), in R. s. a two-way exchange of messages between 2 correspondents is carried out - either simultaneously (duplex communication) or alternately (simplex communication).
In the simplest systems of radio communication, which carry out both simplex and duplex communications, the radio station of each correspondent consists of a transmitter (with a power of 0.1–50 tue, with single sideband modulation (See Single Sideband Modulation) or frequency modulation (See Frequency Modulation) fluctuations) and a sensitive receiver operating in the range of meter or decimeter waves; antennas; power supply and handset. Communication range is 0.5-30 km. Due to their high efficiency, mobility, low weight, and ease of maintenance, such R. s. They have found application in many areas of the national economy, primarily in grassroots communications (see Radio station of grassroots communications), including dispatch communications (See Dispatch communications), as well as in military affairs. In sparsely populated areas of the North and Siberia, for low-level communication at distances up to 300-500 km use transmitters with single-sideband oscillation modulation, operating in the decameter wave range and having a power of 5, 30 or 300 Tue.
In more difficult systems R. of page. (as a rule, duplex communication) - radio relay (see. Radio relay communication), satellite (see. Space communication) and long-distance communication on decameter waves - used to combine telephone networks (see. Telephone network) of various cities and regions of the USSR within the framework of the Unified automated communication system (See Unified automated communication system), use complex directional antennas and transmitters with single-sideband modulation with a power of 5-100 kw. On the lines of distant R. with. with a length of more than 5-6 thousand km. km approximately in the middle of the route, signals are relayed by means of a transceiver radio station (See Transceiver radio station). At the end points of the line, each of its telephone channels is usually interfaced with a telephone line (for example, leading to a local exchange). Unlike multichannel radio-relay and satellite communication systems, long-range radar systems on decameter waves, they are low-channel (1-4 telephone channels); they have reduced reliability and quality of speech transmission, but are relatively cheap and very efficient. These systems are also used for commercial communication with foreign countries, for communication with sea vessels and with those settlements of the USSR for which radio communication is the only type of telecommunication (See Telecommunications).
Lit.: Chistyakov N. I., Khlytchiev S. M., Malochinsky O. M., Radio communication and broadcasting, M., 1968; Message passing, trans. from German, vol. 2, M., 1973.
V. M. Rozov.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what "Radiotelephony" is in other dictionaries:
Telecommunications, in which telephone (voice) messages are transmitted by means of radio waves. Information enters the radiotelephone line through the Microphone, and from it usually through the telephone. The microphone and telephone are connected to radio stations ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
radiotelephony- — [Ya.N. Luginsky, M.S. Fezi Zhilinskaya, Yu.S. Kabirov. English Russian Dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering, Moscow, 1999] Topics in electrical engineering, basic concepts EN wireless telephonic communication ... Technical Translator's Handbook
Telecommunications, in which telephone (voice) messages are transmitted by means of radio waves. Information enters the radiotelephone line through a microphone, and from it usually through a telephone. The microphone and telephone are connected to radio stations ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Telephone radio communication, tel. communication by means of radio waves between remote mobile and fixed land and sea. objects, on m ryh are installed transceiver radio stations. R. s. used for communication between intracity. moving... ... Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary
And, suggestion about communication, in connection and in connection, g. 1. Mutual relations between whom, than l. Communication between industry and agriculture. Communication of science and production. Trade connections. Economic connection of regions. Family ties. || Mutual… … Small Academic Dictionary
Transmission of speech information over a distance, carried out by electrical signals propagating through wires, or by radio signals; type of telecommunications. Telephone communication provides oral conversations between subscribers remote from each other ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary- telephone or radio telephone communications, used for negotiations between the dispatcher and the performers. * * * DISPATCH COMMUNICATION DISPATCH COMMUNICATION, telephone, less often telegraph or radio communication, used for negotiations between the dispatcher and the performers ... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (eng. paging from page page), radiotelephone communication, sending messages dictated by the subscriber to the sender by telephone and receiving them over the air by the subscriber to the recipient using a radio pager with a liquid crystal display, on ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
The use of computer telephony greatly speeds up the management process at the enterprise, increasing its efficiency and quality while reducing overall costs. Modern computer technologies can significantly reduce the cost of long-distance, and even more so international negotiations, without which not a single tourist business enterprise can do. Communication with partners is carried out via computer networks, in particular via the Internet. This connection is called IP-telephony.
IP telephony is a modern computer technology for the transmission of voice and fax messages using the Internet. It allows long-distance and international voice communication using a conventional telephone set or a computer connected to the Internet. For travel companies that have their own corporate network, IP-telephony can significantly reduce the costs associated with telephone conversations.
To use IP-telephony, you must either create your own IP-telephony network or use an IP-telephony network developed by other operators. The second way to use IP-telephony involves the ability to use a ready-made network. Now, special operators have appeared on the communications market with their own IP-telephony network. The cost of a minute of conversation in this case will be somewhat higher than in the first case, but the company will not have to bear large initial costs for the purchase of special equipment.
Radiotelephone communication
Under radiotelephony understand wireless telephone systems that do not require complex engineering work to lay expensive telecommunications and maintain them in working order. A wireless telephone system, in comparison with a conventional, wired one, has the following advantages:
lower capital costs for its creation;
the possibility of creating, regardless of the terrain, natural conditions and the availability of appropriate infrastructure;
shorter payback period of the system;
lower labor intensity of work on the organization of the system and an order of magnitude faster pace of commissioning;
ensuring reliable and operational communication with mobile users;
more opportunities for system management and information protection.
Among the radiotelephone systems, one can distinguish such varieties as: cellular radiotelephone communication systems; trunking radiotelephone communication systems; telephones with a radio tube; telephone radio extensions; systems of personal satellite radio communication.
