What is the modern definition of public policy. State policy: concept, subject-object relations, types. Main objectives of public policy

Public policy is a purposeful activity state power to solve social problems, achieve and implement the generally significant goals of the development of society or its individual areas. It is a means that allows the state to achieve certain goals in a particular area, using legal, economic, administrative methods of influence, relying on the resources at its disposal. Policies should be open, competitive and results-oriented.

The action plan of state bodies for solving social problems includes the following elements: development of a political strategy and goals; cost estimate for alternative programs; their discussion, consultation; choice and decision making; performance monitoring, etc.

The main objectives of the state policy:

protection of citizens, their activities and their property; ensuring social activity; creation of conditions for the production of goods and services necessary for the population.

Based on a comprehensive analysis of problems, taking into account their specifics and factors influencing problems, the goals and objectives of the policy are determined, which makes it possible to select the main directions and develop a set of measures to solve a particular problem. At the same time, a mechanism for the implementation of state policy is being formed that ensures the fulfillment of the goals and objectives set.

The complexity and scope of the process of public policy development determine the participation of many organizations and individuals in it, but the most important role is played by:

1) legislative (representative) authorities;

2) executive authorities;

3) interest groups and pressure groups.

There are various models of public policy development.

Top-down model - decisions are made at the highest levels of management, and then brought to the lower levels.

The "bottom-up" model - policy making starts from the lower structures of state administration, public groups and organizations are actively involved.

"Mixed" model combines these two approaches when there are mechanisms to involve citizens and civil servants in policy development with strong centralized management.

Usually, public policy is divided into areas depending on the nature and content of the problems and issues that need to be addressed by the authorities in a particular area. public life. There are the following types of public policy: economic, social, fuel and raw materials, administrative, environmental, foreign, military, national security, personnel, demographic, cultural, informational, agricultural, legal, scientific and technical, etc.

When drawing up plans for the socio-economic development of the state, measures are developed in the following areas:

– financial, monetary and pricing policy;

– structural policy;

– agricultural policy;

- social politics;

– regional economic policy;

- foreign economic policy.

SALMINA N. N.

THE ESSENCE OF STATE REGIONAL POLICY, ITS OBJECTIVES AND METHODS OF IMPLEMENTATION

Annotation. The author makes an attempt to highlight the problem of correctly determining the directions of the regional policy pursued in the regions. It is concluded that at present the problems of depressed regions are being solved quite effectively with the right choice of regional policy priorities.

Keywords Keywords: state regional policy, directions and methods of implementation, priorities, economic aspect, social policy.

THE NATURE OF STATE REGIONAL POLICY, ITS TASKS AND METHODS OF IMPLEMENTATION

abstract. The author makes an attempt at studying the problem of making the right decision about the directions of regional policies pursued in the Russian regions. It is concluded that the problems of depressed regions in recent time are being solved quite effectively with the proper choice of regional policy priorities.

Keywords: state regional policy, directions and methods of implementation, priorities, economic aspect, social policy.

At present, the development of society is largely characterized by the formation of a systematized state regional policy and the presence of a well-developed management system. The basis of the state policy is the regional policy: it allows to determine the main priorities of the country's long-term development strategy.

AT Russian Federation the term "regional policy" means a certain system of tasks and goals of public authorities to manage the economic, political, social development of regions and the mechanism for their implementation. In public policy, there is practically no area and direction in which the regional factor would not be taken into account, therefore the opinion that the definition of “regional” means something insignificant is wrong. When it comes to regional policy, we mean not just local policy, but the policy of the state, taking into account the interests of regional development. In other words, the regional policy of the state is understood as the implementation of tasks in the economic, political,

social, demographic, national, humanitarian areas, which specifically take into account the characteristics of certain regions. It should also be noted that the policy of the regions and the state regional policy are not separate parts, but, on the contrary, elements that complement each other.

According to the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of the State Regional Policy, the Procedure for Its Development and Implementation", the state regional policy is an independent direction of the state policy for regulating regional development in accordance with federal priorities. The determining regulatory framework for the development and formation of the state regional policy of the Russian Federation is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and federal constitutional laws.

The state regional policy is aimed at smoothing out crises and disproportions in the economic and social development of the regions. In turn, during its implementation, it is necessary to pay great attention to the peculiarities of the administrative-territorial division of the country. The solution of the main tasks of reducing poverty, improving the welfare of the population with the condition of economic growth should take place not only by using the advantages of the decentralized structure of the federal structure of the state, but also taking into account certain restrictions that are imposed by the peculiarities of the territorial structure of the Russian Federation on the economy.

Improving the quality of life of the population is one of the most important problems in many times. Many federal target programs, large projects and other means of structural policy are focused precisely on this problem. It can be said that almost every region has its own territorial advantages, which are associated either with factors of production or with raw materials: this is what largely explains the regional differences in the distribution of productive forces. Also for effective use potential of the regions, special targeted programs are being created. The latter are one of the most important means of implementing the structural policy of the state, actively influencing its socio-economic development and should be focused on the implementation of large-scale, most important investment and scientific and technical projects for the state aimed at solving systemic problems that fall within the competence of the federal authorities executive power .

The regional policy has a number of purposeful installations. Among them should be highlighted: the development and strengthening of the common economic space, economic

relationships; raising the subsistence minimum, living standards of the population; development of federal relations; ensuring the implementation of social standards for citizens; equalization of opportunities in the economic and social development of the regions (without focusing on their state-legal status).

At the same time, it is necessary to say about the methods of implementing the state regional policy. There are two groups of methods: direct and indirect. Direct methods of state regional policy are called methods in which the state finances the regions directly. For example, the Government allocates funds for targeted financing of budgets - these are the so-called subventions, which are investment and indirect. In Russia, this method is used much more often than in the West.

Indirect methods of state regional policy are called methods in which the state creates favorable conditions for the development of regions. This method is most often used in the West, although it is also applicable in Russia. Basically, it is implemented through the definition of the main priorities and the development of these areas in the region, regulation, as well as by its operational adjustment in accordance with existing tasks.

Basically, the development of regions depends on the regional policy of the center, transfers and subsidies, but sometimes, during a crisis in the economy, financing may not always be rational and uneven.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation spells out the principle of equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation, although in reality it is not respected. Therefore, an important task of the state regional policy is to establish this equality. It is absolutely impossible to create favorable conditions in all regions at once, but their equalization is necessary. To do this, there are three principles for leveling regions:

1) improving the quality of life of people;

2) the principle of compensation, in which insurmountable differences must be compensated;

3) the most backward regions should approximately reach the level of the most highly developed regions.

