Complex sentences with a definitive clause are structures with closely fused parts, which is explained by the conditional dependence of the clause. Attributive clauses refer to nouns in the main part.
This substantive reference determines the main functions of the definitive parts - they contain a description of the object or reveal its sign: I was frightened of the women who left the people's commissariat with Natasha (S. Bar.); “Autumn Day in Sokolniki” is the only Levitan landscape where a person is present (Paust.). Defined adnexal part nouns can play the role of any member of the sentence in the main part, since their ability to have a definition in the form of a subordinate part is associated with their lexical and morphological nature, and not with their syntactic function (cf .: The women who left the people's commissariat with Natasha scared me; I captivated by "Autumn Day in Sokolniki" - the only landscape of Levitan, where there is a person).
Purely conditionally, complex sentences with a definitive clause include sentences with pronouns (definitive and demonstrative) in the main part. Conventionally, because the subordinate clauses in this case do not define the pronoun (it is of poor quality and is not able to be determined), but concretize its meaning, reveal its meaning: Who is cheerful, he laughs (L.-K.).
Substantive attributive sentences
Substantive attributive sentences, depending on the function of the subordinate part, have two varieties. The function of the subordinate clause depends on the extent to which the noun it defines needs to be defined.
In some cases, the main part necessarily requires a definition. Such a subordinate clause fills in the missing member of the main part, since the noun being defined is too general in meaning and needs a distinctive feature that concretizes and narrows its meaning. For example: How can an estate exist, - Romashov asked himself, - which in peacetime, without bringing a single crumb of benefit, eats someone else's bread and someone else's meat, dresses in other people's clothes, lives in other people's houses, and in wartime it goes senselessly to kill, and people like themselves (Kupr.); People who know how to behave with dignity under a shot are forgiven for a lot, a lot (Kupr.).
In others, the main part does not need a subordinate clause, since it is autosemantic. The subordinate clause in such sentences extends the main clause, provides additional information about the subject named by the noun being defined, which is either specific in its meaning or is already sufficiently defined in the main part. For example: In the midst of a feast, Travkin entered the barn, whom no one expected (Cossack.); Turning to the window, I looked at the deserted streets, along which military vehicles occasionally rushed (S. Bar.); But he did not take his hand away and spoke simple, touching, soothing words, which an adult says to an offended child (Kupr.). The presence of definitions for a noun in the main part is not always an indicator of its exhaustive characteristics. For example, in a sentence, He wrote still timidly, with an eye on the editor and the reader, he wrote with that feeling, well known to novice writers, that a crowd of mocking people stands behind him and reads every word with condemnation (Paust.). The noun that is defined by feeling is already defined in the main part, but the subordinate clause turns out to be necessary because this definition is not specific enough in content and another, specifying, is required, which is given in the subordinate part.
The functional difference between the two types of attributive clauses is emphasized by the use of the pronouns that, such with the noun being defined in the main part. The subordinate part with the meaning of a distinguishing feature (distinctive-restrictive or qualitative) either has correlative words in the main part (demonstrative pronouns for nouns), or involves their substitution. The pronouns that, such serve as an indicator of the obligatory subordinate part: ... Valeryanov had the same fine calculation as that cab driver who hung a piece of hay in front of the muzzle of his hungry nag (Kupr.); I even told Natasha about the Vop River. And about the beauty of the places where I go for the summer (S. Bar.); Only those few people who were in outfits did not participate in the meeting (S. Bar.); In the place where the field road flowed into the deserted highway, I got off my bicycle and leaned it against a telegraph pole (Nab.).
Definitive clauses with a distributive function usually do not allow demonstrative words with definable nouns: The second quadrille came, which I danced with Sonechka (L.
T.); The idea of my current trip to the camp belonged, oddly enough, to my mother, who finally lost hope of achieving a match between my height and weight (S. Bar.); And now my father is walking next to our column ... My father, who once wrote good poetry (S. Bar.). The substitution of demonstrative pronouns for definable nouns in these examples deprives the sentence of meaning, since the objects in question are thought of as the only ones.
