What are speech errors? Types of speech errors (examples). Typical errors in Russian: grammatical, speech and spelling Types of factual errors in Russian

Spelling and punctuation errors - violation of the rules of spelling and punctuation.

Grammatical errors - violation of the norms of word and form formation (examples: impress vm. imprint; instead of vm. instead; thoughtful look vm. thoughtful look), as well as the norms of syntactic connection between words in a phrase and sentence.

Speech (stylistic) errors - a violation of lexical compatibility, as well as shortcomings in the construction of syntactic structures.

SPEECH ERRORS AT THE WORD LEVEL

1. SPELLING ERRORS (violation of spelling existing in the Russian language).

2. WORD-FORMATION ERRORS (violation of the norms of Russian literary word formation): a) incorrect direct word formation, for example, a hare (instead of a hare), a thoughtful look (instead of a thoughtful look), etc.; b) incorrect reverse word formation: curl (from curl), log (from spoon), etc. This kind of word formation is inherent in children of preschool and primary school age; c) substitutive word formation, which manifests itself in the replacement of any morpheme: throw up (instead of spread out), weigh down (from hang up); d) word writing (creation of a non-existent derivative unit that cannot be considered as occasional): winder, reviewer.

3. GRAMMAR ERRORS (incorrect shaping, violation of the systemic properties of the shaping system in different parts of speech): a) violation of the norms of shaping nouns: 1) the formation of the V.p. an inanimate noun, like an animate one - “I asked for a breeze” (instead of: a breeze); 2) the formation of the form V.p. an animate noun, as in an inanimate one - “Two bears were harnessed to the sleigh” (instead of: two bears); 3) gender change during the formation of case forms: “pie with jam”, “February blue”; 4) declension of indeclinable nouns: “play the piano”, “ride the meter”; 5) the formation of plural forms in nouns that have only the singular, and vice versa: “a tray of teas”, “The sky was covered with a cloud”; b) violation of the norms of forming adjective names: 1) the wrong choice of full and short forms: “The hat was full of water”, “The boy was very full”; 2) incorrect formation of forms of degrees of comparison: “The new ones are becoming more combative”, “She was weaker than Petya”; 3) violation of the norms of the formation of the verb: "A person rushes around the room"; 4) violation of the formation of gerunds and participles: “Riding in the bus”, “The hunter walked, looking around”; 5) violation of the norms for the formation of forms of pronouns: "Their contribution to the victory", "I did not want to tear myself away from it (the book)," etc.

4. LEXICAL ERRORS (violation of lexical norms, i.e. norms of word usage and lexical-semantic compatibility of a word). Lexical errors are manifested in violation of compatibility (that is, at the level of the semantics of the phrase, less often - sentences): a) the use of the word in an unusual meaning: "All the walls of the class were covered with panels." “Troyekurov was a luxurious (i.e., living in luxury) landowner”; b) violation of the lexical-semantic compatibility of the word: “The sky was bright” (“to stand” in the sign “to take place” can only be the weather, heat), “The rays of the sun lay on the meadow” (the rays of the sun illuminated the meadow). This type of error primarily affects the verb, so the violation of subjective and object lexico-semantic compatibility links is frequent (other semantic links of the verb, for example, locative ones, are violated extremely rarely); c) attributing a figurative meaning to a word that does not have it in the system of the literary language: “His hard-working hands say that he worked a lot in life”, “The stripes on his vest said that Fedya is a brave man”; d) indistinguishability of shades of meanings of synonyms: “Mayakovsky uses (instead of: uses) satire in his work”, “The boy, legs wide apart, looks at the field where the players are fighting” (instead of: they are fighting); e) confusion of the meanings of paronyms: “His eyebrows rose surprisingly” (instead of: surprised), “This novel is a typical image of the detective genre” (instead of: a model); f) ambiguity not removed in the sentence: “These lakes live only a few days a year”

Classification of errors according to FIPI

  1. Grammatical errors.
  2. Speech errors.
  3. Logic errors
  4. Factual errors.
  5. Spelling mistakes.
  6. Punctuation errors.
  7. Graphic errors.

Grammar mistake- this is an error in the structure of a language unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; this is a violation of any grammatical norm: word-formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

  • slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility- here a mistake was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or the wrong suffix was used;
  • no comment go instead of go,more lighter- the form of the word is incorrectly formed, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
  • pay the fare, awarded- the structure of the phrase is violated (management standards are not observed);
  • Ride on the rink, legs hurt; In the essay, I wanted to show the meaning of sport and why I love it- sentences with participial phrases (1) and with homogeneous members (2) are incorrectly constructed, i.e. syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammar, speech errors- these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of the language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of the word. For the most part, these are violations of lexical norms, for example:

  • Stolz is one of the main characters of Goncharov's novel of the same name Oblomov;
  • They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can be noticed only in the context, this is its difference from a grammatical error, for the detection of which the context is not needed.

The following are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

  1. Wrong word formation Trudol bim th, above laugh.
  2. Erroneous formation of the noun form - Many miracles a technology, lack of time I.
  3. Erroneous formation of the form of the adjective - More interesting, more beautiful.
  4. Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral - FROM five hundred rubles.
  5. Erroneous formation of the form of the pronoun - theirs pathos theirs children.
  6. Erroneous formation of the verb form - They are travel, want, write about the life of nature.
  7. Violation of agreement - I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imisya jazz.
  8. Disruption of control - We need to make our nature more beautiful.
    Narrates readers.
  9. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
  10. Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in separate constructions - He wrote a book that is epic.
    Everyone was happy and happy funny.
  11. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - Country loved and proud of the poet.
    In my essay, I wanted to say about the meaning
    sport and why I love it.
  12. Errors in constructing a sentence with a participial turnover - Reading the text, it feels like...
  13. Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover - The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot.
  14. Errors in the construction of a complex sentence - This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child.The man thought it was a dream.
  15. Mixing direct and indirect speech - The author said what am I I do not agree with the opinion of the reviewer.
  16. Violation of the boundaries of the proposal - When the hero comes to his senses. It was too late.
  17. Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms - freezes for a moment, the heart will suddenly beat again.

