The process of growth of cities, urban population, increasing the role of cities, widespread urban lifestyle is called urbanization (from Latin urbos - city). Urbanization suppresses the natural environment both quantitatively (“capture” by cities and agglomerations of new territories) and qualitatively (deterioration of the environment) sides.
Features of urban ecosystems Today, more than a third of the world's population lives in cities. The beginning of the process of urbanization can historically be attributed to the time when, 3500 years ago, the first cities in the world appeared on the banks of the Tigris, Euphrates and later the Nile. They arose due to the fact that people needed to engage in trade and defend themselves from enemies. Therefore, for a long time, cities were military fortifications located for defense purposes at strategic points or for the convenience of trade and communications on the banks of rivers and seas. The Industrial Revolution was undoubtedly the main accelerator of the urbanization process.
The concept of urbanization Urbanization is one of the most striking phenomena of our time. Its ecological essence can be revealed by the following example: urbanized territories occupy a little more than 1% of the earth's land area, but concentrate over 45% of the total population of the Earth, produce 80% of the gross domestic product (GDP), but at the same time give 80% of all emissions into the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
Noise pollution According to studies conducted in England and the United States, large cities receive 15% less solar radiation (and 30% less ultraviolet rays in winter time), 10% more precipitation, 10% more cloudy days, 30% more fog in summer and 100% more in winter. Noise pollution is a characteristic feature of the urban environment.
The concept of noise Noise is any kind of sound perceived by people as unpleasant, disturbing or even painful. Nowadays, noise has become one of the most dangerous factors that harm the environment. AT major cities over 60% of residents complain about excessive noise. Noise and vibration significantly affect the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, blood pressure, cause dizziness, numbness of the limbs, diseases of the joints and blood vessels.
Basic concepts of urban ecology An ecological city is a new type of city in which the natural environment is in a state of ecological balance with the urban environment. Unlike any modern city, an eco-friendly city should be perceived as a natural component of nature and not rejected by it. The creation of such cities on the basis of "sustainable" engineering and design solutions for all environmental problems is a relatively new direction that has emerged at the intersection of general ecology, urban ecology and engineering (industrial) ecology.
ECOLOGY MY CITIES
The main goal of our work is to collect, analyze and summarize information about the ecological state of our hometown.
(Slide 1 ) Novomoskovsk is a large industrial center. It is one of the 44 cities in Russia with the most polluted air.There are many environmental issues that can be identified. Here are some of them.
On the territory of the city of Novomoskovsk there are largeindustrial enterprises such as state district power station, AK "Azot", JSC "Gips Knauf" and large boiler houses. They emit harmful substances into the air, in addition to dust.Eit affects the environment.(S. 4-8)
Another source of air pollution is vehicles. Novomoskovsk uses a huge number of cars and trucks whose exhaust gases contain soot, dust, carbon monoxide, heavy metals. All these substances have a harmful effect on the human body and the environment.(p. 9)
And the population helps in this: they throw away household waste, not in special containers or pits, but anywhere, they pollute the environment. Containers are not cleaned regularly, allowing the waste to decompose, contributing to the accumulation of flies and other insects that carry various diseases.. (S.10-13).
On the territory of the Novomoskovsky district, both surface water bodies and groundwater are used. Surface reservoirs are sources of water supply for industrial enterprises, serve to divert industrial and household Wastewater, for agricultural needs. Rivers and lakes attract residents of the city and the region as a place of recreation. The Shatskoye reservoir is exposed to the greatest impact from the enterprises.(p.14-16)
Novomoskovsky district fell into the zone of radioactive fallout, which were formed as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986. Radioactive fallout disrupts the life of plants, animals, and people. They are long time will be in the soil. Therefore, a program has been developed and is being implemented to eliminate the consequences of the Chernobyl accident. A system of radiation control over objects of the natural environment and food objects was organized.(p.17)
Measures : (p.18)
More than three hundred of our countrymen participated in the liquidation of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Unfortunately, many of them are seriously ill today. The city helps them. The first residential building in Russia for Chernobyl survivors was built, the Chernobyl Center equipped with modern medical equipment was created.(p.19)
To solve the problem of keeping the air clean, the residential area of the city was placed at a distance12 kilometersfrom major industries. Then work began to be carried out at enterprises to reduce emissions of harmful substances. AT last years in Novomoskovsk, an automated system for monitoring the state of the atmosphere (ASC) was put into operation, with the help of which the purity of the air is monitored by 12 indicators. ASC observation posts are located in various places in Novomoskovsk.(p.20)
The city is trying to reduce the harmful effects of vehicles on the air. It was in Novomoskovsk that the first gas filling stations in the region were built, points for adjusting engines to established standards were created.
The city has a Unified Duty Dispatch Service, which registers all appeals and complaints from residents, and an operational group of the Department for Civil Defense and Emergencies to detect sources of odors.
Novomoskovsk has become an experimental site for garbage collection in the Tula region. When throwing garbage, residents must sort plastic, glass and cardboard on their own and place them in separate containers.