Cellular radiotelephone systems
The emergence of cellular communications was associated with the need to create a wide network of mobile radiotelephone communications in the face of a rather severe limitation on the available frequency bands. The idea of cellular communications was first proposed in December 1971 by the Bell System in the USA. 1978 is considered the year of the beginning of the practical application of cellular communication. In Russia, cellular communication began to be introduced in 1990, and in 1991 its commercial use began. A cellular communication system is a collection of cells covering a service area. Cells are usually schematically depicted as regular hexagons, which look like honeycombs, which was the reason for calling this system cellular. Each cell is served by its own radio equipment. Moreover, the number of subscribers served by a given cell is not a constant value, since subscribers can move from one cell to another. When crossing the border of a cell, the subscriber automatically switches to service in another cell, i.e. connects to the nearest repeater. In the center of each cell there is a base station that serves all subscribers in this cell. All base stations of the system are connected to the switching center, which, in turn, has access to the Interconnected Communications Network (ICN) of Russia. Since there are many different standards and carriers, one of the challenges in cellular radiotelephone communications is the ability to move from one carrier's network to another carrier's network with your own radiotelephone, i.e. using cellular communications outside of one "home" system. Such movement is called roaming (from the English word roam - wander, wander).
Roaming is a function or procedure for providing cellular services to a subscriber of one operator in the system of another operator. Such a subscriber who uses roaming services is called a roamer. Roaming requires an agreement between the relevant operators and the availability of the necessary technical support (the simplest case is the use of the same standard in both cellular communication systems). There is automatic and non-automatic (manual, administrative) roaming.
Trunked radiotelephone systems
Trunking is the most operational view bilateral mobile communications. It is the most effective for the coordination of mobile groups of subscribers. Trunking communication systems, as a rule, are used by corporate organizations or a group of users united on an organizational basis or simply "of interest." The transfer of information (traffic) is carried out, as a rule, only within the trunking system, and the exit of subscribers to external telephone networks, although provided, is used in exceptional cases. Trunk radiotelephones can communicate both through the base station, being in its coverage area, and directly communicate with each other directly, being both in the coverage area of the base station, and outside the area. This determines the main advantage and fundamental difference between a trunking system and a cellular communication system. Telephones with a radio handset differ from ordinary telephones only in that the connection between the handset and the base is carried out not via a wire, but via a radio link. To do this, both in the handset and in the telephone set, low-power transceiver radio devices are installed. This technical solution significantly increases the comfort of using the phone, both at work and at home. The range depends on both the phone model and the environment in which it is used. It can be from several meters to several kilometers. Radio extenders are used in firms to communicate with remote mobile workers. Radio extenders have much in common with radio tubes, but they have more power and can provide a longer communication range (up to 30 km or more). In general, the radio extender system is a single-channel radio system consisting of a base unit and a handset with a telescopic antenna and a dialer.
Personal satellite radio
Personal satellite radio communication is based on the use of a satellite telecommunications system - complexes of space repeaters and subscriber radio terminals. This technology allows you to provide personal radio communication with a subscriber located anywhere in the world. The video terminal with the transceiver equipment communicates with the radio terminals of subscribers via a repeater satellite located in a stationary orbit.
Paging communication systems
Paging communication systems are one of the varieties of personal radio communications. The main disadvantage of this system is that it allows only one-way communication, which significantly reduces the reliability of this communication and adversely affects its efficiency. But since the cost of this connection is low, it is currently very common and widely used to transmit information.
The paging system consists of a terminal, which receives all incoming information and a miniature VHF receiver (pager), which is located at the subscriber. Each subscriber has his own personal telephone number. To transfer information, the subscriber needs to contact him through the terminal either by phone or using a computer and send a message to the subscriber of the corresponding number. For example, a paging communication system may be organized within one large corporation. Such a system is called corporate. Corporate paging systems can be used, for example, in a large hotel or airport and are designed to organize emergency communications for employees of this company, regardless of where they are. This greatly improves the efficiency of the enterprise.
Video calling
Video communication is one of the most progressive and promising communications, which is now beginning to penetrate the Russian communications market. The main advantage of video communication is the ability to see your interlocutor on the screen. In the process of discussing various issues via video link, you can use the image of the necessary drawings and diagrams, demonstrate various products. At the same time, you can see the reaction of the interlocutor, his eyes, which is very important when conducting business conversations.
Video communication is synonymous with the term videoconferencing or multimedia communication. Videoconferencing is not just a videophone on a personal computer, but a computer technology that allows people to see and hear each other, exchange data and process them together in an interactive mode. For this, two conditions must be met:
a videoconferencing card with the appropriate software must be installed in the computer;
it should be possible to connect with the subscriber either through computer networks or digital telephone channels.
Multimedia communication can be used in any sectors of the Russian economy, for example, in the tourism business. Seeing a real live picture is preferable to a mounted video. Already now, in many well-known resort and tourist places, automatic cameras are installed, which are part of multimedia systems.
The main problems of audio and video information transmission are as follows. The communication channel through which information is transmitted must be sufficiently fast, i.e., have a high bandwidth. The second problem is the problem of the processing speed of the audio and video stream, i.e., encoding the transmitted and decoding the received data.
Video conferencing requires special equipment, including a video camera, means of supporting audio and video information, a codec for compressing and decompressing audio and video signals, a microphone, a high-speed modem, and network access.
A fax is a device for facsimile transmission of images over the telephone network. The name fax comes from the word "facsimile", meaning the exact reproduction of a graphic original by means of printing. A modem that can send and receive data like a fax is called a fax modem. Fax transmission requires a fax machine or a computer equipped with a fax modem.