Substantive-defining sentences according to the type of subordination can be of a relative and allied type. The subordinate part in them joins the main one with the help of allied words which, what, koy (obsolete), whose, what, where, where, where, when, and unions to, as if, as if, as if.
In complex sentences expressing attributive relations, the most general meaning definition is conveyed by a union word which, for example: The brichka, which entered the courtyard, stopped in front of a small house, which was difficult to see behind the darkness (G.).
As a union word, equivalent to the word which, the relative pronoun koy can be used, for example: These tears were partly caused by a punch, which he pulled out three glasses (P.).
The allied word what (usually in the presence of demonstrative words in the main one) is used in the subordinate part with an additional touch of assimilation, comparison. In a complex sentence If you want to be argued with and understood as you should, then you yourself must be conscientiously attentive to your opponent and accept his words and evidence exactly in the sense in which he addresses them to you (Bel.) the clause in which he refers them to you contains the additional meaning of assimilation.
The allied word whose is used in clauses with an additional touch of belonging, for example: I also thought about the person in whose hands my fate was (P.).
The relative pronoun what, how and which serves as an indicator of the general attributive meaning. For example: And before they lived in that wing, gray from time to time, that hides behind the house (Shishk.). However, along with this, it, like the allied word what, can attach a subordinate part with a touch of assimilation (if there are demonstrative words in the main one). The allied word that in such use acquires a colloquial coloring: In her mouth, in her eyes and on her shoulders, the gray-haired sorcerer kissed her and whispered the same sweet speeches to her that dear about the wedding, whispered (N.).
Pronominal adverbs where, where, from where, acting as allied words, are usually used in subordinate clauses with a spatial connotation of meaning. For example: I intended to go at dawn to the fortress gates, from where Maria Ivanovna was supposed to leave, and there to say goodbye to her for the last time (P.); Clouds descended over the valley where we were driving (P.); In the salon-car, where Korchagin entered after the conductor, several people were sitting (N. Ostr.). Allied words where, where, from where are possible only with nouns that contain a spatial meaning.
Defining clauses with an allied word when are complicated by a shade of temporary meaning and are allowed only with nouns of the same meaning, i.e. time values: A year will come, a black year for Russia, when the crown of the kings will fall (L.).
Types of subordinate clauses. Complex sentences with subordinate clauses. Grade 9
Lesson Objectives:
-training: teach students to find adverbial clauses in complex sentences according to characteristic features, place punctuation marks in sentences of this type, draw up diagrams complex sentences;
- developing: develop spelling literacy, the skills of determining these subordinate clauses in complex sentences;
- educational: to instill love for the mother tongue.
Equipment: textbook, writing on the board.
Lesson type: lesson learning new material.
During the classes
Organizing time
Emotional mood
Repetition of the studied material
Linguistic warm-up (to test and train auditory memory)
- From the suggested words, write down only the second letter of each of them. If you manage to do everything without mistakes, then from these letters you will get a combination of words related to scientific terminology.
Shout, brilliant, quantitative, burn (hands), intense, luxurious, disinterested, danger, heartfelt, nameless, eleven, pale-faced, lay, fried, silver, intelligent, cynical, realistic.
(Difficult sentence.)
Additional task: explain the lexical meaning of wordsintense, cynical, realistic. If necessary, use an explanatory dictionary.
Repetition of theoretical information about complex sentences
What branch of the science of language studies the sentence?
What is a complex sentence?
What are the types of compound sentences?
3. Digital dictation
- Mark the numbers of complex sentences.
1) My house is on the outskirts of the district.(Simple sentence)
2) It was already ten o'clock, and the full moon was shining over the garden.(complex sentence)
3) And there is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth.
4) The hunter was alert: the dog tucked its tail.(Unionless complex sentence)
5) We have reached the destination of our journey.(Simple sentence)
6) He sang an old Russian song, which was impossible to listen to without excitement.(Complex sentence)
(2, 3, 4, 6)
Preparing for the perception of new material
What is a complex sentence?
