Independent participle turnover in English examples. Participle turnover in English. Participle Functions in a Sentence

past tense).

Forming the present participle

The table below shows examples. To form a present participle from a verb, you must add the ending -ing to it.

Verb	Translation of the verb	Present participle / gerund participle
Run	run	Running	Running, running, running, running	running
read	Read	Reading	Reader, reader, reader, reader	Reading
Sing	Sing	Singing	Singing, singing, singing, singing	humming
Jump	Jump	jumping	Jumping, jumping, jumping, jumping	jumping
swim	To swim	Swimming	Floating, floating, floating, floating	floating
Walk	Walk	Walking	Walking, walking, walking, walking	walking
Listen	Listen	listening	Listener, listener, listener, listener	listening
open	Open	Opening	Opener, opener, opener, opener	opening
Wait	Wait	Waiting	Waiting, waiting, waiting, waiting	waiting

As the examples above show, this simple grammatical construction in English language able to replace several at once in Russian.

Participle turnover with present participle

How can I translate the participle into English using the Present Participle? Below are some examples.

with present participle

Another very useful feature Present Participle - the formation of adverbial phrases in English. Examples of such turnovers are as follows.

Example	Translation
He was telling this story laughing and joking	He told this story, laughing and joking
When walking down the street they observed a crowd of weird people dressed up in emerald-green cloaks	Walking down the street, they noticed a crowd of strange people dressed in emerald green cloaks.
Having dinner with my father, don "t forget not to mention your job, or he will never let me see you again	When dining with my father, remember not to mention your work or he will never let us see each other again.
Asking him for help, remember to be polite	When asking him for help, do not forget about politeness
He couldn't tell about his weekend without wearing	He couldn't talk about how he spent his weekend without cursing.

Forming the past participle

The past participle in English for regular verbs is formed by adding the ending -ed. Below are examples.

Verb	Translation	Past participle	Translation (as participle)	Translation (as a gerund)
Enter	Enter	Entered	entered, entered, entered, entered	Entering
Decide	Decide	Decided	Decided, decided, decided, decided	Deciding
Create	Create	Created	Created, created, created, created	Having created
inventory	Invent	Invented	invented, invented, invented, invented	inventing
Prepare	Prepare	Prepared	Cooked, cooked, cooked, cooked	Having prepared

The Past Participle form for irregular verbs can be found in the third column in the list of these verbs. It is impossible to deduce it, but to memorize it is quite real. Here are some examples.

Verb	Translation	Past participle	Translation (as participle)	Translation (as a gerund)
bring	Bring	Brought	Brought, brought, brought, brought	Bringing
buy	Buy	Bought	Bought, bought, bought, bought	Having bought
Begin	To begin	Begun	Started, started, started, started	Having started
Put	Put	Put	Laid down, laid down, laid down, laid down	Putting
Pay	Pay	Paid	Paid, paid, paid, paid	Having paid

Guided by this algorithm, it is possible to choose without much effort own examples past participles in English.

Participle turnover with past participle

What are the examples? Such a construction looks like this.

Participle turnover with past participle

It is possible to formulate such a participle in English by analogy with any of the following examples.

There is a rule: in English, commas are not distinguished. Despite the fact that intonation requires a pause, English punctuation here is significantly different from Russian.

Finally

Participles and participles in English are formed in two ways, quite similar to each other. This is not a difficult algorithm, and it is easy to master if you analyze and identify patterns between the corresponding illustrative examples.

In learning English, there comes a moment when you no longer want to be content with simple sentences. There is a desire to dilute the text with beautiful turns so that they sound not only competently, but also effectively. In such cases, the sacrament in English comes to the rescue, which will be discussed today.

Participle or participle in English – it is an impersonal form of a verb that has the features of a verb, an adjective, and even an adverb. The participle in English sentences is quite common both in speech and in writing. Therefore, let's look at the types of participles in English, their formation and role in the sentence.

There are two types of participle in English:

The first is the group Participle I - present participle;
The second - Participle II - past participle.

Education

Participle I is the present participle. It can be expressed in the Simple and Perfect forms. Consider both of them in the table using the example of the verb read (read):

In the participle, the verbs of the Simple form are formed in the same way as in the Continuous tense. In plain language, for education real participles present tense, the ending -ing is used. For passive participles, it is used with the ending -ing and the verb in the third form.

