Bipartite sentences table. Simple sentence. Single sentences. Incomplete sentences

The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's evening.

Types of one-part sentences

Main member expression form	Examples	Correlative constructions two-part sentences
1. Offers with one main member - PREDICT
1.1. Definitely personal suggestions
Verb-predicate in the form of the 1st or 2nd person (there are no forms of the past tense or conditional mood, since in these forms the verb has no person).	I love the storm in early May. Run after me!	I I love the storm in early May. You Run after me!
1.2. Indefinitely personal sentences
Verb-predicate in the third person plural form (in the past tense and conditional mood verb-predicate in plural).	They knock on the door. They knocked on the door.	Someone knocks on the door. Someone knocked in the door.
1.3. Generalized personal offers
They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Distinguished by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a particular person (the speaker) is habitual, repetitive or presented as a generalized judgment (the verb-predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person).	Without effort, you can not take the fish out of the pond(in the form of a definite personal). Do not count your chickens before they are hatched(in form - indefinitely personal). You can't get rid of the spoken word. You will have a snack at a halt, and then you will go again.	Any ( any) without difficulty will not take the fish out of the pond. Everything do not count your chickens before they are hatched . Any ( any) counts chickens in the fall. From the spoken word any won't let go. I I'll have a snack at a halt and then I'll go again.
1.4. impersonal offer
1) Verb-predicate in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form).	but) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; b) melts; in) to me(Danish case) can't sleep; G) blown by the wind(creative case) blew off the roof.	b) Snow melts; in) I am not sleeping; G) The wind tore off the roof.
2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	but) It's cold outside ; b) I'm cold; in) I'm sad ;	a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; in) I am sad.
3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	but) to me sorry to leave with you; b) to me Need to go .	but) I I don't want to leave with you; b) I have to go.
4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a brief passive participle of the past tense in the form of a singular, neuter gender.	Closed . Well said, Father Varlaam. The room is smoky.	The store is closed . Father Varlaam said smoothly. Someone smoked in the room.
5) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + addition in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences).	No money . There was no money. No money left. There wasn't enough money.
6) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + the addition in the genitive case with the intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences).	There is not a cloud in the sky. There wasn't a cloud in the sky. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.	The sky is cloudless. The sky was cloudless. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a dime.
1.5. Infinitive sentences
The predicate is an independent infinitive.	Everyone be silent! Be thunder! To go to the sea! To forgive a person, you need to understand it.	Everyone be quiet. There will be a thunderstorm. I would go to the sea. To could you forgive a person, you must understand it.
2. Offers with one main member - SUBJECT
Denominative (nominative) sentences
The subject is a name in the nominative case (the sentence cannot contain a circumstance or addition that would relate to the predicate).	Night . Spring .	Usually there are no correlative structures.

Notes.

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: the genitive form will change to the form nominative case(cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. In infinitive sentences, the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).

4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.

Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (where?) around the corner; I- (where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.

Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.

4) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that correlate with the predicate. If there are such additions in the proposal ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to analyze these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: I am walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

Determine the type of one-part sentence.
Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.

Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.

With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).

The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any actor (cf .: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).

Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).

The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter gender).

soft moonlight(stagnant).

The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

A question in the Russian language, what is a two-part sentence, what is a one-part sentence, and how to determine it?

Two-part is when 2 predicates or subjects.
two-part - where there is a subject and a predicate
one-part - either subject or predicate
Silence. one-part nominative sentence.
There was silence, a two-part nominative sentence.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Jgrbu6hiJEcCpg=PA61dq=PPRS SRSSRRRR+PCRRRR RRRRRRsig=yB42nQAgpP4srz4j3WIC4YPgfSg
One-component - there are several types of them. Here is a table with examples
http://www.distedu.ru/mirror/_rus/rus.1september.ru/2003/46/9.htm
DOUBLE OFFER
constructive-syntactic type of a simple sentence, the grammatical basis of which is a combination of two main proposal members subject and predicate. The main variety of two-part sentences are sentences in which the connection of the main members of the sentence has a formal expression in the form of agreement between the predicate and the subject in the same categories: number, gender and person. In such sentences, the subject appears in the form of the nominative case, and the predicate includes personal (conjugated) forms of the verb or forms of participles and adjectives; cf .: The boy is walking; The door was closed; We're leaving; Father is sick. In the absence of agreement, the connection between the subject and the predicate remains formally unexpressed and manifests itself primarily in the order of words and intonation; cf .: And she screams; Books are my passion; Our job is to learn. In such sentences, there may be fluctuations in the definition of their main members and in the very attribution of the sentence to two-part sentences. These are sentences like It is impossible to solve this problem; There were three passengers in the carriage; We have an exam tomorrow; Guests in the garden.
A two-part sentence has both a subject and a predicate.
A one-part has only a subject or only a predicate. Only a subject is a nominal one-part sentence. Only the predicate is definitely personal (we can restore the subject - I, you, we, you), indefinitely personal (they, someone), impersonal (there is no and cannot be a subject, the action takes place on its own). Write, I will help!
must be found! if one is single-part, if more is multi-part
Two-part sentences are one type of simple sentence. The grammatical basis of which consists of a combination of the subject and the predicate. The main variety of two-part sentences includes subject and predicate agreement in number, gender and person
One-part - one main member of the sentence (either subject or predicate)
Two-part - complete, consisting of a subject and a predicate