In the process of facsimile transmission at the point of origin (source of information), it is read, encoded and sent, and on the receiving device - reception, decoding (decoding) and output of information. Reading information occurs linearly. This ensures a sufficiently high-quality transmission of typewritten text or black and white low-definition images.
Module 5. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Module structure:
5.1. Tourist Management Packages
5.2. TurWin program
5.3. Tour Pilot program
5.4. Program "Self-Tour"
5.5. Software complex "Master-Tour"
From the point of view of management, the tourism sector is a complex system in which large flows of information are transmitted and processed. Ensuring a quality level of management can only be ensured by using modern information management technologies. Therefore, at enterprises in the field of socio-cultural services and tourism, specialized information systems are widely used to ensure the collection, transmission, processing of relevant information necessary for making managerial decisions.
In order to use radiotelephone satellite communications, the subscriber must conclude an agreement with an operator company that provides such a service.
It is also necessary to purchase a mobile satellite radiotelephone. This is usually a two-standard phone, in addition to the satellite communication standard, it also supports some of the cellular communication standards, for example GSM-900/Globalstar.
A subscriber of a mobile satellite communication service is provided with high-quality telephone communication (and, more recently, video communication) from virtually any part of the globe. This is achieved by direct transmission of a radio signal from a telephone set to one of the satellites of one or another global communication system.
In addition to voice transmission, additional services are provided to subscribers: short messages, voicemail and forwarding, location, call waiting and hold, global roaming, and closed dial plans.
However, the use of satellite communication technology imposes a number of limitations. In particular, in satellite mode, the phone does not work inside the house, does not answer incoming calls when the phone is folded satellite dish, works unstable when there are high obstacles (for example, in narrow streets with tall houses, in a dense forest, etc.).
Therefore, two-standard phones are in great demand among subscribers today. When the subscriber is in the coverage area of the cellular network, the phone works according to the cellular standard, and in the absence of a network or poor communication quality, you can switch to satellite mode (if the subscriber is outdoors).
Distinctive features modern systems satellite radiotelephone communications are:
- the use of digital technologies for voice and data transmission, improving the quality and reliability of communications, expanding the range of services;
- integration with traditional terrestrial mobile communication systems (primarily with digital cellular);
- compatibility and interaction of mobile satellite radio networks with the public telephone network at any hierarchical level (local, intrazonal, long distance);
- variety of types of subscriber terminals: stationary, mobile, portable, etc.
To date, there are more than 30 national and international (regional and global) projects in the world that provide radiotelephone satellite communication services (both successful and not very successful). Among them are the most famous: Globalstar, Iridium, ICO (Aiko), Inmarsat, Orbcomm, ELLIPSO, Thuraya, as well as Russian low-orbit "Messenger" and "Signal" and geostationary "Banker" and "Yamal".
Let's consider some of them.
Thuraya system
The Thuraya mobile satellite system is a project of Hughes Inc. (HSCI), part of the Boeing Corporation.
The space segment of the system consists of the Thuraya 1 satellite (launched October 21, 2000). This satellite is located in geostationary orbit at an altitude of 36,000 km from the equator, the design life of the satellite is 15 years. In the future, it is planned to launch a second satellite, which will operate in backup mode. The system coverage area includes 99 countries in Europe, Northern and Central Africa, Middle East, Central Asia and India.
The ground station for the telephone network interface (gateway), located in the UAE, acts as an operations center for mobile satellite systems.
The system is designed to provide mobile satellite communications services (voice, fax, data, location, emergency services). The Turaya satellite provides a network capacity of up to 13,750 simultaneously used telephone channels.
Thuraya portable terminals provide two modes of operation: directly via satellite and via the GSM terrestrial cellular network. They are comparable to GSM cell phones in size, appearance and voice quality.
Subscriber terminals operate at the following frequencies:
- Earth - space 1626.5-1660.5 MHz;
- space - Earth 1525.0-1559.0 MHz.
Feeder lines:
- Earth - space 6425.0-6725.0 MHz;
- space - Earth 3400.0-3525.0 MHz.
As the access method is used FDAMA / TDMA, the data rate is up to 9.6 kbps.
Globalstar system
Globalstar ("Globalstar") is a consortium of international telecommunications companies, founded in 1991. The Globalstar system is designed to provide high-quality satellite services to a wide range of users, including voice, short messaging, roaming, positioning, facsimile, data, as well as positioning and asynchronous transmission of facsimile messages and data at speeds up to 9.6 kbps . Also, with the help of the Globalstar system, it is possible not only to provide mobile radiotelephone satellite communication services, but also to build dispatching systems and corporate data transmission networks.
The Globalstar satellite constellation consists of 48 main and 4 spare satellites located in low orbit at an altitude of 1414 km from the Earth's surface.
Several types of subscriber terminals are used in the Globalstar system:
- portable (handset in hand), similar to cell phones (for example, Telit SAT550);
- mobile (installed on mobile vehicles);
- stationary telephones, concentrators, payphones.
Portable and mobile subscriber terminals can support several standards - to work not only in the Globalstar system, but also in cellular networks. Yes, there are:
- Globalstar / AMPS / CDMA - tri-mode terminals;
- Globalstar / GSM - dual-mode terminals;
- Globalstar - single mode terminals.
Globalstar portable satellite phones are only slightly larger than current cell phones and are made by three leading manufacturers: Ericsson, Qualcomm and Telital.
Iridium system
This system provides 100% coverage of the Earth's surface, including both poles. Thanks to 6 orbital planes and polar orbits, communication is provided even in the polar regions with equal quality as at the equator. Each orbit contains 11 satellites. In total, the Iridium satellite constellation has 66 active satellites in orbit, and several more standby ones to replace the main ones in the event of their failure.
