Geothermal energy and its use. Application of hydropower resources. Promising technologies of solar energy. The principle of operation of wind turbines. Energy of waves and currents. Status and prospects for the development of alternative energy in Russia.

Perm State University

Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology

Alternative energy sources

and the possibility of their application in Russia

Department of Sociology and

political science

Student: Uvarov P.A.

Group: STsG-2 course

Perm, 2009

Introduction

1 The concept and main types of alternative energy

1.1 Geothermal energy (heat of the earth)

1.2 Energy from the sun

1.3 Wind power

1.4 Energy of water

1.5 Wave energy

1.6 Current energy

2. Status and prospects for the development of alternative energy in Russia

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

No wonder they say: "Energy is the bread of industry." The more developed industry and technology, the more energy they need. There is even a special concept - "advanced development of energy." This means that no industrial enterprise, no new city or even a house can be built before the source of energy that they will consume has been identified or re-created. That is why, by the amount of energy produced and used, one can fairly accurately judge the technical and economic power, or, more simply, the wealth of any state.

In nature, energy reserves are huge. It is carried by the sun's rays, winds and moving masses of water, it is stored in wood, deposits of gas, oil, and coal. The energy "sealed" in the nuclei of the atoms of matter is practically unlimited. But not all of its forms are suitable for direct use.

Over the long history of the energy industry, many technical means and methods have been accumulated for extracting energy and converting it into energy. people need forms. Actually, a person became a person only when he learned to receive and use thermal energy. The fire of bonfires was lit by the first people who did not yet understand its nature, but this method of converting chemical energy into thermal energy has been preserved and improved for thousands of years.

To the energy of their own muscles and fire, people added the muscular energy of animals. They invented a technique for removing chemically bound water from clay using the thermal energy of fire - pottery kilns, which produced durable ceramic products. Of course, the processes occurring at the same time, a person learned only millennia later.

Then people came up with mills - a technique for converting the energy of wind currents and wind into mechanical energy of a rotating shaft. But only with the invention of the steam engine, the engine internal combustion, hydraulic, steam and gas turbines, electric generator and engine, humanity has at its disposal quite powerful technical devices. They are able to convert natural energy into its other types, convenient for use and obtaining large amounts of work. The search for new sources of energy did not end there: batteries, fuel cells, converters of solar energy into electrical energy and, already in the middle of the 20th century, nuclear reactors were invented.

The problem of providing electrical energy to many sectors of the world economy, the constantly growing needs of more than six billion people of the Earth is now becoming more and more urgent.

The basis of modern world energy is thermal and hydroelectric power plants. However, their development is constrained by a number of factors. The cost of coal, oil and gas, which power thermal plants, is growing, and the natural resources of these fuels are declining. In addition, many countries do not have their own fuel resources or lack them. In the process of generating electricity at thermal power plants, there is an emission of harmful substances in atmosphere. Moreover, if the fuel is coal, especially brown, of little value for another type of use and with a high content of unnecessary impurities, emissions reach colossal proportions. And, finally, accidents at thermal power plants cause great damage to nature, comparable to the harm of any major fire. In the worst case, such a fire may be accompanied by an explosion with the formation of a cloud of coal dust or soot.

Hydropower resources in developed countries are used almost completely: most of the river sections suitable for hydrotechnical construction have already been developed. And what harm do hydroelectric power plants do to nature! There are no emissions into the air from the hydroelectric power station, but it causes quite a lot of harm to the aquatic environment. First of all, fish that cannot overcome the hydroelectric dams suffer. On the rivers where hydroelectric power stations are built, especially if there are several of them - the so-called cascades of hydroelectric power stations - the amount of water before and after the dams changes dramatically. Huge reservoirs overflow on the flat rivers, and the flooded lands are irretrievably lost for agriculture, forests, meadows and human settlement. As for accidents at hydroelectric power stations, in the event of a breakthrough of any hydroelectric power station, a huge wave is formed that will sweep away all the hydroelectric power stations located below the dam. But most of these dams are located near large cities with a population of several hundred thousand inhabitants.

The way out of this situation was seen in the development of nuclear energy. By the end of 1989, more than 400 nuclear power plants (NPPs) had been built and operated in the world. Today, however, nuclear power plants are no longer considered a source of cheap and environmentally friendly energy. Nuclear power plants are fueled by uranium ore, which is an expensive and difficult-to-extract raw material whose reserves are limited. In addition, the construction and operation of nuclear power plants are associated with great difficulties and costs. Only a few countries are now continuing to build new nuclear power plants. Problems of environmental pollution are a serious brake on the further development of nuclear energy. All this further complicates the attitude towards nuclear energy. Increasingly there are calls demanding to abandon the use of nuclear fuel in general, to close all nuclear power plants and return to the production of electricity at thermal and hydroelectric power plants, as well as to use the so-called renewable - small, or "non-traditional" - forms of energy generation. The latter primarily include installations and devices that use the energy of wind, water, sun, geothermal energy, as well as heat contained in water, air and earth.

1. ABOUTmain types of alternative energy

1.1 Geothermal energy (heat of the earth)

Geothermal energy - literally translated means: the earth's thermal energy. The volume of the Earth is approximately 1085 billion cubic km and all of it, with the exception of a thin layer of the earth's crust, has a very high temperature.

If we also take into account the heat capacity of the Earth's rocks, it becomes clear that geothermal heat is undoubtedly the largest source of energy currently available to man. And this is the energy pure form, since it already exists as heat, and therefore it is not required to burn fuel or create reactors to obtain it.

In some areas, nature delivers geothermal energy to the surface in the form of steam or superheated water that boils and turns into steam as it rises to the surface. Natural steam can be directly used to generate electricity. There are also areas where geothermal waters from springs and wells can be used to heat homes and greenhouses (an island state in the north of the Atlantic Ocean - Iceland; and our Kamchatka and the Kuriles).

However, in general, especially considering the magnitude of the deep heat of the Earth, the use of geothermal energy in the world is extremely limited.

To generate electricity using geothermal steam, solid particles are separated from this steam by passing it through a separator and then sent to a turbine. The "fuel cost" of such a power plant is determined by the capital costs of production wells and the steam collection system and is relatively low. The cost of the power plant itself is also low, since the latter does not have a furnace, boiler plant and chimney. In such a convenient natural form, geothermal energy is an economically viable source of electrical energy. Unfortunately, on Earth there are rarely surface outlets of natural steam or superheated (that is, with a temperature much higher than 100 o C) waters that boil with the formation of a sufficient amount of steam.

The gross world potential of geothermal energy in the earth's crust at a depth of up to 10 km is estimated at 18,000 trillion. t conv. fuel, which is 1700 times more than the world's geological reserves of fossil fuels. In Russia, geothermal energy resources are only top layer crusts with a depth of 3 km are 180 trillion. t conv. fuel. Using only about 0.2% of this potential could cover the country's energy needs. The only question is the rational, cost-effective and environmentally sound use of these resources. It is precisely because these conditions have not yet been observed in attempts to create pilot plants for the use of geothermal energy in the country that today we cannot industrially master such vast reserves of energy.

Geothermal energy is by far the oldest source of alternative energy. In 1994, there were 330 blocks of such stations in the world and the United States dominated here (168 blocks at the Geyser "fields" in the valley of geysers, Imperial Valley, etc.). She took second place. Italy, but last years overtaken by China and Mexico. The largest share of geothermal energy used is in Latin America, but it is still just over 1%.

In Russia, Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands are promising areas in this sense. Since the 1960s, a fully automated Pauzhetskaya GeoTPP with a capacity of 11 MW has been successfully operating in Kamchatka; Kunashir. Such stations can be competitive only in areas with high selling prices for electricity, while in Kamchatka and the Kuriles it is very high due to the distance of fuel transportation and the absence of railways.

1.2 Energy of sun

The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is 6.7 times the global fossil fuel resource potential. The use of only 0.5% of this reserve could completely cover the world's energy needs for millennia. On Sev. The technical potential of solar energy in Russia (2.3 billion tons of conventional fuel per year) is approximately 2 times higher than today's fuel consumption.

The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface in a week exceeds the energy of all the world's reserves of oil, gas, coal and uranium. And in Russia, solar energy has the greatest theoretical potential, more than 2,000 billion tons of reference fuel (toe). Despite such a large potential in the new energy program of Russia, the contribution of renewable energy sources for 2005 is determined in a very small amount - 17-21 million tons of fuel equivalent. There is a widespread belief that solar energy is exotic and its practical use is a matter of the distant future (after 2020). In this paper, I will show that this is not the case and that solar energy is a serious alternative to traditional energy at the present time.

It is known that every year the world consumes as much oil as it is formed in natural conditions in 2 million years. The gigantic rates of consumption of non-renewable energy resources at a relatively low price, which do not reflect the real total costs of society, essentially mean living on loans, credits from future generations who will not have access to energy at such a low price. Energy-saving technologies for a solar home are the most acceptable economic efficiency their use. Their use will reduce energy consumption in homes up to 60%. An example of the successful application of these technologies is the 2000 Solar Roof project in Germany. In the US, solar water heaters with a total capacity of 1400 MW are installed in 1.5 million homes.

With a solar power plant (SPP) efficiency of 12%, all modern electricity consumption in Russia can be obtained from SPP with an active area of ​​about 4000 sq.m, which is 0.024% of the territory.

Most practical use in the world received hybrid solar-fuel power plants with the following parameters: efficiency 13.9%, steam temperature 371 ° C, steam pressure 100 bar, cost of electricity generated 0.08-0.12 USD/kWh, total power in the USA 400 MW at a cost of $3/W. SES operates in peak mode at a selling price for 1 kWh of electricity in the power system: from 8 to 12 hours - 0.066 dollars and from 12 to 18 hours - 0.353 dollars. SES efficiency can be increased up to 23% - average efficiency system power plants, and the cost of electricity is reduced due to the combined generation of electricity and heat.

The main technological achievement of this project is the creation by the German company Flachglass Solartechnik GMBH of a technology for the production of a 100 m long glass parabolic trough concentrator with an aperture of 5.76 m, an optical efficiency of 81% and a service life of 30 years. With such technology of mirrors in Russia, it is advisable to mass-produce solar power plants in the southern regions, where there are gas pipelines or small gas deposits and direct solar radiation exceeds 50% of the total.

Fundamentally new types of solar concentrates using holography technology have been proposed by VIESKh.

Its main characteristics are the combination of the positive qualities of solar power plants with a central receiver of a modular type and the possibility of using both traditional steam heaters and silicon-based solar cells as a receiver.

One of the most promising solar energy technologies is the creation of photovoltaic stations with silicon-based solar cells, which convert direct and scattered components of solar radiation into electrical energy with an efficiency of 12-15%. Laboratory samples have an efficiency of 23%. The world production of solar cells exceeds 50 MW per year and increases annually by 30%. The current level of production of solar cells corresponds to the initial phase of their use for lighting, lifting water, telecommunications stations, powering household appliances in certain areas and in vehicles. The cost of solar cells is 2.5-3 USD/W, while the cost of electricity is 0.25-0.56 USD/kWh. Solar energy systems replace kerosene lamps, candles, dry cells and batteries, and with a significant distance from the power system and low load power, diesel generators and power lines.