ON THE. SHAPIRO

Continuation. For the beginning, see No. 39, 43/2003

Single sentences.
Incomplete sentences

Definition of a one-part sentence

In Russian, all simple sentences are divided into two types according to the nature of the grammatical basis - two-part And one-component. Two-part sentences have a subject and a predicate. Dissuaded grove golden birch cheerful language.(S. Yesenin) Poet you may not be , but must be a citizen . (N. Nekrasov) One-part sentences have only one main member, and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves. Everything before getting dark. In school, the main member of a one-part sentence is called, like the main members of two-part sentences, the subject or predicate. Linguistic scholars usually use the term "the main member of a one-part sentence."

All one-part sentences are divided into sentences with the main member - the subject and sentences with the main member - the predicate (otherwise they are called, respectively, nominal and verbal one-part sentences).

It is important to realize the difference between single-part sentences and incomplete ones, in which there can also be only one main member. Compare: 1) - Dry leaves are burning in the yards. 2) - What do the janitors do in autumn? - Dry leaves are burning in the yards. In the first case, it is reported that a certain action is being performed, and who performs it is not important. This is a one-part proposal. In the second case, an action is reported that is performed by a certain subject - janitors. Subject wipers omitted, but easily recovered from the preceding sentence. Hence, the second sentence is a two-part incomplete.

Name sentences

One-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a syntactically indecomposable phrase are called nominal. Cinema. Three benches.(O. Mandelstam) Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the mist.(A. Akhmatova) Green laurel, reaching to shiver. The door is open, the window is dusty.(I. Brodsky) Such sentences are said to express the meaning of beingness. It is thanks to this meaning that a word or phrase "turns" into a sentence.

Nominative sentences may have some additional grammatical meanings, such as the specific-indicative (expressed by the particle here: Here is the mill); emotional evaluation (expressed using special particles what, like this, well, what the, this etc.). It is important to distinguish nominal sentences with particle here from two-part with pronoun this. Here is a chair- one-part denominative sentence; This is a chair- two-part, where this- subject, and chair- a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective.

The teacher should pay special attention to students on how the word order in a sentence can affect its composition. Yes, in the proposal Warm day the subject and the definition expressed by the adjective in front of the word being defined are easily detected. This is a one-part denominative common sentence. In the proposal The day is warm there is a subject and a compound nominal predicate with a zero link and a nominal part expressed by an adjective after the subject. This is a two-part uncommon sentence.

Another case is more complicated. Sentence It was boring to listen to him is considered to be one-part impersonal with a compound verbal predicate, where instead of an auxiliary verb - the word of the category of state boring and linking verb. But if you put the infinitive in the first place - listen to him was boring, it can be considered as a subject, then it was boring- a compound nominal predicate, where the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective (cf. Listening was boring.)

In Russian, there are sentences in which, at first glance, there are no main members at all: Snow! Trees! Noise, noise!(In meaning: How much snow (trees, noise)!) Not a speck of dust. They are not taught in the curriculum. The grammatical meaning of beingness seems to make it possible to classify these sentences as nominal ones. But the only member of such a sentence cannot be considered as a subject, because it is expressed by a noun not in the nominative, but in the genitive case. Many linguists call such sentences genitive (according to the Latin name of the genitive case), and those sentences that we call denominative - nominative (according to the Latin name of the nominative case), combining both into the type of “nominal one-part sentences”.

When the only main member of the sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the minor members depend on the main one and make up a phrase with it ( Early morning; end of the alley; House on the outskirts etc.), no one doubts that this proposal is one-part.

