correlation of styles with the spheres and functions that the language performs:

Communicative function (communication) - everyday;

Message (business, scientific);

Impact (publicistic, artistic - fiction).

But Vinogradov himself noted that there are more styles than functions. Then he singled out styles of language and styles of speech.

functional style is a certain socially conscious kind of speech,

a) corresponding to one or another sphere of social activity and form of consciousness,

b) having a peculiar stylistic coloring created by the peculiarities of the functioning of language means and specific speech organization in this area,

c) having its own norms for the selection and combination of language units, determined by the tasks of communication in the relevant field.

* Each of the spheres of human activity corresponds to a special attitude to reality: in communication with loved ones - associative, in business communication - abstract-logical.

Style determining factors:

1. Form of consciousness and type of activity (type of thinking and form of reflection: scientific concept, legal norm, artistic image).

2. Factors that determine the substyle:

Degree of formality/informality

Oral/Writing the form

The greater the share of the written form in the style, the less “transparent” its oral form is, and vice versa.

Monologue/dialogue view

Method of communication: direct, indirect and impersonal (law, article). Direct contact tends to be oral.

The genre of speech (i.e. the type of speech work, characterized by the unity of construction, composition, style)

Kind of science, display method

3. Refinement factor:

Tone of speech

Orientation to the listener or audience

Type of speech contact

The nature of the subject and addressee of speech

4. Subjective factors

For a long time, the classification followed the path of differentiation between book and conversational styles. Gvozdev singled out everyday and journalistic styles. Budigov: colloquial (colloquial intelligent and colloquial familiar).

Substyle is influenced by genre and genre varieties.

Thanks to the development of language and the constant interaction of styles, the boundaries between them have a certain mobility.

STYLISTIC NORM - a historically established and naturally developing generally accepted implementation of styles embedded in the language. opportunities, meanings, colors, due to the goals, objectives and content of this sphere of communication.

(from spurs) Interstyle vocabulary. It includes words that do not have a functional fixation => is used in all of the listed styles. Interstyle vocabulary includes:

Names of specific objects (human, dog, cat)

Name of natural phenomena (snow, rain)

Name of neutral signs of words (happy, skillful, smart)

Name of common actions and states (speaking, writing)

Interstyle vocabulary is used both in oral and written speech. It is characterized by simplicity, naturalness, clarity, and general accessibility.

Stylistically neutral vocabulary is opposed by stylistically marked one. Most scientists in the composition of stylistically marked vocabulary distinguish 2 categories of words: book words, colloquial words.

Book vocabulary includes 3 groups of words (scientific vocabulary, official business, journalistic, fiction vocabulary)

Due to the diversity of colloquial vocabulary, there is currently no definitive study of the delimitation of colloquial vocabulary. There are several groups of words: 1. colloquial (loafer) 2. colloquial (dirty, grandfather) 3. everyday vernacular (net, bro) 4. colloquial terminological (castor oil, diabetic, core, hypertensive)

CONVERSATIONAL STYLE

Communication is unprepared, direct. Speakers are bound by informal relationships.

Vocabulary.

Ch. dominant - lack of concern for the form of expression. do not use words that are alien to this style.

relative lexical poverty:

• frequent repetitions

  words of imprecise, momentary semantics

  many occasionalisms

  ersatz words (substitute pauses)

  almost no synonym members are used. row

  the norm is the use of neutral vocabulary

Morphology .

The ratio of parts of speech:

• almost no participles and deep., cr. forms adj.

  many pronouns

  less than in other styles, noun is used. and adj.

I.-V.p. dominates.

There are some razg. forms: on vacation, contracts, sugar, Mom!

verb: a single time plan is not always maintained, truncated forms are actively used with the meaning of instantaneous action (grab, knock)

sometimes there is a verb control without a controlled word: Are you handing in early? I finish (what?)

Lots of particles

Syntax .

The proposal differs from the book-pis. styles: chains short messages strung on top of each other, because there is no time to think over the phrase; many insertions, additions, syntactic self-interruptions, superfluous words.

ellipsis, incompleteness

Both semi-service and significant elements are truncated.

many unprepositional case constructions

many repetitions

inversions, broken word order, phrases are often broken (he loved to read books)

connecting means: if, if

fragmentation of the proposal, parceling (I'm going to Moscow. One.)

26.Constructions that are not grammatically related to the structure of the sentence (addresses, introductory words, interjections).

