A physical body that exists in its own time and its own space is either in a state of motion or at rest. The theme of this work is the relation to each other of indistinguishable states of motion of the body and rest and distinguishable states of motion and rest of the body.
The great Italian physicist and astronomer, the creator of the foundations of mechanics G. Galileo (1564-1642) established the law of inertia:
In it, the Earth was taken as an inertial body, which is not affected by other bodies and which maintains a state of rest or uniform rectilinear motion. A sign of inertial bodies and systems was taken to be such their relation to the Earth, in which they retain a state of rest or uniform rectilinear motion.
Later, when it was proved that the Earth rotates around its axis and makes an annual revolution around the Sun, it could no longer be considered an inertial frame of reference for all other inertial bodies and systems. The formulation of Galileo's law of inertia was not supposed to contain the concept of the Earth.
The great English physicist, astronomer and mathematician, the founder of classical mechanics I. Newton (1642-1727) updated the formulation of Galileo's law of inertia:
A sign of inertial systems was taken to be their correspondence to Newton's second law.
The law of inertia of Galileo-Newton established the distinguishability of the state of rest and the state of motion of the body at different times of the existence of the body: at one time the body is at rest, at another time the same body is in a state of uniform rectilinear motion. Briefly speaking, movement is not rest, rest is not movement.
Another law, called Galileo's principle of relativity, stated:
It followed from it that the translational, uniform and rectilinear motion of the Earth as a whole does not have any effect on the physical processes occurring inside and on the earth's surface, no mechanical experiments carried out inside the inertial system can determine whether it is at rest or moves uniformly and rectilinearly. Briefly speaking, movement is rest, rest is movement.
It might seem that Galileo's principle of relativity contradicts the law of inertia, that one of them is true and the other is false.
In fact, it is not the relation of the law of inertia and the principle of relativity that contains a contradiction, but the relation of the state of rest to the state of motion contains a contradiction, which is reflected and expressed by the relation of the law of inertia and the principle of relativity of Galileo. The law of inertia and the principle of relativity introduce theoretical mechanics into the realm of dialectics.
The state of motion and the state of rest of the body are the same, having the same all signs and indistinguishable. On the other hand, they have different characteristics, are distinguishable and opposite.
Analysis of the unity of opposites requires not only considering the state of motion of the body, not only considering the state of rest of the body, but also considering the process of converting the state of motion into a state of rest and the state of rest into a state of motion. A suitable body for such consideration can be a pendulum that performs harmonic oscillations. The oscillations of the pendulum can be considered as a process of interaction of its internal forces: uniform and opposite, defining each other and excluding each other, i.e. representing unity of opposites.
In classical mechanics, inertial systems, for which Newton's basic laws are strictly observed, are in the foreground, and non-inertial oscillatory systems are in the background. In quantum mechanics, non-inertial oscillatory systems are in the foreground, and inertial systems are in the background. Therefore, quantum mechanics was originally called wave mechanics.
The famous French physicist Louis de Broglie in 1924 put forward a hypothesis about the universality of wave-particle duality. Previously, it was established that photons, for which there is no basic frame of reference, have corpuscular and wave properties. Louis de Broglie's hypothesis established that not only photons, but also electrons, neutrons, atoms and molecules, for which there are basic reference systems, have corpuscular and wave properties. Then de Broglie's hypothesis received experimental confirmation and became a reliable scientific theory. Despite this, the universality of the wave-particle duality was limited to the field of physics of the microworld.
In the article "Interpretation of wave mechanics" ( transl. from fr. published in the journal "Problems of Philosophy" No. 6, 1956.) Louis de Broglie wrote: “I tried to imagine a corpuscle as a very small local disturbance included in the wave, and this led me to consider the corpuscle as a kind of small clock, the phases of which must always be consistent with the phases of that wave, with which they are combined. Studying the difference between the behavior of the frequency of the corpuscle-clock and the frequency of the wave accompanying it, I noticed that the phase matching imposed on the rectilinearly and uniformly moving corpuscle a very definite movement in relation to the plane monochromatic wave, which I had to associate with it "/ "Philosophical questions of modern physics". Ed. I.V. Kuznetsova and M.E. Omelyanovsky, M., 1958, p. 80/.