Types of speech errors:

  1. The use of the word in an unusual sense - We were shocked great acting by the actors.
    Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
  2. Non-distinguishing of the shades of meaning introduced into the word by the prefix and suffix - My attitude to this problem has not changed.Effective measures have been taken.
  3. Ignorance of synonymous words - AT final The author uses gradation in the sentence.
  4. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, is trying to send people into a slightly different rut.
  5. Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words and phraseological units - Astafiev now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
  6. Unjustified use of colloquial words - Such people always manage to fool others.
  7. Violation of lexical compatibility -​​​​​ The author enhances the impression. The author uses artistic >features (instead of means).
  8. The use of superfluous words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us through artistic means.Young boy, very beautiful.
  9. The use of single-root words in a close context (tautology) - This story tells about real events.
  10. Unjustified repetition of the word - The hero of the story does not think about his act. The hero does not even understand the full depth of his deed.
  11. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editoraccepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
  12. Bad use of pronouns This text was written by V. Belov. It belongs to the artistic style.I immediately had a picture in my mind.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

it errors associated with the use of the verb, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

  1. Mistakes in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by compassion(follows: moves);
  2. Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book provides knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately.(it follows: ... will give .., teach ... or ... gives .., teaches ...);
  3. Errors in the use of real and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: dripping);
  4. Errors in the formation of gerunds: Stepping onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: leaving);
  5. Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author was wrong(norm: here);

What are speech errors? These are any cases of deviation from the language norms that are valid. A person without knowledge of these laws can work normally, live, build communications with others. However, in certain cases, efficiency may suffer. There is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. In these and other cases, it is simply necessary to know what errors exist and how to deal with them.

Correcting speech errors in sentences is not always easy. In order to understand what exactly to pay attention to when composing this or that oral statement or written text, we created this classification. After reading this article, you will find out exactly what shortcomings will need to be corrected when you are faced with such a task.

When classifying speech errors, it would be logical to consider the unit of the linguistic tier as the fundamental criterion - the one, the norms of writing, education, the functioning of which was violated. The following levels are distinguished: words, phrases, sentences and text. A classification of speech errors was created using this division. This will make it easier to remember the different types.

At the word level

The word is the most important unit of language. It reflects the changes taking place in society. Words not only name a phenomenon or object, but also perform an emotionally expressive function. Therefore, when choosing which of them are appropriate in a particular case, one should pay attention to stylistic coloring, meaning, compatibility, and usage, since a violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

Here we can note spelling errors, that is, a violation of the spelling that exists in modern Russian. Their list is known, so we will not dwell on this in detail.

Derivatives at the word level

At the word level, there are also word-formation speech errors, that is, a violation of various norms of word formation in the Russian literary language. These include the following types:

  • incorrect direct word formation. An example is the use of the word "hare" instead of the correct version of "hare", or a "thoughtful" (instead of "thoughtful") look, and others.
  • speech error associated with incorrect reverse word formation. For example, "loga" (from the word "spoon"). Such use is usually inherent in children of primary school or preschool age.
  • another type is a substitutive word formation, which manifests itself in the replacement of one or another morpheme: "weigh" (from the word "hang"), "throw", used instead of "throw".
  • word-composing, that is, the creation of a derivative unit, which cannot be considered as occasional: reviewer, winder.

All these are types of speech errors that are related to word-formation.

Grammar at the word level

There are also other varieties of misuse of words. There are in the Russian language, in addition to word-formation, both grammatical and speech errors. They should be able to distinguish. Grammatical errors are the incorrect formation of various forms, a violation of the properties of the formative system in different parts of speech. These include the following varieties:

  • associated with a noun. This may be the formation of the form of the accusative case of some inanimate noun by analogy with an animate one. For example, "She asked for a breeze" (you should use the accusative form "breeze"). Here we also include the reverse situation - the formation of the form of the accusative case in an animate noun in the same way as in an inanimate one. Example: "Two bears harnessed to the sleigh" (correct: "two bears"). In addition, when forming case forms, there may be a change in the gender of the noun: "February blue", "pie with jam". There are times when indeclinable names are inclined: "to ride a meter", "to play the piano". Some of us sometimes form plural forms of nouns, while they only have a singular, and vice versa: "a tray of teas."
  • speech errors associated with the adjective. This may be the wrong choice of short or long forms: "The man was very full", "The building was full of people." Here we also include the incorrect formation of degrees of comparison: "Lena was weaker than Luda", "The new ones are becoming more combative."
  • another speech error is an error associated with the verb (the forms of its formation). Example: "A person is rushing around the room."
  • speech errors associated with participles and gerunds. Examples: "Looking around, a hunter was walking", "Riding in a bus."
  • errors related to the incorrect use of forms of pronouns: "I did not want to tear myself away from (the book)," "Their contribution to the common cause" and others.

Lexical at the word level

The next type of errors are lexical, that is, violation of various lexical norms, lexical-semantic compatibility and word usage norms. They are manifested in the fact that compatibility is violated (less often - in a sentence, most often - at the level of a phrase).

This may be the use of an unusual meaning for the word. Such a speech error was made in the sentence "All the walls of the room were covered with panels" (you cannot use the word "covered" in this context). Another example: "Luxurious (that is, living in luxury) was the landowner Troekurov."