1.3 Wind energy

For a very long time, seeing what destruction storms and hurricanes can bring, a person thought about whether it was possible to use wind energy.

Windmills with wings-sails made of fabric were the first to be built by the ancient Persians over 1.5 thousand years ago. Further windmills improved. In Europe, they not only ground flour, but also pumped out water, churned butter, as, for example, in Holland. The first electric generator was designed in Denmark in 1890. After 20 years, hundreds of similar installations were operating in the country.

Wind energy is very high. Its reserves, according to the World Meteorological Organization, amount to 170 trillion kWh per year. This energy can be obtained without polluting the environment. But the wind has two significant drawbacks: its energy is highly dispersed in space and it is unpredictable - it often changes direction, suddenly calms down even in the windiest regions of the globe, and sometimes reaches such strength that windmills break.

Construction, maintenance, repair of wind turbines operating around the clock in any weather in the open air is not cheap. A wind power plant of the same capacity as a hydroelectric power station, thermal power plant or nuclear power plant, in comparison with them, must occupy a large area. In addition, wind power plants are not harmless: they interfere with the flights of birds and insects, make noise, reflect radio waves with rotating blades, interfering with TV reception in nearby settlements.

The principle of operation of wind turbines is very simple: the blades, which rotate due to the force of the wind, transmit mechanical energy through the shaft to the electric generator. That, in turn, generates electrical energy. It turns out that wind farms work like battery-powered toy cars, only the principle of their operation is the opposite. Instead of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy, wind energy is converted into electrical current.

To obtain wind energy, different designs are used: multi-bladed "daisies"; propellers like aircraft propellers with three, two, and even one blade (then it has a counterweight weight); vertical rotors, resembling a barrel cut along and mounted on an axis; a kind of “standing on end” helicopter propeller: the outer ends of its blades are bent up and connected to each other. Vertical structures are good because they catch the wind of any direction. The rest have to turn with the wind.

In order to somehow compensate for the variability of the wind, huge "wind farms" are being built. Wind turbines there stand in rows over a vast area and work on a single network. On one side of the "farm" the wind may blow, on the other it is quiet at this time. Windmills should not be placed too close so that they do not block each other. Therefore, the farm takes up a lot of space. There are such farms in the USA, in France, in England, and in Denmark a "wind farm" was placed in the shallow coastal waters of the North Sea: there it does not interfere with anyone and the wind is more stable than on land.

To reduce dependence on the changeable direction and strength of the wind, flywheels are included in the system, partially smoothing out gusts of wind, and various kinds of batteries. Most often they are electric. But they also use air (a windmill pumps air into cylinders; leaving there, its smooth jet rotates a turbine with an electric generator) and hydraulic (water rises to a certain height by the force of the wind, and, falling down, rotates the turbine). Electrolysis batteries are also installed. The windmill produces an electric current that decomposes water into oxygen and hydrogen. They are stored in cylinders and, as necessary, burned in a fuel cell (i.e., in a chemical reactor, where fuel energy is converted into electricity) or in a gas turbine, again receiving current, but without sharp voltage fluctuations associated with the vagaries of the wind.

Now more than 30 thousand wind turbines of various capacities operate in the world. Germany receives 10% of its electricity from wind, and the wind provides 2,500 MW of electricity to the whole of Western Europe. As wind farms pay off and their designs improve, the price of overhead electricity drops. Thus, in 1993 in France, the cost of 1 kWh of electricity generated at a wind farm was 40 centimes, and by 2000 it had decreased by 1.5 times. True, the energy of the nuclear power plant costs only 12 centimes per 1 kWh.

1.4 water energy

Water level at sea ​​coasts during the day it changes three times. Such fluctuations are especially noticeable in bays and mouths of rivers flowing into the sea. The ancient Greeks explained the fluctuation of the water level by the will of the ruler of the seas, Poseidon. In the XVIII century. English physicist Isaac Newton unraveled the mystery of the tides: huge masses of water in the world's oceans are set in motion by the forces of attraction of the Moon and the Sun. Every 6 hours and 12 minutes, the tide is replaced by a low tide. The maximum amplitude of the tides in different places of our planet is not the same and ranges from 4 to 20 m.

For the device of the simplest tidal power plant (PES), a pool is needed - a bay blocked by a dam or a river mouth. The dam has culverts and installed turbines. At high tide, water enters the pool. When the water levels in the basin and the sea are equal, the gates of the culverts are closed. With the onset of low tide, the water level in the sea drops, and when the pressure becomes sufficient, the turbines and the electric generators connected to it begin to work, and the water gradually leaves the pool. It is considered economically feasible to build a TPP in areas with tidal fluctuations in sea level of at least 4 m. The design capacity of a TPP depends on the nature of the tide in the area of ​​the station construction, on the volume and area of ​​the tidal basin, and on the number of turbines installed in the body of the dam.

In double-acting tidal power plants, the turbines are driven by the movement of water from the sea to the pool and back. A double-acting PES is capable of generating electricity continuously for 4-5 hours with interruptions of 1-2 hours four times a day. To increase the operation time of turbines, there are more complex schemes - with two, three and more pools, but the cost of such projects is very high.

The first tidal power plant with a capacity of 240 MW was launched in 1966 in France at the mouth of the Rance River, which flows into the English Channel, where the average tide amplitude is 8.4 m. hour of electricity. For this station, a tidal capsule unit has been developed that allows for three direct and three reverse modes of operation: as a generator, as a pump and as a culvert, which ensures efficient operation of the TPP. According to experts, the TPP on the Rance River is economically justified, the annual operating costs are lower than at hydroelectric power plants, and amount to 4% of capital investments. The power plant is part of the French energy system and is effectively used.

In 1968, on the Barents Sea, not far from Murmansk, a pilot industrial TPP with a design capacity of 800 kW was put into operation. The site of its construction - Kislaya Guba is a narrow bay 150 m wide and 450 m long. Although the capacity of the Kislogubskaya TPP is small, its construction was important for further research and design work in the field of tidal energy.

There are projects of large TPPs with a capacity of 320 MW (Kola) and 4000 MW (Mezenskaya) on the White Sea, where the tide amplitude is 7-10 m. 9 m, and in the Gizhiginskaya Bay - 12-14 m.

Work in this area is also being carried out abroad. In 1985, a TPP was put into operation in the Bay of Fundy in Canada with a capacity of 20 MW (the amplitude of the tides here is 19.6 m). China has built three small-capacity tidal power plants. In the UK, a 1,000 MW TPP project is under development at the mouth of the River Severn, where the average tide amplitude is 16.3 m

From the point of view of ecology, PES has an indisputable advantage over thermal power plants that burn oil and coal. Favorable prerequisites for a wider use of the energy of sea tides are associated with the possibility of using the recently created Gorlov pipe, which allows the construction of TPPs without dams, reducing the cost of their construction. The first damless TPPs are planned to be built in the coming years in South Korea.

1.5. Wave energy

The idea of ​​obtaining electricity from sea waves was outlined as early as 1935 by the Soviet scientist K.E. Tsiolkovsky.

The operation of wave power stations is based on the impact of waves on working bodies made in the form of floats, pendulums, blades, shells, etc. The mechanical energy of their movements with the help of electric generators is converted into electrical energy. When the buoy swings along the wave, the water level inside it changes. From this, the air comes out of it, then enters it. But the movement of air is possible only through the upper hole (such is the design of the buoy). And there is a turbine installed that always rotates in the same direction, regardless of which direction the air moves. Even rather small waves 35 cm high force the turbine to develop more than 2000 revolutions per minute. Another type of installation is something like a stationary micro-power plant. Outwardly, it looks like a box mounted on supports at a shallow depth. The waves penetrate the box and drive the turbine. And here, quite a bit of sea disturbance is enough to work. Even waves 20 cm high lit bulbs with a total power of 200 watts.

Currently, wave power plants are used to power autonomous buoys, lighthouses, and scientific instruments. Along the way, large wave stations can be used for wave protection of offshore drilling platforms, open roads, and marine farms. The industrial use of wave energy began. There are already about 400 lighthouses and navigation buoys in the world powered by wave installations. In India, the lightship of the port of Madras is powered by wave energy. In Norway, since 1985, the world's first industrial wave station with a capacity of 850 kW has been operating.

The creation of wave power plants is determined by the optimal choice of the ocean area with a stable supply of wave energy, an efficient design of the station, which has built-in devices for smoothing uneven wave conditions. It is believed that wave stations can operate effectively using a power of about 80 kW/m. The operating experience of existing installations has shown that the electricity generated by them is 2-3 times more expensive than traditional electricity, but in the future a significant reduction in its cost is expected.

In wave installations with pneumatic converters, under the action of waves, the air flow periodically changes its direction to the opposite. For these conditions, the Wells turbine was developed, the rotor of which has a rectifying action, keeping the direction of its rotation unchanged when the direction of the air flow changes, therefore, the direction of rotation of the generator is also maintained unchanged. The turbine has found wide application in various wave power installations.

Wave power plant "Kaimei" ("Sea Light") - the most powerful operating power plant with pneumatic converters - was built in Japan in 1976. In its work, it uses waves up to 6 - 10 m high. On a barge 80 m long, 12 m and a displacement of 500 tons, 22 air chambers are installed, open from below. Each pair of chambers is powered by one Wells turbine. The total power of the plant is 1000 kW. The first tests were carried out in 1978-1979. near the city of Tsuruoka. The energy was transferred to the shore via an underwater cable about 3 km long. In 1985, in Norway, 46 km northwest of the city of Bergen, an industrial wave station was built, consisting of two installations. The first installation on the island of Toftestallen worked on the pneumatic principle. It was a reinforced concrete chamber buried in the rock; a steel tower 12.3 mm high and 3.6 m in diameter was installed above it. The waves entering the chamber created a change in the volume of air. The resulting flow through the valve system drove a turbine and an associated 500 kW generator for an annual output of 1.2 million kW. h. Winter storm at the end of 1988, the tower of the station was destroyed. A project for a new reinforced concrete tower is being developed.

The design of the second installation consists of a cone-shaped channel in the gorge about 170 m long with concrete walls 15 m high and 55 m wide at the base, which enters the reservoir between the islands, separated from the sea by dams, and a dam with a power plant. Waves, passing through a narrowing channel, increase their height from 1.1 to 15 m and pour into the reservoir, the level of which is 3 m above sea level. From the reservoir, water passes through low-pressure hydraulic turbines with a capacity of 350 kW. The station annually produces up to 2 million kWh of electricity.

And in the UK, an original design of a “clam”-type wave power plant is being developed, in which soft shells – chambers – are used as working bodies. They contain air under pressure, somewhat greater than atmospheric pressure. The chambers are compressed by the wave run-up, a closed air flow is formed from the chambers to the frame of the installation and vice versa. Wells air turbines with electric generators are installed along the flow path. Now an experimental floating installation is being created from 6 chambers, mounted on a frame 120 m long and 8 m high. The expected power is 500 kW. Further developments have shown that the arrangement of cameras in a circle gives the greatest effect. In Scotland, on Loch Ness, an installation consisting of 12 chambers and 8 turbines was tested. The theoretical power of such an installation is up to 1200 kW.

