How to collect urine in a three-liter jar. Methodology for conducting a daily urine test. Collection and storage

Urine is an important biological fluid in the human body. Most of the products of exchange are removed with it. At healthy person its composition has relatively fixed values. When a disease occurs, some indicators change, which makes it possible for the attending physicians to clarify the diagnosis. An analysis of daily urine for protein will help identify problems in the functioning of the kidneys.

Analysis of daily urine or daily diuresis

This is a laboratory study that determines the amount of fluid released per day. This method is used to assess the state of functioning of the kidneys. Composition of urine:

Each component in the norm should contain a certain amount, the deviation from which is considered a pathology. In the study of daily protein intake, the norm for adult men and women is the same. During normal kidney function, this substance should not enter the urine or it may contain a small amount of 40-80 mg. Isolation of 150 mg or more is considered a pathology. However, with age, especially after 60 years, a slight excess of the permissible indicator is allowed, and this is due to age-related changes in the body. In some cases, protein detection is due to improper preparation before collecting biomaterial or nutritional errors. In children, the norm depends on age, weight and body surface area.

general information

According to the results of laboratory studies of daily urine, the following information is obtained:

The volume of fluid that is excreted during the day from the body. On average, it is 1750 ml and can fluctuate both up and down depending on the amount of fluid you drink.
Sugar. This indicator is especially important for patients with diabetes mellitus.
Oxalates. Exceeding the permissible limits is fraught with the formation of sand and stones in the kidneys.
Metanephrine. This substance is formed after the breakdown of hormones. Deviations from the norm in the direction of increase are a sign of the pathology of the kidneys, the cardiovascular system, etc.
Protein. In healthy people, this indicator should not be observed in urine. This is one of the important parameters that is detected in the daily analysis of urine. An elevated level indicates signs of kidney pathology, diseases of the central nervous system. In addition to the total amount of protein, a laboratory study of the biological fluid also reveals protein compounds, which are also important for the correct diagnosis.

Indications for the appointment of a daily urine test for protein

Due to the fact that changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of urine begin earlier than the symptoms of the disease, the analysis allows timely detection of pathology. Indications for the appointment of this type of research in adults and children is the presence of the following diseases:

amyloidosis (violation of protein metabolism);
diabetes;
nephropathy, which is manifested by swelling of the legs;
ischemia of the heart;
kidney failure.

In addition, it is prescribed when the patient takes certain drugs: aminoglycosides, ACE inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, and some other drugs.

Preparatory stage

For greater information content and obtaining the most objective information based on the results of the analysis of daily urine for protein, certain rules must be observed, which are mandatory and are as follows:

For a day or more, exclude the use of vitamin complexes, anticoagulants and diuretics.
Change your diet in a day. Refuse spicy, fatty and sweet foods, as well as alcoholic and coffee drinks.
Do not donate biomaterial during menstruation.
To collect urine, purchase a special container at a pharmacy or you can use a glass jar with a volume of at least three liters.

for protein analysis?

The rules for collecting biomaterial are common for both adult men and women and children who have reached a certain age and can use the potty on their own.

Immediately before collecting urine, it is necessary to perform a toilet of the external genitalia.
The first portion of the biomaterial is not taken into account. However, the time of morning urination is fixed.
Collect all excreted fluid within 24 hours. At night, urine collection also continues.
It is recommended to store containers with biomaterial at a temperature not higher than 8 degrees and not lower than 5.
Immediately after taking the last portion, the collected urine should be thoroughly mixed.
Beforehand, the doctor should clarify how to take a daily urine test for protein in the laboratory. There are two ways. About 100 ml of biomaterial is poured into a small container and taken to the laboratory, or the entire daily volume can be delivered in a large container.
In the case when the change in diuresis per day matters, the doctor recommends fixing the volume of any fluid consumed within 24 hours.

How to collect a daily urine test for protein in children under one year old? This question is of interest to young mothers. When prescribing such a study for babies, pediatricians are advised to purchase a special device for collecting biomaterial, which is freely sold in pharmacies. Do not squeeze liquid out of diapers or catch the moment when the baby wants to urinate.