Perfect is formed using the verb have with the ending -ing and the third form of the verb. Third English form The verb is formed in 2 ways:

The right ones English verbs with the ending -ed.

For the wrong ones, on their own, not obeying the rules.

These participles are translated into Russian as a present participle or an imperfect gerund (the Simple form) and a perfect gerund (the Perfect form).

With active and passive voices in the perfect form, only transitive verbs can be used. Note that intransitive verbs are not expressed in the passive form. Intransitive verbs are those that cannot be combined with a noun or pronoun. Study the table with examples for clarity:

Although the present participle in passive voice and so is used much less frequently than in the active voice. Do not think that the passive turnover is biased. It just sounds quite voluminous, and the English language is constantly striving for simplification.

Two or more participles (and gerunds when translated into Russian) are usually not used in one sentence. Avoid too long sentences, it is better to break them into two. And even in this case, it is better to make the participle have only the first or second sentence.

The role of the participle in a sentence

The functions of the sacrament are limited to a few points. So, the participle can be expressed:

Definition:

Moreover, the English participle can go both before and after the noun:

The girl talking to Jim is my sister.

Determinative participial revolutions of a comma, as a rule, are not distinguished.

The circumstance of a condition, cause, time, or course of action. Study on table examples :

But here, as in Russian turns, the adverbial participial turnover needs a comma.

The nominal part of the compound predicate:

Brad will be performing at 5 p.m. on the first and second of March.

Brad will be performing at 5pm on March 1st and 2nd.

Use

English participles that match the Simple forms:

show that the action occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the predicate. Let's look at an example:

characterize the subject:

Communion in perfect shape is used to show that the action preceded the action expressed by the verb:

In the same case, the use of the Simple form can now be encountered, although from the point of view English grammar perfect time preferred:

Despite the fact that in Russian this form is a participle, in English it refers to participle turnover. In fact, nothing belongs to the gerund, since in English the gerund is a participle. That is, there is simply no gerund in English. Do not be surprised, there are a lot of similar language differences between English and Russian, they just need to be taken into account.

It is important to note that although it is a present participle, it does not mean that it is only used with English present tense sentences.

Participle 1 vs gerund or difference between gerund and participle

The present participle in its appearance may resemble gerund, which is also formed by adding the ending -ing. However, the difference between them is huge, as their functions are completely different. Therefore, in order to confuse the participle with the gerund, you need to try very hard.

The difference is this:

The gerund is used on its own and is expressed by a noun:

The participle refers to the noun and is located before / after it. It's more like an adjective:

The gerund and the participle of the English language can also have a perfect form. As in the first case, one of the main features of their use is that in gerundial variants such a construction is used in a sentence as a subject.

While the participial turnover shows that after completing one action, another was done.

As you can see distinguish gerund and participle and understand between them difference not so difficult.

Participle in English: Participle II

Education

Participle II or the past participle has only one form, namely the Past Participle Simple form. Participle 2 is used in English only in the passive voice. In the active voice, it cannot even be formed. The passive voice has two forms of formation:

With the ending -ed for regular verbs. Table with examples:

Infinitive / Initial form of the verb	Participle II / Past participle
close (close)	closed
play (play)	played (played)
produce (produce)	produced (produced)
motivate (motivate)	motivated (motivated)

Irregular verbs have their own special form. Examples:

In Russian, these participles in the past tense are translated by passive participles of the imperfect and perfect types.

Role in the proposal

The past participle in English can perform a number of functions:

Definitions:

It can be introduced into a sentence using the preposition as (as):

His life, as described by biographers, seems to be a tragic one.

His life, described by biographers, seems tragic.

Less commonly, circumstances using unions when (when), unless (until), as if (as if), as though (as if), if (if), unless (if not), though (although), although (although):

The nominal part of the compound predicate:

The participle also performs the function of a complex object:

Use

Usually the past participle is:

expresses perfect action, which precedes the main action:

Expresses the property of a person / object:

There are no independent ways to use the sacrament. However, if you are afraid of making a mistake with the construction, you can turn the participle into a separate sentence.

Participle in English: Independent participial turnover

Independent participial phrases deserve special attention.