Ecological campaigns, subbotniks for city cleaning are organized annually. Ostudents of our school together with their teachersalso participateon subbotniks, they clean up the huge area around the school.(p.21)
CONCLUSION
In order for our city and district to be environmentally friendly, we need to fight pollution in a coordinated manner, together with the administration and people, show conscience to the population, then we will live with dignity.
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Slides captions:
Ecology is the science of the environment and the processes occurring in it. Ecology - the knowledge of the economy of nature, the simultaneous study of all the relationships of living things with organic and inorganic components of the environment. Ecology is a biological science that studies the structure and functioning of systems (populations, communities, ecosystems) in space and time, in natural and human-modified conditions. Ecological situation in our city.
Modern society is developing on the principle of "taking everything that is possible." This principle of human selfishness can operate only for the time being, until nature begins to deny man resources. Scientific and technological progress so far goes not to save natural potentials, but to waste them. Now that there is a lot of talk about negative impact people on the ecological situation in big cities, we gradually began to think about what would happen if everything was completely built up with high-rise buildings. Human impact on the environment.
1. A large number of population. Stocks are running out drinking water. 2. A large number of transport and enterprises. Pollution atmospheric air. Noise. 3. Great amount waste. Pollution of groundwater and soil. Problems of big cities
Currently, as a result of the activities of the population, organizations and enterprises of St. Petersburg, 9.7 million cubic meters or 1,700 thousand tons of solid domestic waste are generated annually. The efficiency of managing the production and consumption waste management system is at a low level. The main part of the waste goes directly to several landfills without processing. Only about 15% of the total amount of household waste is sent for processing to two waste processing plants that are part of the State Unitary Enterprise “Plant MPBO-2”. Some of the waste falls on two sorting lines of the enterprise "Autopark No. 1" Spetstrans ". Landfills of municipal solid waste in St. Petersburg.
Air pollution. In 2013, St. Petersburg was recognized as one of the most polluted cities in Russia (the most polluted air in Norilsk and Moscow). Air emissions are 488 thousand tons per year. Automobiles are the main source of pollution. They account for 85.9% of emissions. The most polluted areas are Admiralteisky (nitrogen oxide), Central (nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide). There are currently 21 stations for the study of atmospheric air in the city. The content of benzpyrene, nitrogen dioxide, phenol and formaldehyde is increased in the air of St. Petersburg.
Wastewater. Waste water in Leningrad began to be purified only in 1979. In 1997, 74% of wastewater was treated, now 98.4%. However, according to the results of the audit in 2014, it is still forbidden to swim on the beaches of the Gulf of Finland. Within St. Petersburg, the Neva is polluted with industrial effluents, hundreds of industrial waste is dumped into the river. More than 80 thousand tons of pollutants enter the river every year. The ecological state of the Neva, the Neva Bay and the Gulf of Finland is unsatisfactory. The main contaminants are pathogenic bacteria, mercury and copper ions, pesticides, phenols, oil products. The Neva Bay is gradually swamping due to the dam.
St. Petersburg ranks 5th among the world's megacities in terms of noise level. The average noise level in the city is 60 decibels, which is above the norm. The noisiest districts of the city are Admiralteisky, Central, Petrogradsky, Frunzensky, Kirovsky and Krasnoselsky. Zones where the noise level exceeds the norm by 10-15 decibels are located near the main city avenues: Moskovsky, Stachek, Ligovsky, Nevsky, the ring road, the railway. Ulyanka, Ligovo and Sosnovaya Polyana microdistricts suffer from the noise of aircraft taking off from Pulkovo Airport. Noise.
Improving the system of collection, transportation, disposal of toxic industrial waste. Civilized waste management of medical institutions. Improving the quality of the waters of the water area. Implement a well-functioning water management system. Switching boiler houses to work on gas instead of coal fuel (to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions). City vehicles must comply with EURO-4 emission standards. Care of natural recreational areas (forest parks). Atmospheric air protection. Preservation of green spaces. Education and ecologization of human consciousness. Measures aimed at improving the environmental situation.
Thank you for your attention
The emergence of environmental problems in the city Prepared by: Alexander
Nagaev
The environmental issue is
change in the natural environment as a resultanthropogenic impacts, leading to
violation of the structure and functioning
natural systems (landscapes) and
leading to negative social
economic and other consequences.
The concept of an environmental problem is
anthropocentric, as negative
changes in nature are assessed
regarding the conditions of existence
human
Environmental problems have existed since antiquity
Mainlywas associated with
household and
economic
pollution
territory
household waste,
waste, and
development
metallurgy and
jewelry
production
also happened
soil pollution
metals (copper,
lead, mercury,
arsenic
. Further development of intensive stone construction, the development of metallurgy, the formation of powerful state industries, as well as
. Further development intensive stone construction,the development of metallurgy, the formation of powerful
state productions, as well as the existence
small workshops for metal processing, leather dressing,
the manufacture of paints, where various chemical
compounds of arsenic, mercury, antimony
Environmental problems associated with the violation of individual components of the landscape or their complex can be conditionally combined into several groups.