The satellites are in low Earth orbits with an inclination of 86.5° at an altitude of approximately 780 km. Satellites communicate with each other via a radio channel operating in the Ka band. Inter-satellite communication allows you to have a minimum of ground gateways, since the information collected from other satellites is transmitted to the ground station by a satellite flying over it at a given time.
Communication between satellites and user terminals is carried out using TDMA and FDMA radio frequency access systems using the L band spectrum from 1616 to 1626.5 MHz. In this band, Iridium uses a 7.775 MHz spectrum band.
As external antennas of subscriber terminals, a low-profile "washer" antenna with a gain of 3 dB, a wave impedance of 50 Ohms, with right circular polarization and an SWR of 1.5:1 is used. These antennas are very similar in performance to antennas designed to receive GPS signals, so one antenna can be used for both Iridium transmitter and GPS reception.
The type of modulation used for communication is typically DE-QPSK, although DE-BPSK is used on the uplink (subscriber to satellite) for frequency resource acquisition and synchronization. The duration of each time slot is 8.28 ms, the frame duration is 90 ms. Within each FDMA channel, there are four TDMA slots in each direction. This technique is known as time division multiplexing. Regardless of the modulation method used, communication between mobile terminals and satellites takes place at 25 kilobaud.
The channels are spaced 41.666 kHz apart, each channel occupying a bandwidth of 31.5 kHz - this gives room in the frequency range for frequency shift due to the Doppler effect.
The Iridium satellite communication system has long been used in Russia, despite the fact that all the necessary permits from Russian authorities The system was received only in September 2012. From a technical point of view, permissions and a local gateway are not required, since the signal comes from the subscriber to the satellite, and from there through other satellites of the system to the head station in the USA, where the communication channel is switched with terrestrial channels.
In 2012, the government commission on federal communications and technological issues of informatization approved the start of official work in Russia of the Iridium mobile satellite communications system. By this time, the operator had certified subscriber equipment and received permission from the State Commission on Radio Frequencies to use the frequency resource, and from the Federal Communications Agency permission to use numbering.
common use
a) the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services must specify the method for providing the subscriber with information about all contracts for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services concluded by him with the telecom operator and (or) a person acting on his behalf, and details of the identification module;
b) in the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services with a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur), the procedure for sending him by the telecom operator information about the unreliability of information about the subscriber or about persons using subscriber numbers assigned to the subscriber - legal entity (individual entrepreneur) ( further - users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur).
113. In addition to the obligations of the telecom operator specified in paragraph 24 of these Rules, the telecom operator is obliged:
a) provide the subscriber with information about the contracts concluded by the telecom operator and (or) the person acting on his behalf with the subscriber for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services. The provision of the specified information is carried out directly to the subscriber using the Internet information and telecommunication network, including at the e-mail address specified by the subscriber in the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services, if the subscriber has chosen this method of providing information. The information provided to the subscriber must contain the number of the contract and the date of its conclusion in relation to each contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services. The agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services determines the method for providing the subscriber with the specified information using the information and telecommunications network "Internet". The telecom operator is obliged to provide the specified information to the subscriber when concluding with him each new agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services within 20 days from the date of conclusion by him or a person acting on his behalf with the subscriber of an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services;
b) inform the subscriber about changes in the list of mobile communication services and other services that are technologically inextricably linked with mobile communication services and aimed at increasing their consumer value provided to the subscriber by sending a short text message to the subscriber;
c) suspend the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services for the subscriber number assigned to the subscriber in case of failure by the latter to fulfill the obligations provided for in paragraph three of subparagraph "a", subparagraphs "b" and "c" of paragraph 116 of these Rules, as well as in case of failure by the subscriber - an individual of obligations provided for in subparagraph "c" of paragraph 25 of these Rules;
d) resume the provision of mobile radiotelephone services to the subscriber or user within 3 days from the day the subscriber (user) eliminates the violations that led to the suspension of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services in accordance with subparagraph "c" of this paragraph.
113(1). The telecom operator is obliged to verify the accuracy of information about the subscriber, as well as about the users of communication services of the subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur), provided, among other things, by a person acting on behalf of the telecom operator.
113(2). Verification of the accuracy of information about the subscriber, as well as about users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) is carried out by establishing:
a) in relation to individual- last name, first name, patronymic (if any), date of birth, as well as details of an identity document (name, series and number, date of issue, name of the authority that issued the document, or subdivision code);
b) in relation to an individual entrepreneur - last name, first name, patronymic (if any), details of an identity document (name, series and number, date of issue, name of the authority that issued the document, or subdivision code), as well as the main state registration number;
c) in relation to a legal entity - the name (company name) of the organization, location, main state registration number, as well as taxpayer identification number.
113(3). Confirmation of the reliability of information about a subscriber - an individual, information about users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) is carried out in one of the following ways:
a) presentation of an identity document;
d) use of a single portal of state and municipal services;
e) use information systems government agencies if there is a connection of the telecom operator to these systems through a unified system of interdepartmental electronic interaction.
113(4). Confirmation of the reliability of information about a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) is carried out in one of the following ways:
a) submission of documents required to conclude an agreement in accordance with these Rules;
b) use of the federal state information system "Unified system of identification and authentication in the infrastructure providing information and technological interaction of information systems used to provide state and municipal services in electronic form";
c) the use of enhanced qualified electronic signature;
d) the use of information systems of state bodies in the presence of a connection of a telecom operator to these systems through a unified system of interdepartmental electronic interaction.
113(5). The telecom operator is obliged to perform the actions specified in paragraphs 113 (1) - of these Rules, within 30 days from the date of conclusion of the contract or transfer by the subscriber - legal entity (individual entrepreneur) of information about users of communication services of the subscriber - legal entity (individual entrepreneur).
