Numbers are found everywhere in our lives. Date of birth, age, address ... This article contains the most interesting facts about numbers that will not leave you indifferent.

• 1. In countries such as China, Japan and Korea, the number "4" is considered unlucky. Therefore, there are no floors with numbers that end in "4".
• 2. Centillion is the most big number, which looks like 1 followed by 600 zeros. This number was recorded as early as 1852.

• 3. The number "13" - in many states is also considered unsuccessful. Therefore, the floor after "12" has the designation "14", "12A" or "M" (the thirteenth letter in the alphabet).
• 4. Arabs write numbers from right to left, starting with the least significant digits. Therefore, when we see Arabic numerals familiar to us in the text of the Arab peoples, we will read them incorrectly from left to right.

• 5. Interesting Facts about numbers concern and modern technologies. Yes, Google is one of the most popular search engines. It was invented by Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Name search engine was chosen randomly. So, its creators wanted to show the amount of information that the system can process. In mathematics, a number that consists of one and one hundred zeros is called a googol. It is also interesting that the name "Google" is spelled incorrectly (not "googol"). But the founders liked this idea of ​​the name even more.
• 6.666 is the sum of all the numbers on the casino roulette.

• 7. The number "13" in Greece is considered an unlucky day only when it falls on a Tuesday. Italy fears Friday the 17th. But extras from the Netherlands have calculated that on the 13th there are fewer accidents and accidents, because people are more careful and collected.
• 8. The term "number" in Arabic means "zero". Only over time, this word began to be used to refer to any numerical symbol.

The ancient people, apart from a stone ax and a skin instead of clothes, had nothing, so they had nothing to count. Gradually they began to domesticate cattle, till the fields and harvest; trade appeared, and here it is impossible to do without an account.

In ancient times, when a man wanted to show how many animals he owned, he put as many pebbles in a big bag as he had animals. The more animals, the more stones. This is where the word “calculator” came from, “calculus” in Latin means “stone”!

At first they counted on their fingers. When the fingers on one hand ended, they switched to the other, and if there were not enough on both hands, they switched to the legs. Therefore, if in those days someone boasted that he had "two arms and one leg of chickens", this meant that he had fifteen chickens, and if it was called "the whole man", that is, two arms and two legs.

But how to remember who, to whom, how much he owes, how many foals were born and how many horses are now in the herd, how many sacks of corn have been collected?

The first written numbers, of which we have reliable evidence, appeared in Egypt and Mesopotamia about 5000 years ago. Although these two cultures were very far from each other, their number systems are very similar, as if they represent one method: the use of serifs on wood or stone to record the days gone by.

The Egyptian priests wrote on papyrus, made from the stems of certain varieties of reeds, and in Mesopotamia - on soft clay. Of course, the specific forms of their numbers were different, but both cultures used simple dashes for units and different marks for tens. In addition, in both systems, the desired number was written, repeating dashes and marks the necessary number of times.

This is what the plates with numbers looked like in Mesopotamia (Fig. 1).

The ancient Egyptians on very long and expensive papyri wrote very complex, cumbersome signs instead of numbers. Here, for example, how the number 5656 looked (Fig. 2):

The ancient Mayan people, instead of the numbers themselves, drew scary heads, like those of aliens, and it was very difficult to distinguish one head - a number from another (Fig. 3).

A few centuries later, in the first millennium, the ancient Mayan people came up with a record of any numbers using only three characters: a dot, a line and an oval. The point had a value of one, the line had a value of five. The combination of dots and lines served to write any number up to nineteen. An oval under any of these numbers increased it twenty times (Fig. 4). .

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The Aztec civilization used a number system consisting of only four signs:

Dot or circle to indicate unit (1);

Letter "h" for twenty (20);

Feather for numbers x20);

Bag filled with grain for 8x20x20).

From the use of a small number of characters to write a number had to be repeated many times

the same sign, forming a long series of characters. In the documents of the Aztec officials

there are accounts that indicate the results of the inventory and calculations of taxes received

Aztecs from conquered cities. In these documents one can see long rows of signs,

similar to real hieroglyphs (Fig. 6).