Proteinuria or protein in daily urine

This term refers to the high levels of protein substances in urine. It monitors the functioning of the kidneys. There are the following types of proteinuria. Light - is not a harbinger of disease and occurs for natural reasons. Moderate and severe - these types indicate problems in the work of the kidneys. In these cases, in addition to protein in the daily urine test, there are symptoms such as:

bone pain;
dizziness;
loss of appetite;
drowsiness;
nausea;
vomit;
severe fatigue.

Causes of protein in urine:

heart failure;
diseases of the central nervous system;
hyperthyroidism;
infective endocarditis.

A change in the composition of urine is indicated by its shade, the appearance of a whitish color is a sign of the presence of albumin, a substance of a protein nature.

Types of proteinuria

The main factor influencing the appearance of protein compounds in urine is a malfunction in the absorption of this substance. Distinguish proteinuria:

tubular. In some diseases, protein absorption is impossible or difficult.
Glomerular. In this case, protein molecules do not linger and are excreted along with the liquid. This phenomenon is typical for the following pathologies: pyelonephritis, kidney damage by toxins, glomerulonephritis.
Extrarenal. There are lesions of the urinary tract, characteristic of urethritis, colpitis and cystitis.

To determine the type of proteinuria, its microscopic examination is used. Further, if necessary, the doctor prescribes other types of examinations, including ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and other hardware methods.

Protein in the urine during pregnancy. Causes

Protein is construction material, which takes part in various processes in the body of the individual. Its detection in urine is considered a sign of the development of pathological processes. The renal corpuscles lose their integrity and, together with harmful substances protein enters the urine, and the cause of this failure is the inflammatory process in the kidneys. Urine analysis allows you to recognize the disease in a timely manner, to make sure that the kidneys work properly in the most crucial and important period in a woman's life. Any, even the most insignificant detection of protein in pregnant women in a daily urine test is a sign of the onset of the development of pathology. The causes of its appearance are the following diseases:

glomerulonephritis;
lupus erythematosus;
nephritis;
hypertension;
diabetes diabetes.

As well as infectious and inflammatory processes in the kidneys, their injuries of a mechanical nature, burns, hypothermia, poisoning with toxic substances or the treatment of malignant neoplasms with chemotherapeutic drugs before pregnancy.

Safe pregnancy

In order to diagnose kidney diseases, a simple method is used - this is a daily urine test for protein. Compliance with the conditions for the correct collection of urine is mandatory for any woman in position.

The external genitalia must be clean. You can wash with regular soap. Use antiseptics or herbal preparations prohibited, as they will distort the reliability of the results.
Collect urine in a clean, dry container with a wide neck.

If a protein is found in the urine, the doctor prescribes a treatment that will protect the fetus from the negative effects of the disease that caused the appearance of protein substances in urine. Next, you should find out the reason for this phenomenon. In most cases, it lies in the violation of the kidneys. The appearance of protein in the biomaterial in the second half of pregnancy is one of the symptoms of preeclampsia. Then edema, drops in blood pressure join.

daily urine test for protein;
regular visits to the doctor;
pressure control;
nutrition, enhanced with vitamin complexes;
moderate fluid intake;
refusal of spices and, if possible, salt or reducing its amount to a minimum.

With a preventive purpose, as well as to reduce protein compounds in the urine, the doctor may prescribe medicines plant-based or decoctions of herbs that have a diuretic effect.

Treatment and prevention

The interpretation of the analyzes should be entrusted to your doctor. If pathological causes of the appearance of protein substances in urine are identified, only a medical worker prescribes the necessary therapy. It is not recommended to self-treat and get involved in non-traditional methods. When identifying causes not related to pathological processes, pay special attention to the diet. It is important to remember that the effectiveness of therapy depends on timely diagnosis.

Today, no specialist can make a diagnosis without laboratory tests. Usually after general analysis urine, if it turned out to be bad, to complete the picture, it is daily urine that is needed. Consider how to pass daily urine correctly.

Daily urine is a liquid excreted by a person for 24 hours. It is collected in a large container. The study is prescribed for both adult patients and newborn babies. The amount of urine collected depends on several factors:

age;
nutrition and drinking regimen;
physical activity;
climate and microclimate in which a person lives.