In de Broglie's mental experiment, the movement of the clock corpuscle was piloted by a wave that played an active role in their interaction. The clock corpuscle was in a subordinate relation to the wave, played a passive role in it, was in the same relationship with the wave. general form, lost its corpuscular properties and acquired wave properties. Therefore, in the wave it became unobservable, non-localized and elusive.
Although de Broglie assumed and expected that the clock corpuscle included in the wave would find itself in certain place waves "like a very small local disturbance", but his assumption and expectation were not confirmed.
The wave does not taste the corpuscle, as much as the frog, which expands his stomach and forms an observable local disturbance in a certain place of his body. De Broglie had to look for a corpuscle in a wave using a double solution of the wave equation and the corpuscle-clock equation. The values of the wave function showed de Broglie that in a very small area, in the center of it, there is a mathematical singularity with an infinite value. Its origin was unknown and its meaning meaningless. Therefore, it was replaced by a large finite value and was not included in the corpuscular-wave theory and in the theory of double solution.
Since the result of the mental experiment of Louis de Broglie remained misunderstood and not included in the theory, I made changes and additions to the experiment. In particular, the corpuscle-clock was replaced by the pendulum of wall clocks such as clocks. And it was not the pendulum that was included in the wave, but the wave was included in the pendulum. Only these changes in the thought experiment of Louis de Broglie had as a consequence the spread of universal wave-particle duality to all physical bodies consisting of atoms and molecules.
It was possible to compare the observed harmonic oscillations of a pendulum with the unobserved harmonic oscillations of a particle of a linear harmonic oscillator and, through comparison, establish their one-to-one correspondence. At my disposal was a beautiful parallel that reveals many secrets. Among them, the secret of the origin of the zero energy level of a linear harmonic oscillator was revealed. The zero level energy turned out to be an exchange energy present in a harmonically vibrating particle, but not belonging to it. The linear harmonic oscillator turned out to be non-linear and open physical system. The pendulum also turned out to be not a conservative closed oscillatory system, inside which nothing changes and does not develop, but open physical system. The interaction of the pendulum and the wave turned out to exist in a subordinate relationship to an unobservable third external force.
The pendulum's own space and the waves and the outer space communicate through a very small area, through the center of which a portion of momentum enters the pendulum from the outside in one form at the beginning of the period of oscillation and goes out in another form at the end of the period. Moreover, at one certain moment of time, the amount of motion entering the outer space completes the period, and the amount of motion entering the inner space begins a new period.
This small area was discovered by Louis de Broglie, in the center of which was a mathematical singularity with an infinite value. Behind the infinite value of the wave function, there was a two-way motion of two portions of momentum belonging to an unobservable external force. The amount of motion entering the pendulum from the outside spends its entire “life” in it.
From the beginning to the end of the period, “childhood”, “youth”, “youth”, “maturity”, “old age” and “decrepitude” of the momentum infused into the pendulum pass. At the end of the period, the old momentum is exchanged for the new momentum. The description of the act of exchange is a matter of the near future.
Now we consider the relation to each other of the state of motion and the state of rest of the pendulum, starting with its simplest form, which corresponds to the principle of relativity of Galileo.
BUT). Indistinguishable states of motion and states of rest belong to a body that exists in its own time and space, which are indistinguishable. Therefore, it can be assumed that
- a moving body exists in time,
- a moving body exists in linear space,
- a body at rest exists in time,
- a body at rest exists in linear space.
AT). The change and development of the form of the relation of the states of the body leads to the fact that the indistinguishable state of motion and the state of rest become distinguishable states of the body that exists in time and space, which have become distinguishable in relation to each other and in relation to themselves. The definite time of existence of a body differs from its indefinite time. The definite space of existence of a body differs from its indefinite space.
The movement of the pendulum from the upper right position through the lower position to the upper left position is carried out in half the period T time, which has a certain exact value. It is carried out on an indefinite changing length of space. Certain time is divisible by certain divisible moments of time, and indefinite time is not composed of indivisible "now" /Aristotle/.
A pendulum at rest in the upper right position, or in the upper left position, exists for a certain length L space indefinitely. A certain length of space is divisible into its divisible parts, and an indefinite length of space is not composed of indivisible "here".
Signs of the states of the pendulum can be generalized and expressed in the form math sentence, which consists of conditions and from the resulting conclusions.
Suggestion 1. If a body is in a state of uniform rectilinear motion, then it exists in its definite time and indefinite linear space.