Teacher. All complex sentences are divided into three groups: attributive, explanatory, adverbial.
- Read the last sentence of the digital dictation.
Find the main and subordinate clauses.
From what part of speech in the main clause is the question to the subordinate clause?
(on behalf of a noun)
Ask a question.(Song what? )
What is the means of connecting the main clause with the subordinate clause?
(Union word which - relative pronoun)
Draw up a proposal.
In this sentence, the subordinate clause answers the same question as the adjective. That is why it is called...(defining.)
Right. So formulate the theme and objectives of our lesson.
5. Formulation by students of the topic and objectives of the lesson
6. Learning new material
1. Work with the textbook article (p. 69-70)
Reading an article, commenting on examples, drawing up a plan.
Plan
Type of subordinate clause.
What question does the subordinate clause answer?
What does the main clause refer to?
Means of communication.
Are there pointing words?
An example of a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
2. Work in pairs
- Tell according to the plan about subordinate clauses.
7. Consolidation of the studied material
1. Write sentences, opening brackets and putting a subordinate clause after the word being defined. Draw up proposals received.
1) There are fish in the river (which flows near our village).
2) A member of the Great Patriotic War(which stands next to the school).
3) At the bottom of a forest ravine, a stream ran along a rocky bed (where we came).
2. Selective work with test tasks from a collection of preparations for the OGE in the Russian language, edited by I. P. Tsybulko (36 options).
8. Summing up the lesson. Reflection
Interactive reception "Microphone"
Continue the sentence: “Today in the lesson we repeated (studied, learned, completed) ...”.
9. Homework
Literature
Egorova N.V. Lesson developments in the Russian language: Grade 9: a universal guide. - M.: VAKO, 2006. - 224 p.
OGE. Russian language: typical examination options: 36 options / ed. I. P. Tsybulko. - M .: National Education, 2015. - (OGE. FIPI - school).
Russian language. Grade 9: lesson plans according to the textbook by L. A. Trostentsova and others / ed. T. M. Ambusheva. - Volggrad: Teacher, 2012. - 143 p.
Russian language. Grade 9: textbook. for general education institutions / L. A. Trostentsova, T. A. Ladyzhenskaya, A. D. Deykina, O. M. Aleksandrova; scientific Ed. N. M. Shansky. – 9th ed. – M.: Enlightenment, 2012. – 206 p.
4. Stylistic use of attributive clauses
In colloquial speech, especially in its oral form, we use mostly simple sentences, and very often incomplete ones (the absence of certain members is made up for by facial expressions and gestures); less commonly used complex (mainly demonic).
The use of complex sentences distinguishing feature book styles. At the same time, with The most common are sentences with an attributive clause (33.6%). Complex sentences are, as it were, “adapted” to express complex semantic and grammatical relationships that are especially characteristic of the language of science: they allow not only to accurately formulate a particular thesis, but also to support it with the necessary argumentation, to give scientific justification.
In the official business style, in second place in terms of frequency after attributive clauses, there are conditional clauses. IN various types texts, the ratio of types of complex sentences, of course, changes, but the strong predominance of conditional clauses in genres of a legal nature and a rather significant percentage in others determines the overall quantitative and qualitative picture of this functional style.
If in book functional styles the choice of one or another type of complex sentence is associated, as a rule, with the logical side of the text, then in expressive speech its aesthetic side also becomes important: when choosing one or another type of complex sentence, its expressive possibilities are taken into account.
The master of the stylistic use of complex syntactic constructions was Leo Tolstoy. Simple, and especially short sentences, are rare in his work. Compound sentences are usually found in Tolstoy when depicting specific pictures (for example, in descriptions of nature):
“The next morning, the bright sun that rose quickly ate the thin ice that covered the waters, and all the warm air trembled from the vapors of the revived earth that filled it. exhibited flying bee."