But there are also controversial cases. If the minor member has a circumstantial or object meaning (I have a blues; There is a holiday in the house), some scholars consider the sentence to be two-part with an omitted predicate on the grounds that neither the circumstance nor the object can refer to the subject. Other scholars consider such sentences to be denominative, with a special minor term that refers to the entire sentence, extending it as a whole, and is called the determinant.

The exercise

Are the highlighted sentences nominal?

A wonderful man, Ivan Ivanovich!.. What apple and pear trees he has right under his windows! He loves melons very much. This is his favorite food.

- Tell me, please, what do you need this gun for, what is exposed to weather along with the dress? .. Listen, give it to me!
- How can you! This gun is expensive. You won't find these guns anywhere else. I, even as I was going to the police, bought it from a turchin ... How can I? This is a necessary thing...
- Nice gun!(N. Gogol)

Answer. Name suggestions: What apple and pear trees he has right under his windows! And Good gun! Sentence Listen, give it to me!- one-part, but not denominative, because the main member in it is not the subject, but the predicate. In all other selected sentences, there is both a subject and a predicate, i.e. they are bipartite.

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal. These types differ in two main features: a) in terms of the extent to which the idea of the agent is expressed; b) by morphological verb forms used as the main part of the sentence. In other words, different types one-part sentences make it possible to imagine with varying degrees of specificity who performs the action, or contain an indication that there is no such producer at all, it is impossible to imagine.

At the same time, each type of sentence has its own forms of the verb-predicate, and they do not intersect, i.e. by the form of the verb, one can determine the type of a one-part sentence (the exception is generalized personal sentences, which will be discussed separately).

Definitely personal suggestions

Definitely personal such one-part sentences are called in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a completely specific person - the speaker himself or his interlocutor. In other words, in definitely personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - the pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person (I, we, you, you). This is possible because the predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed only by the verb of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative or imperative mood.

Forgive me fever of youth and youthful fever and youthful delirium.(A. Pushkin) Linen on the river rinse, my two flowers grow.. . (M. Tsvetaeva) I laughed, "Oh prophesy We're both in trouble."(A. Akhmatova) Let's glorify, brothers, the twilight of freedom...(O. Mandelstam) Don't come close to her with questions.(A. Blok) Come , let's have a drink guilt, let's have a bite bread or plums. tell me me news. bed you in the garden under clear skies and I will say what the constellations are called.(I. Brodsky)

It is important to note that in definite-personal sentences, the predicate cannot be expressed by the verb in the past tense or in the conditional mood, since in these forms there is no person meaning (cf. Approached. I didn't get excited...(A. Akhmatova) In the first sentence, it is impossible to restore the subject. You? She? This means that this sentence is not definitely personal, but a two-part incomplete one. You can only find out which subject is missing from the following lines: She sat down like a porcelain idol in the position she had chosen long ago.).

The exercise

Find one-part sentences in the text, determine the type of each of them.

Steppe again. Now Abadzekhskaya stanitsa is widely spread on the horizon - its pyramidal poplars are turning blue, the church is turning blue. The air trembles with heat. The faces of the Solovyov girls take on an expression that is calm to the point of severity - they hide their fatigue. But finally, the village of Abadzekhskaya enters our lives, surrounds us with white huts, front gardens with mallow.
Here we made the first halt. A river bank, a low hedge, someone's gardens. Bathing in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Everyone is happy with the transition and pleasantly surprised that I am not tired, and I am the most. We collect brushwood, make a fire, the girls cook conder - either soup, or millet porridge with lard. (E. Schwartz)

Answer. Name suggestions: Steppe again. A river bank, a low hedge, someone's gardens. Bathing in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Definitely a personal suggestion: We collect brushwood, make a fire(part of a complex sentence).

Indefinitely personal sentences

vaguely personal one-part sentences are called, where the actor is conceived as an indefinite person who is not interested in the speaker. Such sentences are used when it is necessary to show that the action itself is important, and not the producer of the action. The predicate in such sentences necessarily has a plural form (although this does not mean at all that there are many implied figures), it will express in the present and future tense. incl. and in command. incl. - form of the 3rd person pl. h.

After all, only here cherish nobility!(A.Griboyedov) We have scold everywhere, and everywhere they accept.(A.Griboyedov) Let me will announce old believer...(A.Griboyedov) But without asking her advice, the girl lucky to the crown. And at the table they have guests wore dishes by order. When would left me at will, how briskly I set off into the dark forest! Just like you lock up, they will imprison on the fool's chain and through the bars like an animal to tease you will come . (A. Pushkin) led away you at dawn...(A. Akhmatova) And let them take it away lanterns...(A. Akhmatova)

The exercise

Find in the text all the sentences in which the predicates are expressed by verbs in the plural form. Which one is indefinitely personal? Try changing the rest of the sentences to be vaguely personal.