During the day, it is possible to collect from one to two liters of urine. The composition of urine is varied. In addition to water, which is 97% in it, there are trace elements, salts, acids.

What does daily urine show? Basically, the analysis is prescribed for suspected diabetes, for monitoring the condition during pregnancy, if there are any deviations in the OAM, with kidney pathologies, as well as with various urological diseases.

How to donate daily urine, a doctor and a laboratory assistant can tell you. After the analysis, the results will be obtained, which must be “read” by the attending specialist. It is he who expects from them the information necessary for making a diagnosis.

In terms of quantity, women excrete an average of 1 to 1.6 liters of urine. Men are slightly larger - up to 2 liters. Children are smaller - no more than one liter.

Glucose in the urine should not be, only traces are allowed. The situation is exactly the same with proteins. The color and acidity of urine, its density play a role. There are other important indicators that the doctor will evaluate. Below we offer a few simple rules that will help you properly prepare for the analysis so that the results reflect the true state of the body.

Training

Before you learn how to pass daily urine, you should familiarize yourself with some restrictions.

On the eve of collecting urine, you should not eat foods that stain it. We are talking about beets, berries, carrots.
Too spicy and salty foods as well as fried and sweet foods are excluded from the diet.
Drinking regimen should not be limited, but it is not necessary to drink too much water or other drinks.
If possible, drugs are excluded. If these are drugs that you cannot do without, then tell your doctor about them. Usually, private laboratories record all the drugs that the patient takes.
It is important to maintain the hygiene of the genital organs both before the analysis itself and in general.

Collection of urine

Now it's time to discuss how to properly pass urine daily. On the day of collection of the material, you should stay at home if possible. To collect urine, a sterile container with a volume of two to three liters is required. It can be purchased at a pharmacy. The material from which the container is made must be glass. Otherwise, the urine will begin to interact with the plastic. It is very important that it closes tightly.

As soon as the first portion of urine has been obtained, this time should be noted. Then collect the last one at exactly the same time the next day. So, if you woke up at 8 am and collected urine, then tomorrow at 8 am you will collect the last portion. There are some nuances here. You need to check with your doctor if the first portion of urine is needed. Sometimes it is not collected, but waiting for the next urination. But time is fixed. It is still the starting point.

How to donate daily urine or any other urine test, many already know - you always need to clean the genital organs before collecting it. For these purposes, the best solution would be soap without fragrances and other additives. You need to urinate not in a large container, but in a sterile small glass. It can also be purchased at a pharmacy. Then the urine is poured into a container and tightly closed.

Often the question is, where to store the daily urine? We answer - in a cold place. For this, the bottom shelf of the refrigerator is suitable. Freezing must not be allowed. The lid must fit snugly around the entire diameter of the neck. When all the urine is collected, the container is gently mixed and poured into a sterile cup about 150-200 ml of urine. If you did not know how to store urine, and did not put the container in the refrigerator, then it must be disposed of - it is not suitable for research.

It also happens that it is important for the doctor to find out how much urine the patient excretes per day. Then, after collecting, mark this number so as not to carry the entire container with you.

There is another important question: how long can urine be stored in the refrigerator? For a general urine test, storage is generally not provided, especially if the analysis needs to be passed to a child. The resulting ammonia will distort the whole result. In the case of daily urine storage for more than one day is also not recommended.

Contraindications

There may be days in a patient's life when a urinalysis is not reliable:

After sexual contact. In this case, there will be quite a lot of protein substances, but normally they should not be there when passing the analysis.
Menstruation. During bleeding, no matter how hard a woman tries to cover her vagina, blood can get into the urine. Yes, and the restructuring of the body in this period affects the composition of urine.
Alcohol and caffeine. These drinks are contraindicated before passing urine. If you used them the day before, then the analysis should be postponed.
Physical activity. With enhanced training, protein enters the urine, as already mentioned, it should not be there.
Stress. During stress, protein masses in large quantities also enter the urine.

Once again, we recall how to store daily urine. Only in the cold! Some people think that urine collected at one time and standing for a day will be the necessary material. But no, that's completely wrong! Re-read all of the above material again to avoid confusion.