113(6). In case of failure to confirm the accuracy of information about the subscriber or about the user of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law "On Communications" and these Rules, the telecom operator within 3 days from the date of receipt of information about the unreliability of such information informs the subscriber or user of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) by sending a short text message about the need to provide reliable information about the subscriber and (or) user of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) within 15 days from the date of notification.
114. The subscriber bears the obligation to pay for the mobile services provided by the telecom operator until the telecom operator receives a notification of the loss of the identification module.
b) upon liquidation of a subscriber - a legal entity or termination by an individual of activity as an individual entrepreneur, the user of communication services of such a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) has the right to apply to the telecom operator with an application to conclude an agreement with the preservation of the subscriber number.
(see text in previous edition)
a) in case of porting the subscriber number:
pay off the debt for mobile radiotelephone services under the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services concluded with the donor operator (hereinafter referred to as the debt);
provide the new telecom operator (recipient operator) with reliable information about the users of communication services of the subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur), containing last names, first names, patronymics (if any), dates of birth, details of an identity document (name, series and number, date of issue, name of the authority that issued the document, or subdivision code), and in the event of a change in users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) - relevant reliable information about new users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) no later than 15 days from the date of transfer of the identification module to them, unless otherwise provided by law Russian Federation;
b) provide the telecom operator with reliable information about the subscriber and (or) user within 15 days from the date of receipt from the telecom operator of a notification about the need to provide information, the indication of which is provided for by the contract, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
c) provide the telecom operator within 15 days from the date of conclusion of the contract with reliable information about the users of communication services of the subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur), containing last names, first names, patronymics (if any), dates of birth, details of an identity document (name, series and number, date of issue, name of the authority that issued the document, or subdivision code), and in the event of a change in users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur) - provide relevant reliable information about new users of communication services of a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur ) no later than 15 days from the date of transfer of the identification module to them, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
(see text in previous edition)
117. The amount of the subscriber's fee for using the saved subscriber number when concluding a new contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services using the transferred subscriber number is set by the recipient operator and cannot exceed 100 rubles. In this case, if the subscriber number was not transferred due to the subscriber's refusal to transfer the subscriber number in accordance with paragraph 148 of these Rules or the failure to pay the subscriber's debt to the donor operator in accordance with subparagraph "b" of paragraph 140 of these Rules, the fee paid by the subscriber to the recipient operator for using the stored subscriber number, is not returned to the subscriber.
118. The invoice issued to the subscriber for mobile services, in addition to the information specified in paragraph 41 of these Rules, must contain information on the types of mobile services provided, indicating their volume for each subscriber number.
(see text in previous edition)
119. The subscriber pays the fee for mobile services to the telecom operator with whom he has concluded an agreement on the provision of mobile services, including in cases where he, using the identification module specified in the agreement on the provision of mobile services, used the services mobile communications of another communications operator (roaming), with which the subscriber has not concluded an agreement on the provision of mobile communications services.
119(1). On the territory of the Russian Federation, the mobile radiotelephone operator in its communication network establishes the same conditions for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services to each subscriber, regardless of whether the subscriber is located within the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation specified in the decision to allocate a numbering resource to such a telecom operator, including the subscriber number allocated to the subscriber, or outside the specified territory.
120. A subscriber who intends to keep the subscriber number when concluding a new agreement with the recipient operator for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services, applies to the recipient operator or a third party provided for in paragraph 13 of these Rules, with a written application to terminate the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services connection concluded with the donor operator, and the transfer of the subscriber number (hereinafter referred to as the application for the transfer of the subscriber number) and the documents provided for in Section II of these Rules.
The moment of time at which the subscriber's debt is determined (hereinafter referred to as the moment of determining the debt) is:
24 hours 00 minutes on the 6th day before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services using the ported subscriber number determined in accordance with paragraphs 126 and these Rules - for subscribers - individuals;
24 hours 00 minutes on the 26th day before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services using the ported subscriber number determined in accordance with paragraphs 126 and these Rules - for subscribers - legal entities(individual entrepreneurs).
122. Informing the subscriber about the need to repay the debt according to the invoice issued is carried out in accordance with paragraphs 138 and these Rules. At the same time, the presence or absence of a subscriber's debt at the time of determining the debt is established by the donor operator:
a) for subscribers - individuals who use the payment for mobile radiotelephone services by means of an advance payment - according to the state of the personal account associated with the transferred subscriber number;
b) for subscribers - individuals who use payment for mobile radiotelephone services through deferred payment - upon payment of invoices issued before the moment of determining the debt, and upon payment of an extraordinary invoice issued for the period between the date of issuing the last regular invoice and the moment of determining the debt in accordance with paragraph 121 of these Rules. The indicated invoices are issued according to the personal account associated with the transferred subscriber number;
c) for subscribers - legal entities (individual entrepreneurs) using payment for mobile radiotelephone communication services through an advance payment - according to the state of the personal account associated with the transferred subscriber number;
d) for subscribers - legal entities (individual entrepreneurs) using payment for mobile radiotelephone services by means of deferred payment - upon payment of invoices issued before the determination of the debt in relation to the transferred subscriber number, and upon payment of an extraordinary invoice issued in relation to the transferred subscriber number, for the period between the date of the last regular invoice and the moment the debt was determined. These invoices are issued on the personal account associated with the transferred subscriber number.
123. Debt repayment is carried out by the subscriber no later than 24:00 (Moscow time) on the 4th day - for a subscriber - an individual and no later than 24:00 on the 11th day - for a subscriber - a legal entity before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services communication using the ported subscriber number, determined in accordance with paragraphs 126 and these Rules.