Once the goddess Eris tossed three inhabitants of Olympus - Hera, Athena and Aphrodite - an apple with the inscription: "The most beautiful." Each goddess, of course, hoped that the apple was meant for her. Zeus ordered Paris to judge the dispute.
By birth, Paris was a Trojan prince, but he did not live in a palace, but among shepherds. The fact is that his parents Priam and Hecuba, even before the birth of their son, received a terrible prophecy: because of the boy, Troy will die. The baby was taken to Mount Ida and thrown there. Paris was found and raised by shepherds. Here, on Ida, Paris judged the three goddesses. He recognized Aphrodite as the winner, but not disinterestedly: she promised the young man the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. (O. Levinskaya)

Answer. Indefinite personal offer: baby carried to the mountain I go and threw there.
Possible modifications of the remaining proposals: In Troy, even before the birth of the royal son, they received a terrible prophecy. Paris was found on Mount Ida and raised as a shepherd.

Generalized personal sentences

Among one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, there are those in which the actor is conceived as a generalized person, i.e. action is related to each person, to everyone; especially often such a meaning in proverbs: Soldiers not born (i.e. no one can be born a soldier right away). Easily not take out and fish from the pond. Quiet you are going- farther you will.

As can be seen from the examples given, the predicate verbs in these sentences are in the same form as in definite personal or indefinite personal sentences. Nevertheless, sentences with such a generalized meaning are often distinguished into a special type - generalized-personal suggestions.

impersonal proposals

Impersonal such one-part sentences are called in which the action is not comparable with any actor; in other words, there is no producer of action at all, it cannot be imagined.

to me can't sleep, no fire ... About Lensky's wedding, they have long it was decided. How fun, shod with iron sharp feet, slide on the mirror of stagnant, smooth rivers! And it’s a pity for the old woman’s winter ... But how any me in the autumn sometimes, in the evening silence, in the village visit family cemetery ... How long will I walk in the world, now in a carriage, now on horseback, now in a wagon, now in a carriage, now in a cart, now on foot? Where are we swim? (A. Pushkin)

The grammatical indicator of impersonality is the form of the 3rd person singular. hours (for the present and future tenses, as well as for the imperative mood): smells hay. Today it will be hot. Let be you sleeping, like at home;

unit form h. neuter (for the past tense, as well as for the conditional mood): boat swept away to the middle of the river. Her would take and further, if not for the snag;

infinitive: To be rain.

As can be seen from the examples above, impersonal sentences convey the state of nature and environment, human condition, inevitability, desirability, possibility and impossibility of something.
Impersonal sentences are very diverse in ways of expressing the predicate.
A simple verbal predicate in an impersonal sentence can be expressed:

a) impersonal verb (It's getting dark);
b) a personal verb in an impersonal form (Wind blew away hat. Wed Wind blew away hat - two-part preposition, subject - wind));
c) a verb to be with a negative particle or word No (Parcels No And did not have) ;
d) a verb in an indefinite form (This not to be).

In a compound verbal predicate, the following can act as an auxiliary verb:

a) impersonal verbs should, I want to, lucky etc. (I had to all do again);
b) personal phase verb ( Getting dark );
c) instead of an auxiliary verb, short passive participles and special words of the state category are often used it is impossible, it is possible, it is necessary, it is a pity, it is time, sin and so on . (Allowed is free carry one piece of luggage. Can be closed a door. It's a pity was to part. It's time to leave in field. It's a sin to complain for lack of time).

A compound nominal predicate in an impersonal sentence consists of a nominal component - words of the state category or short passive participles of the past tense - and a linking verb in an impersonal form (in the present tense - a zero link). (US it was fun. It's getting lighter And quiet. Evenings in the city dangerously. In the room tidied up.).

Word No

What part of speech does the strange word belong to? No? It does not change, it cannot have an auxiliary verb or a connective, it is impossible to put a question to it ... Meanwhile, we find that this word can act as the main one - and the only one! - a member in a one-part impersonal sentence.
Dictionaries say that No can be a negative particle opposite in meaning to the particle Yes(– Have you already read the book?– Not .). But when this word turns out to be a predicate in an impersonal sentence, we will call it an invariable verb form ( No - means does not exist, does not exist). This word is not found in any Slavic language, except for Russian. How was it formed?
In the Old Russian language there was an expression not e (st) that, where that - adverb with meaning here. From this expression first appeared the word no, and then final at disappeared, began to speak and write No, although in colloquial speech you can meet no so far (no one no Houses).