Federation and subjects of the Russian Federation, enshrined in Articles 71 and 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

As you know, there are two aspects of regional policy: economic and political. Speaking about the economic aspect, it is important to note that it involves the state regulation of financial flows between the center and the regions, the stabilized development of the regions and the increase in the performance of regional economies. If we single out the political content of regional policy, then we can say that it includes the creation of a systematic distribution of powers between the regions and the center, as well as the emergence of a power vertical.

There are many areas of regional policy that are needed to ensure an effective and balanced socio-economic development of the regions, among which we highlight the following:

1) the creation of effective mechanisms by which the heterogeneity in the quality and standard of living of the population in the regions is reduced (due to budgetary and social policies);

2) the creation of economic growth centers in the regions that operate on the principles of competitive advantages: in order to stimulate economic development;

3) periodic compilation of forecasts for federal target programs and socio-economic development of the Russian Federation;

4) ensuring the constitutional principle of mutual equality of the subjects of the Russian Federation in practice, as well as the appropriate distribution of powers between the subjects of the Federation, federal bodies and local governments in connection with their real functions;

5) regulatory support for the activities of local governments, subjects of the Federation and state authorities of the Russian Federation.

The state regional policy consists of certain structural components designed to cover all areas of activity of the regions separately: economic (support and development of medium and small businesses, exports, as well as increasing production efficiency in the region, taking into account material and financial resources) and social (development of social infrastructure, public support). At the same time, it is important to emphasize that essential conditions for the implementation of the regional policy of the state are:

1) improving the standard of living of all segments of the population in each region of Russia (by stabilizing economic growth);

2) the single economic space of the Russian Federation;

3) concentration of efforts on improving the professional level of civil servants who occupy the highest public positions.

The main participants in the implementation and development of the state regional policy are: The President of the Russian Federation and his authorized representatives in federal districts; bodies of legislative and executive power of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government, federal funds for regional development, as well as associations of economic interaction of constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

It should be noted that when developing and implementing the state regional policy, the relevant interests of local governments are taken into account, and, accordingly, their participation in the implementation of regional policy is ensured. With the help of federal laws and laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the forms and procedure for the participation of local governments in the implementation of state regional policy are determined.

The Government of the Russian Federation organizes the development of state regional policy and every year reviews a report on the implementation of these promises. It is in this report that forecast, analytical and factual information is indicated.

According to the Concept for Improving Regional Policy in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, the state policy of regional development in the long term will be formed based on the following main tasks:

Ensuring equal opportunities for residents of all parts of the country to exercise their social and economic rights, regardless of their place of residence;

Reduction of territorial disproportions in the level and quality of life, including support for crisis regions;

Stimulating the improvement of the investment climate and investment activity at the regional level;

Diversification of the structure of the economy and employment of regions and cities;

Overcoming infrastructural and institutional restrictions in the socio-economic development of territories;

The maximum possible use of the advantages of the territorial division of labor and the improvement of the economic specialization of the regions on the basis of their competitive advantages;

Improving the systems of public administration and local self-government for the implementation of the goals of regional policy;

Ensuring the free movement of people, goods, finances and information throughout the country;

Support for the development of territories with special economic conditions, including territories that ensure the country's defense capability and protection of its geopolitical interests;

Stimulation of interregional and intermunicipal cooperation, as well as the creation of a mechanism for resolving disputes and conflicts arising between regions;

Strengthening the common civic identity, harmonizing interethnic relations and promoting the ethno-cultural development of the peoples of the Russian Federation, including ensuring the rights of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East.

In turn, Ya. Yu. Startsev in his work “The System of Public Administration” also indicates three main tasks of the state regional policy:

1) creation of conditions for ensuring equal well-being, quality of life of the population in the regions of the Russian Federation;

2) formation of a single social, economic and legal space throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, taking into account the development priorities of the regions;

3) creation of conditions for ensuring worthy development of each region.

Thus, from the foregoing, it can be concluded that the regional

state policy is a sphere of activity for managing the social, political, economic development of the country in the regional aspect. It is carried out through various special programs as well as through resource allocation. Actually, only such a set of state measures can be considered regional policy, the goals of which are thought out and set precisely as regional ones, aimed at optimizing the territorial structure of Russian society.

LITERATURE

1. The concept of improving the regional policy in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020

years [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.ifap.ru/ofdocs/rus/rus006.pdf.

2. Startsev Ya. Yu. System of public administration: political analysis. -

Ekaterinburg: UraGS, 2001. - 288 p.

3. Federal target programs [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://programs-gov.ru.

4. Federal Law "On the basics of organizing the development and implementation of the state regional policy of the Russian Federation" [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://mcont.m/She.ashx?oid=337826.

The goals, objectives and functions of the state, the main element of the political system of society, are revealed through the development and implementation of state policy. Public policy as a process - a purposeful activity of public authorities to solve social problems, achieve socially significant goals for the development of society as a whole and its individual areas. In the modern legal field, scientific literature concepts close in meaning are used - "state policy" and "public policy". State policy is formed mainly by the state, public policy involves the participation of citizens in its formation and implementation through the institutions of civil society. In both cases, the policy is aimed at solving social problems, the existence of these terms fixes different approaches to its development, confirms that in modern conditions the line between subjects and objects of state policy is less and less noticeable. State and political institutions, public organizations, social groups, individual citizens are both subjects of politics and its objects.

Content state policy is a set of goals, objectives, development priorities, programs that are developed and implemented by public authorities with the involvement of civil society institutions. The process of formation and implementation of public policy is called the "political cycle" and includes several stages. Content first stage (policy initiation) make up the analysis of the situation, the choice of priority social problems, the decision to develop a policy in the conflict sphere, the definition of its main goals and directions. Second stage (policy development) includes the development of targeted programs, their coordination, the adoption of an official policy/program document with the identification of funding sources. In the third stage (policy implementation) there is a direct implementation of the policy / program, monitoring and control is carried out. Stage four (policy evaluation) constitute an assessment of results and consequences.

World experience testifies to the existence of various models development of public policy.

1. Top-down model assumes that government decisions are made at the highest levels of government, and grassroots levels are passive policy executors.