The writer's appeal to the life of society suggested to him a complicated one. Recall the beginning of the novel "Resurrection":
No matter how hard people tried, having gathered in one small place several hundred thousand, to disfigure the land on which they huddled, no matter how they stoned the earth so that nothing would grow on it, no matter how they cleaned off any breaking grass, no matter how they smoked with coal and oil, no matter how they pruned the trees and drove out all the animals and birds, - spring was spring even in the city. The sun warmed, the grass, reviving, grew and turned green wherever they scraped it off, not only on the lawns of the boulevards, but also between slabs of stones, and birches, poplars, bird cherry blossomed their sticky and odorous leaves, lindens puffed out bursting buds, jackdaws, sparrows and doves were joyfully preparing their nests in the spring, and flies buzzed against the walls, warmed by the sun. Both plants and birds were cheerful ", and insects, and children. But people - big, adult people - did not stop deceiving and torturing themselves and each other. People believed that it was not this spring morning, not this beauty of the God's world, given for the good of all beings, that was sacred and important - beauty that has to peace, harmony and love, but sacred and important is what they themselves invented in order to rule over each other.
On the one hand, complicated constructions, on the other hand, simple, “transparent” ones, emphasize the contrasting juxtaposition of the tragedy of human relations and harmony in nature.
It is interesting to touch upon the problem of A.P. Chekhov and Tolstoy. Chekhov found an aesthetic justification for the famous novelist's adherence to the complicated language. S. Shchukin recalled Chekhov's remark: “Did you pay attention to Tolstoy's language? Enormous periods, proposals piled one on top of the other. Do not think that this is an accident, that this is a disadvantage. This is art, and it is given after labor. These periods give the impression of strength." In Chekhov's unfinished work "Letter", the same positive assessment of Tolstoy's periods is expressed: "... what a fountain gushes from under these "who", what a flexible, harmonious, deep thought is hidden under them, what a screaming truth!
Tolstoy's artistic speech reflects his complex, in-depth analysis of the depicted life. The writer seeks to show the reader not the result of his observations (which could easily be presented in the form of simple, short sentences), but the search for truth itself.
Here is how the flow of thoughts and the change of feelings of Pierre Bezukhov are described:
“It would be nice to go to Kuragin,” he thought. But at once he remembered his word of honor given to Prince Andrei not to visit Kuragin.
But immediately, as happens with people who are called spineless, he so passionately wanted to once again experience this so familiar to him dissolute life that he decided to go. And immediately the thought occurred to him that this word meant nothing, because even before Prince Andrei, he also gave Prince Anatole the word to be with him; finally, he thought that all these words of honor were such conditional things, having no definite meaning, especially if one realized that perhaps tomorrow either he would die, or something so unusual would happen to him that there would be no more neither honest nor dishonest ... He went to Kuragin.
Analyzing this passage, we could transform it into one short one: Despite the word given to Prince Andrei, Pierre went to Kuragin. But it is important for the writer to show the hero's path to this decision, the struggle in his soul, hence the sentences of a complicated type.
At the same time, it is indicative that in the late period of Tolstoy's work he puts forward the demand for brevity. Since the 1990s, he strongly advises to carefully study the prose of A.S. Pushkin, especially Belkin's Tales. “The presentation always wins from the reduction,” he says to N.N. Gusev. The same interlocutor records interesting statement Tolstoy: “Short thoughts are good because they make you think. I don’t like some of my long thoughts, everything is chewed up in them too much.
Thus, in artistic speech, the stylistic use of complex syntactic constructions is largely due to the peculiarities of the individual author's writing style, although the "ideal" style seems to be laconic and "light"; it should not be overloaded with heavy complex structures.
5. Mistakes in the use of attributive clauses
In examination papers in the Russian language, there are often tasks where the attributive clause is incorrectly used. For example :
An official came to the city who was in charge of financing the project.
In this sentence, due to the separation of the subordinate part from the main part, a semantic shift occurred.
It is necessary to see the mistake and correctly use the attributive clause.
The official who was in charge of financing the project came to town.
Oh, the bug has been fixed.
In the speech of native speakers and in creative works students also encounter other errors when using sentences with relative clauses. Examples and characteristics of errors are given below.