It should also be noted here that there is a violation of the lexical-semantic compatibility of a certain word: "The sky was bright" ("to stand" in the meaning of "take place" can only be used in relation to the weather), "The rays of the sun lay on the meadow" (correctly: "illuminated the meadow" ). This type of error primarily affects the verb.

In addition, one can distinguish the attribution of some figurative meaning to a word that does not have it: "The overworked hands of this man claim that he had to work hard."

The use of synonyms can also be incorrect. These are speech errors, examples of which are as follows: “Mayakovsky uses satire in his work” (instead of “uses”), “With his legs wide apart, the boy looks at the football field on which the players are fighting” (correctly - “fight”). Here we highlight the confusion of the meanings of paronyms: “His eyebrows rose surprisingly” (instead of “surprised”), “This work is a typical image of the fantastic genre (that's right -“ sample ”). these lakes live for several days a year.

At the phrase level

When choosing a word, one should take into account not only its meaning in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined. This is determined by their semantics, emotional coloring, stylistic affiliation, grammatical properties, etc. When it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, one should refer to the compatibility dictionary. This will help to avoid errors at the level of phrases, sentences, as well as text.

Errors at this level occur when there is a violation of various syntactic links. For example, agreements: "I want to teach everyone volleyball - this is a good, but at the same time hard sport" (good, hard sport). Controls: "I feel thirst for glory", "I am amazed by his strength", "gain strength". The connection between the predicate and the subject may be broken: "Neither the heat nor the summer is eternal (the singular form is used instead of the plural "eternal"). All these are types of speech errors at the level of the phrase.

Offer level errors

At this level, we can distinguish syntactic and communicative. Let us consider in detail these speech errors in Russian.

Syntax errors at the sentence level

This may be unjustified parceling, violation of structural boundaries. As an example, the following sentences with speech errors can be cited: "Seryozha went hunting. With dogs", "I see. My dogs are running around the field. They are chasing a hare." Syntax errors include violations in the construction of various homogeneous rows: the choice of different forms in a series of homogeneous members: "She was smoothly combed, ruddy." Another variety is their different structural design, for example, as a subordinate clause and as a secondary sentence: "I wanted to tell you about the case with that person and why he did this (correctly" and about his act ""). There may also be a mixture of indirect and direct speech: “She said that I would definitely fight (here the same subject is meant - “she”, correctly - “will be”). Violation in the subordinate and main clauses of the aspect-temporal correlation of predicates or homogeneous members: "She goes and said", "When the girl was sleeping, she sees a dream." And another variation is a separation from the defining word of the subordinate clause: "One of the works in front of us hangs, which is called" Spring ".

Communication errors at the sentence level

The next section is communicative errors, that is, violations of various norms that regulate the communicative organization of a certain utterance. They are as follows:

  • actually communicative (violation of logical stress and word order, leading to the fact that false semantic connections are obtained): "The boys are located on the boat with the keel up."
  • logical-communicative (violation of such a side of the statement as conceptual-logical). This may be a substitution of the subject performing the action ("Masha's eyes and facial contours are carried away by the film"); substitution of the object of action ("I like Pushkin's poems, especially the theme of love"); the combination of logically incompatible concepts in one row ("He is always serious, of medium height, his hair is a little curly at the edges, inoffensive"); violation of various genus-species relations ("The tone of angry gatherings is not difficult to predict - angry speeches against the regime, as well as calls to rally ranks"); an error when using causal relationships ("But he (that is, Bazarov) calmed down quickly, since he did not really believe in nihilism").

  • constructive-communicative, that is, a violation of the laws of construction of statements. This may be a poor connection or lack of it between parts of the statement: "They live in the village, when I visited him, I saw his blue eyes." This also includes the use of a participial turnover without connection with the subject related to it: "Life should be shown as it is, without worsening or embellishing it." Another type of such errors is the break in participial turnover: "There is little difference between the written questions on the board."
  • information-communicative, or semantic-communicative. This type is close to the previous one, however, it differs in that here there is a deterioration in communicative properties not due to incorrect, unsuccessful structuring of the statement, but due to the absence of part of the information in it or its excess. This may be the vagueness of the primary intention of the statement: "We are inextricably linked with the country, with it we have the main blow - a blow to the world." Its incompleteness can also be attributed here: "I myself adore plants, so I am glad to see that our village becomes so unrecognizable in summer." This may be the omission of part of the statement and the necessary words, semantic redundancy (repetitions of words, tautology, pleonasms, duplication of information), etc.
  • stylistic errors, that is, a violation of the unity of the functional style, the use (unjustified) of stylistically marked, emotionally colored means. For example, the use of various vernacular words in literary speech, bookish expressions in reduced and neutral contexts, expressive vocabulary that is unjustified (“A couple of robbers attacked the American embassy”), unsuccessful comparisons, metonymy, metaphors.

At the text level

All errors at this level are communicative in nature. They can be of the following types:

  • logical violations are very common errors at the text level. Here we include a violation of the logic of thought, the absence of links between sentences, a violation of various cause-and-effect relationships, operations with an object or subject, a violation of generic relations.
  • grammatical violations. This type of error is also common. Here there may be a violation in different sentences of the aspect-temporal correlation of various verb forms, as well as a violation of agreement in the number and gender of the predicate and subject in different sentences.
  • information and communication disorders. These include constructive and informational-semantic insufficiency, that is, the omission of part of the statement in the text; constructive and information-semantic redundancy (in other words, an excess of meaning and a heap of structures); discrepancy between the constructive specification of the semantics of statements; unsuccessful use of pronouns as a means of communication; pleonasms, tautologies, repetitions.