124. If, after the moment of determining the debt, the subscriber, according to the invoices issued in accordance with paragraphs 41 and these Rules, has a debt before the start of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services by the recipient operator, the donor operator after 30 days, but no later than 60 days from the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services using the transferred subscriber number by the recipient operator, has the right to send this telecom operator information about the subscriber's debt in relation to the transferred subscriber number, indicating the period and methods of its repayment. The maturity of the debt should not exceed 10 days.
The presence of a debt is recorded by the donor operator on a personal account associated with the transferred subscriber number.
Not later than the day following the day of receipt from the donor operator of information about the subscriber's debt, the recipient operator is obliged to send the subscriber information about the debt to the donor operator, about the methods of its repayment and that if the subscriber does not repay the debt within 10- day, the provision of mobile services will be suspended.
If the subscriber does not repay the debt within 10 days, the donor operator, no later than 60 days from the date of sending information to the recipient operator about the subscriber's debt, sends the recipient operator information that the subscriber has not repaid such debt. Not later than the day following the day of receipt of the specified information, the recipient operator is obliged to suspend the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number. The recipient operator is obliged to send to the donor operator no later than 1 day from the date of suspension of the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services using the transferred subscriber number information about such suspension.
The donor operator, no later than 1 day from the date of repayment of the debt by the subscriber, is obliged to send information about the repayment of the subscriber's debt to the recipient operator. The recipient operator is obliged to resume the provision of mobile radiotelephone services to the subscriber no later than 1 day from the date of receipt of information on the repayment of the subscriber's debt from the donor operator.
125. The application for porting a subscriber number shall contain the following information:
a) about the transferred subscriber number;
b) about the subscriber (last name, first name, patronymic, place of residence, details of an identity document - for a citizen, last name, first name, patronymic, details of an identity document, main state registration number - for an individual entrepreneur, name (company name) organization, location, main state registration number - for a legal entity);
(see text in previous edition)
c) on the date of submission by the subscriber of an application for the transfer of a subscriber number;
d) on the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services by the recipient operator;
e) on the decision of the subscriber to unilaterally refuse to execute the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services, concluded with the donor operator;
f) on the consent of the subscriber to repay the debt;
g) on the consent of the subscriber to switch to the advance payment system for mobile radiotelephone services, provided for in paragraph 137 of these Rules.
126. In the application for the transfer of a subscriber number, the subscriber has the right to determine the date and time (hour) when the recipient operator must begin the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number (hereinafter referred to as the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator). The recipient operator must start providing mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number within 1 hour from the time specified in the application for the transfer of the subscriber number.
At the same time, the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services by the recipient operator cannot be earlier than the 8th day - for a subscriber - an individual and earlier than the 29th day - for a subscriber - a legal entity, but in any case it cannot be later than 6 months from the day of concluding an agreement with the recipient operator for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services.
127. If the subscriber in the application for porting the subscriber number did not determine the date for the start of the provision of services by the recipient operator, the start of the provision of services by the recipient operator is the hour determined at the discretion of the recipient operator on the 8th day - for the subscriber - an individual and on 29 - day - for a subscriber - a legal entity from the date of conclusion of an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services with a recipient operator. The recipient operator must start providing mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number within 1 hour from the specified time.
128. In case of absence technical feasibility start the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the ported subscriber number at the time determined in accordance with paragraphs 126 and these Rules, the moment the start of the provision of such services may be delayed, but not more than for one day. Information about this is communicated to the subscriber by the recipient operator within the 3rd day for the subscriber - an individual and within the 7th day for the subscriber - a legal entity before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services by the recipient operator.
The burden of proving the lack of technical ability to start the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number from the moment specified in the subscriber's application lies with the telecom operator.
129. An agreement is concluded between the recipient operator and the subscriber for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services, drawn up in the form and containing the conditions in accordance with paragraphs 22 and these Rules.
130. By virtue of the contract concluded with the subscriber for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services, the recipient operator must perform the actions provided for by these Rules to transfer the subscriber number.
When concluding an agreement with the recipient operator for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services, the subscriber agrees to the processing of the subscriber's personal data when transferring the subscriber number, including by third parties, as well as consent that the recipient operator will suspend the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services with using the transferred subscriber number in case of non-payment by the subscriber of the debt in accordance with paragraph 124 of these Rules.
An application for the transfer of a subscriber number is attached to the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number.
131. Provided for by this paragraph and paragraphs 122 , , , and these Rules, informing the subscriber by the recipient operator and the donor operator when transferring the subscriber number is carried out in the manner prescribed by the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services concluded between the subscriber and the corresponding communication operator. If the procedure for informing the subscriber in the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services is not defined, then informing is carried out by sending a short text message to the subscriber in the period from 9:00 to 18:00.
Informing subscribers by the donor operator and the recipient operator when transferring the subscriber number is carried out according to the time zone of the territory in accordance with the national time scale of the Russian Federation UTC (SU), within which the transfer of the subscriber number is carried out. When such telecom operators interact with each other and with the operator of the database of transferred subscriber numbers, a single accounting and reporting time is used - Moscow.
132. The recipient operator no later than the day following the day of the conclusion of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the ported subscriber number, sends a request for the ported subscriber number to the database operator of the ported subscriber numbers.
133. The operator of the transferred subscriber numbers database sends, within 1 hour from the time of receipt of the request specified in paragraph 132 of these Rules, to the recipient operator information about the receipt of the request and the date of the last transfer of the subscriber number (if the subscriber number was previously transferred). If, before the end of the procedure for porting the subscriber number, the operator of the database of transferred subscriber numbers received new requests from several recipient operators, then on these requests the operator of the database of transferred subscriber numbers sends information about the impossibility of porting to the recipient operators within 1 hour from the time the request is received subscriber number.