1. Unjustified omission of the demonstrative pronoun:
She was rescued by someone she helped in the past.(Right: She was rescued by someone she helped in the past)
2. Incorrect agreement of the new word with the main word:
Narwhal is a unique mammal that lives in the Kara Sea. (Right: Narwhal is a unique mammal that lives in the Kara Sea.)
3. Logical and semantic connections are not observed:
People opened their mouths in surprise, which were amazed at the action taking place.(Right: People who were amazed by the action, opened their mouths in surprise.)
6. Definitive clause and participial turnover
Sentences where there is a participial phrase are semantically similar to the complex m, which has a definitive clause. For example:
Oak, planted by great-grandfather (definition expressed participle turnover)
Oak, planted by great-grandfather turned into a huge tree.(defining clause)
Participial always can be replaced by the attributive clause m without losing its meaning. IN art style Preference is given to participle turnover, which is more descriptive and expressive. In colloquial speech, the attributive clause is used more often than the participial phrase.
Oh but s change in the sentence of the attributive clause by participial turnover is possible not always.
IT IS FORBIDDEN replace the attributive clause with participle turnover:
1) those clauses in which the new word WHICH is used with various prepositions (in which, with which, with which, etc.) or before it is any noun not in the nominative case
The Idiot is a novel in which Dostoevsky's creative principles are embodied to the fullest extent, and the amazing mastery of the plot reaches its true flowering.
2) the subordinate clause already has a subject, and the word WHICH is not in the nominative case:
In the forest I saw a small yellow deer accompanied by a mother deer.
3) in the main part there is a demonstrative pronoun (that, that, those, that, etc.) or in the subordinate clause there is participial turnover which cannot be removed.
When I remember Adeline Patti, I relive the state that I experienced while listening to her coloratura.
4) in the sentence, instead of the word WHICH, there are new words WHERE, WHERE, FROM, WHEN:
Not far from the house where the writer lived, a tall poplar grew (= Not far from the house where the writer lived, a tall poplar grew).
Attributive clause A subordinate clause that answers the question what? and referring to the member of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or a substantiated word. Definitive clauses are attached to the main clause with the help of allied words which, which, whose, what, where, where, from where, when, less often with the help of conjunctions to, like, as if, as if, exactly, etc. The wind is light and free, which happens only in the steppe(Furmanov). He keeps his eyes on the road that goes through the grove(Goncharov). Climbing up a small hillock, from where a narrow, barely noticeable forest path began, I looked around(Kuprin). A year will come, a black year for Russia, when the crown of the kings will fall(Lermontov). I didn’t have such an agreement to carry firewood(Bitter). Substantive-defining sentence. Definitive subordinate clause referring to a member of the main clause, expressed by a noun, and containing a characteristic of an object or revealing its attribute. In some cases, the main sentence does not have a complete meaning without a subordinate clause and needs to be extended attributively, forming a close connection with it. It is very difficult to describe the feeling I experienced at that time.(Korolenko) (the sentence It is very difficult to portray a feeling is too general, indefinite). In other cases, the noun being defined in the main clause has a fairly specific meaning and does not need to be defined, so the attributive clause contains an additional message about the object being defined, and the connection between both parts of the complex sentence is less close. There were many springs here, which dug their minks under the cliffs (Gladkov). Definitive proposition. An attributive clause referring to a demonstrative or attributive pronoun in a main clause and specifying their meaning. Glory to those who fell in reconnaissance during the fighting days(Surkov). Everyone he saw here had his own special knowledge.(Fedin). This type of attributive clause is not recognized by all grammarians. Such objections are put forward; 1) the artificiality of the question that is posed to the pronoun in the main sentence. And let the one who invented my torment punish me(Lermontov) (which one?)', 2) inventing words that are not in the main sentence. I heard what you said cf.: I heard that word...). You can also make another specification of the pronoun then (that sentence, then message, etc.) But if the exclusion of any element affects the structure of the sentence ( cm. below), then why not allow that the inclusion of a new element is reflected in its structure? 3) insufficient consideration of the semantic side of the sentence. Such complex sentences as What fell from the cart, then disappeared and What fell from the cart, disappeared, do not differ from each other in content, and with the proposed classification, the subordinate clause in the first sentence is considered as attributive, and in the second - as explanatory;
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what a "defining clause" is in other dictionaries:
- - oh, oh. adj. to the appendage. || Being an appendage (in 2 meanings). Adnexal stomach in birds. adnexal organs in plants. ◊ subordinate clause gram. part of a complex sentence, syntactically subordinate to the main (subordinating) ... ... Small Academic Dictionary
- (subordinate predicate) see attributive clause ...