2. The bottom-up model suggests that the formation of state policy begins with grassroots management structures with the active involvement of citizens and public institutions.

3. "Central Model" assumes that politics is formed and implemented by the forces of the bureaucratic apparatus without the involvement of civil society institutions, without taking into account public opinion.

4. "Democratic model" assumes that while maintaining centralized management, the state creates conditions for the activation of citizens' activities, using mechanisms to involve citizens and public associations in the development of state policy.

None of the main models of public policy development occurs in a "pure" form; in practice, to solve problems of various scale and nature, various problem solving approaches or styles of public policy formation.

1. A forward-thinking approach planning and implementation of the policy is preceded by trend analysis and forecasting of the development of the situation (“working ahead of the curve”).

2. Reactive Approach - specific policy development and implementation activities begin once the problem has reached a certain scale.

3. Rational approach based on the use of economic and mathematical methods and the principle of rationality.

4. Anti-crisis approach - all the efforts of the subjects of politics are aimed at overcoming the critical situation.

Regardless of the type and model of state policy, no matter what approach to solving problems underlies it, state policy must meet certain indicators: respond to changes taking place in society and the state; be complex and consider any problem in conjunction with other problems; should be efficient and effective; should enjoy the confidence of the people.

Public policy begins with an analysis of the situation and identification of a list of problems. In public policy problem is understood as a contradiction between constantly emerging human needs and the ability of the state and society to satisfy them. The appearance or presence of a problem does not mean that it will necessarily be solved by public authorities. A public problem comes to the attention of political subjects through the mechanism of forming a political agenda, which consists in promoting a specific public issue to the plane of official recognition, consideration and discussion. Political agenda - a set of urgent social problems that reflect the needs of society or individual interest groups, to which the subjects of public administration are ready to pay attention and are able to respond.

World science captures several points of view regarding the formation of the political agenda. The modern American political scientist J. Anderson believes that the agenda is formed from the requirements that politicians choose themselves, realizing that the time has come to react to them or create the appearance of such a reaction. The American political scientist E. Downe substantiated five main stages of the “cycle of maintaining attention to the issue”:

1) pre-problem stage - the problem has been identified, is on the periphery of public consciousness, interest in it is shown by experts and interest groups; 2) the stage of "anxious discovery and euphoric enthusiasm" - interest in the problem increases sharply, there are calls for its solution; 3) the stage of understanding the "price of the issue" - the society realizes what costs the solution of the problem requires; if the costs are too high, interest in the problem fades; 4) post-problem stage - the problem is pushed into the "twilight zone" by other pressing problems; 5) the “support group” stage - the interest group or support group of this problem initiates the beginning of a new cycle. Canadian political scientist L. Pal came to the conclusion that there is no single formula explaining why this or that situation is perceived as a problem, becomes public, and is brought to the official level. We can say that the allocation of the problem is open.

The social situation acquires a status state problem based on the following criteria: it must be supported public opinion and should be lobbied by a sufficiently influential interest group; information about it should be available, i.e. voiced through the media; the problem should be recognized by public authorities and receive an “institutional” formulation; the problem must be solved in the current conditions and with the resources at the disposal of the authorities.

The formation of the political agenda is connected with the process rationalization and optimization public policy, i.e. with the identification of priority areas, problems and goals that need the support and participation of the state. There are several approaches to setting policy priorities:

1) political approach - the choice depends on the alignment political forces, the relationship between political parties and society;

2) subjective approach - the choice is made on the basis of the gap between social needs and the ability to meet them (the larger the gap, the more likely the choice);

3) an objective approach - the choice is based on quantitative indicators, for example, the severity of the problem, its consequences, etc.

Mechanisms and tools the choice of priorities are: the method of analogies, scenario development, preference analysis, expert opinions.

4.2. The process of implementing public policy

Public policy is the transformation of political goals into government programs and practical actions to achieve appropriate results. Implementation of public policy- a systematic process of using the resources available to public authorities and civil society institutions to achieve their goals. Policy Implementation Process – it is a set of interrelated measures and forms of behavior, which should be distinguished from the implementation of a policy as a result. At the stage of developing a state policy, in order to effectively implement it, a system of tools and methods is determined, with the help of which the planned activities will be carried out, i.e., a system is formed the optimal mechanism for implementing the policy. It includes the organizational and managerial, legal and regulatory framework, the financial and economic component, and the personnel management system. Policy implementation can be carried out as: a linear process of implementing plans; actions according to certain rules; system of interrelated activities.

The implementation of state policy begins after the adoption of the relevant normative act, but even in the process of policy development, it is important to provide for the existence of legal support for the upcoming state decisions. The quality of the system of legal regulation of state policy is attributed to the factors of its effectiveness. There are several levels of legal regulation of politics: 1) the Constitution, which defines the principles for building a system of power and principles for the formation of state policy; 2) federal constitutional laws, legal acts of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, regulations on state bodies, reflecting priorities, goals, functions in a certain area; 3) specific federal laws, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation on targeted programs;

4) by-laws, regulatory documents of federal executive bodies, reflecting the issues of regulation of activities for the implementation of policies in a particular area;

5) state contracts concluded for the development and implementation of state programs, which reflect the requirements for the quality of execution and performance results;

6) orders of government bodies (administrative and operational nature), court decisions.

Important elements of the political cycle are control, monitoring, evaluation of the implementation of state policy. Control public policy is already under way early stages its implementation in order to identify deviations from accepted norms and take measures to eliminate them. It can be external and internal, in the latter there are vertical and horizontal levels. In the field of public administration, there are such types of control as: presidential, parliamentary, administrative, judicial and civil. Varieties of control are verification, execution, supervision. The goals of control depend on the specific situation (control in the interests of citizens, political or administrative leadership, etc.). Controlled through control mechanism, including an information system (results evaluation, monitoring) and an organizational system (structures and procedures). To control technologies include program evaluations, financial reports, audits, inspections, executive surveys, etc.

Monitoring - the process of regular collection and analysis of information on the progress of policy implementation, including a mechanism for responding to possible and real threats and deviations from the planned plan. Monitoring consists of information, analytical and operational subsystems. Monitoring is based on a system of indicators (indicators). Monitoring of projects, targeted programs is carried out using such groups of indicators as direct and indirect, quantitative and qualitative, special, complex indicators and indices. The collected information is analyzed - the types and nature of errors, deviations, their impact on the achievement of goals are determined. The development of recommendations for their elimination, changes in the policy strategy, its content is the task of the operational system. The results of the monitoring assist the competent authorities in making decisions about the future of the policy/programme.