Stylistic errors in the text

Style violations existing at the text level can be considered in a similar way. At the same time, it should be noted that we also attribute to them the monotony and poverty of syntactic constructions, since texts like: “The boy was dressed very simply. syntactic violations, but about the inability to express thoughts in a variety of ways. At the level of the text, speech disorders are more complex than at the level of the utterance, although in the latter they are "isomorphic". As a rule, text errors are of a syncretic nature, that is, they incorrectly use the constructive, lexical, logical aspects of a speech unit. This is natural, since the text is more difficult to build. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in our memory previous statements, as well as the semantics of the entire text and the general idea, creating its continuation and completion.

The ability to find flaws in the text, as well as correcting speech errors, are important tasks that every school graduate faces. Indeed, in order to write the exam well in the Russian language, you need to learn how to identify all of the above types of errors and try to avoid them as much as possible.

Error classification

Grammatical errors (G)- these are errors in the structure of a language unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - word-formation, morphological, syntactic.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Wrong word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, active and passive participles, gerunds).

nobility ness, miracle technology, according to d cherk, above laugh; more interesting, prettier; With five hundred rubles; juggled both hands, theirs pathos, around his there is nothing; How many moral principles we have lost because of the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, stackable down, startled the author of the text; above onto the stage, the singers bowed.

Violation of the norms of coordination

I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imisya jazz.

Violation of the norms of management

Need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone marveled at him by force.

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way the predicate is expressed

The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work. He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was happy and happy funny.

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

Country loved and was proud poet.

In my essay, I wanted to say about the meaning of sport and why I love it.

Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover

Reading the text, there is such a feeling of empathy.

Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover

The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.

Errors in the construction of a complex sentence

This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child.

It seemed to the man then that this is a dream.

Violation of supply boundaries

He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.

Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms

freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Skipping a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting there was received (?) spend Saturday.

Errors associated with the use of particles: detaching a particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers

It would be nice if the picture was would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems emerge.

Speech errors (P)- these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, that is, a violation of lexical norms. These are pleonasm, tautology, speech clichés, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-distinguishing of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, ambiguity not eliminated by the context.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

The use of a word in an unusual sense

We were shocked great acting by the actors. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

These people always succeed cheat others. Oblomov did nothing and spent whole days played the fool.

Bad use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to the artistic style; I immediately had a picture in his imagination.

The use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras; inappropriate use of stationery, expressive, emotionally colored words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units

By idea the author, the hero wins; Molchalin works Famusov's secretary; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; Author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications. If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother, I would cupcake in gnawed would give; Zoshchenko don't put your finger in your mouth just to make the reader laugh.

Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by prefix and suffix

In such cases I I glance to the dictionary.

Non-distinguishing of paronyms, synonymous words; errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit in an unsuccessfully organized context

Were accepted spectacular measures; The name of this poet familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not cheerful, but also not a major motive makes us think; the record hasn't said its word yet last word.

Violation of lexical compatibility

Use of superfluous words, including pleonasm

Young youth; very beautiful.

The use of words near or close to the same root (tautology)

In that the story is being told about real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

Hero story does not think about his act. Hero does not even understand the full depth of what he did.

Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions

When the writer came to the editor accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Use of superfluous words, lexical redundancy

Then about to make you smile, about it our bookstore will take care.

Logical errors (L). Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in volume and content) concepts in a sentence, text

At the lesson were present director, librarian, as well as Anna Petrovna Ivanova and Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned back on the battery; Per good study and parenting parents students received letters of thanks from the school administration.

Violation of causal relationships

In recent years lots of done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, because issues of modernization of education are being addressed weakly.

Skipping a link in an explanation, a "logical leap".

It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] And how you want the yard to be an ornament of both the school and the village.

Rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the task for the essay or presentation)

It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do it?

Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the narration is being conducted (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)

Comparison of logically disparate concepts

Syntax encyclopedia articles is excellent from other scientific articles.

Composition-text errors

Unsuccessful start

The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text, the author ...

Mistakesin the main part

a) Convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.

b) Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences.

c) The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning.

Unfortunate ending

Duplication of the conclusion, unjustified repetition of the thought expressed earlier.

Factual Errors (F) - a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed an old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov was loneliness and indifference.

Inaccuracy in the quote. Lack of reference to the author of the quote. Misnamed citation author.

The book means a lot to me, because even Lenin said: “ Live and learn

Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement.

Great Patriotic War of 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.

Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes.

Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, an error in indicating the author.

Turgen b ev; "Taras and Bulba"; in Turgenev's stories"Crime and Punishment".


Sayapina Oksana Valerievna

Assessment of knowledge, skills and abilities of students in the Russian language(Classification of logical, speech, factual errors)

Grade- this is a violation of the requirement of correctness of speech, a violation of the norms of the literary language. We say about her: you can’t say that, it’s wrong.

defect- this is a violation of the recommendations associated with the concept of good speech. We evaluate a defect from the standpoint of “worse or better” said or written. In other words, a defect is a minor mistake, a roughness of speech. You could say that, but it's better to say otherwise.

Language errors(grammatical) are associated with a violation of the structure of a language unit: these are incorrect word formation, violation of control links or agreement in a phrase, errors in the structure of a sentence (31%). All violations of grammatical norms are grammatical errors.

— Speech errors do not contain structural disorders (69%). They arise as a result of incorrect or unsuccessful use of words or syntactic constructions.

Grammatical errors- this is a violation of the norms of word and form formation, the norms of the syntactic connection between words in a phrase and sentence. To detect a grammatical error, context is not required, just one word, phrase, sentence is enough. A grammatical error can be made in both written and oral speech. These are non-linguistic errors associated with an incorrect presentation of facts (their substitution), as well as their exaggeration or understatement (actual defect).

Factual Errors- these are errors with violations of the informational reliability and accuracy of the material presented in the source text (background facts): facts of the biography of the author or hero of the text, dates, surnames and authorship of the named works.