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Many years later, in another region of China, a new number system appeared. Needs

trade, administration and science required the development of a new way of writing numbers. chopsticks

they denoted numbers from one to nine. The numbers from one to five they denoted

the number of sticks depending on the number. So, two sticks corresponded to number 2. To

indicate the numbers from six to nine, one horizontal stick was placed at the top

numbers (Fig. 8).

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However, India was cut off from other countries - thousands of kilometers of distance and high mountains lay on the way. The Arabs were the first "strangers" who borrowed numbers from the Indians and brought them to Europe. A little later, the Arabs simplified these icons, they began to look like this (Fig. 10):

They are similar to many of our numbers. The word "number" also came to us from the Arabs by inheritance. The Arabs called zero, or "empty", "sifra". Since then, the word "digit" has appeared. True, now all ten icons for writing numbers that we use are called numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

The gradual transformation of the original figures into our modern figures.

2. Calculus system.

From the finger count came the quinary number system (one hand), decimal (two hands), vigesimal (fingers and toes). In ancient times, there was no single counting system for all countries. Some number systems took 12 as a basis, others - 60, others - 20, 2, 5, 8.

The sexagesimal system, which was introduced by the Romans, was widespread throughout Europe until the 16th century. Until now, Roman numerals are used in hours and for the table of contents of books (Fig. 11).

The ancient Romans used a number system to display numbers as letters. They used the following letters in their number system: I. v.L.C.D.M. Each letter had different meaning, each digit corresponded to the position number of the letter (Fig. 12).

The ancestors of the Russian people - the Slavs - also used letters to designate numbers. Above the letters used to designate numbers, special signs were placed - titla. To separate such letters - numbers from the text, dots were put in front and behind.

This way of designating numbers is called numerals. It was borrowed by the Slavs from the medieval Greeks - the Byzantines. Therefore, the numbers were designated only by those letters for which there are correspondences in the Greek alphabet (Fig. 13).

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Ten thousand is darkness

ten themes are legion,

ten legions - leodrus,

ten leodres - raven,

ten ravens - a deck.

This way of designating numbers, compared to the decimal system adopted in Europe, was very inconvenient. Therefore, Peter I introduced ten digits familiar to us in Russia, canceling the alphabetic digit.

And what is our system of calculation at the present time?

Our number system has three main characteristics: it is positional, additive, and

decimal.

Positional, since each digit has a specific meaning according to the place,

occupied in a series expressing a number: 2 means two units in the number 52 and twenty units in

Additive, or term, since the value of one number is equal to the sum of the digits that form

his. So, the value of 52 is equal to the sum of 50+2.

Decimal because each time one digit is shifted one place to the left

in writing a number, its value increases tenfold. So, the number 2, which has a value of two

units, turns into twenty units in the number 26, as it moves one place

Conclusion:

While working on the topic, I made many interesting discoveries for myself: I learned how, when, where and by whom the numbers were invented, that we use the decimal counting system, since we have ten fingers. The counting system we use today was invented in India a thousand years ago. Arab merchants spread it throughout Europe by 900. This system used the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0. This is a decimal system based on ten. Nowadays, we use a number system that has three characteristics: positional, additive, and decimal. In the future, I will use the acquired knowledge in the lessons of mathematics, computer science and history.

Interesting facts about numbers and numbers

Numbers in our life have great value, but they do not only add dates and amounts. They are surrounded by mysticism and superstitions, they underlie various ciphers and so on. At the moment, many interesting facts related to numbers are known.

Superstitions and numbers

Numbers are surrounded by a halo of superstition, in different countries and in different times they had their meaning. What is it?

The number "13" - in many states is considered unsuccessful. Therefore, the floor after "12" has the designation "14", "12A" or "M" (the thirteenth letter in the alphabet)

Italians have a similar attitude towards the number 17

Great people experienced an inexplicable fear of some numbers. For example, the composer Arnold Schoenberg was terribly afraid of the number 13, and it turned out that it was not in vain - he died on Friday the 13th at the age of 76, that is, 7 + 6 = 13. The second vivid example is the famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who avoided the number 62. Facts from his life about the fatal significance of this number for him is not there, but his fear reached such a point that he did not stay in large hotel complexes so as not to accidentally get into a room with this number.