Evaluation of the implementation of state policy - a set of ways to study and measure the actual results of a completed or being completed policy / program, applied in order to improve it. Evaluation is the collection and analysis of information about the final or intermediate results, the identification of changes and state of the art, assessment of benefits and costs. Evaluation, unlike monitoring, is carried out as needed and is one-time. Evaluation procedures are necessary at all stages of the political cycle. The point of evaluation is to improve the policy and measure its results.

Public policy evaluation consists of such elements as evaluation of the implementation process, evaluation of consequences, evaluation of results, evaluation economic efficiency, assessment of the level of satisfaction of citizens, assessment of tools, methods of policy implementation. Intermediate and generalizing assessments are distinguished by form; meta score combines the results of several studies. Policy evaluation requires consideration of five elements of the latter: the resources expended; ongoing events; received products or services; execution results; consequences and effects. Evaluation studies are divided into two groups: Scientific research - require a significant investment of time, money and qualified specialists (sociological surveys, observation, expert assessments, modeling, experiments, etc.); traditional forms - are close to political and administrative control over the course of decision-making (parliamentary hearings; reports of leaders; state audit; budget development, etc.).

After the assessment has been carried out and its results presented, the manager can make the following decisions: continuation of the policy/programme; successful completion; policy/program modification; termination upon failure.

One of the criteria for the effectiveness of the implementation of the policy is the coordination of the actions of all participants and organizers of the process of its implementation. The following groups of participants in the implementation of the policy are distinguished: 1) individuals; 2) public and political organizations, groups; 3) state institutions and structures; 4) political and financial elite. Coordination Policies are the mechanisms and methods used to achieve the set goals for coordinating the actions of organizational structures and individuals participating in the political cycle. Coordination is also carried out at all stages of the political cycle. Distinguish political(coordination of political interests) and administrative(solving specific issues) coordination; vertical coordination (between subordinate organizations) and horizontal coordination (between legally independent organizations). Horizontal coordination is carried out through the work of interdepartmental committees (councils); leading organizations; adoption of formal agreements on cooperation. Vertical coordination, respectively, through the mechanisms of division of labor, organizational hierarchy. Russia is a federal state, and a significant role in the political cycle belongs to inter-regional coordination.

To factors efficiency policies can be attributed to: firstly, organizational and functional relations within the public administration system: a weak reaction of state policy, as a rule, manifests itself where there is no clear division of power between various state bodies and organizations; secondly, the quality of the developed policy, state program or decision; thirdly, the accuracy of tasks and their interpretation by performers.

4.3. Types and directions of state policy

State policy is classified on the following grounds: spheres of public life - economic, social, etc.; levels of policy implementation – international, national, regional, local; policy functions - external, internal; structure and scope of impact - sectoral, structural, territorial. According to the objects of influence, each type of policy is divided into separate areas, for example, social policy includes youth policy, gerontological policy, family policy, etc. By the nature of subject-object relations and the level of conflict, there are distributive, redistributive, regulatory (protectionist and competitive), administrative-legal, strategic, anti-crisis policy.

State economic policy a set of interrelated measures taken by public authorities and administration in order to form a certain vector for the development of the country's economy and solve socio-economic problems. The development of the national economy is a cyclical process, which is characterized by a successive change of the following phases: the economic growth(climb), strong economic conditions(economic boom), economic downturn(recession, economic crisis, stagnation, stagflation), low economic conditions. The state of the national economy determines the type of state economic policy.

Goals of economic policy multifaceted, focused on achieving national goals. There are various approaches to defining the goals of economic policy. Supporters of one of them believe that for countries whose economies are oriented towards market relations, the goals of economic policy are associated with the regulation of processes that are not subject to influence market mechanisms management. The goals of the state economic policy, from the point of view of a pragmatic approach, are to create and maintain a stable economic system. The goals of economic policy are different at different stages of the economic cycle. For example, the goals of the stabilization economic policy are to achieve and consolidate the equilibrium state of the economic system; at the stage of waiting for the rise or rise of the country's economy, the goal of economic policy is the growth of the national economy. The priority of the social goals of economic policy is typical for countries with a socially oriented economy. In this case, the actions of the state are aimed at creating conditions that ensure economic freedom (freedom to choose forms of economic, economic activity, the acquisition of property, etc.) and economic justice (leveling the starting opportunities for income).

The generally recognized goals of the state economic policy are: ensuring the growth of socio-economic efficiency, i.e. rational and economically beneficial use of the country's resource potential; ensuring a general economic balance, which involves a balance between four elements - price stability, a high level of employment, commensurate economic growth and foreign economic operations. The range of goals of the state economic policy is much wider, which is due to the immediate state of the country's national economy and other factors. In the process of forming a system of economic policy goals, the interconnection of the elements that make up this system is necessarily taken into account (goals cannot be mutually exclusive).

Types of state economic policy. Depending on the period of implementation of the state program of economic actions, i.e., according to the time range, there are short-term and long-term politics. In conditions of instability of economic processes, a short-term economic policy is being developed, when a vector of economic actions is formed for a period of up to one year. Predictability and stability in the development of economic processes, backed up by guaranteed resource endowment, make it possible to develop an economic policy strategy for several years.

The implementation of the state economic policy is associated with the use of various tools, therefore distinguish fiscal(financial and budgetary), monetary(credit and monetary), foreign economic politics. The instruments, respectively, are: taxes, transfers, etc.; the total amount of money, the reserve ratio, etc.; customs duties, quotas for the import and export of capital, goods, export-import tariffs. Issues of changing the sectoral and regional structure of production in the country are resolved within the framework of structural investment economic policy. innovative economic policy deals with issues practical application in the economy of the latest achievements of human civilization. Conversion the policy is focused on the conversion of industries, the need for the products of which is significantly reduced.

Fiscal economic policy. State management of the financial resources of the state (state treasury) is associated with the formation and implementation of fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is carried out according to the following scheme: attraction of funds necessary for the state - distribution of these funds - ensuring the use of funds for their intended purpose. This type of state economic policy includes such areas as budget policy, tax policy, income and expenditure policy. Tools fiscal policy are taxes, government spending, transfers, through which the state regulates the amount and vector cash flows, influences aggregate supply and demand, counteracts excessive fluctuations in the main economic parameters. The influence of the state on the volume and structure of aggregate demand is great, since the state is the largest buyer in the market, both external and domestic (economically developed countries spend about / 4– / 2 of GDP on purchases). The state has an indirect impact on demand from households and private entrepreneurs through taxes, transfer payments (pensions, benefits).