Collection of urine in children

Many parents are perplexed about how to collect daily urine from a child. And this is understandable, especially if the baby is not potty trained and pees in a diaper. Older children do not have a problem - they easily agree to urinate in a glass.

For kids, they came up with a urinal that sticks to the skin.

A urinal for collecting urine from young children.

Conducting a daily urine test is necessary to determine the concentration in urine of biologically active substances and their metabolic products. Deciphering the results of a laboratory study allows you to establish the presence of pathologies of the urinary system in a person, to assess the general condition of the body.

The high accuracy of the data obtained directly depends on how to properly collect daily urine for analysis. With the help of a daily urine test, diseases can be detected at an early stage.

Features of laboratory research

Daily urinalysis is a diagnostic technique, the object of which is the urine excreted by a person during urination for 24 hours. The procedure is carried out to determine the total volume of urine and the quantitative content of creatinine, urea, proteins, glucose and oxalates (oxalic acid salts) in it. Urine collected per day allows you to more informatively judge the metabolic processes occurring in the body.

The separated daily volume of urine of a person with a normal state of health is from 1 to 2 liters. This indicator is directly dependent on the gender, age, lifestyle of the patient. The composition of urine may vary slightly, but the main components are always constant:

water (97-97.5%);
chlorides, phosphates, sulfates;
indican, creatinine, xanthine;
potassium, traces of calcium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus;
uric acid and its compounds.

The human body quickly reacts to the slightest change in the concentration of biological or chemical compounds. An imbalance of cations, anions and salts often causes the development of pathology in one of the vital systems. The reverse process is also possible - the disease that has arisen reduces or increases the content of proteins, glucose or trace elements in the urine. For example, if a person has a malignant tumor, there will be no calcium in the urine.

Daily urine analysis during pregnancy is carried out for preventive purposes. While a woman is carrying a child, her urinary system is subjected to excessive stress due to the growing uterus and changes in hormonal levels. If the patient complains of urination disorders or pain in the lumbar region, the doctor prescribes a laboratory study of the collected urine to exclude the formation of pathology.

Clinical analysis of daily urine refers to complex diagnostic measures. The most commonly used health outcomes are protein and sugar levels. A change in the volume of daily urine (daily diuresis) is also an important characteristic of the urinary system:

polyuria - increased excretion of urine during the day. A pathological condition can develop in case of disruption of the endocrine system, diabetes of non-sugar origin, and a decrease in the filtration function of the kidneys. The volume of separated urine with polyuria can exceed 3 liters per day;
oliguria - a decrease in the amount of urine separated by the kidneys. Infrequent bladder emptying sometimes occurs due to limited fluid intake or vigorous exercise. But more often the cause of oliguria is the stagnation of urine in various parts of the urinary system with the formation of infectious foci in them.

If a daily urine test for salt cannot be performed due to the inability to collect even the minimum amount of biological fluid, then the patient is diagnosed with anuria. Such a serious condition, as a rule, requires urgent surgical intervention.

Before collecting urine for a daily urinalysis, you should stop eating products with coloring properties.

How to collect urine for analysis

In order to properly donate daily urine for laboratory testing, preliminary preparation should be started 2-3 days before the start of collection. First of all, it is necessary to exclude from the diet products that have the ability to change the color of the biological fluid: beets, carrots, pumpkin, since one of the indicators of the analysis is the color of urine:

dark yellow suggests hepatitis;
red indicates the amount of blood in the urine. common cause such a condition becomes glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, hemorrhagic cystitis;
whitish indicates an excess content of lipids;
green indicates the occurrence of putrefactive processes in the gastrointestinal tract.

The collection of daily urine should be carried out in compliance with the diet, for which you will have to give up spicy, salty and fatty foods. During this period, it is unacceptable to consume alcohol-containing drinks, coffee, medicines, including vitamins. If the patient suffers from severe chronic diseases and takes pharmacological drugs for health reasons, the laboratory staff should be informed about this in order to correct the results.