In countries such as China, Japan and Korea, the number "4" is considered unlucky. Therefore, there are no floors with numbers that end in "4".

It is believed that the number 7 always brings good luck. This number is present everywhere - 7 days in a week, 7 continents, 7 deadly sins, 7 notes, 7 colors in a rainbow and so on.

The number 8 is considered the number of perfection. It is associated with infinity, and among the ancient Egyptians it was considered the number of balance and cosmic order. It is considered lucky number in Japanese and Chinese culture. The Pythagoreans believed that

The number 8 is a symbol of love and friendship.

For many peoples, for a long time, the counting limit was the number 3. It was considered a symbol of completeness, perfection. So, among the ancient Greeks, this number was considered lucky, and in ancient Babylon they worshiped three deities: the Sun, the Moon and Venus.

Many names of fairy tales and myths are associated with the number 3: "Three Truths" (Africa), "Three Treasures" (Japan), "Three Springs" (Turkey) and others. At the same time, there are a number of signs, according to which “three is not good” (three candles, three guests).

The mysterious power was attributed to the number 9, and in some times - good, and in others - vice versa. "Nine will not have a way" - they said in antiquity. The name of the painting by I. Aivazovsky "The Ninth Wave" reflects folk beliefs about the formidable forces of nature, of which the ninth wave is the most dangerous.

The ancient Greeks had a good reputation for the number 9. The jury at the Olympic Games consisted of nine judges, there were nine patrons of science and art. In Russian folk tales the action often takes place "in a distant kingdom, in a distant state", "beyond distant lands".

Just interesting facts

The smallest number discovered to date does not even have a name, but is a decimal fraction, which has 100 million trillion trillion trillion zeros after the decimal point and before one. It is not used in applied mathematics and is used by scientists to calculate the probability of a new universe from an atom.

Logic trick: How old were you in 2011? To this number add the last two digits of your year of birth? It turned out 111, right?

Interesting facts about numbers also apply to modern technologies. Yes, Google is one of the most popular search engines. It was invented by Sergey Brin and Larry Page. The name of the search engine was chosen for a reason. So, its creators wanted to show the amount of information that the system can process. In mathematics, a number that consists of one and one hundred zeros is called a googol. It is also interesting that the name "Google" is spelled incorrectly (not "googol"). But the founders liked this idea of ​​the name even more.

The name Anna is one of the most common in the world. To date, 100 million owners of this name have been recorded.

Numbers that are the same in both directions (for example, 12321) are called palindromes.

The sum of all numbers from 1 to 100 is 5050

Arabs write numbers from right to left, starting with the least significant digits. Therefore, when we see Arabic numerals familiar to us in the text of the Arab peoples, we will read them from left to right incorrectly.

The most mystical and legendary number is considered to be 666 - the number of the beast and the Antichrist (named so in one of the verses of the book of Revelation). A large number of interesting mathematical facts are connected with it: - the sum of all numbers on the roulette wheel is 666;

There is seat 666 in the European Parliament, but by tradition no one occupies it;

At a large number objects around the world replaced the number 666 with another, in connection with the protests of believers. This applies to the numbers of highways, public transport routes, telephone codes.

Fibonacci numbers

These numbers were named after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, known as Fibonacci, who introduced Europe to the decimal system and Arabic numerals.

Fibonacci numbers are sequence numbers in the following order:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, …

In this case, each next number is equal to the sum of the two previous numbers.

The Fibonacci sequence is observed in nature in plants and animals, in the pattern of sunflower seeds, pineapple, pine cone and even the human body (one nose, two eyes, three limb segments, five fingers on the hand).

The term "number" in Arabic means "zero". Only over time, this word began to be used to refer to any numerical symbol.

Internet resources:

http://www.infoniac.ru/news/10-interesnyh-faktov-o-chislah.html

http://kvipstar.com/blog/facts/341.html

https://kvn201.com.ua/chisla.htm

http://vsefacty.com/fact/interesnye-fakty-o-chislah

1. Eastern countries are afraid of the number 4. Its pronunciation is very close to the word "death". The Japanese, Koreans and Chinese equated it with an "unlucky" number. If you pay attention to the number of floors in buildings, you will notice that the number "4" at the end of the floor is almost never registered.