Classification of logical, speech, factual errors

To

LOGICAL ERRORS

Varieties of errors

Illustrative material

An example with an error

Comments. Correct option

L-1

Violation of cause-and-effect relationships in content

Explanation: A conclusion does not follow from a cause;

the given consequence does not correspond to the stated cause.

1. The poet perceives the music of the blizzard with his heart, because it is alive ...

2. Lyceum teachers, who instilled respect for each other in their pupils, expanded the horizons of the poet.

1. The poet perceives music with his heart, not because it is alive, but because he loves music!

2. reason: teachers of the lyceum, who instilled in their pupils respect for each other; consequence: expanded the horizons of the poet: respect for each other is not the cause of intellectual development.

Lyceum teachers instilled in their pupils respect for each other. They also broadened the horizons of the future poet.

L-2

Violation of the logic of combining words into a homogeneous series

TO CONNECT WITH A UNION AND TWO OPPOSITIVE (DIFFERENT) WORDS IN MEANING IS ILLOGICAL

Sofia considers Molchalin a very kind and helpful person. “Molchalin is ready to forget himself for others ...” But I think she is mistaken, because in fact the heroine “caused this love in herself.”

The definitions of "kind" and "helpful" are not synonymous, since the words corresponding to them have different lexical meanings. Wherein:

Kind is a positive characteristic of a non-evil person.

Helpful - always ready to provide a service.

first, the student talks about how Sophia Molchalina sees; then wants to argue with the comedy heroine A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" and claims that "she is mistaken"; but! instead of proving what exactly Sophia is wrong about, the student asserts a new and therefore ILLOGICAL thought: “the heroine herself aroused this love in herself.” We don't know what kind of love we are talking about. Apparently, after the words “she is mistaken”, a sentence was missed: “because in fact Molchalin does not love her at all, but his dream to quickly climb up the career ladder ...”, etc.

L-3

Violation of the logic of the example in reasoning

Molchalin flatters everyone. He is ready to "crawl in front of everyone on his knees." So, for example, Khlyostova, he talks about what a lovely dog ​​she has: “Your Spitz is a lovely Spitz, no more than a thimble - I stroked it all: what silky fur!” But in fact, this dog is disgusting to him: he despises all people from high society.

Is everything Khlestova and her dog? It is in front of them that Molchalin is ready to crawl on his knees? Perhaps... but! doggy is not a person from high society. Namely, this is what happened as a result of an incorrectly constructed last sentence. Apparently, it should have been like this: he despises her just as much as all representatives of Moscow's high society, to which he would so much like to belong.

L-4

Violation of the logic of text construction (construction of a new paragraph).

Molchalin is very cunning. He understands that only by respect for rank and helpfulness can one achieve a high position in the world.

Molchalin and Chatsky ... The relationship of these comedy heroes is a confirmation of this idea.

The student created a sharp transition from one thought to another. The common topics of the sentences of the text of the essay are fragments in italics, but! the general idea is torn apart by an unexpected, sharp, and therefore ILLOGICAL thesis (statement): Molchalin and Chatsky ...

This is true: This idea is also confirmed by the complex relationship between the opportunist Molchalin and Chatsky, who does not want to “serve”.

L-5

Violation of assertion logic

Molchalin is scary in his own way. I'm scared to realize how prudently and cynically he treats the feelings of Sophia, who is in love with him. Therefore, I feel very sorry for this hero.

Molchalin is terrible. Further, there should be a proof of this thought: why is the hero Molchalin terrible. It should be about the idea laid down by A.S. Griboedov into this image. but! The student, neglecting the necessary proofs for the first thesis, puts forward a new one: I am afraid to realize...

The logic of the conclusion is broken: I am afraid to realize ... and therefore I am very sorry for Molchalin. (We can hardly pity the one who is terrible to us!)

L-6

Violation of the logic of attaching a new evidence

Playgrounds are being built in the city, new shops are opening, places for entertainment appear: clubs, restaurants. The sports life of the city is also developing.

It is not clear how the sports life of the city is developing in the same way? How about in clubs and restaurants? (Hopefully it's not the same)

L-7

Breaking the logic of assertions

A monument to V.I. Lenin. Behind the monument is the House of Culture.

A monument to V.I. Lenin was erected, and the House of Culture is located on Victory Square (for example).

L-8

Violation of the logic of proportionality in the statements

Winters in Karelia are very snowy, very cold. And in the summer in the Karelian village (?) it is very hot, there are famous white nights.

Thought: it's cold in Karelia, but hot only in a Karelian village. - the logic of the assertion and conclusion is broken: is it hot in Karelia in summer because there are white nights? Hardly…

It is true: And in the summer in the Karelian village it is so hot that even on the famous white nights ...

L-9

Violation of the logic of subject-object relations

Everything was mixed up in the Prostakovs' house: the estate was taken under guardianship, the authorities, so important for the masters, no, the peasants, their main (?) income, was taken away from them (?).

Who performs the action (subject) and who is affected by this action (object). It is not clear: whose income is selected - the peasants or the Prostakovs?

That's right: Peasants, the main income of the family, were taken away.

L-10

Violation of the logic of the question and answer.

How did this (?) become possible? First of all, this is the fault (?) of Mrs. Prostakova.

The question is vaguely worded and suggests a different answer.

It is true: How did such a state of affairs of the Prostakov family become possible? First of all, Prostakova herself is to blame for this.

L-11

Violation of the logic of the thesis and conclusion

“Learning is the plague, learning is the cause” is said at a time when education for the nobles becomes compulsory. This (?) proves (?) that they are all (?) uneducated and stupid.

The last sentence must be interchanged with the first, excluding its first part:

Representatives of the Famus society are uneducated and stupid, because they say that "learning is the plague, learning is the cause." And this is said at a time when education for the nobility becomes obligatory and necessary for serving the Fatherland.

L-12

Violation of the logic of the construction of the essay.