Suggestion 2 the opposite. If the body exists in a certain time and indefinite space, then it is in uniform rectilinear motion.
The observed movement of the pendulum is not uniform and rectilinear. But it does not follow from this that the pendulum is not in uniform rectilinear unobservable motion. If it is possible to influence the pendulum and the wave of an unobservable external force, then the uniform rectilinear unobservable movement of the pendulum and the wave under the command power of the external force is also possible.
Both sentences characterize the state of uniform rectilinear motion of the body, which is in one-to-one correspondence with the existence of the body in a certain time and indefinite space. body weight R , existing for a period of time T , has a momentum equal to the product of the weight R for a while T : p = RT.
Suggestion 3. If the body is at rest, then it exists indefinitely.
Proposal 4, the opposite. If a body exists in a certain linear space for an indefinite time, then it is at rest.
body weight R , existing on the length of a certain space, has the same amount of motion in magnitude, but of a directly opposite quality. The constant energy of the body is equal to the product of the weight R for length L : E = PL .
The pendulum has a constant weight R , B and the wave interacting with it has a variable weight R , according to the law of equality of action and reaction. The pendulum is in the upper extreme right, or left, position in unstable equilibrium in a state of rest and weightlessness. Variable weight, present in the substance of the pendulum, does not change its value by a single atom. By superimposing them on each other without mutual distortion, according to the principle of superposition, the constant weight of the pendulum is, as it were, supported from below by the variable weight of the wave and acquires the property of weightlessness.
In the lower extreme position, the pendulum crosses the vertical at an extremely high speed from right to left, or from left to right. The variable weight of the wave is superimposed on top of its constant weight. As a result of imposing a variable weight, the constant weight doubles.
WITH). Further change and development of the relationship between the state of motion and the state of rest leads to the fact that their difference turns into their direct opposite.
The body passes from the state of motion, which corresponds to lower level relationship development, into a state of rest, which corresponds to the highest level of relationship development. The transition from the state of motion to the state of rest is possible not earlier than the end of time T movement states.
During T the impulse repeatedly passes from one, less developed, of its form to another, more developed, form. The pulse shapes follow one after the other in a strict order. And only the last form of impulse is capable of converting into the first form of energy. The conversion of momentum into energy does not occur instantly, not for one specific moment in time, but for the entire period T fluctuations from the first to the last moment.
In other words, how long the momentum and the state of motion of the body exist, the same time the process of converting the impulse into energy exists, and the same time the energy and the state of rest of the body exist.
Parallel to momentum reversal RT into energy PL time reversal occurs T in length L space by superimposing them on top of each other without mutual distortion. As a result, a space-time interval is formed. Its beginning is the end of “pure”, unclouded by space, definite time. Its end is the beginning of a “pure”, unclouded by time, definite linear space.
In each of the four mathematical propositions there is an inseparable pair of either definite time and indefinite space of the body, or definite space and indefinite time of the body. These pairs show that any physical system cannot be in a state of motion or at rest, in which the time and space of the system simultaneously take on certain, exact values. This means that the relation of time and space to each other of any physical system is an uncertainty relation, one of the special cases of which is the uncertainty principle discovered in 1927 by W. Heisenberg. The coordinate of the center of inertia of the system is a linear space, and the momentum, in the dimension of which there is a dimension of time, is time.
Newton's law of universal gravitation describes the force of gravity as a quantity that depends on the distance i.e., on the length of the space between the interacting bodies, and does not depend on time. Why? The answer to the question helps to find Proposition 3. Interacting bodies are at a certain distance from each other in a state of rest. Resting bodies exist in a certain linear space indefinite time, which has no definite, precise meaning. The force of gravity cannot depend on an indefinite time. For the same reason, the force of interaction of electric charges is described by Coulomb's law as a quantity that depends on distance and does not depend on time. Electric charges at rest exist in a certain linear space indefinite time.
The basic equations of electrodynamics - Maxwell's equations - mean that the vortices of the electric and magnetic fields are determined by derivatives with respect to time and do not depend on the value of the length of space. Why?
moving vortices electric field are determined by the time derivative of magnetic field, and the magnetic field - the derivative by time from the electric field. Electric and magnetic vortices exist for a certain time in an indefinite space that has no definite length.
At the basis of the statement of the concept of long-range action is the existence of a vortex-like motion of the ether in certain time and indefinite space, while the assertion of the principle of short-range action is based on the existence of interacting bodies at rest in certain linear space indefinite time.