For the first time, the design of a wave raft was patented in the USSR back in 1926. In 1978, experimental models of ocean power plants were tested in the UK, based on a similar solution. The Kokkerel wave raft consists of articulated sections, the movement of which relative to each other is transmitted to pumps with electric generators. The entire structure is held in place by anchors. The three-section wave raft Kokkerela 100 m long, 50 m wide and 10 m high can provide power up to 2 thousand kW.

In the USSR, the wave raft model was tested in the 70s. on the Black Sea. It had a length of 12 m, a float width of 0.4 m. On waves 0.5 m high and 10–15 m long, the installation developed a power of 150 kW.

The project, known as the Salter Duck, is a wave energy converter. The working structure is a float ("duck"), the profile of which is calculated according to the laws of hydrodynamics. The project provides for the installation of a large number of large floats, successively mounted on a common shaft. Under the influence of waves, the floats move and return to their original position by the force of their own weight. In this case, pumps are activated inside a shaft filled with specially prepared water. Through a system of pipes of different diameters, a pressure difference is created, which sets in motion the turbines installed between the floats and raised above the sea surface. The generated electricity is transmitted through an underwater cable. For a more efficient distribution of loads on the shaft, 20 - 30 floats should be installed. In 1978, a plant model was tested, which consisted of 20 floats with a diameter of 1 m. The generated power was 10 kW. A project has been developed for a more powerful installation of 20 - 30 floats with a diameter of 15 m, mounted on a shaft, 1200 m long. The estimated capacity of the installation is 45 thousand kW. Similar systems installed off the western shores british isles, can meet the needs of the UK in electricity.

1.6 Current energy

The most powerful ocean currents are a potential source of energy. The current state of the art makes it possible to extract the energy of currents at a flow velocity of more than 1 m/s. In this case, the power from 1 m 2 of the cross section of the flow is about 1 kW. It seems promising to use such powerful currents as the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio, carrying 83 and 55 million cubic meters per second of water at a speed of up to 2 m/s, respectively, and the Florida Current (30 million cubic meters per second, speed up to 1, 8 m/s).

For ocean energy, currents in the straits of Gibraltar, the English Channel, and the Kurils are of interest. However, the creation of ocean power plants on the energy of currents is still associated with a number of technical difficulties, primarily with the creation of power plants. large sizes posing a threat to navigation.

The Coriolis program provides for the installation in the Strait of Florida, 30 km east of the city of Miami, of 242 turbines with two impellers with a diameter of 168 m, rotating in opposite directions. A pair of impellers is placed inside a hollow aluminum chamber that provides buoyancy to the turbine. To increase the efficiency of the wheel blades, it is supposed to be made sufficiently flexible. The entire Coriolis system with a total length of 60 km will be oriented along the main stream; its width with the arrangement of turbines in 22 rows of 11 turbines in each will be 30 km. The units are supposed to be towed to the installation site and deepened by 30 m so as not to impede navigation.

After most of the South Equatorial Current enters the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, the water returns from there to the Atlantic through the Gulf of Florida. The width of the current becomes minimal - 80 km. At the same time, it accelerates its movement up to 2 m/s. When the Florida current is strengthened by the Antilles, the flow of water reaches a maximum. A force is developed that is quite sufficient to set in motion a turbine with sweeping blades, the shaft of which is connected to an electric generator. Further - the transmission of current through the underwater cable to the shore.

The material of the turbine is aluminium. Service life - 80 years. Her permanent place is underwater. Rise to the surface of the water only for preventive maintenance. Its work practically does not depend on the depth of immersion and water temperature. The blades rotate slowly and small fish are free to swim through the turbine. But the large entrance is closed with a safety net.

American engineers believe that the construction of such a structure is even cheaper than the construction of thermal power plants. There is no need to erect a building, lay roads, arrange warehouses. And the running costs are much less.

The net capacity of each turbine, taking into account operating costs and losses during transmission to shore, will be 43 MW, which will satisfy the needs of the state of Florida (USA) by 10%.

The first prototype of such a turbine with a diameter of 1.5 m was tested in the Florida Strait. A design for a turbine with an impeller 12 m in diameter and 400 kW was also developed.

2 Status and prospects for the development of alternative energy in Russia

The share of traditional fuel energy in the global energy balance will continuously decrease, and non-traditional – alternative energy based on the use of renewable energy sources will replace it. And not only its economic well-being, but also its independence, its national security depends on the pace with which this happens in a particular country.

The situation with renewable energy sources in Russia, as with almost everything in our country, can be called unique. The reserves of these sources, which can be used already at today's technical level, are enormous. Here is one of the estimates: solar radiant energy - 2300 billion TUT (tons of equivalent fuel); wind - 26.7 billion TUT, biomass - 10 billion TUT; heat of the Earth - 40,000 billion TUT; small rivers - 360 billion TUT; seas and oceans - 30 billion TUT. These sources far exceed the current level of energy consumption in Russia (1.2 billion TTU per year). However, they are used from all this unthinkable abundance, not even to say that the crumbs are microscopic quantities. As in the world as a whole, wind energy is the most developed among renewable energy sources in Russia. Back in the 1930s. in our country, several types of wind turbines with a capacity of 3-4 kW were mass-produced, but in the 1960s. their release was discontinued. In the last years of the USSR, the government again paid attention to this area, but did not have time to realize its plans. However, from 1980 to 2006 Russia has accumulated a large scientific and technical reserve (but Russia has a serious backlog in the practical use of renewable energy sources). Today, the total capacity of existing, under construction and planned for commissioning in Russia wind turbines and wind farms is 200 MW. The power of individual wind turbines manufactured by Russian enterprises ranges from 0.04 to 1000.0 kW. As an example, we will cite several developers and manufacturers of wind turbines and wind farms. In Moscow, LLC SKTB Iskra produces wind power plants M-250 with a capacity of 250W. In Dubna, Moscow region, the enterprise Gos.MKB "Rainbow" produces easily installed wind farms of 750W, 1kW and 8kW; St. Petersburg Research Institute "Electropribor" produces wind turbines up to 500 W.

In Kyiv since 1999. The research and production group WindElectric manufactures WE-1000 domestic wind power plants with a capacity of 1 kW. The group's specialists have developed a unique multi-blade, universal-speed and absolutely silent turbine of small size, which effectively uses any air flow.

Khabarovsk "Company LMV Wind Energy" produces wind farms with a capacity of 0.25 to 10 kW, the latter can be combined into systems with a capacity of up to 100 kW. Since 1993 this enterprise has developed and produced 640 WPPs. Most are installed in Siberia, the Far East, Kamchatka, Chukotka. The life of the WPP reaches 20 years in any climatic zones. The company also supplies solar panels that work in conjunction with wind farms (the power of such wind solar installations ranges from 50W to 100 kW).

In terms of wind energy resources in Russia, the most promising areas are the coast of the Arctic Ocean, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Chukotka, Yakutia, as well as the coast of the Gulf of Finland, the Black and Caspian Seas. High average annual wind speeds, low supply of centralized power grids and an abundance of unused areas in the economy make these areas almost ideal for the development of wind energy. The situation is similar with solar energy. The solar energy coming to the territory of our country per week exceeds the energy of all Russian resources of oil, coal, gas and uranium. There are interesting domestic developments in this area, but there is no state support for them and, consequently, there is no photovoltaic market. However, the output of solar panels is measured in megawatts. In 2006 about 400 MW were produced. There is a trend towards some growth. However, buyers from abroad show greater interest in the products of various research and production associations that produce photocells, for Russians they are still expensive; in particular, because raw materials for the production of crystalline film elements have to be imported from abroad (in Soviet times, silicon production plants were located in Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine) The most favorable areas for the use of solar energy in Russia are the North Caucasus, Stavropol and Krasnodar regions, Astrakhan region, Kalmykia, Tuva, Buryatia, Chita region, Far East.

The greatest achievements in the use of solar energy have been noted in the field of creating heat supply systems using flat solar collectors. The first place in Russia in the implementation of such systems is occupied by the Krasnodar Territory, where in recent years, in accordance with the current regional energy saving program, about a hundred large solar hot water supply systems and many small installations for individual use have been built. The greatest development of solar installations for space heating received in Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Buryatia. In Buryatia, solar collectors with a capacity of 500 to 3000 liters of hot water (90-100 degrees Celsius) per day are equipped with various industrial and social facilities - hospitals, schools, the Elektromashina plant, etc., as well as private residential buildings. Relatively increased attention is being paid to the development of geothermal power plants, which are more likely to be familiar to our energy managers and reach high capacities, and therefore better fit into the usual concept of energy gigantism. Experts believe that the reserves of geothermal energy in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands can provide power plants with a capacity of up to 1000 MW.

Back in 1967 Pauzhetskaya GeoTPP with a capacity of 11.5 MW was built in Kamchatka. It was the fifth GeoTPP in the world. In 1967 The Paratunskaya GeoTPP was put into operation - the first in the world with a binary Rankine cycle. Currently, the Mutnovskaya GeoTPP with a capacity of 200 MW is being built using domestic equipment manufactured by the Kaluga Turbine Plant. This plant has also started mass production of modular units for geothermal power and heat supply. With the use of such blocks, Kamchatka and Sakhalin can be almost completely provided with electricity and heat from geothermal sources. Geothermal sources with a sufficiently large energy potential are available in the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories. Today, the contribution of geothermal heat supply systems is 3 million Gcal/year.

According to experts, with countless reserves of this type of energy, the issue of rational, cost-effective and environmentally friendly use of geothermal resources has not been resolved, which hinders their industrial development. For example, extracted geothermal waters are used by barbaric methods: untreated waste water containing a number of dangerous substances (mercury, arsenic, phenols, sulfur, etc.) is dumped into the surrounding water bodies, causing irreparable harm to nature. In addition, all pipelines of geothermal heating systems quickly fail due to the high salinity of geothermal waters. Therefore, a fundamental revision of the technology of using geothermal energy is required.

Now the leading enterprise for the manufacture of geothermal power plants in Russia is the Kaluga Turbine Plant and JSC Nauka, which have developed and are producing modular geothermal power plants with a capacity of 0.5 to 25 MW. A program has been developed and launched to create a geothermal energy supply for Kamchatka, as a result of which about 900,000 kWh of electricity will be saved annually. HERE. 10 deposits of geothermal waters are exploited in the Kuban. For 1999-2000 the level of production of heat and power water in the region amounted to about 9 million m3, which made it possible to save up to 65 thousand TTU. The Turbokon enterprise, created at the Kaluga Turbine Plant, has developed an extremely promising technology that allows you to get electricity from hot water that evaporates under pressure and rotates a turbine equipped with special funnels instead of the usual blades - the so-called Laval nozzles. The benefits of such installations, called hydro-steam turbines, are at least twofold. First, they allow better use of geothermal energy. Usually, only geothermal steam or combustible gases dissolved in geothermal water are used to generate energy, while with a hydro-steam turbine, hot water can also be used directly to generate energy. Another possible application of the new turbine is to generate electricity in urban heating networks from water returning from heat consumers. Now the heat of this water is wasted, while it could provide boiler rooms with an independent source of electricity.

The heat of the bowels of the Earth can not only throw fountains of geysers into the air, but also warm homes and generate electricity. Kamchatka, Chukotka, the Kuriles, Primorsky Krai, Western Siberia, the North Caucasus, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territory, Kaliningrad region. High-potential thermal heat (steam-and-water mixture over 100 degrees Celsius) makes it possible to produce electricity directly.