To form an independent participial turnover, it is necessary to use a noun or pronoun and participle 1 or 2. An independent participle turnover is separated by a comma, performing the functions of a circumstance. The translation of such participial phrases can have two options:

In the first case, when an independent participle in English is used at the beginning of a sentence, it is translated as a subordinate clause of time, condition and reason. Such sentences usually contain conjunctions "when", "if" and "because":

In the second case, the independent participial turnover is translated by an independent sentence. To form one sentence with an independent participial turnover, the words "at the same time", "at the same time", "moreover" can be used.

Independent sentences, as you can see, sound less "loaded".

We hope that you figured out what participles are in English. To consolidate the topic, translate Russian sentences with gerunds and participles into English, do the exercises and periodically return to this site for self-study of the language.

, Present Participle I and Past Participle II respectively. If you forgot something, I recommend that you look at the already mentioned article again to remember how these participles are formed and how they are used.

This material is dedicated independent participle turnover in English. Its second name is The (Nominative) Absolute Participial Construction. Sometimes it is called absolute or independent participial turnover, and sometimes even complex, because it is this function that it performs in the sentence. An independent participial turnover should not be confused with a simple participial turnover. In such a participial turnover, the action expressed by the participle refers to the person or object indicated in the sentence. Therefore, such participial phrases correspond to our participles. For example:

Having done his homework, he listened to music. After doing his homework, he listened to music. (having done - gerund; subject one - he - did his homework and listened to music)

Knowing Japanese well, she managed to negotiate with our foreign customers. – Knowing Japanese well, she was able to negotiate with our overseas customers. (knowing; subject one - she knows the language and she negotiated)

While writing down her new novel, she often used a dictionary. When writing her new novel, she often used a dictionary. (writing down - gerund; subject one - she wrote down a novel and looked into the dictionary)

Having tested the new equipment, they agreed to sign a contract. After testing the new equipment, they agreed to sign a contract. (having tested - gerund; subject one - they tested and signed the contract)

And what participial turnover do we call independent in English? How does it differ from those that sounded in the examples? Let's figure it out.

What is an independent participial turnover in English?

Unlike the previous participial phrases, which have one subject, there will be two subjects in an independent participial phrase in English. One is in the main sentence, and the second is in the form of one of the components in the participial turnover. Since an independent participial turnover consists of a noun in the common case or a personal pronoun in nominative case and participles of any kind, it is the noun or pronoun that will play the role of the subject. And the predicate will be the action expressed by the participle. What do we get? Two separate subjects, two predicates, and therefore two separate sentences. This is the peculiarity of the independent participial turnover in English.

An independent participial turnover is always separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence. But its location can be different: most often it is at the beginning of a sentence, but options are not excluded at the end, and sometimes in the middle of a sentence. An independent participial turnover in English corresponds to Russian either, or an independent sentence. Such a turnover is most common in technical, legal, economic and fiction.

Types of circumstances, the function of which is performed by an independent participial turnover

I have already mentioned that an independent participial turnover performs the function of a complex circumstance in a sentence. As we know, circumstances are different, and their classification is quite extensive. What circumstance can be this turnover in various sentences? It can function:

Circumstances of time.
Therainhavingstopped, she went to the shop to buy all necessary stuff for the trip. After the rain stopped, she went to the store to buy everything she needed for the trip.

Thearticlebeingpublished, I got my author's fee. When the article was published, I received my royalties.

Theworkfinished, we went home. When the work was finished, we went home.

In this function, an independent participial phrase in English corresponds to a subordinate clause of time. And in colloquial speech, the sentences presented would look like this: After the rain had stopped, she went to the shop to by all necessary stuff for the trip. The article was published and I got my author' fee.

By the way, defining words can stand between a noun and a participle in an independent participle in English. For example:

The question having been settled, he went to bed. When the matter was resolved, he went to bed.

The question about his participating in this meeting having been settled, he went to bed. - When the question of his participation in this meeting was decided, he went to bed.

In some independent participial phrases, participle I from the verb can be omitted to be – being. But it is easily guessed by the meaning:

Thelesson(being)over, the teacher left the school. When the lesson ended, the teacher left the school.
Reason circumstances. And this turnover will correspond to the subordinate clause of the reason in Russian.
Her sister being too nervous, it was difficult to speak to her. Her sister was very nervous, it was difficult to talk to her.

My brother having lost his international passport, we couldn't go abroad. My brother lost his passport and we couldn't go abroad.

Here's what these turns look like in the form of subordinate clauses: As my sister was too nervous, it was difficult to speak to her. As my brother had lost his international passport, we couldn't go abroad.