It would be possible to ask other questions and try to find answers to them. But it is better to wait for their independent appearance. Then the answers to them will arise by themselves.
The famous aporias of Zeno of Elea are directly related to the state of motion and the state of rest of the body.
See the article The relation of motion and rest in the aporias of Zeno of Elea
Metabolism at rest is a basic level of metabolism. Basal metabolism is the most important factor influencing weight. The basal metabolic rate measures the metabolic rate at rest and determines how much energy a person expends daily in the absence of intense physical activity. Depending on the characteristics of the work of the human body, his body can consume up to 1200 to 3100 kcal / day. Under the state of rest, it is necessary to understand not only the absence of physical activity, but also the maintenance of standard body temperature. However, even when a person sleeps, his body functions and expends energy. The most energy-intensive process is digestion. When splitting food, 40% of all energy is consumed. The process of breaking down food not only consumes, but also releases the necessary energy, which is used to ensure the functioning internal organs A: heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, intestines, muscles, etc. With an excess accumulation of calories that are not converted into energy, they accumulate in the body in reserve, while the metabolic rate decreases, disrupting the entire metabolic system.
Metabolic scheme
What is BOV?
Resting metabolism uses its energy to keep the body alive, and the body's heat output can be used to measure basal energy expenditure. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) value is very important for maintaining the right weight, so this indicator decreases with age, due to a decrease in muscle mass. However, the increase in muscle mass does not affect the rate of BOB. The energy that is expended to maintain body temperature and its activity affects BWA to the greatest extent.
When calculating BOV, it is necessary to take into account the presence of body fat, which is formed differently in people. The fat layer is consumed by the body in the absence of another source of energy, due to which weight loss is achieved. A slow metabolism affects weight, so its level is necessary for weight loss. The level of basic metabolism is influenced by various factors: gender, muscle mass, height and age of a person. Basic metabolism is the number of calories that are consumed by the body in a state of inactivity and ensure the vital activity of the body, in particular the internal organs and maintaining a stable temperature. That is, this is the base level that is burned by the body when it is inactive (for example, sitting on the couch).
Nothing to do with metabolism
You have probably read or heard that after the mark of "40 years" people inevitably begin to gain weight, and metabolism, or metabolism, is to blame. It slows down with age, and we get fatter. So listen up latest news from the world of science.
In the second half of life, metabolism really slows down, but the rate of this slowdown is very small. Some researchers even say minimal! If you do not suffer from a serious metabolic disorder, then it is not his fault that you have recovered.
Metabolism has different phases
Metabolism at rest is how much energy our body expends when we lie on the couch on Sunday morning. It depends on a combination of constant factors, such as height, gender, heredity, and nothing much can be changed here.
In addition, there are three more phases of metabolism, and all are active. It is about them that they usually say that some foods or types of movement can “slow down” or “speed up” your metabolism.
The first phase is the metabolism during meals. It turns out that while we chew, swallow and digest, we also burn not a large number of calories (approximately 10% of the daily requirement). This is called the "thermal effect of food". This process can be sped up (just a little) by drinking stimulant drinks (like green tea or coffee) or by eating lots of protein with chili peppers. However, do not expect to lose kilograms in this way - it has been empirically proven that we are talking more about grams. Foods that speed up metabolism do this very little.
It is better to immediately move on to the second phase of active calorie burning - movement!
Any movement - whether you are climbing stairs, nervously wandering back and forth in the office, or exercising by the sweat of your brow - makes you expend energy. This is the second phase - metabolism during exercise.
After it comes third phase: we are at rest, but calories are still “burned out”. That is, in terms of weight loss, lying on the couch after a workout is more effective than before. This is called "oxygen debt" - the load has already ended, and oxygen in the body continues to be burned at an increased rate by inertia.
So here it is if you want to lose weight, only the last two phases matter.
At the same time, the nature of the loads is also important. For example, many people think that strength training - barbells, kettlebells, dumbbells, and so on - allows you to burn pounds more efficiently, but studies do not confirm this. The fact is that different organs and parts of our body burn different amounts of calories, and muscles are not at all in the first place here. The brain, for example, consumes more calories than the biceps.