Typically, steam-water thermal mixture is extracted from wells drilled to a depth of 2-5 km. Each of the wells is capable of providing electrical power of 4-8 MW from a geothermal deposit area of ​​about 1 km 2 . At the same time, for environmental reasons, it is also necessary to have wells for pumping waste geothermal water into the reservoir.

Currently, there are 3 geothermal power plants operating in Kamchatka: Pauzhetskaya GeoPP, Verkhne-Mutnovskaya GeoPP and Mutnovskaya GeoPP. The total capacity of these geothermal power plants is more than 70 MW. This makes it possible to meet the region's needs for electricity by 25% and reduce dependence on the supply of expensive imported fuel oil.

In the Sakhalin region on about. Kunashir put into operation the first unit with a capacity of 1.8 MW at the Mendeleev GeoTPP and a geothermal thermal power plant GTS-700 with a capacity of 17 Gcal/h. Most of the low-grade geothermal energy is used as heat in residential and agriculture. Thus, in the Caucasus, the total area of ​​greenhouses heated by geothermal waters is over 70 hectares. In Moscow, an experimental multi-storey building has been built and is being successfully operated, in which hot water for domestic needs is heated by low-potential heat from the Earth.

Finally, small hydroelectric power plants should also be mentioned. The situation with them is relatively favorable in terms of design developments: equipment for small hydropower plants is being produced or is ready for production at many enterprises of the power engineering industry, with hydraulic turbines of various designs - axial, radial-axial, propeller, diagonal, bucket. At the same time, the cost of equipment manufactured at domestic enterprises remains significantly below the world price level. In the Kuban, two small hydroelectric power plants (SHPPs) are being built on the river. Beshenka near the village of Krasnaya Polyana in Sochi and the discharge of the circulating system of technical water supply of the Krasnodar CHPP. It is planned to build a SHPP at the outlet of the Krasnodar reservoir with a capacity of 50 MW. Work has begun on the restoration of a system of small hydropower plants in the Leningrad Region. In the 1970s there, as a result of the campaign to enlarge the power supply of the region, more than 40 such stations stopped working. The fruits of short-sighted gigantomania have to be corrected now, when the need for small energy sources has become obvious.

Conclusion

It should be noted that in Russia there are still no such laws that would regulate alternative energy and stimulate its development. As well as there is no structure that would protect the interests of alternative energy. As, for example, the Ministry of Atomic Energy is separately engaged in nuclear energy. A report is planned to the government on the justification of the need and the development of the concept of the draft federal law “On the Development of Renewable Energy Sources”. Four ministries are responsible for preparing this report: the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Economic Development, the Ministry of Industry and Science and the Ministry of Justice. When they will agree, it is not known.

In order for the industry to develop quickly and fully, the law should provide tax incentives for enterprises producing equipment for renewable energy (for example, reducing the VAT rate to at least 10%). Certification and licensing issues are also important (especially with regard to equipment), because the priority of renewable energy must also meet quality requirements.

The development of alternative ways of obtaining energy is hampered by producers and miners of traditional energy sources: they have strong positions in power and have the opportunity to defend their interests. Alternative energy is still quite expensive compared to traditional energy, because almost all manufacturing enterprises produce installations in pilot batches in very small quantities and, accordingly, are very expensive. The organization of serial production and certification of installations require significant investments, which are completely absent. State support could help reduce the cost. However, this is contrary to the interests of those whose business is based on the extraction of traditional hydrocarbon fuel. No one wants extra competition.

As a result, the predominant use of renewable sources and the development of alternative energy are preferred mainly in those regions where this is the most obvious solution to the existing energy problems. Russia has significant wind energy resources, including in those regions where there is no centralized power supply - the coast of the Arctic Ocean, Yakutia, Kamchatka, Chukotka, Sakhalin, but even in these areas, almost no attempts are made to solve energy problems in this way.

The further development of alternative energy is discussed in the Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2020. The numbers that our alternative energy industry must achieve are very low, the tasks are minimal, so there is no need to wait for a turning point in the Russian energy sector. Due to alternative energy, by 2020 it is planned to save less than 1% of all fuel resources. The priority of its "energy strategy" Russia chooses the nuclear industry as "the most important part of the country's energy."

Recently, some steps have been taken towards the development of alternative renewable energy. The Ministry of Energy has begun negotiations with the French on the prospects for cooperation in the field of alternative energy. In general, it can be noted that the state and prospects for the development of alternative energy for the next 10-15 years are generally deplorable.

List of sources used

1. Kopylov V.A. Geography of industry in Russia and CIS countries. Tutorial. - M.: Marketing, 2001 - 184 p.

2. Vidyapin M.V., Stepanov M.V. Economic geography of Russia. - M.: Infra - M., 2002 - 533 p.

3. Morozova T.G. Economic geography of Russia - 2nd ed., ed. - M.: UNITI, 2002 - 471 p.

4. Arustamov E.A. Levakova I.V. Barkalova N.V. Environmental fundamentals nature management. M. Ed. "Dashkov and K". 2002.

5. V. Volodin, P. Khazanovsky Energy, twenty-first century.-M 1998

6. A. Goldin "Oceans of Energy". M: UNITY 2000

7. Popov V. Biosphere and problems of its protection. Kazan. 1981.

8. Rakhilin V. society and nature. M. Science. 1989.

9. Lavrus V.S. Energy Sources K: NiT, 1997

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According to the director of the Department of Energy Efficiency, Modernization and Development of the Fuel and Energy Complex of the Ministry of Energy Pavel Svistunov, the program will link state support measures and funding volumes, as well as target indicators to be strived for. Russia has colossal renewable energy resources. The technical potential of these resources is five times higher than the annual consumption of primary energy resources in Russia, and the economic potential is able to meet the annual energy needs of the Russian economy by a third. Until recently, this potential was practically not used. This is due to the fact that the price level prevailing in the wholesale electricity market is lower than the cost of electricity generation based on RES.

Meanwhile, a circle of companies has emerged today that consider renewable energy to be one of the key areas of their development and have sufficient resources to form a market. These are Renova, Russian Technologies, Rosatom and Rusnano.

A positive factor that can stimulate the development of alternative energy in Russia, of course, can be called the launch of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) program for the development of renewable energy. Its goal is to unlock the potential of the alternative energy market in Russia.

Over five years, with the support of Russian partners, including the Russian Energy Agency and RusHydro, IFC plans to implement at least 30 pilot projects with a total capacity of 205 MW. The total investment will be about $366 million, of which $150 million will be provided by IFC. The priority areas will be wind energy (in the south and northeast of the country, as well as in the Far East) and biomass energy (mainly in the south of Russia).

According to IFC estimates, in order to bring the level of renewable energy generation, as planned by the government, to 4.5% by 2020, investments in the amount of $50 billion are needed. Therefore, an additional $10 million will be directed by the corporation to create conditions for investment at the federal and regional levels, as well as to help banks develop financial products for renewable energy.

Nevertheless, so far the main investments in the development of the alternative energy sector in Russia are directed not to the generation of "clean" energy, but to the production of energy equipment or sources for energy production, for example, fuel pellets.

The leading countries in the development of energy production from non-traditional sources are Iceland (about 25% are RES, geothermal energy), Denmark (20.6%, wind energy), Portugal (18%, wave, solar and wind energy), Spain (17.7%, the main source is solar energy) and New Zealand (15.1%, mainly geothermal and wind energy is used).

Of the countries outside the OECD, the Vatican, China and India invested in the development of alternative energy in 2010.

In the Vatican, in 2010, the construction of the largest solar power plant in Europe was completed, which will allow the country to almost completely abandon the use of other energy sources. India also plans to invest in solar energy development projects. The Chinese government continues to actively finance alternative energy. In 2010, China became the world's second largest producer of wind energy after the United States, surpassing Germany.

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Introduction

Relevance of the topic. Even schoolchildren know that the reserves of oil, gas and coal are not endless. Energy prices are constantly rising, forcing payers to sigh heavily and think about increasing their own income. Despite the achievements of civilization, outside the cities there are many places where gas is not supplied, and in some places there is not even electricity. Where there is such an opportunity, the cost of installing the system sometimes absolutely does not correspond to the income level of the population. It is not surprising that do-it-yourself alternative energy today is of interest to both the owners of large and small country houses, and the townspeople.

The whole world around us is full of energy, which is contained not only in the bowels of the earth. Back in school, in geography lessons, we learned that it is possible to use the energy of wind, sun, tides, falling water, the earth's core and other similar energy carriers on a scale of entire countries and continents with high efficiency. However, alternative energy sources can also be used to heat a separate house.

Object of study- system of application and use of alternative energy sources from the point of view of practical ecology.

Subject of study- economic, environmental and law enforcement relations that arise when using alternative energy sources.

Objective- to analyze the possibility and efficiency of using alternative energy sources.

In accordance with the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. To study the definition, potential and directions of development of alternative energy;

2. Describe the global prospects for the development and promotion of alternative energy;

3. Consider strategies for the development of renewable energy in the world;

4. Determine the opportunities and problems for the development of small and non-traditional energy in Russia;

5. Analyze the legislative support for the use of renewable energy sources.

Research hypothesis- based modern achievements science and technology, it is possible to effectively use alternative energy sources.

As methodological framework the method of a systematic approach, the method of analysis were used. Also, such general theoretical methods as generalization, comparative legal method, analysis of literary sources and documents, and some particular scientific methods of cognition were used.

Practical significance research lies in the fact that the results of the work can be used for further scientific research, and in practice as a basis for the development of projects for the introduction of alternative energy sources.

1. Definition, potential and directions of development of alternative energy

Small hydropower - power plants up to 10 MW, located on small rivers, canals, waterfalls. Technically, they are dams (cascades of dams) that provide a falling flow to the generator, or generators installed in series, lowered into a powerful water flow capable of providing sufficient kinetic energy to convert it into electrical energy.

Solar energy - the use of solar energy through:

flat-plate collectors with glass or plastic coating and optical efficiency of at least 60-88%. They are mainly used for the production of hot water;

modular solar receivers with a semiconductor coating of the required size and configuration. Used to generate electricity 1 .

Wind energy - wind energy is used through wind turbines, representing two or three bladed power plant with a horizontal drive and a swivel (in the wind) device placed on the mast. Possibilities of use in the form of small cottage installations to the creation of large-scale wind parks.

Biomass - used through recycling:

fiber of wood origin, other plant organic matter and its derivatives for the production of motor and domestic fuels (bioethanol, biodiesel);

recycling of household, municipal and industrial waste, as well as organic animal and human waste into biogas.

Geothermal - removal of heat from geothermal and volcanic activity through heat pumps.

Energy of the oceans - tidal and wave hydroelectric power stations.

Hydrogen energy is the production of hydrogen fuel by separating it from water and/or hydrocarbons (natural gas).

Alternative energy relies mainly on renewable energy sources (RES), which, depending on the application technology, are divided into traditional and non-traditional.

Traditional sources of RES include large-scale hydropower, as well as the use of traditional biomass (firewood, guzapoya, dung, etc.) through direct combustion of energy.