EnvironmentalProblems,
connected with
violation
individual
components
landscape or
their complex
can conditionally
merge into
several groups:
1. Atmospheric
2. Soil
3. Water pollution
and reservoirs
4. Deforestation
5. Problem
recycling
solid household
waste
Ecological state of the atmosphere
Atmospheric air is one of the most important factorshuman habitat, characterizing the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population. Main
sources of atmospheric pollution are
road transport, power industry enterprises,
production of building materials.
Total emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere from
stationary sources and vehicles are 119.239
thousand tons, including from stationary sources - 34.135 thousand tons
(28.6%), from motor transport - 85.104 thousand tons (71.4%). Main
emissions: carbon monoxide
(52.8%), nitrogen oxides (18.3%), volatile organic
compounds, suspended solids (the main contribution is made by
cement production enterprises - 58.4%). In general, for
Republic capture emissions is 93.1%, solid
pollutants - 99.3%. Over the past five years
pollutant emissions from stationary sources
decreased by 3.08 thousand tons (8.3%).
The importance of forests in the city
1. Regulates the hydrological regime of rivers.2. Maintains balance in the atmosphere.
3. Increases air humidity.
4.Reduces the noise level.
5.Reduces the level of dust in the air.
6. Protects the soil from erosion, supports it.
fertility.
Too much human waste
Wastethere are too many people
Human life is closely related to the emergence
decay products, food and industrial waste.
Some of them must be subjected to the right way
processing, otherwise they can cause serious harm
environment. In addition, the decay time of many
materials goes off scale for 100 years. Active pollution
planets and the unresolved problem of garbage have led to global
changes - the destruction of the environment for the existence of living
organisms. Garbage collection, especially from big cities,
everything becomes bigger problem modernity. none of
developed and developing countries can't boast
well-established waste disposal system. For today
day only 60% of waste gets a second life through
processing, where to put the remaining 40%? Burning or
burial is not particularly advisable, which complicates the already
heated environment
Ways to solve the recycling problem
1,Separated waste collection2, Waste sorting and recycling
3 thermal decomposition (burning)
1 slide
2 slide
It was announced that last year 119,000 tons of pollutants were emitted into the atmosphere: 39.5 percent of them came from industrial enterprises, the construction industry, and heat power, and 60.5 percent from the so-called mobile sources, that is, vehicles. Its emissions into the air amounted to more than 72,000 tons of harmful substances and over the past six years have grown heavier by 21,000 tons. The largest part of emissions (63.1 percent) falls on cities, while Vladimir remains the most environmentally unfavorable (23.2 percent). According to the complex index of air pollution, it entered the hundred cities of Russia where air pollution exceeds 10 MPC. The index is calculated on five priority impurities: formaldehyde, suspended solids, phenol, benzopyrene (a dangerous carcinogen) and nitrogen dioxide. If it is higher than 13, the level of air pollution in the city is considered very high. In Vladimir in 2000 it was 14.4, in the past it was 14.38.
3 slide
Among the disadvantaged are Murom, Kovrov, Gus-Khrustalny, Kurlovo. In the last mini-town, located far from large centers in the middle of wooded Meshchera, glass production is also developed.
4 slide
By the way, the increase in the concentration in the air of the most dangerous carcinogen benzopyrene, experts say, is facilitated by the growth of industrial production, saving money on environmental protection measures, an increase in the fleet, forest and peat fires, burning garbage and leaves during subbotniks and horticultural work.
5 slide
In the report of the regional department, a whole section is devoted to the influence of atmospheric air on the state of health of the population. The highest incidence is observed just where there is not enough clean air. Among all ailments, respiratory diseases are in the first place (27.2 percent).
6 slide
Over the past year, about 49 million rubles were spent on the protection of atmospheric air in the region. The Vyazniki district turned out to be the most generous, investing 25.5 million rubles, a number of other less prosperous territories got off with symbolic sums.
7 slide
Unfortunately, the report does not provide an answer to the question of whether there is a relationship between environmental well-being and financing of this most important human sphere. However, people can draw many conclusions from it themselves. From five to ten copies of the report were received by the regional, city, children's and student libraries, two by two - to the district. They are also available from local environmental departments.
8 slide
Today, many people are interested in information about the state of ecology no less than about the weather. True, it is still far from the forecast here. The ecological state of the region in recent years is at the same level. And if it improves, then within one percent, - Sergey Alekseev, deputy director of the department of nature management and environmental protection, explained to our correspondent. - According to the air and water pollution index, Vladimir was in the top 100 most polluted cities in Russia. But this is a numbers game. Pollution is determined by five indicators. And they are constantly changing. We have reduced the number of water bodies of the 3rd class, but the number of those with the 7th class has increased, that is, very strong pollution, although the volume of discharge has not increased. This is due to the fact that natural manganese is now taken into account. The same is true for the air pollution index. It is counted according to five indicators. For example, in 1998, benzopyrene was not taken into account, but in 2003 it began to be taken into account.