The nature of fiscal policy depends on the phase of the economic cycle in which the national economy is located. In conditions of rapid economic growth, this policy holds back growth parameters within acceptable limits (limited focus of fiscal policy), in times of crisis it is expansionary (aimed at expanding production). A stabilization fiscal policy corresponds to a relatively stable state of the economy, when the state keeps inflation within acceptable limits, ensures a high level of employment, seeking to bring the volume of GDP closer to the level possible under the current conditions. Depending on which mechanism is the basis of stabilization, there are automatic and regulated stabilization fiscal policy. In the first case, there are automatic stabilizers - these are legislatively fixed norms that allow responding to deviations from the sustainable state of the economy without state intervention. For example, the payment of cash benefits on sick leave, the automatic reduction of the amount of tax levied with a decrease in income, etc. If the operation of automatic stabilizers does not provide the necessary level of stabilization, then the state introduces new rules (discrete measures) - stabilization becomes regulated. Examples adjustable stabilizers are changes in tax rates, the implementation of social support programs (state housing subsidies), etc. Discrete measures of stabilization fiscal policy, i.e. adjustable stabilizers, can become automatic, since the abolition of any benefits, benefits causes certain difficulties.

Fiscal policy consists of the following elements: budget policy(in turn represented by government spending policy and government revenue policy), tax policy. In general, fiscal policy is a set of financing, budgeting, and taxation instruments.

Monetary economic policy - this is a direct or indirect regulation by the state of the money supply and money circulation in the country. In contrast to fiscal economic policy, the goals of monetary policy are narrower and are associated only with the stabilization of monetary circulation. According to the goal, the tasks of monetary policy are: stabilizing the price level, maintaining a certain level of inflation, regulating the money supply, supply and demand of money through the banking system, maintaining the national currency. The instruments in this case are the total mass and availability of money, credit, the discount rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the refinancing rate, etc.

Based on the method of influencing the money supply, there are hard and soft types of monetary policy. State actions aimed at reducing the money supply, limiting emissions, maintaining high interest rates to receive money on credit characterize tough monetary policy. The opposite situation, i.e., the provision of cheap loans, an increase in the money supply, is typical for soft monetary policy.

The elements that make up the monetary policy are: 1) the refinancing policy, or accounting policy - the impact of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation through the interest rate on the volume of credit resources; 2) operations on the open market - the sale or purchase of government securities by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; 3) reserve policy - the impact of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the value of the active money supply ("forcing" commercial banks to keep part of their assets in the form of an interest-free reserve with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation); 4) the policy of providing liquidity, i.e., changing the amount of money provided by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation at the disposal of commercial banks for their operations.

State social policy. The Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution, is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person. The criteria for assessing the degree of sociality of the state are: observance of the right to human freedom; guarantees in the implementation by the state of a consistent social policy focused on realistically possible investments “in people”; ensuring decent living standards for the majority of citizens; targeted support for the most vulnerable groups of the population; a guarantee of creating favorable conditions for the real participation of citizens in the development and social expertise of management decisions at all levels of government; observance of the rights and guarantees recognizing and implementing the system of social partnership as the main mechanism for achieving public consent; guarantees social responsibility; observance of rights and guarantees focused on strengthening the family, spiritual, cultural, moral development of citizens, respect for the heritage of ancestors and the continuity of generations, preserving the originality of national and historical traditions.

State social policy - purposeful activity of the state in the management of social processes and relations in the socio-cultural sphere. It must be correlated with specific historical circumstances, supported by financial resources and designed for certain milestone social results. The principles of state policy in the social sphere are: human economic freedom and recognition of the right of entrepreneurs, employees and their trade unions to tariff autonomy on the basis of social partnership; confidence in the regulatory role of the market; the responsibility of the state "for the game" of market forces, the development of legislation, the creation of appropriate conditions for streamlining the course of economic and social life; social justice and social solidarity of society; gender equality; participation of citizens in public administration, public and state life. Social policy is implemented by the state in the main areas of social relations: payment, security, labor market, employment and unemployment; regulation of incomes of the population; demography, family, motherhood and childhood, youth; social protection; pension provision; social service; social insurance; education, professional retraining, advanced training; the science; healthcare; provision of housing, communal and household services; culture; Physical Culture, sport, tourism; environmental Safety; protection social rights all categories of citizens. Accordingly, these areas are allocated areas of social policy.

At the core typing social policy are the types of states of the social system, respectively, they distinguish: 1) social policy in socially stable societies; 2) social policy in societies in systemic crises; 3) social policy in societies in a state of deformation; 4) social policy of the transitional period. The world experience of public administration fixes two models implementation of social policy: 1) sacral paternalistic, characterized by the full responsibility of the state for everything related to the social sphere, the absolute exclusion of forms of participation of citizens; 2) liberal, presented in three options - social-democratic, corporate, actually liberal.

Social policy is characterized by a plurality of goals and functions. Tools state social policy - social legislation; system of state social standards (social norms and norms). Methods development and implementation of social policy are social goal-setting, social forecasting, social programming. social purpose - development and consolidation in the practice of public administration of target social guidelines. In fact, this is the formation of indicators of the planned development of the social sphere of the state for a certain period. The result of social goal-setting on long term– long-term strategy of social development. In the medium term, this is the development of target social standards for income and consumption (the level of wages, the size of the subsistence minimum, the provision of citizens with housing, etc.); in the short term, it is the development of an economically supported, state-guaranteed level of social advancement. Social forecasting - the activities of the state in the development of forecasts for the socio-economic development of the country. The demographic situation (birth rate, death rate, population size and age structure, etc.), the state of migration processes, unemployment rate, average per capita income, etc. are predicted. Economic and social forecasting are closely interconnected. Social forecasting can be sectoral (health, demography, culture), territorial (federal and regional levels). product of the state's social planning are the minimum state social standards, planned indicators of sectoral development (with a mandatory economic justification). The basis of state social planning is social programming - expressed in the development of state targeted programs, for example, "Culture of Russia", "Older Generation", "Overcoming the consequences of radiation accidents", etc.