The same as the attributive clause ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A subordinate clause that answers any case question and refers to a member of the main clause that needs semantic expansion: without a subordinate clause, the main clause would be structurally and semantically incomplete. Adjunctive ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A subordinate clause that explains the content of the main clause by comparison based on any associations; is attached to the main clause by conjunctions like, as if, as if, as if, exactly, just like, as if, etc ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
- (gram.). O. A sentence is a subordinate clause that contains an expression of the attribute of an object whose name represents some member of the main clause. At the same time, it is completely indifferent what role this name plays in the main ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Constructions that are close in meaning, but expressed by different syntactic units (cf .: synonymous constructions). Usually, parallel syntactic constructions are formed by subordinate clauses and members of a simple sentence, more often ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Clauses indicate the sign of the object named in the main sentence; answer the question which?; refer to one word in the main clause - to a noun (sometimes to the phrase "noun + demonstrative word"); join with allied words: who, what, whose, which, which, where, where, from where, when. At the same time, demonstrative words are often found in the main sentence: that (that, that, those), such, any, each, any and etc.
For example: The forest we entered was extremely old(I. Turgenev); Again I visited that corner of the earth where I spent two years of imperceptible exile(A. Pushkin).
Like the definitions in simple sentence, attributive clauses express a sign of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through a situation that is somehow connected with the object.
Definitive clauses are attached with the help of allied words - relative pronouns which, which, whose, what and pronominal adverbs where, where, where, when. In the subordinate part, they replace the noun from the main part.
For example: I ordered to go to an unfamiliar object, which the (= subject) immediately began to move towards us(A. S. Pushkin) - allied word which the is subject.
I love people with whom(= with people) easy to communicate (With which is an addition).
allied words in complex sentences with subordinate clauses can be divided into main (which, what, whose) And minor (what, where, where, where, when).
Non-basic can always be replaced by the main allied word which the, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign of definitive clauses.
For example: The village where(wherein) Eugene was bored, there was a lovely corner.(A. Pushkin) - [noun, ( where),].
I was reminded today of a dog that(which) was my youth friend(S. Yesenin) - [noun ( what).
At night, in the desert of the city, there is one hour, imbued with longing, when(in which) night fell on the whole city.(F. Tyutchev) - [noun], ( when).
union word which the can be located not only at the beginning, but also in the middle of the subordinate part.
For example: We approached the river, the right bank of which was overgrown with dense thorny bushes.
Word which the can even stand at the end of a subordinate clause, as in the epigram of D.D. Minaeva: That field gives a generous harvest, Dung is not spared for which ...
Relative attributive clause usually placed immediately after the noun it defines, but may be separated from it by one or two members of the main part.
For example: They were simply peasant children from a neighboring village who guarded the herd.(I. Turgenev.)
It is impossible to put a noun and the subordinate clause associated with it far from each other, it is impossible to break them off by sentence members that do not depend on this noun.
You can't say: We ran to swim in the river every day after work, which was very close to our house. .
Correct option: Every evening after work we ran to swim in the river, which was very close to our house.
The subordinate definitive part can break the main one, being in the middle of it.
For example: The mill bridge, from which I had caught minnows more than once, was already visible.(V. Kaverin.) The little house where I live in Meshchera deserves a description.(K. Paustovsky.)
The defined word in the main part can have demonstrative words with it. that one, such, for example: There is almost never sun in the room where I live. However, such a demonstrative may be omitted and is therefore not required in sentence structure; The subordinate clause refers to the noun even if it has a demonstrative.