The city hasn't looked the best lately. Firstly, the flow of cars on the main roads of the city has tripled. Near the tracks it is impossible to breathe from exhaust gases and dust. Secondly, everywhere there is dirt and unremoved snow. Thirdly, a huge number of billboards simply crushed the inhabitants with their aggressive obsession.

The beginning of the essay does not correspond to the topic of the work. There is no introduction about the native land, the expression of which for the student was the native city.

The logic of the content of the work is broken. You should not start the argument with the negative, it is more correct to start with what causes love and pride in the heart.

L-13

Violation of the logic of paragraphing (arranging paragraphs of text in a certain sequence).

Chatsky denounces the right of feudal lords to own living people. He stands up for the disenfranchised, whose forced labor was the basis of the well-being of the Famus society. (?) Chatsky is a true patriot of Russia. He is ready to serve, but he is "sickening to be served." To people of the “gone century” such a position seems ridiculous and even dangerous. (?) Hypocrisy flourishes in the lordly society.

It was necessary to break the text into 3 paragraphs and supplement each of them:

1: proof needed (quote)

2: a transition to a new thought is necessary (The hero of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov cannot think differently.)

2: it is necessary to complete paragraph 2 with a proof of reasoning (quote)

3: a transition to a new thought is necessary, related to the theme of the composition “The current century” and “the past century” (Chatsky cannot accept the laws of a secular society in which hypocrisy flourishes).

L-14

violation of the logic of constructing a paragraph.

I was born and live in the wonderful city of Sergiev Posad. I'm graduating from high school, I have final exams, then college entrance exams, a new life awaits me, which intrigues with the unknown.

In my essay, I would like to tell how my hometown wakes up.

2 sentence does not correspond to the stated topic. It's redundant.

One could be built from two sentences:

In the essay, I would like to talk about how my hometown Sergiev Posad is waking up.

L-15

Violation of the logic of completing the text of the essay.

Essay ending

1. Being in any corner of our country, I often remember my hometown.

2. On a winter morning, I often go to the forest to see how the nature of my land “lives”.

Two sentences are given, which are independent non-spread paragraphs. After the theses, there is no evidence.

Being in any corner of our country, I often remember my hometown, because my heart has settled there forever.

Everything is dear to me: wide roads, snow-covered streets, old merchant houses of my city. And on winter mornings, I often go to the forest to see how the nature of my land “lives”.

L-16

Violation of the logic of comparison of figurative-plot concepts, subject-object relations.

Pugachev filled Grinev's life with deep content, and the story "The Captain's Daughter" with deep meaning.

The student in one sentence compares the image of the hero of Pushkin's story and the intention of the writer himself.

Pugachev filled Grinev's life with new deep content, helped to rethink his life and establish himself in his ideas of duty and honor.

L-17

Violation of the logic of sentence construction.

Kalashnikov can be called an epic hero. Firstly, he is characterized by courage in relation to Tsar Ivan the Terrible (his answer after the battle). (?)

The bracketed part of the sentence is probably proof. But when creating a detailed text, and not a thesis plan, such a construction of sentences is incorrect.

After the battle with Kiribeevich, Kalashnikov speaks with the tsar on an equal footing.

L-18

Violation of the logic of subject-quantitative relations.

Girls in black suits perform exercises with a hoop. The right hand with the hoop is raised up, and the left is smoothly laid back. (?) The girls are graceful, slender, graceful.

Looking at the girls, we can confidently say that in a few years they will become famous gymnasts (D).

There are a lot of girls at school. But the expressions "right hand" and "left hand" emphasize the singularity of the described objects of the image.

ACTUAL ERRORS

The actual error is called distortion:

Quoted material;

Information concerning the life and work of poets and writers.

F-1

Inaccurate quoting

I recall the words of a famous song: “To live without love may be simple, but how can one live without love in the world?”

I recall the words of a famous song: “To live without love, perhaps, is simple, but how in the world can one live without love?”

F-2

Incorrect indication of the dates of life and activity (creativity) of writers, writing works, titles and genres of works.

M. Lermontov's poem "On the Death of a Poet" was written in 1837.

Comedy A.S. Griboyedov was published in 1825.

The tragedy of A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" was a completely new phenomenon in Russian literature.

M. Lermontov's poem "The Death of a Poet" was written in 1837.

Comedy A.S. Griboyedov was published in 1833.

The drama of A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" was a completely new phenomenon in Russian literature.

F-3

A.S. Pushkin, like N.A. Nekrasov, animates nature in a poem.

Violation of chronology: N.A. Nekrasov, like A.S. Pushkin, animate nature in their works.

F-4

Distortion of events, literary material, names of heroes.

In the poem by F.I. Tyutchev's "Day and Night" there is no lyrical hero, but there are key images of night and day.

In F. Tyutchev's poem "Day and Night" there is a circular composition.

I.A. Bunin uses epithets in the poem, with the help of which harmony of stylistic figures and emotional image is achieved.

And who thinks about day and night? So, after all, there is a lyrical hero, maybe it's the author himself?

It should be written not circular, but circular.

The epithet is not a stylistic figure, it is a trope.

F-5

Exaggerated coverage of minor facts.

Frost and Metelitsa are real national heroes.

National hero is a socio-political term. He has nothing to do with the literary heroes of A. Fadeev.

Frost and Metelitsa proved to be real heroes.

SPEECH ERRORS

Accuracy and clarity of speech. Under the accuracy and clarity of speech is understood the possession of a sufficient vocabulary, a variety of grammatical means for an accurate and understandable expression of thought.