Claude Bouchard, professor of genetics at the University of Louisiana Biomedical Center, says:
“Brain function is about 20% of resting metabolism. The next is the heart, which works without ceasing - another 15-20%. Then - the kidneys, lungs and other tissues. Approximately 20-25% remains on the muscles.
So while machine exercise is a healthy habit, don't expect it to really boost your metabolism. Work better those types of movement in which everything works: the heart beats actively, the lungs breathe powerfully, that is cardio training:
- walking,
- swimming and so on.
There is only one conclusion: do not blame everything on metabolism, it is not to blame. You just need to move more and reduce portions.
True, there is a saying that no one follows complex advice, because they are too complex. Simple, because it's too simple.
Ksenia Churmanteeva
Energy transformations and metabolism are essentially a cumulative process. They are closely related to each other, since the metabolism is impossible without the expenditure of energy and, accordingly, the transformation of energy is impossible without a full-fledged metabolism. After all, energy cannot appear or disappear - it only changes. Mechanical energy is converted into thermal energy or vice versa; under certain conditions, thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy, and electrical energy into thermal energy, and so on. Ultimately, the human body directs all types of energy in the form of thermal energy into environment. In order to have a detailed idea of the amount of energy consumed by the body, it is necessary to measure the amount of heat entering the external environment.
The unit of measure for thermal energy is calories. It is customary to call a large calorie the amount of heat spent on heating 1 liter of water by 1 ° (per kilocalorie), and a small calorie is the amount of heat spent on heating 1 ml of water per kilocalorie.
In conditions of absolute rest, a person spends a certain amount of energy. This cost is due to the fact that human body energy is constantly consumed, closely related to its normal functioning. Great amount Energy is consumed by the heart, respiratory muscles, kidneys, liver, as well as all other tissues and organs of a living organism. The energy expended by the body at rest, on an empty stomach, that is, approximately 11-16 hours after a meal, and at an external temperature of 15-20 ° - this is the basic metabolism of the body.
The basal metabolism in a healthy adult is on average 1 kilocalorie per 1 kg of mass for 1 hour. If a person weighs 75 kg, then the basal metabolism is calculated as follows 75 * 24 = 1,800 kilocalories. This is the amount of energy spent on ensuring the vital activity of the body and the full functioning of all organs. The basic metabolism of the body depends on the age, sex, weight of the person and height. In men, the basal metabolic rate is much higher than in women of the same weight (it also depends on the structure of the body - depending on how much fat or muscle mass it contains).
Some changes in the basic metabolism occur when the functioning of the endocrine glands is impaired. For example, increased thyroid function leads to an increase in basal metabolism.
Energy consumption during vigorous activity.
Basal metabolism in most adults healthy people averages about 1 800-2100 kcal. With active muscular activity, energy consumption increases very quickly: and the harder such muscular work, respectively, the more energy a person spends. According to the amount of energy consumed, people of various professions can be divided into several groups.
- 1st group. Work in a sitting position that does not require significant muscle movements: as a rule, these are office workers (librarian, office worker, pharmacist, etc.) they spend about 2,250 - 2,450 large calories.
- 2nd group. Muscular activity in a sitting position (jeweler, teacher, registrar, etc.) they spend approximately 2,650 - 2,850 kcal.
- 3rd group. Minor muscular work (doctor, postman, DJ, waiter) - about 3,100 calories.
- 4th group. Very intense muscular work (car mechanic, trainer, painter, conductor) - about 3,500 - 3,700 calories.
- 5th group. Physically hard work (professional athlete, shop worker) - about 4,100 calories.
- 6th group. Very hard work (miner, bricklayer) - about 5,100 calories or even more.
It must be borne in mind that a very small amount of energy is consumed during mental work. That is why mental work is not a reason to eat chocolates.