The most important mechanism implementation of state social policy is social protection, understood in the Russian legal field as a set of state-guaranteed measures aimed at minimizing the impact of factors that reduce the quality of life of citizens. This is protection from possible violations of the rights and freedoms of the individual, and from administrative arbitrariness, and from criminal encroachments on life, health, property, honor and dignity of a person, and other harmful factors. According to the definition of the International Labor Organization, social protection as a set of measures includes: 1) stimulation of stable, paid labor activity; 2) prevention and compensation of part of the income in the event of major social risks through social insurance; 3) provision of social assistance to vulnerable groups of the population that are not members of the social insurance system; 4) citizens' access to basic rights and services, such as education, medical care. World experience shows that the most effective and comprehensive systems of social protection include: compulsory social insurance, social assistance, pension provision, system of state benefits. The state is the main source of financing and the general regulator of the social protection system.

State regional policy is methodologically the least developed direction of the state policy of Russia. The principle of distribution of productive forces, based on the political and economic interests of the state, as the basis of the regional policy of the USSR, was forgotten when changing the paradigm of Russia's development. In the conditions of the economic crisis of the 1990s. the state practically did not pay attention to the development of socio-economic relations between regions. State policy in this area is built in accordance with the "Basic Provisions of Regional Policy in the Russian Federation", approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on June 3, 1996 No. 803. Under regional policy refers to the system of goals, tasks of public authorities to manage the political, economic and social development of the country's regions and the mechanism for their implementation. In the practice of public administration in Russia, the concepts of "region" and "subject of the Russian Federation" are identical. The document fixes the main goals and objectives of regional policy in the long term, methods and forms of implementation of regional economic policy, the main provisions of regional policy in the social and environmental spheres, in the field of international and foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, considers regional aspects of national-ethnic relations. In development of the “Basic Provisions of the Regional Policy in the Russian Federation”, the Federal Law of June 24, 1999 No. 119-FZ “On the principles and procedure for delimiting the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation” was adopted; Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. 849 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District." There are many gaps and contradictions in the system of legal and institutional support of the state regional policy; the policy of budget equalization, which has been the general direction of regional policy for more than 10 years, has exacerbated the socio-economic differentiation of regions. The significance and relevance of the development of innovative measures for the implementation of the state regional policy is now recognized both at the state and at the regional level.

An alternative to the policy of budget equalization, which is being actively discussed today, is policy of polarized development, which became the basis of the “Concept of the Strategy for the Socio-Economic Development of the Regions of the Russian Federation” developed by the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia. The essence of the “polarized development” model is reduced to the concentration (mobilization) of the resources of the state and the region at those points where they are expected to bring best return. On the territory of Russia, it is planned to single out several pivotal regions (“growth poles”, “growth engines”), based on the following criteria: 1) there is a steady upward trend in passenger and cargo traffic in the region; 2) the presence in the region of a scientific and educational center of world or federal significance; 3) in this region (urban agglomeration) a strategic initiative has been formed that is important for the whole country; 4) this region should have a high scientific, technical, intellectual, human and socio-economic potential; 5) the region is already making a significant contribution to the country's GDP growth; 6) in this region there is or may be a strategic partnership between the authorities, civil society and business; 7) in the perspective of 10-12 years, this region can become a "developer" for neighboring territories.

Others principles of the new strategy state regional policy, according to the Government of the Russian Federation, should be: "preferences for reforms", i.e. ensuring equal access of the population of all regions to budgetary services that guarantee the exercise of the constitutional rights of citizens; action sync, i.e. the consistency of the main reforms carried out in the country and affecting the socio-economic development of the regions, as well as the directions of state support for the regions and municipalities; differentiation of the state policy of regional development, i.e. defining different development goals for different regions; subsidiarity, i.e. decentralization of power. strategic goals regional policy at this stage of Russia's development are: ensuring the global competitiveness of the country and regions; stimulating the process of new "regionalization" - consolidating the resources of Russian regions for accelerated economic growth and changing the structure of the economy; development of human capital, increasing the spatial and skill mobility of the population; improvement of the ecological situation in the regions to balance economic development; improving the quality of management and use of public finances at the sub-federal level.

Priorities regional development of Russia, developed within the framework of the named Concept, are: the formation of a network of "supporting" regions; formation of regional modules of the National Innovation System of Russia; creation of conditions for the modernization of industry, support and development of competitive economic (territorial production) clusters; creation of a human resource management system, development of regional employment of the population; improving the quality of state and municipal government in the regions. Mechanisms socio-economic development of the regions: 1) the general scheme of the spatial development of the country, i.e. functional zoning of the territory; 2) legal support for the development of regions (it is necessary to adopt federal laws “On the Spatial Development of the Russian Federation” and “On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of the Regional Development of the Russian Federation”); information (the system of federal monitoring of regional socio-economic indicators); organizational and financial (Interdepartmental Commission under the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia, federal targeted programs).

Adoption and implementation of the considered strategy for the development of regions in short-term in the long term, it will allow to achieve the following results: increase in the speed of passing administrative decisions at the federal level to the level of the regions and increase their effectiveness; increasing the level of cooperation between regions and reducing barriers to the free movement of key development resources (human, financial, managerial, intellectual, etc.) between them; increasing the efficiency of the use of federal finances; consolidation of regional policy in the relevant institutions (laws, norms and rules) and organizational structures; the emergence of an affordable housing market and the modernization of the housing and communal services system. Mid-term results: increased mobility of the population; formation of a structure of six to nine pivotal regions that are leaders in the development of the country and competitive at the global level; increasing the number of issued mortgage loans; integration into the economic space of the country of border areas of neighboring states. AT long-term In the long term, these are the following results: the preservation of the territorial integrity of the country; reduction in the areas of officially allocated crisis territories; Russia will formalize its own global region, comparable to the world's global regions.

4.4. Implementation of state policy in modern Russia

Priority directions public policy modern Russia– education, health care, housing development and agriculture. The main mechanism for implementing the policy is the program approach. A derivative of the program approach can be considered the practice of developing and implementing national projects, through which it is proposed to solve problems in these areas. The idea of national projects is a presidential initiative announced at the beginning of September 2005. The main work for their implementation is entrusted to the Government of the Russian Federation, whose activities will be controlled by the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the implementation of priority national projects, created by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 21, 2005. No. 1226. Chairman of the Council - President of the Russian Federation. The implementation of national projects, which began on January 1, 2006, is financed from the federal budget, in 2006 it was 134.5 billion rubles, including: health care - 62.6 billion, education - 30.8 billion, the program "Affordable housing" - 21.9 billion, the development of the agricultural complex - more than 19 billion rubles, their content is as follows.