Often there are sentences with several main members - subjects or predicates. (Fog, wind, rain. It's getting dark, it's getting cold, getting stronger blowing from the sea.) It seems that such subjects or predicates can be called homogeneous. But it is more correct to assume that we have complex sentences in which each part is a one-part sentence.

Exercises

1. Highlight the predicates in impersonal sentences.

About this tenant it would be necessary to tell in more detail, because in the first place suspicions fell on him. But they fell a little later, about an hour later, and at that moment he was standing at the entrance, listening to music and was beyond suspicion. However, he stood dejectedly ... Suddenly he straightened his shoulders, raised his head more proudly and walked straight towards us. However, it was not easy for us to reach. (Yu.Koval)

Answer.Needless to say, it wasn't easy to get there.

2. Find one-part sentences in the text. Determine the type of each of them, highlight the predicate.

Since my mother is always busy with laundry, she always needs a lot of water, and we don’t have a tap in the yard. And my mother, and Marusya, and I have to get water in the distant backyards of one of the neighboring houses in order to fill the insatiable barrel to the top. You bring four buckets, and your eyes turn green, and your legs and arms tremble, but you need to carry the fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise your mother will have to go for water, and we want to save her from this - me and Marusya. (K. Chukovsky)

Answer. Will you bring four buckets - definitely-personal (or generalized-personal). ...to pour an insatiable barrel to the top; In eyes turns green, need to bear fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise have to go for water to mom - impersonal.

3. Find the wrong statements.

1) In one-part sentences, there cannot be a predicate expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.
2) In an indefinitely personal sentence, the predicate is necessarily expressed by the verb in the plural form.
3) There are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, in which there are no verbs.
4) In definitely personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - the personal pronoun of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.
5) In impersonal sentences, the verb-predicate cannot be used in the plural form.
6) If there is no subject in the sentence, and the predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the feminine or masculine singular. h past. vr., this sentence is two-part incomplete.

Answer. 1, 4.

4. Find in the text: a) a one-part indefinitely personal sentence; b) one-part impersonal sentence.

1) The hardest thing was in the Sumerian writing depict abstract concepts, proper names, as well as various auxiliary words and morphemes. 2) The rebus principle helped with this. 3) For example, the arrow sign was used not only for the word arrow, but also for the word a life that sounded the same. 4) Constantly applying the rebus principle, the Sumerians assigned to some signs not a specific meaning, but sound reading. 5) As a result, syllabic signs arose that could denote some short sequence of sounds, most often a syllable. 6) Thus, it was in Sumer that the connection between sound speech and written signs was first formed, without which real writing is impossible.

Answer. a) - 3); b) - 1).

Incomplete sentences

Incomplete is a sentence in which a member (or group of members) is omitted. The omitted member of the sentence can be restored from the context or clear from the speech situation.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.

Walked, walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden over a bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context - previous sentence: In a clean field, the moon in a silvery light, immersed in her dreams, Tatyana walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences whose missing members are restored from the situation.

Husband knocked down and wants to look at the widow's tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - the words of Leporello, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Juan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is is he or Don Guan .

– Oh my God! And here, with this coffin!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna's reaction to the words of the protagonist " stone guest”: Don Juan confessed that he was not a monk, but “unfortunate, a victim of hopeless passion.” There is not a single word in his remark that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation, they can be approximately restored as follows: “ you dare to say it here, with this coffin!

May be missed:

subject: How firmly she entered her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored according to the subject from the previous sentence: How has it changed Tatyana!);

He would have disappeared like a blister on water, without any trace, without leaving descendants, without delivering to future children either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (Subject I restored by addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say, he said to himself, to me perhaps it would not have been possible to look at the light of God more!)(N.V. Gogol);

addition:And so I took it! And I fought so hard! And I fed it with gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long have I, it seems, baptized you?);

predicate: Only not to the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the yards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);

several members of the sentence at once, including the grammatical basis:How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)

Incomplete sentences are often found in complex sentences: He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder ...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Juan reminded me how you scolded me and gritted your teeth.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the subject missing in the subordinate clause is restored from the main clause.