Approximate energy costs for various human activities
|
Kind of activity |
Expenses, |
|---|---|
| Dream | |
| Rest lying down (no sleep) | |
| eating sitting | |
| Reading | |
| Reading aloud | |
| Driving a car | |
| Sitting writing | |
| washing | |
| Sewing | |
| Riding in transport | |
| Typewriter typing | |
| Car driving | |
| Sweeping the floor | |
| piano playing | |
| Rowing (50 m/min) | |
| Work in the garden | |
| Washing by hand | |
| Swimming (10 m/min) | |
| Skating | |
| Walking on a flat road (4 km/h) | |
| Bicycling | |
| window washing | |
| Charger | |
| Table tennis | |
| Volleyball | |
| Horseback riding | |
| Gymnastic exercises | |
| Walking on a flat road (6 km/h) | |
| Badminton | |
| Jogging on level ground | |
| Rowing (80 m/min) | |
| Walking uphill (2 km/h) | |
| sawing firewood | |
| Tennis | |
| Football | |
| Basketball | |
| Running at a speed of 9 km/h | |
| Walking on a flat road (8 km/h) | |
| Swimming (50 m/min) | |
| Fight | |
| Skiing (12 km/h) | |
| Running at a speed of 12 km / h | |
| Boxing | |
| Running at a speed of 15 km/h | |
| Ax work | |
| Labor activity | |
| work as a bartender | |
| work as a carpenter | |
| work as a sports coach | |
| work as a bartender | |
| work as a carpenter | |
| work as a sports coach | |
| work as a miner | |
| computer work | |
| Construction | |
| clerk job | |
| fireman job | |
| work as a forester | |
| work as a heavy machine operator | |
| heavy hand tools | |
| horse care | |
| office work | |
| work as a bricklayer | |
| work as a massage therapist | |
| police work | |
| study in the classroom | |
| work as a steelworker | |
| work as an actor in the theater | |
| truck driver job | |
| Housework | |
| baby care (bathing, feeding) | |
| children's games | |
| Cooking | |
| grocery shopping | |
| heavy cleaning | |
| Moving furniture | |
| carrying boxes | |
| unpacking boxes | |
| playing with a child (moderate activity) | |
| games with a child (high activity) | |
| sitting reading | |
| standing in line | |
| Dream | |
| watching TV | |
| Fitness, aerobics | |
| light aerobics | |
| aerobics intensive | |
| step aerobics easy | |
| step aerobics intensive | |
| water aerobics | |
| bike trainer (medium activity) | |
| bike trainer (high activity) | |
| rhythmic gymnastics (heavy) | |
| rhythmic gymnastics (easy) | |
| rider trainers | |
| rowing machine (medium activity) | |
| ski trainer | |
| stretching (hatha yoga) | |
| weight lifting | |
| heavy lifting | |
| Sport | |
| archery | |
| badminton | |
| basketball | |
| billiards | |
| Mountain bike | |
| bicycle 20 km/h | |
| bicycle 25 km/h | |
| bicycle 30 km/h | |
| bicycle 35+ km/h | |
| skittles | |
| boxing | |
| curling | |
| fast dancing | |
| slow dancing | |
| fencing | |
| American football | |
| golf | |
| handball | |
| walking in nature | |
| hockey | |
| horseback riding | |
| kayaking | |
| martial arts | |
| orientation on the ground | |
| race walking | |
| racquetball | |
| mountaineering (climbing) | |
| roller skating | |
| rope jumping | |
| running 8.5 km/h | |
| running 10 km/h | |
| running 15 km/h | |
| running in nature | |
| skateboarding | |
| cross-country skiing | |
| skiing from the mountains | |
| luge | |
| snorkelling | |
| football | |
| softball | |
| swimming (general) | |
| fast swimming | |
| backstroke | |
| swimming (breaststroke) | |
| swimming (butterfly) | |
| swimming (crawl) | |
| tennis | |
| volleyball (game) | |
| volleyball (competitions) | |
| Beach volleyball | |
| walking 6 km/h | |
| walking 7 km/h | |
| walking 8 km/h | |
| fast walk | |
| water skiing | |
| water polo | |
| water volleyball | |
| fight | |
| Work in the country | |
| work in the garden (general) | |
| wood cutting | |
| digging holes | |
| stacking, carrying firewood | |
| work in the garden (weeding) | |
| sod laying | |
| lawnmower work | |
| planting in the garden | |
| tree planting | |
| rake work | |
| leaf cleaning | |
| manual snow removal | |
| Home or car repair | |
| car repair | |
| carpentry | |
| fixing furniture | |
| drain cleaning | |
| carpet or tile installation | |
| roofing | |
| wiring | |
To find out your energy expenditure, you need to multiply the coefficient by your weight and by the duration of physical activity.
For example, if you weigh 70 kg and do intensive aerobics for 30 minutes.
You will use up: 7.4 * 30 / 60 * 70 = 258 kcal.
This post is about how many calories the brain needs, and how many muscles, how the basal metabolism is calculated and how to determine the energy expenditure for a particular activity. Let's take a look at some of the research and findings.