2. A little trick (elementarily explained by mathematics and logic). Take your year of birth, more precisely the last 2 numbers. Remember how old you were in 2011? To these years, add the last digits from the year of birth. I bet you got 111?

3. If you square 111 111 111, the result will surprise you! You will get 12345678987654321. These are all numbers in order. First they increase, then they decrease.

4. Guess what happens when you add up all the numbers on the casino roulette? The number of the devil that many fear is 666.

5. Many people know about the various lotteries "6 out of 49" (as it used to be in Sportloto). Do you know how many times the jackpot has been hit in the history of the game? 3 times! The real lucky ones.

6. Everyone from school remembers the number Pi - 3.14. He even has 2 holidays. Unofficial, of course. In America, this is March 14 (03.14) and July 22 (22/7). Ask why July? Because when you divide the number by the digit of the month, you get exactly the number Pi. Funny idea.

7. The largest number has 600 zeros behind one. It has its own name. It is a centillon.

8. Interesting facts about numbers and numbers also apply to scientists. An American math graduate student was late for class one day. Equations were written on the board. George Dantzig (that was the name of the graduate student) thought it was a homework assignment. After suffering for several days, puzzling over how such a difficult task was given, George solved it. What was his surprise when he found out that this is an “unsolvable” problem in statistics. Many scientists have strained their convolutions for many years to unravel the mystery of these problems.

9. Guess which is the most common woman's name? Anna. 100 million women are named after him.

10. Famous people also with his "cockroaches" in his head and fears. For example, Sigmund Freud was terrified of the number 62. This went so far that Freud did not stay in hotels with more than 61 rooms. What if he, the lucky one, gets 62 out of all? And the composer Schoenberg Arnold was afraid of the devil's dozen. And he died on Friday the 13th at the age of 76 (do you know how much 7 + 6 is?). That's the magic of numbers. And he only says that thoughts are material. And you don’t need to create fears for yourself so that they don’t “finish off” you.

11. Another interesting fact about the devil's number. Imagine that in the USSR, architects wanted to create a microdistrict by building houses in it in such a way that the name could be read from space great power. However, the idea somehow fell out of favor or finances did not allow. But as a result, there is the 522nd microdistrict in Kharkov, where there are only 3 houses. And the satellite shows them on the map as "666".

12. In the Himalayas there is a sacred mountain with a height of 6666 m. Its name is Kailash. What is striking is that its height is the distance to the center North Pole and at the same time to Stonehenge. Some kind of mystic. But the mountain is actually very beautiful.

13. The centipede actually has far from 40 legs. People often call this a spider with long and thin "legs". It moves so fast it looks like 40 feet. However, some call centipedes centipedes, which in fact have up to 400 legs, and sometimes more. Those who count 100 legs should be wary of this insect. It bites painfully. But the so-called millenniums are generally harmless and harmless. Biology is an interesting science.

14. In Budapest, trolleybuses received numbers in 49. It was in that year that Stalin celebrated his anniversary - the seventh decade. And now the very first trolleybus was assigned No. 70 (although now there is no such route anymore). Since then, route numbers have been given after 70. There is neither the first, nor the twentieth, nor the fifty-third.

15. Is it possible to live a million days? Interesting. But if you count, it's 27 centuries. So many days have not yet passed since the beginning of our era. So the answer is unequivocal - no, you cannot live so many days for 1 person.

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Slides captions:

Gallery of Numerical Curiosities

Collect data from literary sources and process information about amazing natural numbers, establish their properties and patterns. Show their application in emerging situations (magic squares, proverbs, sayings, poems). Goals:

Tasks: Highlight interesting types of amazing natural numbers. Set a number of properties, laws and patterns of these numbers. Uncover mysterious magic and superstition about certain numbers. Explore the literature on numbers. Collect and process information about the application of mathematical knowledge in various life situations.