According to the methodology of the IEA (International Energy Agency), non-traditional RES include:

hydropower resources of small hydropower up to 10 MW (i.e., except for large hydroelectric power plants), which convert the kinetic energy of water into electricity (water does not disappear anywhere);

geothermal sources naturally coming from the earth's crust in the form of hot water, heat or steam;

energy of sun;

ocean energy (tidal, wave, currents, etc.);

wind energy;

industrial and municipal waste (solid, liquid, gaseous) capable of generating electricity when burned, biodegraded or otherwise processed;

biomass of various origins, as a product of processing agricultural and forestry products, as well as plants specially cultivated for these purposes (annual reproduction of resources is possible) 2 .

In addition, recently great attention has been paid to a new direction of non-traditional energy - hydrogen energy. Also, alternative energy includes nuclear energy and thermonuclear fusion. In principle, alternative energy sources can include any, the most exotic sources that can replace traditional hydrocarbon raw materials.

The advantages of RES are the reproducible nature of the main resource for energy production, as well as high environmental friendliness.

Among the main disadvantages of RES are limited access to certain types of resources (not all countries have access to the sea, hydro resources of rivers, a sufficient level of winds, a sufficient number of sunny days a year, a sufficient amount of land and water resources to grow resources for bioenergy, etc. .), as well as the still high cost of creating installations based on RES.

In addition, alternative sources based on natural processes (wind, sunny days, etc.) are not always associated in terms of the time of electricity production with the period of need for it, which makes these sources not sufficiently stable in terms of seasonality and rhythm of production, as well as requires their combination with traditional sources.

At the same time, the prospects for RES are associated with their sustainability in the long term, since their potential is huge and in the foreseeable future for a number of types is practically unlimited.

However, in the final balance of world energy consumption, the share of renewable energy is still about 13%, and, taking into account large hydroelectric power plants, it does not exceed 18-20%. At the same time, non-traditional energy sources account for only 2.5-3.5%.

It is obvious that there is a very large gap between the theoretical potential of RES (theoretical assessment of alternative energy resources) and the actual potential used. The theoretical potential of RES (even with the exclusion of geothermal energy that is difficult to develop) exceeds the annual volume of world production of RES by almost 9 thousand times. Solar energy has the greatest theoretical potential, which by itself exceeds the existing volume of production of primary energy resources by 8.8 thousand times (Table 1).

Even the technical potential of RES (potential capacity of RES-based installations with existing technologies) is currently 17 times higher than the annual global production of all primary resources (445 EJ in 2006).

Table 1. RES potential in the world* EJ/year

Considering that, according to experts, the current reserves of the main primary hydrocarbon resources are sufficient for 40-50 years at the current level of their use, it is quite obvious that this period has been released in order to ensure their replacement with alternative fuels.

The most widespread use of RES is in China, the USA, Germany, Spain, India and Japan.

2. World prospects for the development and promotion of alternative energy

At the heart of alternative energy development strategies in developed and individual developing foreign countries is the understanding that:

it is vital to create an alternative to exhaustible energy sources in advance. Their deficit in countries with these sources will increase in the period 2020-2030. with a sharp aggravation by 2050. This will lead to a sharp increase in energy prices in countries that do not have these resources and jeopardize the development national economies;

alternative energy sources are the most environmentally friendly in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and are becoming essential condition to prevent a climate catastrophe;

providing energy sources to settlements remote from cities depends almost entirely on the distribution of small alternative energy sources 3 .

The most significant areas where alternative energy sources could replace traditional hydrocarbon raw materials at the present time are the production of electricity and the production of motor fuel.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2008 developed a basic forecast for the development of RES in the world in the field of electricity by 2030.

According to this forecast, the lowest rates will be inherent in the development of large HPPs - no more than 2% on an average annual basis, which will lead to a drop in the share of this source of electricity from 14.4% in 2006 to 12.4% in 2030. This is due to the exhaustion of hydro resources for large HPPs.

Electricity produced by small hydropower plants will grow by an average of 4.7% per year, which will increase its share in world energy production from 1.4% to 2.2%, respectively.

The highest rates are predicted for the development of solar thermal (19% per year) and solar light (17.6%) energy. However, even in this case, their combined share in the total volume of electricity production in the world will not exceed 1%. The total share of all types of RES will increase by almost 3 times - from 3.5% to 10.2%. However, even this indicator is not significant in terms of replacing traditional energy sources (Table 2).

Table 2. Share of non-traditional RES in electricity generation in the world.

According to the calculations of the same IEA, biofuels (in total about 80 billion liters in 2008) currently cover only 1.2-1.4% of motor fuel consumption. Considering the limitations imposed on the possibility of expanding the use of biofuels by the economic efficiency factor outlined in the previous section, the volume of its possible production by 2030 will not exceed 300 billion liters, of which 80% is ethanol and 20% is biodiesel (a total increase of 2. 8 times in relation to 2008), and its share in the total volume of motor fuel may increase up to 5.5%. At the same time, most likely, with the exception of certain countries where the production of biofuel is extremely profitable due to climatic conditions (Brazil), in other countries it will be used more as an additive to conventional motor fuel.

At the same time, in the near future, a wider use of second-generation biofuels will begin, which is obtained through the hydrolysis of agricultural waste (for Uzbekistan, for example, the possibility of hydrolysis of guzapay), as well as gasification of organic waste from livestock products.

More active use of renewable energy will take place after 2030. According to the IEA, by 2050 the share existing species non-traditional RES will increase up to 25% 4 .

3. Strategy for the development of renewable energy in the world

The UK plans to increase the amount of energy received from renewable energy sources from 1% of the total energy consumed in 2005 to 15% in 2020 by reducing CO2 emissions by 750 Mt by 2030, reducing demand and, accordingly, the volume of imported gas by 20- 30% by 2020. From April 2010 energy suppliers are committed to generating a portion of their energy from renewable sources. In the transport sector, the use of biofuels of the 2nd and 3rd generations is expected, including for rail transport, China plans to increase the contribution of renewable energy sources from the current 1% to 12% by 2020.

To achieve these target parameters, the adoption of the Law on the Development of Renewable Energy is expected. The main objectives of this Law include: reaffirming the importance of RES in China's National Strategy; removal of barriers and obstacles for the development of the RES market; establishment of a system of financial guarantees for the development of RES; creation of a social climate conducive to the development of RES.

The strategy is based on 4 main principles

Support for the harmonious development of society, the economy and the environment, while establishing as a priority the development of renewable energy sources.

Development of small hydropower plants, solar hot water systems, geothermal energy and other renewable energy technologies.

Active support for new renewable energy technologies, including wind energy, biomass energy through the use of incentive measures market demand and technical progress.

Integrating a strategy for long - term technological progress with short - term programs to expand the use of renewable energy sources 5 .

Ukraine will almost quadruple the use of non-traditional energy sources from 10.9 million toe. (million tons of oil equivalent) in 2005 to 40.4 million toe. in 2030. This initiative will require investments in the energy sector in the amount of about 60.4 billion hryvnia, or 7.9 billion euros. The largest growth is expected in the use of solar energy, wind farms and low potential heat, but their mass application starts from a negligible level, as the total installed capacity (including small hydro) is currently only 0.18 GW. However, the total capacity of power plants for the production of electricity from alternative energy sources (excluding biofuels and small hydropower plants) should increase in 2030 to 2.1 GW.

The adopted strategy provides for the development of renewable energy sources in line with the fundamental principles of the European Security Strategy, competitive and sustainable energy. The Energy Strategy of Ukraine establishes a number of benefits to stimulate the production and use of energy from renewable sources.

The European government actively cooperates and implements projects on energy saving and development of new and renewable energy sources with financial institutions and international organizations such as NEFCO, ADEME, IFC, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Bank and others.

There is a program of state support for the development of non-traditional and renewable energy sources and small hydroelectric power plants in Germany. The target for renewable energy for 2030 is 19% of total generation. The EU is providing €27.7 million to support the implementation of the Energy Strategy. IFC announced its intention to invest about $500 million in 2010 to support the implementation of various projects (including those related to energy). The EBRD has approved the allocation of $50 million for the development of alternative energy in Germany. The World Bank will allocate 250 million US dollars in 2010 for the implementation of energy projects 6 .

4. Opportunities and problems of development of small and non-traditional energy in Russia

Mankind has sufficient energy resources, which, however, are unevenly distributed, developed and consumed in a bad way. Fuel and energy are constantly rising in price. A sustainable orientation towards the use of oil, natural gas, coal (whose reserves are finite), which, apparently, will continue at least until the middle of the 21st century, is already creating certain environmental problems.

At the same time, the pace of development of renewable energy sources and non-traditional energy technologies is no higher than 2-4% per year, i.e. significantly lower than it was expected 10 years ago. Photo and wind energy in recent years are the fastest growing areas of the electric power industry, where growth rates exceed 10-20% per year and are also assumed in forecasts until 2020.

The rapid development of non-traditional energy abroad began after the energy crisis in the mid-70s. years of the last century. Table 3 presents the options for forecasting the contribution of "new" renewable energy sources according to the World Energy Council in 2020 in millions of tons of oil equivalent (million toe).

The share of renewable energy, which today is about 2%, should increase significantly and may exceed 8-12% by 2020.

In a number of countries (Denmark, Australia, Spain, Canada, Germany, etc.) the share of renewable energy will already be 10-20%, and they will significantly affect the state and level of energy supply. At the level of 2040, according to a number of estimates by international organizations, it will be 45-50%. Russia, despite significant experience and a large scientific and technical reserve in almost all areas of renewable energy, is currently significantly behind the leading countries in this area. The share of the use of renewable energy resources (mainly hydroelectric power plants) is estimated at 10%.

Unconventional energy accounts for less than 0.5% for electricity production and about 4% for heat.

Table 3. Options for forecasting the contribution of "new" renewable energy sources according to the World Energy Council in 2020 in millions of tons of oil equivalent (million toe).

In connection with the unilateral orientation in the 60-80s of the XX century to the construction of large thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, the development of small-scale energy and the use of renewable energy almost completely slowed down, and many existing small power plants were closed.

At the same time, about 70% of the territory of Russia, where up to 20 million people live permanently and lack a developed infrastructure, is currently not provided with a centralized energy supply system, and it is difficult to import and use energy resources there with great difficulty. These are remote and hard-to-reach outlying regions of the country - the Far North, the Far East, Siberia, Kamchatka, Buryatia, Yakutia, the Kuril Islands and, of course, Altai.

On the coasts of the Black and Seas of Azov, in Baikal, in the Altai Territory and in a number of other regions, an unfavorable environmental situation has developed largely due to harmful emissions from outdated low-power power plants.

The country has significant renewable resources, which are estimated at 300 million tons of fuel equivalent. in year. At the same time, it is known that Geo-TPPs, WPPs, SPPs, TPPs are environmentally more attractive than large TPPs, NPPs, and HPPs operating today.

The place of renewable energy sources in solving energy saving problems can be judged by such examples. A wind turbine with a capacity of 1 MW at an average annual wind speed of 6 m/s saves 1 thousand tons of fuel equivalent, and a geothermal plant of the same capacity or a small hydropower plant saves up to 3 thousand tons of fuel equivalent. in year. A solar collector with an area of ​​1 m2 in central Russia saves up to 150 kg. reference fuel per year. Heat pumps are 3-4 times more efficient than electric boilers. Great hopes are pinned on the development of fuel cells whose efficiency exceeds 90% 7 .