1. Healthcare. Directions – Improving the effectiveness of primary health care; disease prevention; development of new technologies in medicine. Results: increase wages some categories of medical staff for 5 and 10 thousand rubles; replacement of about 25 thousand ambulance cars; financing the purchase of medicines, ambulances in the amount of 3.5 billion rubles. In the regions during 2006-2007. it is planned to build 15 high-tech medical centers. More than 10,000 polyclinics will receive sets of modern diagnostic equipment.

2. Education. Directions - formation of a network of national universities; informatization of the industry; support for talented youth; development of a professional training system in the army. According to the results of the competition for innovative educational programs, 30 universities of the country and 6,000 schools will receive financial grants annually. The creation of two world-class business schools is planned in Moscow and St. Petersburg, two national universities - in the Southern and Siberian federal districts. Additional payments will be received by teachers for classroom management, annually 10 thousand teachers of the country will be paid bonuses of 100 thousand rubles. It is planned to increase the remuneration of teachers, researchers, and allowances for academic degrees will increase.

3. Affordable housing. The main attention is focused on increasing the volume of mortgage lending and housing construction. By reducing the rate of ruble loans from 14% to 8% and increasing the terms of their payments, it is planned to increase the number of mortgage loans issued annually in four to five years to 1 million, and the volume of lending to the population - up to 415 million rubles / year. Rates will be reduced gradually: by 2007 to 11%, by 2010 to 8%. The program to provide citizens with affordable housing will be implemented in three stages, by 2010 it is planned to put into operation about 80 million square meters. m of new housing, the proportion of families using mortgages should increase from 8% to 30%.

4. Agriculture. Directions - development of animal husbandry, support for small and medium-sized farms. Modernization of livestock complexes by 2008 should be 12%, it is expected to increase meat production by almost a quarter of today's volumes. Rosselkhozbank has formulated the conditions for granting loans to small agribusiness entities, the issuance of which began in January 2006. More than 6 million rubles have been allocated from the federal budget to subsidize interest rates on these loans.

The state policy of Russia is not limited to the implementation of national projects. The main areas of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation and the priority goals for the development of all spheres of the national economy are defined in The program of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the medium term(2006-2008). Strategic Goals development of the country for the medium term: improving the well-being of the population and reducing poverty based on dynamic and sustainable economic growth. Their achievement is possible by ensuring the steady growth of Russia's competitiveness. The main indicator of the success of the policy pursued by the state is the doubling of GDP in 10 years. To do this, it is necessary to create a flexible, elastic, quickly responding to changes in external conditions. economic system. Providing equal conditions for competition for organizations of all forms of ownership with clear and transparent rules of the game is the main task of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of economy.

Program for 2006-2008 developed as a continuation of the previous vectors of state policy, reflects measures to improve the efficiency of public administration, increase the quality and conditions for the provision of public services, to create conditions and incentives for the development of human capital, improve institutions and infrastructure that ensure the competitiveness of economic agents inside and outside the country. The development of economic growth tools is based on the following criteria: doubling the GDP in 10 years; progressive structural shifts in the economy; convergence in terms of economic development with the most developed countries. In order to create a favorable investment climate, the Government of the Russian Federation intends to: ensure macroeconomic stability, monetary and financial stabilization; pursue a balanced budget policy, maintain a floating exchange rate regime, maintain significant gold and foreign exchange reserves, and consistently reduce inflation; ensure the formation of the Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation. The improvement of the institutional system will be continued (to increase the level of confidence of all economic and political activity), the judicial and law enforcement system; activation of customs and tax policy in order to make greater use of their regulatory rather than fiscal function.

In addition to ensuring the implementation of national projects, the Government of the Russian Federation will implement measures: to increase the effectiveness of programs in the field of social policy, improve existing mechanisms for the provision of social assistance; to create conditions for the involvement of poor able-bodied citizens in economic activity; to ensure the coordination of the activities of all bodies providing housing subsidies and other forms of social assistance in the implementation of programs to help the poor; to promote increased regional and interregional labor mobility. The implementation of the administrative reform, civil service reform aimed at ensuring publicity and regulation of the activities of state authorities will be continued. Measures are planned to increase the role scientific research and developments as a factor in ensuring the innovative direction of economic growth. In order to develop the Russian regions, it is planned to move from the ineffective alignment of the economic development of the regions to the creation of conditions stimulating both the regions and municipalities to the mobilization of the economic growth resources available to them. The development of competition and the reduction of the non-market sector will be ensured by creating and improving market institutions, developing small businesses, and ensuring equal and fair competition. With a general improvement in the business climate and the creation of economic incentives for intersectoral capital flows, conditions will be created to increase the attractiveness of the processing sectors and services

The implementation of the Program is aimed at minimizing the impact of factors hindering the stable and long-term economic growth of Russia, these are: 1) low efficiency of public administration; 2) lack of conditions and incentives for the development of human capital; 3) low level competition and a high share of the non-market sector; 4) uneven implementation of reforms at the subfederal level; 5) low level of integration of the Russian economy into international economic relations; 6) weak diversification, creating a high dependence on the world price environment for the main export commodities; 7) infrastructural restrictions on growth.

International Academy of Business and Management

Institute of economics and management

Abstract on the topic:

"Public policy"

by discipline:

"State and municipal administration"

Completed by: 3rd year student

Specialty: "Management of the organization"

Bezruchko Elena Alexandrovna

Checked by: Doctor of Pediatrics, Professor Gusev A.A.

Moscow, 2010

Introduction

Chapter I Public Administration

The concept and goals of public administration

1.2. Goals, functions, tools of public administration

Chapter II State policy

1.1. The concept of public policy

1.2 Types of public policy

1.3 Development of public policy

1.4. Implementation of state policy

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

State policy is a purposeful activity of public authorities to solve social problems, achieve and implement the generally significant goals of the development of society or its individual areas. It is a means that allows the state to achieve certain goals in a particular area, using legal, economic, administrative methods of influence, relying on the resources at its disposal. Policies should be open, competitive and results-oriented.

State policy is a general plan of action for political and administrative authorities and management, aimed at solving important public problems affecting the lives of citizens, and includes the following elements:

These elements reflect its complex social nature, and most importantly, that it is associated with the regulation and management of various social relations.