The history of numbers Primitive people hunted wild animals, fished, gathered berries, mushrooms and nuts, dug up edible roots from the ground. Most of the meat was given to them by hunting for mammoths. But when they exterminated all the mammoths, and the herds of bison and bison, deer and buffalo were greatly reduced as a result of hunting, they had to think about what to eat now. Then people began to cultivate the land and tamed some animals. In order to be successful agriculture, arithmetic knowledge was required. Without counting days, it was difficult to determine when to sow the fields, when to start watering, when to expect offspring from animals. It was necessary to know how many sheep were in the flock, how many sacks of grain were put in the barns. So, still not knowing how to count, ancient people were engaged in arithmetic.

About how the names appeared in numbers, scientists will learn by studying the languages ​​of different tribes and peoples. Scientists believe that only the numbers 1 and 2 received names. Until recently, some tribes did not have other numerals other than "one" and "two". And everything that came after two was called "a lot." But then it was necessary to name other numbers. History of numbers

Basic properties of zero Any number does not change when added to zero. Multiplying any number by zero gives zero. Zero is unsigned. Since dividing 0 by 2 results in an integer, 0 is an even number. 0 is divisible by all numbers, resulting in zero. The exception is the expression 0/0, which leads to uncertainty. Division by zero is impossible in the space of all numbers.

Number - one of the basic concepts of mathematics, allowing you to express the results of counting or measurement. For a long time after the names of the numbers appeared, people did not write them down. The reason for this was the most valid - they still did not know how to write. The word numeral originated from the Arabic word "sifr". In 1202, in the Book of the Abacus, Leonardo of Pisa wrote: "With the help of these signs: 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 and the sign 0, you can write any number you like." In the future, the word "number" began to call all these signs. First digits.

Pythagoras of Samos (c. 580 - c. 500 BC) - ancient Greek philosopher, founder of Pythagoreanism, mathematician. As you know, Pythagoras and his students reduced all numbers to numbers from 1 to 9 inclusive, since they are the initial numbers from which all other numbers can be obtained later. We see numbers everywhere. Our life is all through and through with numbers, no matter what sphere we take. But what do they mean to us besides their usual meanings? What mystical and magical meaning is hidden behind each number?

Magic squares are tables of numbers in which the sums of the numbers in each row, in each column, and in each of the two diagonals of the square are all equal.

Psychomatrix is ​​a square table (3x3) whose cells are numbered from 1 to 9, each cell is responsible for a certain quality of a person's personality: 1 - character, will; 2 - energy; 3 - interest in learning new things; 4 - health; 5 - logic; 6 - propensity to work; 7- luck; 8 - tolerance, kindness; 9 - memory.

Table of Pythagoras 111111 4 7 2222 - - - - 9 So, having made the magic square of Pythagoras and knowing the meaning of all combinations of numbers included in its cells, you will be able to adequately assess the qualities of your nature that mother nature endowed.

Three sixes - the number of the beast 666 is the sum of the squares of the first seven prime numbers: 22 + 32 + 52 + 72 + 112 + 132 + 172 = 666. 666 is equal to the difference and the sum of the sixth powers of the first three natural numbers: 16−26+36=666. 6 is equal to the sum of its digits and the cubes of its digits: 6 + 6 + 6 + 63 + 63 + 63 666 can be written in nine different digits in two ways in their ascending order and one in descending order: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 567 + 89 = 666 123 + 456 + 78 + 9 = 666, 9 + 87 + 6 + 543 + 21 = 666 The sum of all integers from 1 to 36 inclusive is 666.

Shehrazade's number 1001 The number 1001, which appears in the title of the immortal fairy tales "A Thousand and One Nights". From the point of view of mathematics, the number 1001 has a number of interesting properties: it is the smallest natural four-digit number that can be represented as the sum of cubes of two natural numbers: 1001=10 3 +1 3 ; the number 1001 consists of 77 unfortunate damn dozens (1001=13 77); or out of 91 numbers 11, or out of 143 sevens.

Interesting facts about numbers Why do houses in the east skip floors with the number 4? In China, Korea and Japan, the number 4 is considered unlucky, as it is consonant with the word "death". In these countries, floors with numbers ending in four are almost always missing. Why do houses in some countries not have a 13th floor? Because of the fear of the number 13, in many countries there is no 13th floor in houses (after the 12th floor, the 14th floor immediately follows), or it is designated differently, for example, 12A or M (13th letter of the alphabet).