134. Within 1 day from the date of receipt from the operator of the database of transferred subscriber numbers of the information specified in paragraph 133 of these Rules, the recipient operator informs the subscriber that the subscriber number is subject to transfer, or that it is impossible to transfer the subscriber number due to violation of paragraph 152 of these Rules. If it is impossible to transfer the subscriber number, the rights and obligations under the agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services between the subscriber and the recipient operator do not arise and such an agreement is subject to termination.
135. The recipient operator is obliged, no later than 24:00 on the 1st day following the day the request specified in paragraph 132 of these Rules was sent to the database operator, to send the donor operator the information provided for in paragraph 125 of these Rules, a copy of the application for transferring the subscriber numbers, as well as information on the existence of an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number, concluded between the subscriber and the recipient operator. Sending the specified information and a copy of the application for porting the subscriber number is a proper notification of the donor operator about the subscriber's decision to unilaterally refuse to perform and terminate the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services concluded with the donor operator, in part of the ported number.
The donor operator is not entitled to require the submission of other documents and information, except for the application, as well as refuse to transfer the subscriber number due to the absence of other documents and information or the absence in the application of information not provided for in paragraph 125 of these Rules.
The exchange of messages and documents between the recipient operator and the donor operator is carried out through a database of transferred subscriber numbers in accordance with the procedure for organizational and technical interaction of mobile radiotelephone operators while ensuring the transfer of a subscriber number, approved by the federal executive authority in the field of communications.
136. The donor operator no later than 24:00 on the 2nd day - for a subscriber - an individual and no later than 24:00 on the 3rd day - for a subscriber - a legal entity from the date of receipt of the information specified in paragraph 125 of these Rules, must send the recipient operator the following information:
(see text in previous edition)
a) on the availability at the time the subscriber submits an application for porting the subscriber number of an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services using a portable subscriber number concluded between the donor operator and the subscriber;
b) on the belonging of the subscriber number to the numbering resource assigned to the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation, which includes the portable subscriber number;
c) on the absence of suspension of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services to the subscriber in connection with the loss of the identification module, by a court decision or in connection with the violation by the subscriber of the terms of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services, including in connection with non-payment of debt in accordance with paragraph 121 of these of the Rules for services rendered using a portable subscriber number under an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services concluded with a donor operator, including the transfer of this subscriber number that took place earlier.
137. From the time of receipt of the information specified in paragraph 135 of these Rules, the donor operator has the right to transfer the subscriber to the advance payment system for mobile radiotelephone services.
138. The donor operator informs the recipient operator about the presence of a debt of the subscriber who initiated the transfer of the subscriber number, in the following order:
a) in relation to subscribers - individuals, information about the presence of debt is reported by the donor operator to the recipient operator before 9:00 am on the 5th and 3rd days before the start date of the provision of services by the recipient operator;
b) in relation to subscribers - legal entities (individual entrepreneurs), information about the presence of a debt established in accordance with paragraph 121 of these Rules is reported by the donor operator to the recipient operator before 9:00 am on the 24th and 7th days before the date the beginning of the provision of services by the operator-recipient. At the same time, the donor operator ensures the possibility for the subscriber to receive an extraordinary invoice specified in subparagraph "d" of paragraph 122 of these Rules no later than the 24th day before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services by the recipient operator.
138(1). The debt is determined as of 00:00 on the day specified in paragraph 138 of these Rules as the deadline for informing about the state of the debt.
139. The recipient operator informs the subscriber about the need to pay off the debt specified in paragraph 138 of these Rules, and that the transfer of the subscriber number will not be carried out if the subscriber does not pay off this debt before 24:00 (Moscow time) 4 - day - for a subscriber - an individual and until 24:00 (Moscow time) on the 11th day - for a subscriber - a legal entity before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services by the recipient operator. The specified information is sent to the subscriber on the 5th and 4th days - for the subscriber - an individual and on the 24th and 11th days - for the subscriber - a legal entity before the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services by the recipient operator.
140. The transfer of a subscriber number is subject to the following conditions:
a) conclusion between the subscriber and the recipient operator of an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number;
b) the subscriber has no debt for the rendered services of mobile radiotelephone communications to the donor operator, established in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs 121 and these Rules;
c) receipt by the recipient operator of information about the existence of an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using the transferred subscriber number concluded between the donor operator and the subscriber;
d) receipt by the recipient operator of information about the confirmation that the subscriber number belongs to the numbering resource assigned to the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation, which includes the transferred subscriber number;
e) receipt by the recipient operator of information from the donor operator that the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services has not been suspended to the subscriber due to the loss of the identification module, by a court decision or in connection with the violation by the subscriber of the terms of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services, including including due to non-payment of debt in accordance with
142. The recipient operator on the 3rd day - for a subscriber - an individual and on the 7th day - for a subscriber - a legal entity, before the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator, is obliged to notify the subscriber of the upcoming transfer of the subscriber number in accordance with the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services using the transferred subscriber number or about the impossibility of carrying out the transfer of the subscriber number, indicating the violated conditions provided for in clause 140 of these Rules. If it is impossible to transfer the subscriber number, the rights and obligations under the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services concluded between the subscriber and the recipient operator do not arise and the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services terminates in terms of obligations related to the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services using a portable subscriber number.
143. The recipient operator, on the day preceding the start date of the provision of services by the recipient operator, informs the subscriber that on the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator, in order to receive mobile radiotelephone communication services, it is necessary to insert into the subscriber device a new identification module received by the subscriber at the conclusion agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services with the recipient operator, and that from the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator, technological interruptions in the provision of services specified in paragraph 144 of these Rules may occur.
144. A technological interruption in the provision of mobile radiotelephone services to a subscriber using a transferred subscriber number from the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator may be no more than:
In the event that several subscriber numbers are allocated under an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone services concluded with a donor operator, such an agreement terminates only in relation to the transferred subscriber number.