Incomplete sentences are very common in colloquial speech, in particular, in dialogue, where usually the initial sentence is detailed, grammatically complete, and subsequent remarks, as a rule, are incomplete sentences, since they do not repeat already named words.

– I am angry with my son.
– For what?
– For a bad crime.(A.S. Pushkin)

It happens that students mistakenly consider incomplete sentences in which not a single member is omitted, for example: He is a genius, just like you and me(A.S. Pushkin), saying that they are also incomprehensible without context . It is important to explain that the incompleteness of a sentence is primarily a grammatical phenomenon, and it is grammatical incompleteness that causes semantic. In the given example, the ambiguity is caused by the use of pronouns. Students should be reminded that pronouns always need contextual disclosure.

Exercises

1. Find incomplete sentences and restore the missing members.

And Tanya enters the empty house where our hero recently lived. ... Tanya is far away; The old woman told her: “But the fireplace; here the gentleman sat alone ... This is the master's office; here he rested, ate coffee, listened to the clerk's reports and read a book in the morning ... " (A.S. Pushkin)

Answer. Tanya ( goes) further ... Old woman ( He speaks) to her...

2. Find parts of complex sentences that are incomplete sentences and highlight them.

You are tolerant if you do not clench your fists when you are contradicted. You are tolerant if you can understand why you are so hated or so intrusively and troublesomely loved, and you can forgive all this for both. You are tolerant if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people without hurting their pride and in the depths of their souls forgiving them for being different from you.

An apologist is a person who is ready to exalt an idea he once liked even when life has shown it to be false, praising the ruler, no matter what mistakes he makes, glorifying political regime, no matter what outrages were created under him in the country. Apologetics is a rather ridiculous occupation if done out of stupidity, and vile if done by calculation. (S. Zhukovsky)

Answer. 1) ... if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and in the depths of your soul forgiving them for being different from you; 2) ... if done out of stupidity; 3) ... if by calculation.

All other subordinate clauses that do not have a subject are complete one-part sentences.

Let us recall once again that incomplete sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences in which the missing subject or predicate does not need to be restored to understand the meaning. In a complex sentence But it is sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that cheated on her all the time that she deceived us...(A.S. Pushkin) the third part is an incomplete sentence with a missing subject we, which is restored by the addition US from the previous subordinate clause. adnexa suggestions Just look to didn't see you. (A.S. Pushkin), by the nature of the grammatical basis, is a one-part indefinitely personal sentence: the action itself is important here, and not the one who performs it; the grammatical form of the verb (pl. past tense) here does not mean that there should be many producers of the action, it is an indicator of an indefinitely personal meaning. In other words, the proposal so that didn't see you - complete.

Punctuation in an incomplete sentence

In an incomplete sentence, a dash can be placed at the place where the predicate is skipped, if a pause is expected when pronouncing the sentence: ...Then Baron von Klotz was a minister, and I was his son-in-law.(A.S. Griboyedov) In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put: ...Well, the people in this side! She to him, and he to me.(A.S. Griboyedov)

Elliptical proposals

There are sentences in Russian called elliptical(from the Greek word ellipsis, which means "omission", "lack"). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and the context for understanding such sentences is not needed. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, displacement ( I - to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speech - thoughts And his wife: for rudeness, for your going words(A.T. Tvardovsky) and others. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, and in book styles (scientific and official business) are not used.

Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a kind of incomplete sentences, while others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete sentences and is similar to them.

A two-part offer type simple sentences, the predicative core of which is organized by two main members, which are called terms subject(media predicate(cm.).

Subject - main member two-part sentence(cm . ), occupying the position of the nominative case, answering the questions who? / what? coming from the predicate. On the other hand, from the subject it is possible to ask questions to the predicate: What is he doing? What ?, Who is ?, What is ?: In the most typical cases, the subject is expressed by a name in the nominative case or, being compound, includes a name in the nominative case. The subject together with the predicate forms predicative core of a two-part sentence.

Simple subject - the type of the subject represented by a separate word form or phraseological unit. Today day very cold; Such grated rolls, such shot sparrows are unlikely to be corrected.

Compound subject - the type of the subject represented by the phrase. A lot of people gathered in the square; The first one to enter said hello loudly; About seventy people went out on Saturday.

Morphologized subject- the type of the subject, expressed by the name in the form of the nominative case or including the name in the form of the nominative case. On the table lies - what? - book ;The audience included - who? - two students .