Mathematical palindrome 11*11 = 121 111*111 = 12321 ……………… . 111111111*111111111 = =12345678987654321

Mathematics in proverbs and sayings Proverbs are short folk sayings with instructive content, folk aphorisms. Sayings are short, stable expressions, mostly figurative, which, unlike proverbs, do not constitute complete statements. Winged words are figurative, well-aimed expressions, sayings that have come into common use. The Russian people, like any other, have countless proverbs and sayings. These little wise sayings were created and accumulated by the people during centuries of history. They reflect his life, working conditions, culture. A proverb is always instructive. It always has a conclusion that is useful for everyone to remember. Proverbs and sayings are firmly embedded in the memory, their memorization is facilitated by various consonances, rhymes. They are short, there are no superfluous words in them, each word is weighty, meaningful and accurate. Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, compiler explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language, wrote that the proverb "is the color of the people's mind, this is the everyday folk truth." In our speech, we use not only proverbs and sayings, but also winged expressions very similar to them.

Zero without a wand - A worthless, meaningless person. Zero attention - Complete indifference, indifference on the part of someone to someone or something. Absolute zero, round zero - An insignificant person, completely useless in any business. Reduce to zero, reduce to zero - Deprive of any meaning, meaning. Nothing comes from nothing - This expression belongs to the Greek philosopher Melissa, was often quoted by ancient philosophers, writers. Nothing new under the sun - This expression, which has become winged, is taken from a poem by the Russian writer N.M. Karamzin.

Cut down one tree, plant ten. There is safety in numbers. Alone in the sea is not a fisherman. One plows, and seven wave their hands. One leg here, the other there. One wise head is worth a hundred heads. One bee is better than a swarm of flies. Better to see once than hear a hundred times. Once he lied, he became a liar forever. The first pancake is lumpy -

Two of a Kind. The same. Between two fires. On two fronts. Can't connect two words. One head it's good, but two better. Two inches from the pot. Double-edged sword. Miser pays twice. Kill two birds with one stone. Grandmother said in two - In two (simple) - indefinitely, with the ability to understand one way or another. It is not known whether what is supposed to come true; It is still unknown how it will be: one way or another. They say when they doubt the implementation of what they assume. Second wind - Sometimes at long distances an unbearable fatigue comes to the athlete: the legs refuse to run, there is not enough breath. The inexperienced one stops, and the master continues to run through force, and - lo and behold! - after a few seconds, fatigue disappears, strength is restored, the chest breathes easily again. It's a second wind.

It takes three years to learn to be industrious; to learn to be lazy, it takes only three days. Get lost in three pines From the third mouth, from the third hand From the pot three inches. With three boxes of the Promised three years waiting Crying in three streams

Without four corners, the hut is not cut The horse with four legs, and even then stumbles. On all four sides - Anywhere, wherever you want (to go, get out, drive away, let go). Living within four walls - Not communicating with anyone, being alone. Without leaving home. Like the back of my hand Fifth wheel in a cart

Seven with a spoon - one with a bowl. Bow from seven ailments. Over the seven seas. Up to the seventh generation In the seventh heaven - An expression that came to us from the Greek philosopher Aristotle. It means at the present time the highest degree of joy, happiness. Seven do not wait for one - So they say when they start some business without the one who was late, or with a reproach to the one who makes many wait for him. Seven troubles - one answer - Let's risk again, and if we have to answer - so for everything at once, at the same time. It speaks of the determination to do something else risky, dangerous in addition to what has already been done. Try on (measure) seven times, cut once - Before you do something serious, think carefully about everything, foresee everything. Spoken as advice to think things through possible options actions before doing something.

Spring and autumn - on the day of weather eight

Poems from numbers Sad poem: 511 16 5 20 337 712 19 2000047 Cheerful poem: 2 15 42 42 15 37 08 5 20 20 20! 7 14 100 0 2 00 13 37 08 5 20 20 20!

Thank you for your attention.