It is impossible to collect urine during menstruation, and also during preparation for it, it is worth refusing to have sexual contacts. To pass a daily urine test the first time, the following rules should be observed:

purchase a special sterile container with a screw cap with a volume of 2-3 liters in a pharmacy or prepare a clean, dry jar of the same parameter. Some laboratories provide treated containers to patients;
you need to start collecting urine at 6-7 in the morning. The first portion for analysis is not used due to excessive salt concentration;
it is necessary to collect urine during the day, without missing a single urination;
the container should be stored in a cool, dark place;
the last portion of urine should be placed in the container exactly 24 hours later.

Before each emptying of the bladder, it is necessary to wash the genitals with warm water using neutral detergents (without fragrances and other additives). Then the genitals are wiped with a cotton cloth towards the anus.

Collecting daily urine from a small child or newborn is a little more difficult. Only experienced parents will be able to understand when the baby will urinate. Some moms and dads don't make it hard for themselves and just squeeze diapers or diapers into a container.

You can not take such urine for daily analysis - all the values \u200b\u200bobtained will be distorted and will not give an objective assessment of the child's health status. How to collect urine from children correctly:

purchase children's urinals at the pharmacy (for girls, boys or universal ones);
attach the device to the genitals of the baby with a special adhesive tape;
Don't forget to wash your baby regularly.

It is necessary to take urine to the laboratory on the same day before 8-10 am. When an error occurs at any stage of the sampling, it is better to postpone the study for several days, as the results will be unreliable. If necessary, specialists in the laboratory have the opportunity to make express diagnostics.

Daily urinalysis is a preventive measure

How to decipher the results

If a general study revealed proteinuria in a patient, the concentration of proteins in daily urine is determined. The norm of proteins varies depending on the age and gender of a person, its average value is 0.15 g. If the decoding of the obtained indicators showed an excess of the norm, further diagnostics of the patient is carried out to exclude such pathologies:

malignant and benign neoplasms in various parts of the urinary system;
endocrine disorders (hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus). Such values of proteinuria occur with improper production of hormones by the adrenal glands, with congenital or acquired diseases;
intoxication with pharmacological drugs that inhibit the functional activity of the kidneys;
endocarditis of infectious etiology;
malignant tumor of the liver;
decreased intestinal motility;
disruption of the central nervous system;
cardiovascular diseases.

A significant content of dead leukocytes in the urine indicates the development of a condition called leukocyturia. This is an important indicator of the presence of an infectious focus and inflammatory process in the organs of the urinary system. If acute renal failure or tissue necrosis of paired organs is suspected, a daily urine test for the content of cylinders (granular, epithelial, pigmented, waxy) is required.

The norm of glucose in the urine of a healthy person is 1.6 mmol / day. A laboratory test for the content of this carbohydrate allows you to evaluate the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment for diabetes, as well as diagnose the following diseases:

Cushing's syndrome;
pheochromocytoma;
myocardial infarction;
thyrotoxicosis;
accession of a secondary infection with extensive injuries or burns.

An increased concentration of glucose in urine is observed with improper corticosteroid therapy. For pregnant women, the study is shown as a control at regular examination.

The determination of the content of oxalates in the daily urine is carried out after obtaining large values of the general analysis of urine. Normal levels of oxalic acid salts for an adult are about 650 mmol / day. During the collection of daily urine for this analysis, it is required to abandon the use of acidic foods. If the value obtained shows an excess of the norm, then the following pathologies can be suspected:

the formation of stones in the kidneys or bladder;
degenerative-dystrophic changes in bone, muscle, articular, cartilage tissues;
disruption of the endocrine glands, occurring against the background of improper production of hormones;
malignant bone tumors;
insufficient content of pyridoxine in the body;
significant deformation of liver cells in hepatitis or cirrhosis;
inflammatory processes in the intestine.

An important indicator of vitamin D deficiency in the body is a reduced concentration of oxalates in daily urine. Such values are diagnosed with rickets in children. Serious disease, in which the bones of the child are not formed correctly, usually requires urgent medical intervention.

Experts are engaged in deciphering the results of a daily urine test

Cortisol is a biologically active glucocorticoid hormone that is actively involved in carbohydrate metabolism and is responsible for human reactions to stressful situations. Its level in the body can only be determined with round-the-clock urine collection, since it is not excreted with every urination.

The norm of hormones is from 100 to 379 nanomoles / day.