Wherein:

1. The work retains the artistic and expressive means of the original presentation (emotional and evaluative vocabulary, metaphors, epithets, poetic syntax, paraphrases, intonation created by the appropriate selection of words)

2. The work meets the requirements for the syllable of an essay of any nature

(literary, critical, literary and creative, on a "free" topic):

a) the accuracy and purity of the language (selection of words that convey exactly those thoughts that the writer

wanted to express; the absence of extra words in the sentence);

b) simplicity and beauty (accessibility for understanding, perfection of speech, sincerity, absence of abstruse phrases, pretentious words and phrases, false pathos, far-fetched emotions, standard, primitive expressions, verbal cliches);

c) accuracy and brevity (selection of words that convey exactly the thoughts that the writer wanted to express; the absence of extra words in the sentence);

d) figurativeness (expressiveness, emotional expression of thought, causing visual representations, certain feelings).

R-1

The use of words and expressions that inaccurately convey the idea of ​​the essay

Griboyedov is long gone, the history of his time is less and less close to us, and comedy does not get old, and Griboedov is undoubtedly more alive in his hero than as a historical figure.

See the expression history of his time: there is a confusion of the meanings of the word history - a case, a story or history - is it an objective course of events, a period of development (of a state, individual, society)?

And now for us Griboyedov is alive in his literary hero not as a historical person, but as an exponent of the general free-thinking, progressive ideas and views of the early 19th century.

R-2

The use of words in their own meaning.

(The replacement word distorts the meaning of the sentence; acquires a different meaning; is used in a different context.)

The truth is often hidden in the depths of the work.

The block follows the tradition of the ancestor.

The meaning of the word is often different from the meaning of the word often; the meaning of the word depth gives the text (sentence) a different meaning.

The truth is often hidden by the writer between the lines of the work.

The meaning of the word ancestor distorts the author's thought.

Replacement: ancestor-precursor.

R-3

Inappropriate use of words of a different stylistic coloring.

(The replacement word has a shade of a different style of speech (instead of an artistic one - journalistic, official business or scientific style), violates the stylistic harmony of the text.

In this regard, Boris Pasternak's poem is more calm, more measured.

We were shocked by the wonderful performance of the actors.

The word track is of limited use. Replacement - "send in the other direction."

The expression in this regard has a shade of official business style, its use in the essay is undesirable.

This poem by Boris Pasternak sounds more measured, smooth.

The word shocked needs to be replaced. We liked the acting.

R-4

Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words or phraseological units

(The word (expression)-replacement gives a shade of excessive emotionality; they “embellish” the text. The work is distinguished by false pathos speech.)

The reflections of poets on these topics that are especially exciting to them are especially clearly presented.

Thanks to the creations of the amazing authors of the Silver Age, we hear the "loud melody of the era."

The expression represented by the reflections of the poets needs to be replaced.

The reflections of poets on topics that concern them are especially clearly expressed.

The word amazing needs to be replaced.

Thanks to the great works of famous poets of the Silver Age, we hear the "loud melody of the era."

R-5

Unjustified use of colloquial words

Such people always manage to fool others.

After two hours the performance ended and everyone went home.

The word swear needs to be replaced.

Such people always manage to deceive others.

The expression everyone went home needs to be replaced

After two hours, the performance ended, and everyone dispersed.

R-6

Violation of lexical compatibility.

(Words cannot be related to each other in meaning and grammatically: each of them has its own sphere of lexical use, its own conditions of prepositional connection. When replacing words in stable phrases, the meaning of the statement as a whole is distorted.)

By the twenties, a change had taken place in the social life of the country.

Need to change the number of expressions change in social life.

In the twenties there were changes (changes) in the social life of the country

Expressions increase impression and artistic features need to be replaced.

R-7

Pleonasm

(Words that duplicate semantic content violate the integrity of the sentence, text.)

In these two works, the theme of despair sounds.

There have been social changes in society.

In the expression, these two contain a repetition.

In these works the theme of despair sounds.

The words social and society have a common semantic core.

Great changes have taken place in the social structure of the country.

R-8

Errors associated with the use of single-root words in one sentence.

Under the feet of the hero of the story is the step of the carriage.

This story tells about real events.

The hero of the story jumps out onto the footboard of the carriage.

The words story and told have the same root (tautology)

This story is about…

R-9

Poor and monotonous syntactic constructions.

(In the conditions of one context, sentences of the same type of construction were used (subject - predicate - circumstance);

only complex or complex sentences are used;

Words that are significant for expressing thought are missing in the sentence.)

When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Tyutchev's poem is called "Night", and Bunin's poem is called "Night".

The construction of the second sentence needs to be changed.

At the end of the conversation, Petrov went to the hotel.

Similar constructions are used: subject - object - predicate - circumstance - subject - object - predicate - circumstance.

The poems of Tyutchev and Bunin have the same name - "Night".

R-10

Violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms.

(In one sentence, verbs or verb forms of different types and tenses are used.

The heart stops for a moment and suddenly beats again.

Watching the movement of a magical rainbow, the lyrical hero of the poem seemed to plunge into a fairy tale.

Freezes - imperfective verb, present tense;

Zastuchit is a perfective verb, future tense.

Freeze ... knock.

observing - present participle, formed from an imperfective verb;

plunged - past tense verb, perfective.

Watching the movement of a magical rainbow, the lyrical hero of the poem seems to be immersed in a fairy tale.

R-11

Poor use of pronouns.

(The use of pronouns instead of nouns with a specific meaning, instead of other pronouns that have a temporal, spatial meaning.)

The work displays real events and heroes of their time.

We get to know their characters and philosophy of life, as they open their souls to the reader.

It is the understatement that gives the poem "Escape" its charm, its charm.

It is necessary to change the pronoun them.

The work depicts real events and heroes of that time.

It is necessary to replace the pronoun with a noun with a specific meaning.

We get to know the characters and philosophy of the life of the heroes who open their souls to the reader.