In addition, there are relative attributive clauses that refer specifically to demonstrative or attributive pronouns that, that, such, such, each, all, every etc., which cannot be omitted. Such adnexal called pronominal-defining . The means of communication in them are relative pronouns who, what, which, what, which.
For example: Who lives without sorrow and anger, he does not love his homeland(N. A. Nekrasov) - means of communication - allied word who acting as the subject.
He is not what we wanted him to be.- means of communication - allied word what, which is the definition.
Everything seems good what it was before(L. N. Tolstoy) - a means of communication - union words what, which is the subject.
pronominal-defining adnexal which?) and join the main sentence with the help of allied words (the main allied words are who And what).
Compare: The person who came yesterday didn't show up today.- adjectival attributive. [indicative word + noun, ( which the), ]. The one who came yesterday didn't show up today- adjectival pronoun. [ pronoun, ( who), ].
Unlike proper attributive clauses, which always come after the noun they refer to, pronominal clauses can also come before the word they define.
For example: Whoever lived and thought cannot but despise people in his soul.(A. Pushkin) - ( Who), [pronoun].
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Definitive clauses German
Relative pronouns are used to connect German attributive clauses with main clauses. In attributive subordinate clauses, the conjugated form of the verb goes to the end of the sentence. Definitive clauses in German are such subordinate clauses that act as a definition (attribute) to a noun and take a position after it. Such sentences give the name an additional characteristic and provide it with various explanations. As a rule, such subordinate clauses refer to the name and immediately follow it. That is why they can take place in any part of the sentence, depending on where the corresponding name is located.
Relative pronouns that introduce attributive clauses in German are declined as follows:
case
Neutrum (middle)
Maskulinum (male)
Femininum (feminine)
Plural (pl.)
Nominative /Genitive
Dativ / Akkusativ
In order to correctly compose a definitive subordinate clause, it is first necessary to decide on a relative pronoun, which is determined by two parameters: number and gender, corresponding to the name being defined (characterized). The case in which it is necessary to put the relative pronoun follows from the information contained in the subordinate clause. That is, if the reference word is in Nominativ, the relative pronoun will also be in the same case. The same goes for Akkusativ and Dativ.
Nominative:
Support word (number and gender) in the main = grammatical categories of the support word in the clause ® Nominativ
Definitive clauses – German Accusative
Support word in the main (number and gender) = grammatical categories of the support word in the clause ® Akkusativ
- Der Sauberstab, den der Weihnachtsmann unserem Kind geschenkt hat, hat ihn total fasziniert. - The magic wand that Santa Claus gave to our child completely fascinated him.
- Das ganze Vermögen, das ererben wollte, war weg. All the property he wanted to inherit has disappeared.
- Die letzte Seite seines Heftes, die für seine Notizen vorgesehen war, wurde ausgerissen. The last page of his notebook, which was provided for his notes, was torn out.
- Unsere letzten Errungenschaften, die alle anerkannt haben, haben jetzt keinen Sinn. - Our latest achievements, which everyone recognized, now do not make any sense.