Elevated values indicate the presence of congenital or acquired pathologies of the adrenal cortex: Itsenko-Cushing's disease or hypercortisolism. Low levels of free cortisol require further diagnosis of Addison's disease, adrenal insufficiency, and adrenogenital syndrome.

Various tumors of the cortical or medulla of the adrenal glands provoke excessive production of metanephrines by these endocrine glands. Biologically active substances are the end products of catecholamine metabolism. With an increase in the neoplasm, internal organs can be damaged, renal and blood pressure. For the initial confirmation of the presence of a neoplasm, a daily urine test for catecholamines is used.

A daily urine test is an examination of the amount of fluid that is excreted by the kidneys during the day. For this reason, urine collection is carried out several times. The technology for preparing this material differs significantly from that used in the general analysis.

So, let's take a closer look at how to collect a daily urine test.

Indications

If the doctor suspects that the patient has diabetes mellitus, dysfunction of the genitourinary system or neoplasms in the kidneys, then he will definitely prescribe to prepare urine for a daily urine test to determine the content of microalbumin (protein), sugar, cortisol or salt.

Quite often, a daily urine test is prescribed to be carried out during pregnancy as a preventive measure, since female body operates under conditions of significantly increased loads.

In the daily amount of urine produced by the kidneys, as a rule, the concentration of sugar and protein is most often assessed.

For certain indications in the urine, the amount of cortisol, a stress hormone or glucocorticoid hormone that can destroy protein, is estimated.

Carrying out this analysis helps to identify the presence of certain salts in the urine, as well as to draw a conclusion regarding the presence of diseases.

It is important to know how to collect a daily urine test correctly.

Training

Special preparation for the delivery of a daily analysis of urine to identify the concentration of protein and other elements is not required.

However, in order to avoid distorting the results of a urine test for sugar, salt, protein and cortisol, it is necessary to stop using diuretic drugs and food.

Tea, purified water and other drinks must be consumed in the usual amount, otherwise the kidneys may be encouraged to secrete an excess amount of fluid.

It is very important to correctly carry out the procedure for collecting the daily amount of urine. Before the process, it is necessary to wash the genitals well.

This condition will have to be met every time before starting to collect the next portion of urine. In order to do everything right, you need to buy small and large (2 l) special containers in the store the day before. These containers must be tightly screwed with a lid, and the name and initials should be written on the glued label.

How to collect a daily urine test is interesting to many.

Rules for the procedure

Obviously, it is necessary to collect urine in a clean container, for this reason a small plastic jar can be rinsed with purified warm water. On such a container, the time of the first and last urination should be indicated.

In a large container, urine must be collected for all 24 hours. For proper collection of material for analysis, the container must not be refilled with morning urine. That is, during the very first trip to the toilet, urine should simply be flushed down the toilet. An important condition is the beginning and end of the collection of material on an empty bladder. A daily urine test during pregnancy is often prescribed.

The end time of the very first emptying of the bladder must be written on the label attached to the container. The next time you have a desire to visit the toilet, you should remember to collect the urine in a small container, and then pour it into a large container and put it in a place with a low air temperature.

It is necessary to collect urine before the beginning of the next day, including emptying the bladder immediately after waking up. After you managed to collect the daily amount of urine, you need to take it to the laboratory as soon as possible. Material that has been stored for a long time cannot be submitted for analysis, since as a result it will show false indicators.

A transcript of a urine test in adults will be presented below.

What is found in it?

As a rule, a daily urine test is carried out to determine the concentration of sugar and protein. An accurate assessment of the amount of the latter may be required if deviations are found in the general analysis, as well as if diabetes mellitus, renal failure or kidney nephropathy (damage to the glomerular apparatus and parenchyma) is suspected.

In addition, this analysis will help the doctor to make sure that the patient is sick with amyloidosis or eliminate the risk of chronic renal failure and ischemia.

Microalbumin

Microalbumin is produced by the liver and has a very small molecular weight. Excessive excretion of it indicates a violation of the function of the kidneys or the cardiovascular system.