It is necessary to exclude pronouns from the composition of the sentence. It is the understatement that gives charm and charm to the poem "Escape".

R-12

Incoherence of sentences

(And one sentence is about unrelated events, phenomena, actions. In the middle of one sentence, a new one is “wedged” that is not related to it in meaning. The sequence of presentation of thoughts is broken. An important semantic fragment of the sentence is missing.)

Much in Dubna is given to culture.

After all, speaking about this closest, dearest person, you are afraid not to say something, at first glance small and inconspicuous, but in fact very, very important.

the replacement of the word much is necessary;

clarification of the word culture is needed.

Much attention is paid to the development of culture in Dubna.

It is necessary to break the sentence into two independent syntactic units.

After all, speaking about the closest, dearest person, we are afraid that we will not be able to express in words the most important thing. Something that at first glance seems unimportant, insignificant.

R-13

Stylistic inexpressiveness of the sentence

(Words-substitutions bring new shades to the text (journalistic, scientific styles), "impoverish" the sentence, the text.)

In the spring it is good everywhere: in the open field, and in the birch grove, as well as in the pine and mixed forests.

These poets made a huge contribution to Russian literature.

The word also brings a shade of publicism to the sentence, the word mixed (forest) is a term, therefore, their use in artistic style texts is undesirable.

The expression to make a great contribution has the connotation of a political set phrase. There is a mixture of styles within the same sentence.

These poets had a great influence on the development of Russian literature.

R-14

Unsuccessfully chosen expressive means.

A teacher is a necessary, fair, painful profession.

It is difficult to define the literary heart of the Dead Souls work.

One of the epithets is not lexically combined with the previous two;

The word painful is better to replace.

A teacher is a necessary, fair profession that requires full dedication.

It is difficult to determine the most exciting place in the Dead Souls poem.

R-15

Violation of the order of words in a sentence.

(Some members of the sentence "wedged" between the main members, violating the logic of the statement.)

In F. Tyutchev's poem at the very beginning - night.

During the day we wake up, enjoy life, unlike at night.

Change the middle of the sentence and its beginning, add the missing fragment of the statement.

At the very beginning of F. Tyutchev's poem, the night is discussed.

Change the beginning of the sentence and its ending.

Unlike at night, during the day we wake up, enjoy life.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

Compliance with grammatical rules.

Erroneous word formation;

Violation of the connection of agreement, control in phrases, errors in the construction of sentences with common definitions and circumstances; homogeneous members.

G-1

Incorrect replacement of prefixes, suffixes in single-root words.

Hairy bumblebee - for fragrant hops.

The word hairy was probably coined by analogy with the adjective "eared".

That's right, "furry".

G-2

Wrong form of the noun.

There are few paths in the poem.

There are no clouds overhead.

Empty treaties were signed and the world collapsed again.

Tropes are the visual means of language: metaphors, epithets, personification, comparison, etc.

There are few paths in the poem.

G-3

Wrong formation of the form of the adjective.

This fact is less significant than its coverage in the press.

The formation of the comparative degree of adjectives occurs with the help of the suffix her, her, or with the help of the words more, less. For example: strong - stronger, (s), stronger.

This fact is less significant than its coverage in the press.

G-4

Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral.

Olga was bewitched by the power of sixty rings of time.

Both sides put forward fair demands.

Olga was bewitched by the power of sixty rings.

Both sides put forward fair demands.

G-5

Wrong use of pronoun form.

A bullet whistled past him.

Their joy knew no bounds.

What we are - to judge by us.

A bullet whistled past him.

Their joy knew no bounds.

What we are - to judge by us.

G-6

Erroneous formation of the form of the verb.

(Mistakes in the formation of participles, gerunds, past, present and future forms of the verb, reflexive and irrevocable verbs, suppletive forms.)

The deer stood motionless and stared without blinking.

Bars trembled and rushed to run.

After reading the title - "Night", the reader immediately imagines the stars, the night splash of the waves, the moon.

The adverb (not) moving is formed from a perfective verb, and denotes an additional imperfect action.

The deer stood without moving or blinking.

Bars trembled and rushed to run.

The participle is formed with an imperfective suffix, and the sentence refers to an action that has already taken place.

After reading the title...

G-7

Disruption of communication connection.

It's like I'm standing on a hill shrouded in darkness.

I'm standing on a hill shrouded in darkness.

G-8

Disruption of communication control.

(when constructing a phrase, a preposition is mistakenly used; the rules for using nouns and pronouns are violated.)

His creations have always been consistent with the worldview.

Many spectators gathered in the theater to watch the play.

Ask a question from the verb corresponded to the noun attitude.

The works of the poet have always corresponded (to what?) to his worldview.

Spectators gathered (where?) in the theater to watch the play.

G-9

Violation in the structure of the phrase

(With the inept use of prepositions that “wedged” into the utterance of new words, the lexical and grammatical structure of a stable expression is destroyed.)

Becoming a famous poet who is known all over the world.

Ask a question from the word know (where?) ... which is known all over the world ...

G-10

Errors associated with the violation of the syntactic norm of the use of demonstrative and allied words.

In this poem, the future is presented in the same way as M. Tsvetaeva.

She didn't like everything she wrote.

Ask the question: the future looks like (how?)

... In this poem, the future is presented as in the works of M. Tsvetaeva.

Replace the allied word what with the allied word about what.

She didn't like everything she wrote about.

G-11

Errors associated with the incorrect construction of a sentence with homogeneous members.

(Homogeneous members are unreasonably different parts of speech;

Replacement words of homogeneous members have their own lexical and grammatical context;

Replacement words are not related grammatically and in meaning to common words.)

And the heroine hopes, makes incredible efforts, how to escape from the circle of torment.

Expand the phrases by asking the question: hopes (for what?), Makes efforts (for what?)