The place of the subject in an independent participle in a sentence can be occupied by an introductory there or formal subject it. For example:

Therebeingnobodyatwork, I decided to have a nap. There was no one at work, and I decided to take a nap.

It being Monday, the shop opened at half past nine. Since it was Monday, the store opened at half past nine.
Concomitant circumstance and circumstance of the course of action. In this situation, an independent participial turnover always stands at the end of the sentence.
He looked at me hiseyessparklingwithjoy. He looked at me, his eyes glowing with joy.

The wood was placed in the warehouse, the wood shredding being forwarded to the factory. The wood was placed in a warehouse, and the sawdust was sent to the factory.

And the full sentences will be: He looked at me and his eyes were sparkling with joy. The wood was placed in the warehouse and the wood shredding was forwarded to the factory.

In the function of an accompanying circumstance, one can also find a prepositional independent participial phrase in English - The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. It is introduced as a preposition with.

She was listening to me with her mouth (being) pursed. She listened to me, her lips were pursed.
Circumstances conditions. In this situation, we usually encounter participles from verbs to permit- let; to fail- fail, fail.
weather permitting, we will start planting potatoes. If the weather permits, we will start planting potatoes.

Timepermitting, I'll visit you next month. If time permits, I will visit you next month.

An independent participial turnover in this function will correspond to the subordinate clause of the condition in Russian: If the weather permits, we will start planting potatoes. If the time permits, I'll visit you next month.

Translation of independent participial phrases into Russian

In conclusion, I would like to say a few words about the translation of independent participial phrases into Russian. As you understand, for the most part, they are translated by subordinate clauses of the type that corresponds to a certain circumstance. These can be subordinate clauses of time (with unions - when, after), reasons (with unions - since, since), conditions (with union if). Examples are listed above.

They can also be translated as an independent sentence with conjunctions: a, while, moreover. Take a look at the wood example. And they can be translated as an independent sentence with the union "and", or without any coordinating union at all.

The first day after the holidays was very profitable, over one bottle hundred of mineral water being sold in the afternoon. - The first day after the holidays was very profitable. In the afternoon, more than a hundred bottles of mineral water were sold.

Present participle ( Present Participle) in an independent participial phrase in English, we translate by a verb in the present tense, if the predicate is also expressed by a verb in the present tense, and, accordingly, by a verb in the past tense, if the predicate is also in the past tense. Why? Participle I expresses an action performed simultaneously with the action of the verb-predicate. But this participle can also denote an action that coincides with the moment of speech, regardless of how tense the predicate is expressed. Then we can observe the combination "present tense (participle) - past tense (verb-predicate)". For example:

The car couldn't enter the garage, itsheightexceeding 2meters. - The car could not enter the garage, as its height exceeds (exceeded) 2 meters.

Past participle ( Participle II) we always translate the verb in the past tense, since with the help of this participle we express the action that preceded the action of the verb-predicate.

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

Independent participial phrases are extremely common in scientific, technical and socio-political literature, and since there are no similar phrases in the Russian language, they make it somewhat difficult to understand the text.

In Russian, participial and participial constructions have their equivalents in expanded subordinate clauses, in which the subject coincides with the subject of the main clause.

When the student was translating this article, he came across many unfamiliar words.
Translating this article, the student came across many unfamiliar words.

It is known that in the English language Participle I and Perfect Participle in the function of circumstances can form participial phrases similar to Russian adverbial phrases. In these turns, both Participle I and Perfect Participle express the action related to the subject of the sentence, and the turn itself is equivalent in value *

As can be seen from the examples, the subject of both main and subordinate clauses are the same.

There are phrases in English that have their own (independent) subject expressed by a noun in the common case or by a personal pronoun in the nominative case.

In this example, Participle I testing has the engineer as the subject, which is not related to the committee as the subject.

The participle testing plays the role of a predicate in relation to the subject engineer, although the participle cannot be a predicate, since it is an impersonal form of the verb.

So, this turnover, having independent subject(why is it called independent participial turnover), most often expresses time, cause or concomitant circumstances. On the Russian, this turnover is translated by the subordinate clause adverbial sentence . When translating into Russian, subordinating conjunctions are introduced before the subject of this turnover if, since, since, when, after and etc.

This most often happens when the turnover precedes the subject with a predicate expressed in the personal form of the verb.