A unified state policy agreed on the basis of the interaction of the President of the Russian Federation, Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation and other authorities is concentrated in the laws of the Russian Federation, other documents and regulations, forecasts and federal target programs, in international treaties of Russia.

Chapter I State policy

Politics is the art of government, the conduct of public affairs, the essence of the activities of government bodies. State administration acquires a political character if it affects the interests of social groups, classes, nationalities, and the broad masses of the people.

Politics always reflects certain interests, is determined by the economic condition of society and is effective if it meets the needs of development. At the same time, politics has independence and affects all spheres of life, including the economy, expressing it in a concentrated form.

In addition to state power, the political system of society includes trade unions, parties and the church, pursuing their own goals, striving to expand their influence on the masses, who have relative autonomy and are responsible to society.

State policy is designed to coordinate interests, to find the consensus necessary for stability. Each social group has its own interests, which do not necessarily coincide in the main with the interests of society; this complicates the implementation of social policy by the state. If state policy expresses the interests not of the whole people, but of individual social strata, then its goal is to retain power. In this case, politics takes precedence over economics in the interests of maintaining power.

State structures are created to perform certain tasks, which, to one degree or another, are related to the development and implementation of state policy. The meaning of the existence of the state apparatus lies in the implementation of the intentions and will of politicians, embodied in a clear state policy in various areas of public life.

1.1.The concept and goals of public policy

Politics in a general sense means conscious activity in the sphere of relations between the state and society regarding the distribution of power in order to achieve certain goals and solve socio-political problems. The main instrument is the state, although civil society and market mechanisms play an equally important role.

Currently modern state should effectively manage public affairs, provide citizens with quality services, and create stable and reliable political and state institutions and structures.

State policy is a set of goals, objectives, priorities, principles, strategic programs and planned activities that are developed and implemented by state or municipal authorities, with the involvement of civil society institutions. It is a means that allows the state to achieve certain goals in a particular area, using legal, economic, administrative and other methods and means of influence, relying on the resources at its disposal.

Consequently, the state policy is a general plan of action for the political and administrative bodies of power and administration, aimed at solving important social problems that affect the lives of citizens, and includes the following elements:

determination of goals and priorities for the development of society;

developing and planning a political strategy;

analysis and evaluation of costs for alternative programs and policies;

discussion and consultation;

choice and adoption of state decisions;

monitoring and evaluation of implementation.

This reflects its complex social nature, and most importantly, that it is associated with the regulation and management of various social relations.

Public policy is a whole system of scientific concepts, theories, concepts and methods that allow us to analyze ongoing processes and phenomena, understand the causes of these social phenomena, predict possible scenarios for the development of events in the future based on generalizations and scientific conclusions, develop a strategy for the development of society to address current issues and propose a work program of action. In this case, it is a branch of social science that has its own object and methodology of research.

In terms of terminology, there are several concepts that are used in official documents and scientific literature - public policy, public policy and public policy. Taking into account Russian traditions, the term “state policy” is usually used, thereby emphasizing the subject of activity, that is, the state, which acts as the main initiator, developer and executor of policy in various areas of human life.

At the same time, politics has a public character, since it, as a rule, is aimed at meeting public needs. In addition, various institutions of civil society and individuals take part in its development, and its main object of influence is public relations and interests.

At the same time, the policy is public in its form, which is primarily due to openness and transparency in its implementation, active involvement of citizens and public organizations. As a rule, public policy is understood as political processes and phenomena related to the activities of various political forces, parties and public organizations, and related to their participation in elections, defending their interests, work in parliament.

Conceptually, the term politics has two meanings. First, politics means the action of gaining and retaining power, and is concerned with political tactics, political campaign planning, electoral techniques, and political struggle. Secondly, politics is also understood as the development of a political strategy in relation to the whole society or individual industries, territories, which is aimed at changing socio-economic systems.

Thus, when using this concept, everything depends on which side of the policy is focused on and what criteria are used. Much depends on political traditions and features of the formation of scientific schools and theoretical approaches to the study of the state and society.

1.2 Types of public policy

State policy is divided into areas depending on the nature and content of the problems and issues that need to be addressed by the authorities in a certain area of public life. There are the following types of state policy:

economic - a set of measures taken by the state to influence economic processes to achieve socially significant goals, the creation of economic programs for the purpose of economic growth of the state;

social - activities to maintain relationships, both between social groups, and within them, providing conditions for improving the well-being, the standard of living of members of society, creating social guarantees;

ecological - ecological cleansing programs environment and creation of favorable conditions for the life of citizens;

military - measures by which the state is able and ready to use the means of armed struggle to protect and achieve other political goals;

cultural - a set of principles and norms that guide the state in its activities for the preservation, development and dissemination of culture, as well as the very activities of the state in the field of culture;

informational - a set of political, legal, economic, socio-cultural and organizational measures of the state, aimed at ensuring constitutional law citizens to access information.

In each direction, a large number of areas of state policy can be distinguished. For example, within the framework of the general social policy, measures are planned in such areas as employment, pensions, health protection, and education. Economic policy, in turn, is divided into industrial, tax, tariff, monetary, price, customs, investment.

It is possible to classify and separate according to other criteria, which allows you to better understand the nature of the relationship that exists between the participants in the development and implementation of policies, as well as determine the level of conflict of a particular policy. With this approach, the following types of public policy are distinguished:

distributive - by the actions of the authorities to distribute the relevant material goods and benefits among various groups of the population: social programs, education, science;

redistributive - certain resources are transferred from one group of the population to another through taxes, tariffs;

regulatory - includes the actions of government bodies to regulate various kinds activities: economic regulation, protection of the consumer market;

strategic - relations with foreign states and includes foreign and defense policy;

anti-crisis is carried out by the state in case of emergencies that require special actions.

There are various classifications of public policy, this is due to its diversity and large scope of activity.

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Public policy- this is a purposeful activity of public authorities to solve social problems, achieve and implement the generally significant goals of the development of society or its individual areas. It is a means that allows the state to achieve certain goals in a particular area, using legal, economic, administrative methods of influence, relying on the resources at its disposal. Policies should be open, competitive and results-oriented.

The action plan of state bodies for solving social problems includes the following elements: development of a political strategy and goals; cost estimation for alternative programs; their discussion, consultation; choice and decision making; performance monitoring, etc.