The development of small and non-traditional energy is hampered by changes in recent years in the procedure for financing capital construction and R&D. The transition to self-financing with state regulation of tariffs has sharply limited financial resources. The volume of investments, for example, in the electric power industry since 1990 has decreased by more than 3 times. State support measures, a well-thought-out scientific and technical policy, the adoption of the Federal Law “On public policy in the use of non-traditional renewable energy sources”, which, however, does not exist in our country.

It is necessary to clearly understand that renewable energy sources are one of the important concrete, effective directions of energy saving for the producer and one of the ways for energy saving for the consumer.

The introduction of VNIE is actively supported by the administrations of many regions, the population, the "green" (Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Rostov regions; Krasnodar, Primorsky territories, etc.). They are an important factor in socio-economic policy, a fairly attractive investment area, incl. foreign, the direction of "transfer of Western technologies."

The use of VNIE reduces emissions of CO2, NO2, etc., and their financing is possible within the framework of attracting payment for "quotas for emissions". The use of renewable energy is actively supported by the IBRD, EBRD, UN, EEC special programs- TACIS, etc. Within the framework of market transformations, support for small-scale power generation, "independent energy producers" seems to be simply necessary, given the existing backlog and experience of the organizations and structures of the company. NRES will make it possible to have additional capacities in power systems and increase the flexibility of regulation when making decisions on energy supply.

The dispersal of generating capacities will bring them closer to consumers and should lead to a reduction in losses in thermal and electrical networks and increase energy security.

The creation of new capacities based on renewable energy will improve the financial situation in energy enterprises, attract additional financial sources and create joint ventures with export-oriented products - complete hydroelectric units for small hydroelectric power plants, wind turbines and VDPP, photovoltaic batteries, solar collectors, heat pumps, gas generators, turboexpander installations .

5. Legislative support for the use of renewable energy sources

The development of renewable energy sources as a new promising area of ​​energy requires state regulation and management, in the initial period of its development - financial support and economic incentives, as well as legal regulation of relations between entities operating in this area.

Why is the development of renewable energy in the world at a faster pace in different countries, regardless of their size, geographical location, economic condition and energy resource base? An important factor in this is the environmental benefits of these sources and constantly developing technologies to improve their environmental safety; no greenhouse gas emissions. In many countries, the cost of energy from traditional sources and RES is leveling off, primarily due to the tightening of environmental requirements and the increase in the cost of energy from traditional power plants, especially coal-fired ones, and the cost of renewable energy equipment is also constantly decreasing due to technological improvement.

As of the end of 2000, the total installed capacity of RES in the world was 123 GW for electricity and 230 GW for heat. By 2015, the installed capacity will be 380-390 GW(e) and about 500 GW(th), respectively. the installed electric power will increase approximately three times, and the thermal power - more than two times.

Thus, at the end of 2003, the total installed capacity of wind farms in the world amounted to 40,301 GW. The achieved indicators of energy and economic efficiency have made wind turbines quite competitive with traditional energy sources. At present, manufacturing technologies make it possible to create wind turbines with a unit capacity of 4.5-5.0 MW.

By 2020, the total installed capacity of wind turbines in the world should be 1200 GW, by 2040 the installed capacity of wind farms in the world may be 3100 GW.

In 2002, the annual production of photovoltaic systems for the first time exceeded 500 MW, in 2003 it will reach 970 MW. In 2015, we should expect production of about 10 GW, and in 2030 - 140 GW per year.

In 2010, the production of electricity from biomass was over 30 GW and thermal energy 200 GW. By 2015, the growth of energy production based on this type of energy should be 90 and 400 GW, respectively.

In 2001, the installed capacity of small hydropower plants in the world reached 73 GW, and in 2015 their capacity may reach 175 GW.

In Russia, the capacity of RES power plants in 2001 amounted to about 1,300 MW, and by 2015, according to the "Strategy ...", it is planned to add another 1,000 MW to the waters and to double electricity production (Table 4). Such growth, of course, will require appropriate state support, i.e., the adoption of an appropriate federal legislative act.

Table 4. The share of renewable energy sources in the balance of electricity generation (excluding large HPPs) in Russia

Foreign law enforcement practice in the field of renewable energy is characterized by the presence of both framework legislation and laws of direct action. Legislative acts are available in almost all European countries, in China, Japan, the USA, Canada, and India. Particularly detailed legislation exists in Germany, which has adopted six laws since 1998 on the environment and the use of renewable energy. The last of these laws, adopted on March 29, 2000, sets prices for electricity generated from various renewable energy sources. As a result, Germany has become the undisputed world leader in wind energy (12 GW of installed capacity out of 24 GW in Europe and 31 GW in the world at the end of 2002), and also remains among the leaders in the use of solar energy and biomass.

The subject of legal regulation of such bills are public relations arising from the implementation of activities in the field of the use of renewable energy, including:

⎯ when studying and assessing the potential of RES;

⎯ when using renewable energy sources, including in the field of electrical and thermal energy produced using these sources;

⎯ when creating and applying economically effective technologies, the creation and operation of installations for the use of renewable energy sources and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress in this area;

⎯ in the field of licensing, standardization, certification, state registration, accounting, supervision and control in this area;

⎯ through financing and economic incentives for the use of renewable energy sources 8 .

The system of state regulation of activities in the field of RES use includes:

⎯ regulatory legal regulation of the use of RES, as well as programs for the use of RES;

⎯ management of the use of RES through authorized federal and regional executive authorities;

⎯ setting government goals for the capacity to be commissioned by a certain date and/or the volume of replacement of fossil fuels through the use of renewable energy sources;

⎯ state supervision and control in the field of RES use;

⎯ technical regulation, standardization, certification in the field of RES use;

⎯ ensuring international cooperation in the field of RES use.

Instruments for financial incentives for the use of renewable energy sources may include the following activities:

⎯ provision of concessional loans to R&D performers, developers, manufacturers and consumers of renewable energy equipment;

⎯ establishment of accelerated depreciation of renewable energy equipment and installations;

⎯ granting customers for the construction of renewable energy facilities a deferral of VAT payment for up to three years after the facility is put into operation;

⎯ use of part of the funds allocated to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation from state budget, for the purchase of fuel and its transportation, for the construction of renewable energy facilities;

⎯ reduction or complete abolition of customs duties on the import and export of equipment, installations of renewable energy components 9 .

Organizational and technical solutions are also needed. Among them are the following:

Regional and local energy supply organizations are obliged to connect renewable energy installations of independent energy producers to their networks and receive the electricity and heat generated by them as a priority. The costs necessary to connect renewable energy installations to the network are borne by energy supply organizations - owners of electrical and thermal networks.

Disagreements between the supplier of electrical and/or thermal energy and the owner of the network on the issues of connecting renewable energy installations to networks and tariffs for electrical and thermal energy are resolved by regional energy commissions together with regional authorities for managing the use of renewable energy sources.

Electrical and/or thermal energy generated using RES is the property of the producer and may be in federal or regional state, municipal, collective or private forms of ownership.

Thus, the legislative support for the implementation of RES should be a coherent system of measures that allow harmonious integration of RES energy supply systems into the overall development strategy of the fuel and energy complex, providing conditions for competitiveness and the realization of their environmental benefits.

Conclusion

We have to admit that, unfortunately, there is no support for the RES sector on the part of state structures, legislative and executive authorities. The Federal Target Program "Energy Efficient Economy" was adopted, which, among other things, includes funds for renewable energy sources. And although the program is designed for the period up to 2005, it has not been implemented in terms of renewable energy sources. More than one parliamentary hearing was held in State Duma on topics of non-traditional renewable energy sources. A draft law "On the state policy in the field of the use of non-traditional renewable energy sources" was developed. This law was even subsequently adopted by the parliament in three readings, but was rejected by President V. Putin.

However, the public, the "greens" continue to talk about the need to adopt laws regarding both the support and development of non-traditional renewable environmentally friendly energy sources, and energy conservation and energy-saving technologies in general.

If we talk about the main directions for the priority, economically and environmentally justified introduction of renewable energy in Russia, then it is most expedient to do this where the economically determined tariff is high, and the possibilities for using renewable energy are quite good.

Let's start with the fact that these energy sources allow us to approach the production of electricity in a differentiated way: for a rural farm, you do not need to pull endless power lines - you can use biogas plants and windmills; for urban areas, small firms and enterprises, solar panels and collectors, plus the same biogas plants, are suitable; for large industrial enterprises - geothermal power plants, wind farms.

NRES also make it possible to regulate the power of the power plant without harming nature: increase or, if necessary, reduce it, dismantling redundant installations for further use (a dismantled solar battery can be sold, it can be installed for work elsewhere). The most common energy sources today do not allow this: at nuclear power plants there is a problem of catastrophic accidents, at hydroelectric power plants - the level of the reservoir changes, thermal power plants with their emissions and the use of fossil fuels are generally out of the question in this case, even if waste is used as fuel - pollution is too high and from coal mining and CHP emissions.

This is not quite usual. Rather, quite unusual. However, if non-traditional renewable energy is not made commonplace today, then tomorrow, at best, we will again have to catch up with other countries in the production of environmentally friendly energy sources. And at worst… Man’s intrusion into nature is as great as his ability to control natural processes and the consequences of anthropogenic impact is negligible, and a catastrophe can occur much earlier than coal, oil and gas run out

List of used literature

Akimova T.V. Ecology. Man-Economy-Biota-Environment: Textbook for university students / T.A. Akimova, V.V. Haskin; 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITI, 2012 - 556 p.

Brodsky A.K. General ecology: A textbook for university students. - M.: Ed. Center "Academy", 2011. - 256 p.

Voronkov N.A. Ecology: general, social, applied. Textbook for university students. - M.: Agar, 2013. - 424 p.

Didikov A.E. The use of solar energy in water heating systems at food enterprises // Proceedings of the V International Scientific and Technical Conference "Low-Temperature Technologies in the 21st Century". - St. Petersburg: SPbGUNIPT, 2011. - 232 p.

Kokorin A.O., Garnak A., Gritsevich I.G., Safonov G.V. Economic development and solving the problem of climate change // Ecological Bulletin of Russia. - 2012. No. 3. - S. 15-21.

Korobkin V.I. Ecology: Textbook for university students / V.I. Korobkin, L.V. Peredelsky. -6th ed., add. And revised - Roston n / D: Phoenix, 2013. - 575s.

Kopylov R.Yu., Mikhailova T.L. Alternative energy sources: salvation of mankind or the aggravation of the crisis of technogenic civilization? // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University. R.E. Alekseev. - 2013. - No. 2. - S. 135-139.

Nikolaikin N.I., Nikolaykina N.E., Melekhova O.P. Ecology. 2nd ed. Textbook for high schools. M.: Bustard, 2012. - 624 p.

Sun, wind, biogas! Alternative energy sources: environmental friendliness and safety. Problems, prospects, manufacturers. - Barnaul: Publishing House of the Altai - 21st Century Foundation, 2012. - 174 p.