It is difficult for the kidneys to cope with their work due to lesions of some organs of the body, which entails poor protein processing. This may be indicated by the presence of protein in the urine at a concentration of up to 300 mg per day. The normal indicator of its content in daily urine is from 0.08 to 0.024 g / day. The norm for the concentration of microalbumin is 0.14 g / l.

How to pass a daily urine test, you can check with your doctor.

If the protein content does not correspond to the norm, then the doctor can diagnose a number of diseases that relate to the primary pathology of the paired organs of the urinary system. These diseases include nephrosis, pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis.

What does a daily urine test show?

An increased amount of microalbumin is observed with kidney damage due to the use of drugs that have a nephrotoxic effect (thiazide diuretics or aminoglycosides).

A high protein concentration in the urine may indicate the presence of systemic diseases, such as amyloidosis, arterial hypertension, infections in the blood. Protein is also found in the urine in diseases of the digestive tract and lungs.

Reduced concentration of protein in the urine is not dangerous to human health.

For sugar

Daily analysis of urine for sugar is also quite often carried out.

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other serious illnesses will help not only to analyze the concentration of microalbumin in the urine, but also to identify the sugar content. The norm for glucose is 1.6 millimoles per day. An analysis of urine for the amount of sugar will also help diagnose various diseases of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands. Also, the presence of sugar in the urine can be a sign of pancreatic cancer or pancreatitis.

In addition to the pathologies described above, an excessive amount of sugar in the urine may indicate thyrotoxicosis, vascular collapse, and Cushing's syndrome.

Urinary sugar may rise slightly during pregnancy and as a result of corticosteroid therapy, which does not pose any danger.

The rate of daily urinalysis should be known.

Detection of salt content in urine

The doctor will prescribe a daily urine test for salt content if there are signs urolithiasis, renal insufficiency and diabetes mellitus.

Due to the fact that salts are able to accumulate in the tissues of the skeleton and internal organs, the presence of oxalates in urine may be a sign of disease bone tissue, for example any inflammatory processes or osteoporosis.

Conducting this analysis in newborns helps in the diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria.

Norm

Normal levels of salt in the urine are different in women and men. For men, the norm is a concentration equal to 228 to 683 µmol/day (or 20 to 60 mg/day). For women, the content of 228 to 626 µmol / day (or 20 to 54 mg / day) of salt in the urine is considered the norm.

If the level of salt in urine deviates from the norm, the following diseases are diagnosed:

multiple myeloma - a malignant tumor of the main cells that produce antibodies in the human body;
hypoparathyroidism (a disease of the endocrine systems) - a pathology characterized by a decrease in some of the effects of parathyroid hormone, accompanied by hypocalcemia;
pyelonephritis - an inflammatory process of a non-specific nature, in which the tubular system of the kidney is affected;
intestinal inflammation - Crohn's disease and / or ulcerative colitis;
stones in the organs of the urinary system (urolithiasis);
Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease in which the a large number of organs and systems, including the lungs;
cirrhosis of the liver;
pancreatic damage.

An excessive amount of salts in the urine is found when there is a lack of vitamins B6 and D in the body. Also, an increased content of oscalates in the urine is observed in people who follow a vegetarian diet.

In addition, the presence of scaling in the urine can be a sign of kidney dysfunction, rickets, osteomalacia, and impaired absorption of calcium by the small intestine.

Interpretation of urine analysis in adults should be carried out by a qualified specialist.

Determination of the concentration of cortisol in the urine

A daily urine test to determine the concentration of hormones in the adrenal cortex (cortisol) may be prescribed to exclude Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome. This syndrome is manifested by disturbances in menstrual cycle, constant fatigue, osteoporosis and upper body obesity.

Also, if the doctor suspects the patient has Addison's disease, then he has the right to prescribe a daily urine test for cortisol.

Under the influence of corticotropin, this substance is formed in the adrenal cortex. It is a glucocorticoid hormone, which is a protective barrier in the fight against pathogens during stressful situations, and cortisol regulates pressure in the arteries and increases the concentration of sugar.

Norm

The hormone cortisol is able to have a beneficial effect on the process of fat breakdown and protect the body from inflammatory processes. For this hormone, there is also a normal indicator, which ranges from 28.5-213.7 mcg.