Non-morphologized subject - the type of the subject that does not include the nominative case form. The position of the nominative case, answering the question "who / what?", can be occupied not only by the name in the form of the nominative case, but also by any other form. Wed: It sounded in the distance - what? – ay ;Not beneficial in this situation what? - be silent ; Over a dozen books lay(lay) on the table(lay / lay on the table - what? - over a dozen books ).

Predicate - the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the predicative sign of the subject, i.e. a sign characterized in modal-temporal terms, i.e. in terms of inclination and time.

Simple predicate- the type of predicate represented by a separate verbal word form ( I write, I will read, I walked), verb phraseology ( answer with your head, open your soul, give vent to tears) or an analytical verb-nominal phrase ( take part, ask a question, serve). A simple predicate can be agreed(media inconsistent(cm.), uncomplicated(media complicated(cm.).

Simple agreed predicate - the most frequent variety of a simple predicate; such a predicate is in various types of agreement with the subject - formal, conditional, associative And semantic. (On the types of agreement, see the topic "Agreement" in the section "The doctrine of syntactic connection".) Examples: Blocks of ice floated past us(formal agreement); At the office gathered for a hundred men (conditional agreement); "Humanite" has already printed similar material(associative agreement), Several books lay on the table(semantic agreement).

Simple inconsistent predicate - type of simple predicate represented verb forms, which do not have the concordant categories of person, number, gender. Someone jingle in the door; And he run away ; He walks and I sit Houses.

Simple compound predicate- the type of a simple predicate, which includes : a) various kinds of duplication ( read something read, waiting will wait, lived- were etc.), b) ambiguous verbs and particles ( took and went, Well came), c) verbs of motion and state with a weakened lexical meaning ( I'll go I'll take a look sitting working).

Compound predicate - a type of predicate expressed by a phrase in which the grammatical and real meanings of the predicate feature are separated into different word forms : the grammatical meaning of the predicate is presented in bundle(see), the lexical meaning of the predicate is in binding part(see).. According to the way of expressing the binding part, compound verb predicates(media compound nominal predicates(cm.).

Bundle - component of the compound predicate, which is expressed by conjugated verb forms and modifies the meaning of the main part of the predicate in the modal-temporal plan (expresses the values of time and mood) and in typical cases ensures the agreement of the predicate with the subject: will chairman, pretended to be sick, began work. A bunch, like a simple predicate, is classified according to semantic and formal grammatical features. According to semantic features, there are abstract ligaments(cm.), ligaments semi-abstract(or semi-significant)(media significant bundles(cm.). All three types of connections are implemented in compound nominal predicate(cm.). IN compound verb predicate(see) are used only semisignificant copulas. According to formal features, they are distinguished ligaments coordinated(media ligaments inconsistent(cm.), ligaments uncomplicated(media complicated ligaments(cm.)

The link is abstracted - a bundle that is completely devoid of lexical meaning and expresses only the grammatical meanings of time and mood and the concordant categories of gender and number. Links are abstract to be And visit. Bundle to be in the present tense becomes zero (in rare cases it is replaced by a bunch eat): Ivan - locksmith/ was / will be a locksmith; He was also angry. The abstract link is used only in compound nominal predicates.

Ligament semi-abstract(or semi-significant) is a link having a non-self-sufficient lexical meaning; such a link denotes additional meanings that modify actions, states or signs named in the main part of the predicate. Brotherbegan work; Neighborpretended to be sick. The semi-abstract copula is used both in compound nominal and compound verbal predicates.

Ligament semisignificant- the same as ligament semi-abstract(cm.).

Significant link - a copula represented by a significant verb denoting a predicative feature that is not essential for this case; such a linking verb accompanies a communicatively significant feature named in the linking part: Mother liessick (= Mother is ill); We're back hometired (= We are tired) . The significant copula is used only in compound nominal predicates.

Link agreed - the most common type of ligament; such a link expresses in its form the grammatical categories that are common for the subject word and for the linking verb: We have begun work(plural agreement); The house was full of guests(agreement in singular, masculine).

Link inconsistent - a less common type of link that does not have common grammatical categories with the subject word: We start squabble.

The connection is uncomplicated - the most common type of compound predicate link, expressed in forms corresponding to the forms uncomplicated simple verb predicate(cm.): My friend was very bold ; days become warmer ; Neighbor began build House.

Ligament complicated– A less common type of copula expressed in forms corresponding to the forms complicated simple verb predicate(cm.): Be something was a friend of mine bold, but …; Boy took and started tell about what happened.

The main part of the compound predicate - part of the compound predicate, carrying the main, real meaning of the predicate. It can be expressed in infinitive or nominal parts of speech. Depending on the morphological way of expressing the linking part, types of compound predicates are distinguished - compound verb predicate(media compound nominal predicate(cm.).