Stadnitsky G.V., Rodionov A.I. Ecology: Uch. allowance for st. chemical-technological and tech. cn. universities. / Ed. V.A.Soloviev, Yu.A.Krotova.- 4th ed., corrected. - St. Petersburg: Chemistry, 2013. - 238 p.

Chernova N.M. General ecology: A textbook for students of pedagogical universities / N.M. Chernova, A.M. Bylova. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 416 p.

Chudinov D.M. Determination of the efficiency of using solar heating systems: Abstract of the thesis. diss. Ph.D. - Voronezh, 2007. - 18 p.

Shuisky V.P., Alabyan S.S. World markets for RES and the national interests of Russia//Problems of Forecasting. - 2010. - No. 3. - S. 138-142.

Shchukina T.V. Solar heating of buildings and structures. - Voronezh, 2012. - 121 p.

Ecology: A textbook for students of higher education. and avg. textbook institutions, educational according to tech. specialist. and directions / L.I. Tsvetkova, M.I. Alekseev, F.V. Karamzinov and others; under total ed. L.I. Tsvetkova. - M.: ASBV, 2011. - 550 p.

Ecology. Ed. Prof. V.V. Denisov. - Rostov-n / D .: ICC "MarT", 2013. - 768 p.

1 Kopylov R.Yu., Mikhailova T.L. Alternative energy sources: salvation of mankind or the aggravation of the crisis of technogenic civilization? // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University. R.E. Alekseev. - 2013. - No. 2. - S. 135-139.

2 Korobkin V.I. Ecology: Textbook for university students / V.I. Korobkin, L.V. Peredelsky. -6th ed., add. And revised. - Roston n / D: Phoenix, 2013. - 575 p.

3 Sun, wind, biogas! Alternative energy sources: environmental friendliness and safety. Problems, prospects, manufacturers. - Barnaul: Publishing House of the Altai - 21st Century Foundation, 2012. - 174 p.

4 Shuisky V.P., Alabyan S.S. World markets for RES and the national interests of Russia//Problems of Forecasting. - 2010. - No. 3. - S. 138-142.

5 Didikov A.E. The use of solar energy in water heating systems at food enterprises // Proceedings of the V International Scientific and Technical Conference "Low-Temperature Technologies in the 21st Century". - St. Petersburg: SPbGUNIPT, 2011. - 232 p.

6 Kokorin A.O., Garnak A., Gritsevich I.G., Safonov G.V. Economic development and solving the problem of climate change // Ecological Bulletin of Russia. - 2012. No. 3. - S. 15-21.

7 Ecology. Ed. prof. V.V.Denisova. - Rostov-n / D .: ICC "MarT", 2013. - 768 p.

8 Akimova T.V. Ecology. Man-Economy-Biota-Environment: Textbook for university students / T.A. Akimova, V.V. Khaskin; 2nd ed., revised. and additional - - M.: UNITI, 2012 - 556 p.

9 Brodsky A.K. General ecology: A textbook for university students. - M.: Ed. Center "Academy", 2011. - 256 p.

The limited nature of natural resources and the increasing difficulty of extracting fossil fuels, coupled with global environmental pollution, is pushing humanity to make efforts to find renewable, alternative energy sources. Together with the reduction of harm to the environment, new energy resources are expected to have the lowest cost of all cycles of transportation, processing and production.

Appointment of alternative energy sources

Being a completely renewable resource or phenomenon, an alternative energy source completely replaces the traditional one, powered by, or. Humanity has been using various energy sources for a long time, but the increased scale of their use causes irreparable damage. environment. Leads to the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Provokes the greenhouse effect and contributes to a global increase in temperature,. Dreaming of a practically inexhaustible or completely renewable energy resource, people are busy looking for promising ways to obtain, use and then transfer energy. Of course, taking into account the environmental aspect and the cost-effectiveness of new, non-traditional sources.

Hopes related to unconventional energy sources

The relevance of the use of non-traditional energy sources will continuously increase, requiring the acceleration of search and implementation processes. Already today, most countries at the state level are forced to implement programs that reduce energy consumption, spending huge amounts of money on this and curtailing their own citizens' rights.

History cannot be reversed. The processes of development of society cannot be stopped. Human life is no longer conceivable without energy resources. Without finding a full-fledged alternative to modern, standard energy sources, the life of society is unimaginable and is guaranteed to come to a standstill (see)

Factors accelerating the introduction of non-traditional energy resources:

1. A global ecological crisis built on a utilitarian and, without exaggeration, predatory attitude towards the planet's natural resources. The fact of harmful influence is well known and does not cause disputes. Mankind pins great hopes on alternative energy sources in solving the growing problem.
2. An economic benefit that reduces the cost of obtaining and the final cost of alternative energy. Reducing the payback period for the construction of non-traditional energy facilities. The release of large material resources and human resources directed to the benefit of civilization (see).
3. Social tension in society caused by a decrease in the quality of life, an increase in density and population. The economic and environmental situation, the constant deterioration of which lead to the growth of various diseases.
4. The finiteness and ever-increasing difficulty of extracting fossil fuels. This trend will inevitably require an accelerated transition to .
5. A political factor that makes the country, the first to fully master alternative energy, a world leader.

Only by fulfilling the main purpose of non-traditional sources, it is possible to fully saturate the developing humanity with the necessary and greedily consumed energy.

Application and development prospects of various types of alternative energy sources

The main source for meeting energy needs is currently obtained from three types of energy resources: water, organic fuel and the atomic nucleus (see). Required by time, the process of transition to alternative types is moving slowly, but the understanding of the need makes most countries develop energy-saving technologies and actively implement their own and global developments in life. Every year humanity receives more and more renewable energy from the sun, wind and other alternative sources. Let's figure out what alternative energy sources are.

Main types of renewable energy

Solar energy is considered the leading and environmentally friendly source of energy. To date, thermodynamic and photoelectric methods have been developed and used to generate electricity. The concept of operability and prospects of nanoantennas is confirmed. The sun, being an inexhaustible source of environmentally friendly energy, may well meet the needs of mankind.

Interesting fact! Today, the payback period for a solar power plant based on photovoltaic cells is approximately 4 years.

Wind energy has been successfully used by people for a long time and windmills. Scientists are developing new and improving existing wind farms. Reducing costs and increasing the efficiency of windmills. They are of particular relevance on the coasts and in areas with constant winds. By converting the kinetic energy of air masses into cheap electrical energy, wind farms are already making a significant contribution to the energy system of individual countries.

Geothermal energy sources use an inexhaustible source - the internal heat of the Earth. There are several working schemes that do not change the essence of the process. Natural steam is cleaned of gases and fed into turbines that rotate electric generators. Similar installations operate all over the world. Geothermal sources provide electricity, heat entire cities and light up the streets. But the power of geothermal energy is used very little, and the production technologies have a low efficiency.

Interesting fact! In Iceland, more than 32% of electricity is produced by thermal springs.

Tidal and wave energy is a booming way to transform potential energy movement of water masses into electrical energy. With a high energy conversion rate, the technology has great potential. True, it can only be used on the coasts of oceans and seas.

The process of biomass decomposition leads to the release of gas containing methane. Purified, it is used to generate electricity, space heating and other household needs. There are small enterprises that fully meet their energy needs.

The constant growth of energy tariffs is forcing the owners of private houses to use alternative sources. In many places remote personal plots and private households are completely deprived of the possibility, even theoretical connection to the necessary energy resources.

The main sources of non-traditional energy used in a private house:

• solar batteries and various designs of thermal collectors powered by solar energy;
• wind power plants;
• mini and micro hydroelectric power stations;
• renewable energy from biofuels;
• various types of heat pumps using heat from air, earth or water.

Today, using non-traditional sources, it is not possible to significantly reduce energy consumption costs. But ever-improving technology and decreasing device prices will certainly lead to a boom in consumer activity.

Opportunities provided by alternative forms of energy

Mankind does not imagine further development without maintaining the pace of energy consumption. But the movement in this direction leads to the destruction of the environment and will seriously affect people's lives. The only option that can remedy the situation is the possibility of using non-traditional energy sources. Scientists paint bright prospects, achieve technological breakthroughs in proven and innovative technologies. Many governments, realizing the benefits, are investing heavily in research. Develops alternative energy and transfers production capacity to non-traditional sources. At this stage of the development of society, it is possible to save the planet and ensure the well-being of people only by working hard with alternative energy sources.

World use of various types of alternative energy sources

In addition to the potential and degree of technology development, the efficiency of using various alternative types of energy is influenced by the intensity of the energy source. Therefore, countries, especially those that do not have oil reserves, are intensively developing the available sources of non-traditional energy resources.

The direction of development of renewable energy resources in the world:

• Finland, Sweden, Canada, Norway- massive use of solar power plants;
• Japan - effective application geothermal energy;
• USA- significant progress in the development of alternative energy sources in all directions;
• Australia- good economic effect from the development of non-traditional energy;
• Iceland- Reykjavik geothermal energy heating;
• Denmark- the world leader in wind energy;
• China- successful experience in the introduction and expansion of the wind energy network, the massive use of water and solar energy;
• Portugal- efficient use of solar power plants.

Many have entered the technology race. the developed countries achieving significant success in their own territory. True, the global production of alternative energy has been hovering around 5% for a long time and, of course, looks depressing.

The use of non-traditional energy sources in Russia is poorly developed, compared to many countries is at a low level. The current situation is explained by the abundance and availability of fossil fuels. However, understanding the low productivity of this position and looking into the future obliges the government to deal more with this problem.

There have been positive trends. In the Belgorod region, an array of solar batteries is successfully operating and is planned to be expanded. Planned work on the introduction of bioenergy. Wind farms are being launched in various regions. In Kamchatka, the energy of geothermal sources is successfully used.

The share of non-traditional energy sources in the country's total energy balance is estimated very roughly and is about 4%, but it has theoretically inexhaustible development opportunities.

Interesting Facts! The Kaliningrad region intends to become the leader in the production of clean electricity in Russia.

Obvious pros and cons of alternative energy sources

Alternative energy sources have indisputable and pronounced advantages. And they just require the application of all efforts to study them.

Advantages of alternative energy sources:

• environmental aspect (see);
• inexhaustibility and renewability of resources;
• universal availability and wide distribution;
• cost reduction with further development technologies.

The needs of mankind for uninterrupted energy dictate severe requirements for non-traditional sources. And there is real opportunity to eliminate shortcomings by further development of technologies.

Existing disadvantages of alternative energy sources:

• possible volatility depending on the time of day and weather conditions;
• unsatisfactory level of efficiency;
• underdevelopment of technology and high cost;
• low unit capacity of individual installations.

It remains to be hoped that attempts to find an ideal, renewable energy source will be crowned with success. The environment will be saved and people will greatly improve the quality of life.

Maksimenko Daria

In this work, the student explores the possibilities of alternative energy sources as a means of solving the problem of raw materials, analyzes the prospects for using AES in the Primorsky Territory, taking into account the experience of the FEFU campus

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Municipal budgetary general education

Institution "Lyceum" of the Dalnerechensky urban district

Alternative Energy Sources: Opportunities

and prospects for use

Completed by: student of grade 7A

MBOU "Lyceum"

Maksimenko Daria

Scientific adviser:

Dudarova Svetlana Ivanovna

Dalnerechensk

Introduction

IN modern world there are several global problems. One of them is the depletion of natural resources. With every minute in the world used great amount oil and gas for human needs. Therefore, the question arises: how long will these resources last if we continue to use them in the same huge amount?