Appeal- the name of the person or, in the case of personification, the inanimate object or phenomenon to which the statement is addressed; Petya, come back soon! Wind, wind, you are powerful, you drive clouds of clouds(A. Pushkin). The primary purpose of O. is to attract the attention of the listener and make it clear that the statement is addressed specifically to him. The presence of O. is especially characteristic of interrogative and incentive sentences that require a direct reaction of a specific addressee - an answer or action. In SRN, the form of address coincides with the nominative form of the noun, combined with a specific intonation.

Vvaboutthese wordsa, words that are not syntactically related to the sentence and express the speaker's attitude to the message, the general assessment of the message, an indication of the source of the message or its connection with the context of speech. As V. with. can be used as words isolated from one or another part of speech and used only as V. s. ("Of course", "for example", "apparently"), and words that have retained live connections with various parts of speech and can be members of a sentence ("maybe", "say", "seems"). V. s. may contain an emotional assessment of the message ("fortunately", "unfortunately") or a call for attention ("you know", "imagine"), indicate the degree of reliability ("true", "apparently"), the source ("they say", "known"), style ("simply") or the relationship between the parts of the message ("by the way", "finally").

Interjection- a class of unchangeable words that serve for an undivided and grammatically unformed expression of emotions and wills. M. occupy an isolated position in the system of parts of speech. Unlike service parts of speech, they do not participate in the expression of relations between words and sentences, and differ from significant words in the absence of a nominative meaning (for example, Alas! expresses a feeling of regret, not being its name.).

According to the functional and semantic features, interjections are divided into several groups:

1) emotional M., expressing the difference between positive or negative emotions (admiration, indignation, surprise, irritation, fear) or a general state of excitement: ah-ah-ah, ah, here you go, well, well, wow;

2) volitional M., expressing calls for the implementation or termination of an action, demands for silence or attention, etc.: hello, ay, go ahead, take it, march, ts;

3) vocative M., close to volitional, but addressed to animals: scat, kitty-kitty, shoo, whoa;

4) etiquette M., which are fixed formulas of greeting, gratitude, forgiveness: hello, thanks, bye bye. According to their composition and formation, M. are divided into non-derivatives (primitives) and derivatives (non-primitives). Non-derivatives M. ( ah, ah, shove, uh, fu) do not correlate with the words of significant parts of speech. Some of them contain rare or uncharacteristic for the Russian phonetic system. lang. sounds and their combinations: yeah, brr, um, shoo, ugh, chsh; they can double and triple: ah-ah-ah, oh-oh, oh-oh. Their origin is associated with reflex emotional cries and exclamations. M. derivatives can correlate with nouns ( oh my god damn it) with verbs ( think it will be for you, wait), with adverbs and service parts of speech ( out!, away, however). Among derivative interjections there are many stable combinations and phraseological units: wow, what the hell, that's it, well, well. M., as a rule, are not syntactically related to other words and are not a member. suggestions. They can function as the equivalent of a sentence: Ah ah ah!; Guard!; be part of phraseologized structures: Hey hero!; be freely introduced into the sentence, usually opening it: Oh, trouble! At the same time, some emotional m. are able to act as a predicate, if instead of naming. a sign expresses the impression it evokes: Her character is oh-oh-oh. In addition, volitional M., acquiring some verbal properties due to their proximity to the imperative mood, can subordinate dependent words to themselves: march home; go to the river. In some respects, verbal M. and onomatopoeia are close to interjection.

§one. Difficult sentence. General concepts

Difficult sentence is a unit of syntax.

complex are called sentences consisting of two or more grammatical bases, connected into a single whole in meaning, grammatically and intonationally.
A complex sentence differs from a simple sentence in that in a simple sentence there is one grammatical basis, and in a complex sentence there is more than one. A complex sentence, therefore, consists of parts, each of which is framed as a simple sentence.
But a complex sentence is not a random collection of simple sentences. In a complex sentence, parts are interconnected in meaning and syntactically, with the help of syntactic links. Each part, being framed as a sentence, does not have semantic and intonational completeness. These features are characteristic of the entire complex sentence as a whole.

Complex sentences, like simple ones, are characterized by the purpose of the utterance. They can be non-exclamatory and exclamatory.

Unlike a simple sentence, a complex one requires determining how many parts it consists of and what connection its parts are connected by.

§2. Types of syntactic connection of parts of a complex sentence

The syntactic relationship between parts of a complex sentence can be:

• allied
• unionless

Allied connection- this is a kind of syntactic connection expressed with the help of unions.