I’ll start without long prefaces and water, and go straight to research, tablets and facts 🙂
"Other" includes bones, skin, intestines, glands. The lungs were not measured for methodological reasons, but were estimated at 200 kcal/kg (about the same as the liver).
Fun fact - fat cells also burn calories. Yes, this value is not so high (about 4.5 kcal / kg), but it is not true to believe that fat cells are completely inert. Adipocytes produce a lot of hormones (like leptin, which I mentioned in the video), and this requires energy.
Adipocyte, secretory function:
At rest" 70-80% energy costs accounts for organs that occupy no more than 7% of the total body weight (liver, heart, kidneys, brain). At the same time, muscles can occupy about 40% of the total body weight, but at the same time they spend 22% of energy in a state of "rest", which is somehow not enough.
Here is a good illustration of the ratio of the mass of organs and tissues to the energy consumption of the body in a state of "rest":
Here is another interesting study, it shows how the weight of the constituent components of the body (fat, muscles, other organs) changes with a general change in body weight. 
Link on the study : Peters A, Bosy-Westphal A, Kubera B, Langemann D, Goele K, Later W, Heller M, Hubold C, Müller MJ. Why doesn't the brain lose weight, when obese people diet?obes facts. 2011;4(2):151-7. doi: 10.1159/000327676. Epub 2011 Apr 7.
I'll tell you right away diet does not affect brain size😉 The mass of the brain in an adult remains almost unchanged when losing weight or gaining weight. But the mass of muscles, fat, kidneys, liver depends on changes in body weight.
Look how little the bones weigh! So the excuse is “Yes, I just have a heavy bone!” won't pass 🙂
It turns out that basal metabolic rate or metabolism at "rest" can be roughly estimated at the level 22-24 kcal per kg of body weight. All this is very individual and depends on the size of certain organs, tissues, active cell mass. But on average, this is 22-24 kcal (for men, a little more, because the average percentage of adipose tissue is slightly less, and there is more muscle), so for a woman weighing 55 kg, the basal metabolism is approximately 1265 kcal. But this is BASIC metabolism, that is, physical activity is minimal.
Physical activity ratios (PAR) or coefficient of physical activity.
You probably heard that an hour of intense running is 300-400 kcal, but as we found out, the level of basal metabolism depends on the size of certain organs, tissues, active cell mass, and calorie consumption for the same type of physical activity in different people is different.
The graph below shows the physical activity ratio (PAR). What is the point, for example, our weight is 55 kg and the basal metabolism (BMR) is 1,265 kcal or 0.87 kcal per minute, so to calculate the total energy consumption rate, you need to multiply BMR by PAR and by the time of this or that activity. Example, we sleep 8 hours a day (480 minutes * 0.87 BMR * 0.93 PAR = 388 kcal per sleep), walked 2 hours (120 minutes * 0.87 BMR * 3.9 PAR = 407 kcal), etc. .
Link on the study : Stefano Lazzer, Grace O'Malley, Michel Vermorel Metabolic And Mechanical Cost Of Sedentary And Physical Activities In Obese Children And Adolescents
It is unlikely that anyone will calculate all this, personally, for the purpose of determining energy costs from physical activity, I use a sports watch, but it’s not difficult to calculate the basic metabolism.
Finally, information for those who like to drink tea with a chocolate bar and a handful of cookies in the office, they say mental activity is very energy-consuming.
Average the indicator of energy consumption of the brain is 0.23-0.25 kcal per minute. While an increase in the energy consumption of the brain for the "thinking process" adds about 1% to the total energy consumption, and the maximum level of energy consumption is not more than 10% of the total energy consumption of the brain.
“Event-related changes in cerebral blood flow and glucose uptake are no more than 10% of the physiologic baseline in typical cognitive paradigms. Concomitant changes in energy utilization are on the order of 1%"
Link to study: Raichle, M. E., and Mintun, M. A. (2006). brain work and brain imaging. Annual Review of neuroscience, 29, 449-476
It turns out that in order to solve super-complex tasks, the whole working day (8 hours * 0.25 kcal * 60 minutes * 1.10) the brain needs 132 kcal, and this is as much as 1.5 bananas! 😉
Here is such an article. Well, I wish everyone a good mood, health, a cool figure and super-efficient brains!)