Alternative energy sources: opportunities and prospects for their use is one of the most important and relevant topics today. Today, the energy of the world is based on non-renewable energy sources. The main energy sources are oil, gas and coal. The immediate prospects for the development of the energy sector are connected with the search for a better ratio of energy carriers and, above all, with an attempt to reduce the share of liquid fuel. But we can say that humanity has already entered a transitional period today - from energy based on organic natural resources, which are limited to energy on a practically inexhaustible basis.

Great hopes in the world are placed on the so-called alternative energy sources, the advantage of which lies in their renewability, and in the fact that these are environmentally friendly sources of energy.

The depletion of resources makes it necessary to develop a resource-saving policy, to widely use secondary raw materials. Huge efforts are being made in many countries to conserve energy and raw materials. A number of countries have adopted government programs to save energy.

The purpose of the work is to study alternative energy sources, the possibilities and prospects for their use.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. To study the concept of alternative energy sources.
2. To study the experience of using renewable energy sources in different countries.
3. To analyze the prospects for the mass use of alternative energy sources in the Russian Federation and Primorsky Krai.

1. Alternative energy sources, the main reasons for their development, sources

Alternative energy sources are methods, devices or structures that make it possible to obtain electrical energy (or other required type of energy) and replace traditional energy sources that operate on oil, extracted natural gas and coal. The purpose of the search for alternative energy sources is the need to obtain it from the energy of renewable or practically inexhaustible natural resources and phenomena. Environmental friendliness and economy can also be taken into account.

They are also called renewable energy sources due to some features of this type of energy - the ability to be replenished indefinitely, unlike gas, coal, peat and oil, which are exhaustible energy sources.

Classification of alternative energy sources:

• wind turbines - convert the movement of air masses into energy;
• geothermal - convert the heat of the planet into energy;
• solar - electromagnetic radiation of the sun;
• hydropower - the movement of water in rivers or seas;
• biofuel - the calorific value of renewable fuel (for example, alcohol, peat).
• tidal - the energy of sea and ocean tides, on which tidal power plants operate

Scientists warn of possible depletion of known and exploitable oil and gas reserves. Of course, it is too early to talk about the complete exhaustion of resources.

Today, the energy of the world is based on non-renewable energy sources. The main energy sources are oil, gas and coal. The immediate prospects for the development of the energy sector are connected with the search for a better ratio of energy carriers and, above all, with an attempt to reduce the share of liquid fuel. But it can be said that humanity has already entered a transitional period today - from energy based on organic natural resources, which are limited to energy on a practically inexhaustible basis.

2. Foreign experience in the use of alternative energy sources

The depletion of resources makes it necessary to develop a resource-saving policy, to widely use secondary raw materials. Huge efforts are being made in many countries to conserve energy and raw materials. Today, about 1/3 of the total mass of metals used in the world is mined from waste and secondary raw materials. A number of countries have adopted government programs to save energy.

The most common renewable energy sources both in Russia and in the world are hydropower. About 20% of the world's electricity generation comes from hydroelectric power plants.

The global wind energy industry is actively developing: the total capacity of wind turbines doubles every four years, amounting to more than 150,000 MW. In many countries, wind energy has a strong position. For example, in Denmark, more than 20% of electricity is generated by wind energy. Russia can get 10% of its energy from wind.

The share of solar energy is relatively small (about 0.1% of global electricity production), but has a positive growth trend. Solar power plants operate in more than 30 countries.

Geothermal energy is of great local importance. In particular, in Iceland, such power plants generate about 25% of electricity.

Geothermal power plants that generate a large part of electricity in Central America, the Philippines, Iceland; Iceland is also an example of a country where thermal waters are widely used for heating, heating.

Tidal energy has not yet received significant development and is represented by several pilot projects.

Tidal power plants are still available only in a few countries - France, Great Britain, Canada, Russia, India, China.

3. Prospects for the development of alternative energy sources in Russia and Primorsky Krai

Compared to the US and EU countries, the use of alternative energy sources in Russia is at a low level. The current situation can be explained by the availability of traditional fossil fuels. One of the main barriers to the construction of large power plants using alternative energy sources is the absence of a provision on an incentive tariff at which the state would buy electricity produced from alternative energy sources.

The main consumer of energy resources in Primorsky Krai is the system of housing and communal services (HCS). The cost of paying for housing and communal services for the population of Vladivostok and the Primorsky Territory is steadily growing. According to statistics, the number of individual residential buildings in the territory of the region was about 143 thousand, of which 65 thousand were in urban settlements, 77 thousand were in rural settlements. Almost all low-rise residential buildings use coal, firewood, fuel oil for heating. This leads to significant emissions of harmful and polluting substances into the atmosphere. Thus, significant damage is caused to the environment.

Primorsky Krai belongs to the region where it is advisable to use alternative energy based on alternative energy sources for the purpose of energy supply. The average number of sunny days in Primorsky Krai is 310 with a duration of solar radiation of more than 2000 hours. The activity of solar energy on the territory of Primorsky Krai is one of the highest in the territory of the Russian Federation.

The maximum influx of solar radiation is observed in May, and the minimum in December, and in March the maximum amount of direct radiation to the surface normal to the beam and the duration of sunshine are observed. The minimum duration of sunshine is observed in June and July, this is due to the rainy season that occurs during this period.

However, despite the huge potential of solar energy, the widespread introduction of alternative energy in Russia is hampered by a number of reasons: high cost, high material consumption of equipment, insufficient experience in using these technologies, and poor awareness. It is possible to draw attention to alternative energy through demonstrations of successful experience in implementing alternative energy installations in real economic applications. The current downward trend in the cost of solar energy equipment and the constant increase in the cost of fossil fuels and tariffs for electricity and heat are also factors that increase the attractiveness and competitiveness of alternative energy.

The main consumers of alternative energy are households (individual private houses or even apartments, cottage villages, farms). Small power plants are also actively used by tourists, fishermen, hunters, and the army.

In December 2014, an all-weather Laboratory Solar Water Heating Plant (SVNU) was installed on the FEFU campus, designed to provide hot water to a hotel building designed to accommodate 536 people. Together with the solar water heating plant, a photovoltaic solar plant was installed.

The generating equipment of the installations includes: 90 solar collectors with a capacity of 0.15 Gcal/hour of thermal energy and 176 photovoltaic solar panels with a capacity of 22 kWh of electrical energy.

Rice. 1 FEFU hotel building No. 8.1

Solar collectors and photovoltaic solar panels are installed on the roof of the building. The total roof area is 2566 m².

Fig. 2 Location of solar collectors and photovoltaic panels on the roof of the FEFU hotel building No. 8.1

Rice. 3 Heat substation SVNU of the FEFU hotel building No. 8.1

From the beginning of the commissioning of the installation, continuous monitoring of the generation of electrical and thermal energy by the installation, as well as the technical parameters of the installation, is carried out. Monitoring data are archived online and are available for remote analysis via the Internet.

Below are the daily data on the heat generation of the plant from January to May 2015.

Rice. 4 Daily data on heat generation in January 2015

Rice. 5 Daily data on heat generation in February 2015

Rice. 6 Daily data on heat generation in March 2015

Rice. 7 Daily data on heat generation in April 2015

Rice. 8 Daily data on heat generation in May 2015

According to the daily schedule for the generation of thermal energy by the installation, one can observe the number of sunny and cloudy days during the study period. Observations of the operation of the installation showed that the installation is capable of generating thermal energy even on cloudy days. The absence of thermal energy generation was observed only on days of precipitation.

Rice. 9 Heat generation data from January to May 2015

During the study period from January to May, the solar installation generated 64788 kWh (233236.8 MJ) of thermal energy, which showed an average daily production of thermal energy from 1 m² of effective collector absorption area of ​​1.977 kWh/m2.

It should be noted that during the study period, the installation was not in operation all the time. Start-up and commissioning continued in January and February, and the plant reached its design capacity only in March 2015.

The maximum performance of the installation was recorded on May 23. On that day, the installation generated 1040 kWh, which is 4.79 kWh/m2 per 1 m² of effective absorption area per day.

Conclusion

Thus, the development of alternative energy sources in the world seems to be a relevant and promising project. Firstly, the development and use of these sources have a positive effect on the environmental situation in the world, which has recently been “limping”. Secondly, in the future, the lack of traditional resources may have a strong impact on the market, perhaps there will be a global energy crisis, so it is very important to start developing non-traditional energy sources now in order to prevent an economic collapse in a few decades, or maybe less.

More and more people are starting to use independent energy sources, taking into account the peculiarities of the geographical location of their area. Someone has a lot of sunny days a year - he puts solar panels with solar collectors on the roofs. Whoever has winds blowing - fine, windmills are used.

In the city of Dalnerechensk, the population is just beginning to use alternative sources. Since our city has a large number of sunny days, this makes it possible to use solar panels. Unfortunately, switching completely to alternative energy supply is very expensive, but it is possible as an additional source of energy.

Alternative energy sources are environmentally friendly, renewable, and distributed relatively evenly, so regions with a skilled workforce, susceptibility to innovation and strategic foresight will win the leadership in their use.

List of used literature

1. Blagorodov V.N. Problems and prospects for the use of non-traditional renewable energy sources, Russia. Magazine Energetik No. 10, p. 16-18, 1999.
2. SolarGIS website, Solar Radiation Map. solar radiation in different parts planets. www.solargis.info/doc/free-solar-radiation-maps-GHI
3. R.V. Gorodov Non-traditional and renewable energy sources: textbook / R.V. Gorodov, V.E. Gubin, A.S. Matveev. - 1st ed. - Tomsk: Publishing House of Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2009. - 294 p.
4. Grichkovskaya N.V., Thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences. Assessment of the potential of solar energy for the development of energy efficient buildings in a monsoon climate, Vladivostok, p. 143, 170-172, 2008.
5. Ilyin A.K., Kovalev O.P. Non-traditional energy in Primorsky Krai: resources and technical capabilities. Far Eastern Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, p. 40, 1994. slide 2

   The purpose of the work is to study alternative energy sources, the possibilities and prospects for their use. Tasks To study the concept of alternative energy sources. To study the experience of using renewable energy sources in different countries. To analyze the prospects for the mass use of alternative energy sources in the Russian Federation and Primorsky Krai. slide number 2

   Classification of alternative energy sources wind turbines - convert the movement of air masses into energy; solar - electromagnetic radiation of the sun; hydropower - the movement of water in rivers or seas; biofuel - the calorific value of renewable fuel (for example, alcohol, peat). Geothermal energy sources - convert the heat of the planet into energy; tidal - the energy of sea and ocean tides, on which tidal power plants operate Slide No. 3

   FEFU hotel building No. 8.1 Slide No. 4

   The location of solar collectors and photovoltaic panels on the roof of the FEFU hotel building Slide No. 5

   Thermal substation of the all-season laboratory of a solar water heating installation Slide No. 6

   Daily data on the generation of thermal energy by the installation from January to May 2015 Slide No. 7

   Daily schedule for the generation of thermal energy by a solar water heating installation (SVNU) Slide No. 8

   Thank you for your attention, the report is over!