Allied connection can be:

• writing
• subordinating

Coordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an equal relationship of parts. A coordinating syntactic connection is expressed with the help of special means: coordinating conjunctions.

The storm passed and the sun came out.

Subordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an unequal relationship of parts. The parts of a complex sentence with a subordinating link are different: one is the main sentence, the other is a subordinate sentence. The subordinating syntactic connection is expressed with the help of special means: subordinating conjunctions and allied words.

We didn't go for a walk because a thunderstorm started.

(We didn't go for a walk- main proposition because the storm has begun- subordinate clause.)

Associative syntactic relationship is a meaningful connection. Parts of a complex sentence are connected only by punctuation. Neither conjunctions nor allied words are used to express an allied syntactic connection. Example:

The coach got sick, the class was rescheduled for next week.

The nature of the syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence- this is the most important classification feature of complex sentences.

§3. Classification of complex sentences

The classification of complex sentences is a classification according to the syntactic relationship between its parts. Complex sentences are divided into:

into 1) allied and 2) non-union, and allied, in turn - into 1) compound and 2) compound.

Therefore, there are three types of complex sentences:

• compound
• complex subordinate
• unionless

Each of these types is subject to further classification by meaning.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. How many grammatical bases are in a complex sentence?

   • two or more

2. How are parts of a complex sentence related?

   • within the meaning of

3. Does a part of a complex sentence have a completeness?

   • yes, each part is a separate independent proposal

4. Are complex sentences characterized by the purpose of the utterance?

5. Can complex sentences be exclamatory?

6. Is it correct to assume that the syntactic connection between the parts of a complex sentence is only allied?

7. What can be an allied connection between parts of a complex sentence?

   • main
   • adnexal

8. Is it possible to have a syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence without conjunctions?

9. What type of allied syntactic connection is characterized by an equal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?

   • an equal relationship characterizes a subordinating relationship

10. What type of allied syntactic connection is characterized by an unequal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?

    • unequal attitude characterizes the coordinative connection

Right answers:

1. two or more
2. in meaning and syntactically (using a syntactic link)
3. no, only all the parts together are an independent offer
4. coordinating and subordinating
5. equal relationship characterizes the coordinative connection
6. unequal attitude characterizes a subordinating relationship

The ability to correctly distinguish complex sentences, types of complex sentences largely determines the skill to correctly use punctuation marks. The punctuation mark itself depends on the connection between the parts, because it is no secret that, in addition to the comma, you can use a colon, dash or semicolon. We will talk about how to correctly distinguish between types of complex sentences in the article.

and complex

A sentence is the basic syntactic unit of any language. It is with the help of them that people not only talk, but also think, write. Syntax is the study of sentences. This part of language science defines simple and complex sentences, types of complex sentences. This section also shows how words are linked into syntactic units.

By studying syntax, a person develops his speech: it becomes rich, precise, harmonious and expressive. Indeed, one can speak using simple sentences, but it is completely different to use colored comparisons, expanded metaphors.

Punctuation is closely related to syntax. The center of its conduct is the ability to correctly use punctuation marks. This is very important, because in this way the thoughts of the writer become clear and understandable.

Offer types

Sentences in Russian are divided into simple and complex. The main determining factor here is the number of grammatical bases. If she is alone - the proposal is simple. For example: "Autumn painted the streets with colorful leaves." (subject - autumn, predicate - colored, respectively, the sentence is simple). It is a completely different matter if the sentence has more than one basis. In this case, it belongs to the complex ones: "Autumn has painted the streets with colorful leaves, but this rampage will not last long." Subject No. 1 - autumn, predicate No. 1 - painted; subject No. 2 - rampage, predicate No. 2 - will last. Thus, in this example, the sentence is complex.

Do not confuse complex and complicated sentences. Often a homogeneous predicate is taken as a second grammatical basis. For example: "Autumn frowned and painted the streets with colorful leaves." This sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous predicates: stepped on, painted.

Simple sentences: differences and characteristics

All types of simple and complex sentences are distinguished by two parameters: the purpose of the statement and intonation. The first one implies narrative, interrogative, and imperative syntactic units. Non-exclamatory and exclamatory sentences are distinguished intonation.

Simple sentences, in turn, are delimited according to several parameters.