An elevated level of cortisol in the urine indicates a strong emotional overstrain or the presence of Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome. A decrease in the level indicates dysfunction of the pituitary gland (cerebral appendage), Addison's disease, or adrenogenital syndrome.

If the cortisol index deviates from the norm, it is necessary to consult an endocrinologist, who, perhaps, after a conversation, will prescribe blood tests.

How much is a daily urine test done? This study may take several minutes if the results are needed urgently.

Summing up

Today we learned that such a study is prescribed to determine the performance of the kidneys and identify diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis of the liver, osteoporosis and pyelonephritis.

Material for it is collected throughout the day. The daily volume of urine will help determine the concentration of microalbumin, glucose, scalates and glucocorticoid hormone.

We looked at how to collect a daily urine test.

Collection of urine for general analysis in a container with a preservative

At the medical office, get a container with a built-in adapter, as well as a vial of preservative.

Before collecting urine, it is necessary to make a thorough hygienic toilet of the genital organs. Women are not recommended to take a urine test during menstruation. Collect approximately 50 ml of morning urine in a container. For the correct conduct of the study, during the first morning urination, a small amount of urine (the first 1 - 2 seconds) should be released into the toilet, and then, without interrupting urination, substitute a container for collecting urine, in which to collect approximately 50 ml of urine.

Close the container tightly with the screw cap immediately after collecting the urine. Push the tube down with the rubber stopper into the recess on the lid of the container, and the tube will begin to fill with urine. Once urine stops flowing into the tube, remove the tube from the punch (Figures 1 and 2). Invert the tube several times to better mix the urine with the preservative (Figure 3).

It is necessary to deliver a test tube with urine to the medical office during the day (according to the schedule for receiving the biomaterial until 17.30). If it is not possible to immediately deliver urine to the medical office, then the tube with urine should be stored at a temperature of +2...+8°C.

Collection of daily urine for biochemical analysis

Urine is collected per day. The first morning portion of urine is removed. All subsequent portions of urine allocated during the day, night and the morning portion of the next day are collected in one container, which is stored in the refrigerator (+4 ... + 8 ° C) during the entire collection time (this necessary condition, because at room temperature significantly reduced glucose levels.

After completing the collection of urine, accurately measure the contents of the container, be sure to mix and immediately pour into a small jar (no more than 5 ml). Bring this jar to the medical office for examination. You don't have to bring all the urine. On the referral form, you need to indicate the daily volume of urine (diuresis) in milliliters, for example: "Diuresis 1250 ml", write also the height and weight of the patient.

Before 10 am (1st or 2nd morning urine), a urine sample is taken to determine DPID.

Collection of urine for the analysis "Catecholamines in urine"

Urine collection for the analysis "Catecholamines in urine", "metabolites of catecholamines in urine" and "Metanephrines, fractions" see the instructions for collecting urine in the corresponding tests - No. 151, No. 152, No. 950, No. 1166.

Urine collection for testing for the determination of psychoactive substances

Get a SCM container (sterile container with lid, 30 ml) at the medical office. Urine should be collected in a clean, unused container. Impurities of hypochlorite, detergents and other substances can distort the result.

Attention! Immediately after collection, urine should be placed in a container with a tight lid (SCL) to prevent evaporation and oxidation. The urine collection container should be filled completely to prevent evaporation under the lid.

It is necessary to deliver the container to the medical office during the day. If it is not possible to immediately deliver urine, then the container with urine should be stored in a refrigerator at +2...+8°C (no more than 36 hours).

Urine collection to perform urine culture (with antibiotic susceptibility testing)

To collect urine, a hygienic procedure is mandatory. Unscrew the cap and remove the swab applicator. Dip the sponge swab into the urine sample for 5 seconds until the sponge is completely saturated with urine, or urinate directly onto the swab. Return the applicator with the swab to the vial and close it tightly.

Mark the sample on the label located on the test tube. Store the material at room temperature. Attention! Do not squeeze the sponge in the test tube. Do not urinate directly into the test tube.

Remember that only the attending physician, who has the opportunity to observe the patient's condition and explain the need for prescribing certain tests, can draw up an optimal laboratory examination program and evaluate the test results.