The binding part of the compound predicate - the same as the main part of the compound predicate(cm . ).

Compound verb predicate - a type of compound predicate, the main part of which is represented by the infinitive of a significant verb. We started working ; Everything want to work ;Child trying to walk.

Compound nominal predicate - type of compound predicate, the main part of which is represented by forms of nominal parts of speech, participles (nominal forms of the verb): We become adults ; Father was a locksmith at the factory; Door was closed. Compound nominals include predicates, the main part of which is represented by an adverb ( your arrival was by the way; Everything were there )

Binary compound predicate - compound predicate, which includes two mandatory components - a bunch and a linking (main) part. My son became a doctor ; Since yesterday started pouring rain.

Polynomial compound predicate- a kind of compound predicate (both compound nominal and compound verbal); such a predicate consists of at least three components - a link, additional modifier(see) and the main part expressing the real meaning of the predicate .

An additional modifier in a polynomial compound predicate - part of a polynomial compound predicate, represented by non-predicative forms of various parts of speech (infinitive, short adjectives or participles, prepositional-case forms of nouns, and some others) and carries additional (modal, phase, tempo and other) modifying meanings: I was ready help ; I intended begin write novel; Parents were entitled be proud children; Ivanov was glad become acquainted with me;I've been since morning intends was to leave in town; He was obliged to continue work over the project; He feels himself obligated help colleagues in this case; My son could become doctor ; He decided begin write novel.

The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's evening.

Types of one-part sentences

Main member expression form	Examples	Correlative constructions two-part sentences
1. Offers with one main member - PREDICT
1.1. Definitely personal suggestions
Verb-predicate in the form of the 1st or 2nd person (there are no forms of the past tense or conditional mood, since in these forms the verb has no person).	I love the storm in early May. Run after me!	I I love the storm in early May. You Run after me!
1.2. Indefinitely personal sentences
The verb-predicate in the form of the plural of the third person (in the past tense and the conditional mood the verb-predicate in the plural).	They knock on the door. They knocked on the door.	Someone knocks on the door. Someone knocked in the door.
1.3. Generalized personal offers
They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Distinguished by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a particular person (the speaker) is habitual, repetitive or presented as a generalized judgment (the verb-predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person).	Without effort, you can not take the fish out of the pond(in the form of a definite personal). Do not count your chickens before they are hatched(in form - indefinitely personal). You can't get rid of the spoken word. You will have a snack at a halt, and then you will go again.	Any ( any) without difficulty will not take the fish out of the pond. Everything do not count your chickens before they are hatched . Any ( any) counts chickens in the fall. From the spoken word any won't let go. I I'll have a snack at a halt and then I'll go again.
1.4. impersonal offer
1) Verb-predicate in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form).	but) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; b) melts; in) to me(Danish case) can't sleep; G) blown by the wind(creative case) blew off the roof.	b) Snow melts; in) I am not sleeping; G) The wind tore off the roof.
2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	but) It's cold outside ; b) I'm cold; in) I'm sad ;	a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; in) I am sad.
3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	but) to me sorry to leave with you; b) to me Need to go .	but) I I don't want to leave with you; b) I have to go.
4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a brief passive participle of the past tense in the form of a singular, neuter gender.	Closed . Well said, Father Varlaam. The room is smoky.	The store is closed . Father Varlaam said smoothly. Someone smoked in the room.
5) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + addition in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences).	No money . There was no money. No money left. There wasn't enough money.
6) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + the addition in the genitive case with the intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences).	There is not a cloud in the sky. There wasn't a cloud in the sky. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.	The sky is cloudless. The sky was cloudless. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a dime.
1.5. Infinitive sentences
The predicate is an independent infinitive.	Everyone be silent! Be thunder! To go to the sea! To forgive a person, you need to understand it.	Everyone be quiet. There will be a thunderstorm. I would go to the sea. To could you forgive a person, you must understand it.
2. Offers with one main member - SUBJECT
Denominative (nominative) sentences
The subject is a name in the nominative case (the sentence cannot contain a circumstance or addition that would relate to the predicate).	Night . Spring .	Usually there are no correlative structures.

Notes.

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form of the genitive case will change to the form of the nominative case (cf .: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.

Note!

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.

Wed: I am walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

Determine the type of one-part sentence.
Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.

Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.

With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).

Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).

The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).

soft moonlight(stagnant).

The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.