1. Common and non-common. Here we pay attention to the presence of secondary members. "Kittens are playing." - "Cute kittens are playing on the front lawn." The first here is only the subject (kittens) and the predicate (play). In the second case, with the same grammatical basis, there are circumstances (on the lawn, in front of the house) and a definition (cute).
2. One piece and two piece. The former have only one of the main members: "I can't leave the house." Here, only the predicate to exit is available.
3. Complicated and not. A simple sentence can be complicated by a separate definition, addition or circumstance: "A person who reads books will always be an interesting conversationalist." "Reading books" - a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover. Besides, homogeneous members, introductory words and constructions, also make the sentence complicated.
4. Complete and incomplete. The latter do not have any member, main or secondary. Out of context, their meaning is not clear.

Division of complex sentences depending on the type of connection

The types of links between parts of a complex sentence and words in a phrase are coordinating and subordinating. Consider them in the context of a complex sentence.

If the two parts of the sentence are equivalent, the question does not arise between them - we have a compositional connection. It is expressed with the help of coordinating conjunctions and intonation.

If one of the parts depends on the other, we can easily ask a question between them, then there is a subordinating relationship. It is realized with the help of subordinating unions, and intonationally.

Only intonationally connected parts that have union-free complex sentences. The types of complex sentences are discussed in detail below.

Compound sentence

Accordingly, the following types of complex sentences will be distinguished:

1. SSP with connecting unions. The most common ones are and, yes, yes and, but (equal in value and), also, too. These sentences often convey the meaning of time, simultaneity or sequence of actions. For example, the sentence: "A black cloud appeared in the sky, and only a minute later lightning flashed." Here the sequence of events is framed not simply with the help of the union and, it is further strengthened by the circumstance of time: In a minute. Also, SSP with connecting unions can denote the meaning of cause or effect: "I am tempered every morning, and therefore diseases are alien to me." Causal meaning reinforced by circumstance That's why.
2. In an SSP with opposing conjunctions (but, a, yes (equal in meaning but), but, however), one event or phenomenon opposes another. "We all speak different languages, but people express grief and happiness in the same way." In such sentences, particles are often added to the coordinating union same, only or a particle same generally used without union: "Only a song needs beauty, beauty doesn't need songs" (I. Bunin).
3. Divisive unions or, or something and others form another type of compound sentences. They express the meaning of alternation or the possibility of an event: "Either I'm dreaming, or everything is really happening" (variability of the event). "Now it's snowing, then the wind is howling, then the blizzard is sweeping."

Complex sentence

A completely different matter is complex sentences. The types of complex sentences of this type are diverse. However, all of them are united by the existence of two unequal parts: the main and subordinate. From the first we can easily ask a question to the other. "You need to read only those works that educate and teach to think." The first part is the main one. Let's ask the question: "K" what books? The answer will be the second part, respectively, it is subordinate.

It is noteworthy that the subordinate clause is not always placed after the main clause. It can stand in front of him: "If we leave early, we will have time to take best places". Also, the subordinate clause can be "lost" inside the main one. "The branches of the willow, which were slightly touched by frost, were beautiful in autumn." It should be remembered that the subordinate clause is always separated from the main one by commas.

Depending on the meaning, various complex sentences are distinguished. The types of complex sentences with a subordinating link will be determined by the subordinate clauses included in its composition:

• Subject adjectives.
• Predicate adjectives.
• Definitive adjectives.
• Adventitious additional.

Associative compound sentence

There are such types of links between parts of a complex sentence, when their dependence on each other is conveyed only with the help of meaning and intonation. In this case, we are talking about non-union complex sentences. It is clear from the definition that there are neither subordinating nor here. Punctuation marks, as well as various types of complex impersonal sentences, are determined only by semantic meanings.

Commas in such syntactic units are extremely rare. More often - a colon and a dash. The first is put if there is a reason in the second part of the meaning. "I will go on foot: it will be better for everyone." You should also put a colon if there is an explanation value or additional meaning. A dash is put if the second part denotes opposition: "The tree grows - the man cuts down." Compare: "The tree grows, and the man cuts down." Either time, condition, consequence.

Offer with different types of communication

There is another type of complex sentences that contains the ones listed above - this is a complex sentence with different types connections. It represents several blocks connected by a coordinating connection or union-free.

To better understand this type of syntactic units, let's look at an example. "Some say that the thirst for memories comes with age - I think they are wrong." Let's analyze the types of communication in a complex sentence. There are two blocks, which are complex sentences. Between them is an allied connection, expressed by the value of opposition, therefore a dash is placed. So the first block ends with the word age, then the second block.