Definitive clauses – German Dative
Support word in the main (number and gender) = grammatical categories of the support word in the subordinate clause ® Dativ
Definitive clauses – German Genitive
Support word in the main (number and gender) = grammatical categories of the support word in the clause ® Genitiv
Definitive clauses in German can be attached to the main clause with relative pronouns with prepositions. In such cases, the case in which the relative pronoun should be is determined by the control of the corresponding preposition, which always precedes the relative pronoun, for example:
Definitive clauses in German can also be connected to the main clause with relative pronoun in Genitive with a pretext. In this case, the pronoun is in Genitiv, and the case of the name is determined by the corresponding preposition. For example:
Definitive clauses can also be introduced by the relative pronoun "which is welcher", which, however, occurs much less frequently and is usually intended to help avoid unnecessary repetition. For example:
Definitive clauses in German can also be attached to the main one with the help of relative adverbs "where - wo" and "where - wohin". If the reference word expresses any spatial or temporal concept, then the relative adverb “where - wo” and “where - wohin” can be used instead of a preposition. If the reference word implies a change of place, then the relative adverb "where - wohin" can be used instead of the corresponding preposition. For example:
Definitive clauses can refer not only to the noun, but also in some cases to the pronoun of the main clause. Pronouns that can act as support words include inanimate demonstrative and indefinite pronouns (all - alles, many - manches, this - das, something - etwas, then - dasjenige, nothing - nichts, the same - dasselbe, a lot - vieles, etc.). If such a pronoun is associated with a word in the main clause that is also a pronoun, then such a pronoun refers to the entire subordinate clause and conveys its entire meaning in general. In this case, the pronoun "what - was" is used, for example:
Definitive clauses in German can also come after a substantiated superlative (an adjective in German). superlatives). For example:
- Definitive clauses in German can refer to the entire main clause as a whole. In some cases, when the relative pronoun refers to the whole sentence, the pronoun "what - was" is used. For example:
- EinigeSchü lerhabensehrguteKenntnissegezeigt, was die Schulleitung und deren Eltern sehr erfreut hat. Some students showed very good knowledge which greatly pleased the school authorities and their parents.
- UnserePartnerhabenunsvielezusä tzlicheUnterlagenü bergeben, was uns bei unseren Untersuchungen unterstützt hat. “Our partners gave us a lot of additional documentation, which supported us in our research.
- EndeMaifahrenwiransmeer, worauf unser kleiner Sohn sich schon lange freut. - At the end of May, we are going to the sea, which (in anticipation of what) our little son has long been happy about.
- Sie verspricht morgen um 14:00 hier zu sein, woran keiner von ihren Familienmitgliedern glaubt. She promises to be here tomorrow at 2:00 pm, which none of her family members believe.
If the relative pronoun in the subordinate clause defining sentence, referring to the entire main clause, is after the preposition, the need to use which is dictated by the peculiarity of the control of the semantic verb, then it merges with "wo". For example:
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By value, relative clauses are close pronominal-defining clauses. They differ from the proper attributive clauses in that they do not refer to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, each, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:
1) [Total, (what knew yet Eugene), retell to me not leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what),]. 2) [Not oh (what think those you), nature]. (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what),].
Like the adjectives, pronoun-defining clauses reveal the sign of the object (therefore, it is better to ask a question to them too which?) and join the main sentence with the help of allied words (the main allied words are who And what).
Wed: [That human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - adjective attributive. [indicative + noun, (which), ].
[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - adjectival pronoun. [local, (who),].
Unlike proper attributive clauses, which always come after the noun they refer to, pronoun-defining clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:
(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower not presee of people] . (A. Pushkin)- (who), [loc. ].
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2.2.1. Clauses
2.2. Complex sentence. subordinate clauses that refer to one word in the main sentence
1. Questions: attributive clauses answer questions of definition: which one? whose?
2. Main word: relative clauses refer to the member in the main clause expressed noun.
3. Communication means: adverbial clauses are attached to the main one with the help of allied words which, which, whose, who, what, where, where, from where, when. The main clause may contain (but does not have to) index words: that, this, such, etc., performing the function of definition in the main sentence.
4. Place of the subordinate: Definitive clauses always come after the noun they refer to.
Room[which?], which Ivan Ivanovich entered, was completely empty(Gogol).
[n., ( in which- union. word), ].
Let's dream, for example, about that life[about what?], what will be after us, in two or three hundred years(Chekhov).
[n. + dict. word], ( which- union. word)
In the complex biography of Andersen, it is not easy to establish the time[which?], when he began to write his first lovely fairy tales(Paustovsky).
[n. + dict. word], ( when- union. word)
Slobodkin had the feeling that he was frozen in an infinite space(Telpugov) - from a noun feeling two questions can be asked: what feeling? And feeling what?; in this case, the subordinate clause is not attributive, but additional, precisely because the means of communication is the union like.
2) In the attributive clause, allied words when, where, where, from where, who, what can be replaced by the allied word which.