An independent participial phrase at the end of a sentence is very often found in technical texts, and the English sentence in this case is most often translated into Russian by a compound sentence with coordinating conjunctions moreover, a, and, but.

(related circumstances)

To find out an independent participial turnover in the text, you need to pay attention to its formal features:

1) the participle is preceded by a noun without a preposition or a pronoun in the nominative case;

2) an independent participial turnover is always separated by a comma.

If the action expressed by the Participle of an independent participial turnover preceded the action of the verb-predicate of the main clause, then the Perfect Participle is used:

As can be seen from the last example, an independent participial turnover can also be used with passive participles, both Participle I Passive and Perfect Participle Passive.

This construction can also be used with turnovers: there is, there are, and in sentences with the formal subject it:

The participle of the verb to be (being, having been) can be omitted.

Some independent participial phrases expressing concomitant circumstances or a reason begin with the preposition with and are translated in the same way as independent participial phrases without a preposition, i.e. subordinate clause, introduced with the help of a subordinating union, or an independent sentence introduced by a coordinating union.

An independent participial turnover is a combination of a noun in the common case (or a pronoun in the nominative case) with a participle in which the noun (or pronoun) plays the role of a subject in relation to the participle, without being the subject of the whole sentence:

The weather being fine, the airplane started. => Since the weather was good, the plane took off (lit.: the weather being good, the plane took off).

The subject of the verb-predicate (started) is the noun the airplane, while the noun the weather is only the subject of the participle being.

There is no similar construction in Russian. Russian adverbial adverbial phrases, as well as English dependent adverbial phrases, refer to the subject of the sentence in which they are included.

Coming to Leningrad I went to the Hermitage. => Arriving in Leningrad, I went to the Hermitage.

gerund having arrived in the Russian sentence, as well as the participle coming in English sentence, refers to the subject of the sentence - I (I):

I came and I went (I came and I went).

Thus, the pronoun I (I) is the subject of the sentence and at the same time performs the role of the subject in relation to the gerund (or participle - in the English sentence).

This is the difference between the dependent participle turnover and the independent participle turnover in English.

The participle in any of its forms can be part of an independent participial turnover.

Note. An independent participle is always separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence.

An independent participial turnover performs, in relation to the main composition of the sentence, the role of any member of the sentence, mainly the circumstances of time, causes or conditions.

The independent participle turnover is translated into Russian: 1) by a subordinate adverbial clause; 2) simple sentence, which is part of a complex sentence and introduced by unions, moreover, a, and; 3) by a simple sentence, which is part of a compound sentence by means of a non-union connection:

All preparations being made (= when all preparations were made), the party sat down. => When all the preparations were made, everyone sat down.
All doors having been locked (== as all doors had been locked), they were forced to spend the night at a neighbor's home. => Since all the doors were locked, they were forced to spend the night at a neighbor's house.
Weather permitting (= if the weather permits), the airplane starts early in the morning. => Weather permitting, the plane will take off early in the morning.
Chromium having been added, strength and hardness of the steel increased. => After chromium was added, the strength and hardness of the steel increased
The article deals with microwaves, particular attention being paid to radio location.=>
They went to the winding shaft, two of the men carrying a stretcher. => They went to the lift shaft; two of the workers were carrying a stretcher
Hydrogen is the simplest substance, atoms of other elements having a more complex structure. => Hydrogen is the simplest substance; atoms of other substances have a more complex structure.

Some independent participles begin with with. Such participial phrases are translated in the same way as independent participial phrases with the same meaning without a preposition:

The article deals with microwaves, with particular attention being paid to radio location. => The article is devoted to microwaves, and special attention is paid to radar.
With chromium having been added, strength and hardness of the steel increased. => After (since) chromium was added to the steel, its strength and hardness increased.

An independent participial turnover may be preceded by the introductory particle there. Such an independent participial turnover is usually translated by a subordinate adverbial clause:

There being no other traffic on the road, we drove rather fast. => Since there were few cars on the road, we drove quite fast.
A body can move uniformly and in a straight line, here being no cause to change that motion. => The body can move evenly and in a straight line if there is no reason that can change this movement.

A participle with words that depend on it can perform the function of an introductory member of a sentence in a sentence. Typically, these stakeholder groups have modal meaning and refer to the entire sentence as a whole: strictly speaking; generally speaking, etc.:

Generally speaking, metals are excellent conductors. => Generally speaking, metals are excellent conductors.