147. In case of violation of the deadline for the start of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services using a transferred subscriber number for more than 24 hours, information about such a violation no later than the 1st day from the date of the actual start of the provision of mobile radiotelephone services is sent by the recipient operator to the federal executive body which performs the functions of control and supervision in the field of communications.
148. The transfer of a subscriber number is canceled when the subscriber submits an application for refusal to transfer the subscriber number to the recipient operator or donor operator.
149. If the subscriber receives information about the transfer of a subscriber number in the absence of an application for the transfer of this subscriber number, the subscriber has the right to cancel the transfer of the subscriber number by remotely contacting the service center of the donor operator or the recipient operator, provided that the subscriber passes the authorization procedure established by the telecom operator for making actions related to changing the terms of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services, or by submitting an application to the donor operator or recipient operator.
150. The transfer of a subscriber number can be canceled no later than 2 days before the date of commencement of the provision of services by the recipient operator. When canceling the transfer of a subscriber number:
a) the donor operator continues to provide the subscriber with mobile radiotelephone services using the subscriber number, the porting of which has been canceled;
b) the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services, concluded between the subscriber and the recipient operator, in relation to the unported subscriber number, ceases to be valid.
151. The recipient operator or donor operator, within 1 day from the date of receipt of the application for refusal to transfer the subscriber number, informs the donor operator or recipient operator, as well as the operator of the database of transferred subscriber numbers, to terminate the procedure for porting the subscriber number.
152. The subscriber has the right to submit a new application for transferring the subscriber number to another recipient operator not earlier than the day of filing an application for refusal to transfer the subscriber number provided for in paragraph 148 of these Rules, or after the start of the provision of services by the recipient operator, subject to the expiration of the period specified in paragraph 124 of these Rules, during which the donor operator has the right to send information about the presence of the subscriber's debt for services provided under the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services concluded with the donor operator in relation to the transferred subscriber number, and repayment of debt by the subscriber.
153. In the event that the transfer of a subscriber number is carried out by a subscriber - a legal entity (individual entrepreneur), to which, under contracts for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services concluded with a donor operator, no more than 50 subscriber numbers are allocated related to the numbering resource allocated for use in the same subject of the Russian Federation, the subscriber has the right to demand that the transfer of the subscriber number be carried out within the time limits provided for by these Rules for the transfer of the subscriber number of the subscriber - an individual.
154. The transfer of subscriber numbers for the purpose of their preservation and use by subscribers-customers purchasing goods, works and services to meet state and municipal needs, as well as certain types of legal entities in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation, is carried out taking into account the following features:
a) the basis for transferring the subscriber number is an agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services, concluded by the customer subscriber with the recipient operator - the winner of the procedure for determining the supplier (contractor, performer) during the validity period of the agreement with the donor operator, indicating transferred under the agreement with the operator - recipient of subscriber numbers. If the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services with the recipient operator was concluded after the expiration of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services concluded by the customer subscriber with the donor operator, the transfer of the subscriber number is not carried out;
(see text in previous edition)
b) the date of commencement of the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services by the recipient operator using the transferred subscriber number is determined in accordance with the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communication services concluded by the customer subscriber with the recipient operator, but not earlier than 9 days from the date of notification by the recipient operator to the operator databases of transferred subscriber numbers of information on the concluded agreement on the provision of mobile radiotelephone services. If there is no technical possibility of transferring the subscriber number, the specified date may be postponed, but not more than for one day. The burden of proving the lack of technical ability to provide services using the transferred subscriber number lies with the telecom operator;
c) if the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services between the customer subscriber and the recipient operator is concluded less than 9 days before the expiration date of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone services between the customer subscriber and the donor operator, the recipient operator has the right to assign to the customer subscriber another subscriber number (numbers) for use in order to provide mobile radiotelephone communication services until the date of completion of the procedure for transferring the subscriber number;
155. If the subscriber-customer has a debt to the donor operator, it is repaid by the subscriber-customer in accordance with the terms of the contract for the provision of mobile radiotelephone communications services concluded between him and the donor operator.
156. Claims related to the transfer of a subscriber number are sent to the recipient operator. If the transfer of the subscriber number is carried out without an application for the transfer of the subscriber number, claims are sent to the donor operator.
First radiotelephone communication system, offering services to everyone, began its operation in 1946 in St. Louis (USA). The radiotelephones used in this system used conventional fixed channels. If the communication channel was busy, then the subscriber manually switched to another - free channel. The equipment was bulky and inconvenient to use.With the development of technology, radiotelephone communication systems improved: the dimensions of the devices decreased, new frequency ranges were mastered, the basic and switching equipment improved, in particular, the function of automatic selection of a free channel (trunking) appeared. But with the huge need for radiotelephone services, problems also arose.
The main one is the limited frequency resource: the number of fixed frequencies in a certain frequency range cannot increase indefinitely, so radiotelephones with working channels close in frequency begin to interfere.
Scientists and engineers from different countries tried to solve this problem. And in the mid-40s, the research center Bell Laboratories American company AT&T proposed the idea of dividing the entire service area into small areas, which became known as honeycombs, (from the English cell - cell, honeycomb). Each cell had to be served by a transmitter with a limited range and a fixed frequency. This would allow the same frequency to be reused in another cell (cell) without any mutual interference.
But more than 30 years passed before such a principle of organizing communication was implemented at the hardware level. Moreover, during these years, the development of the principle of cellular communication was carried out in different countries of the world not in the same directions.
Back in the late 70s, work began on the creation of a unified cellular communication standard for 5 northern European countries - Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Denmark and Norway, which was called NMT-450 (Nordic Mobile Telephone) and was designed to operate in the 450 MHz band. The operation of the first cellular communication systems of this standard began in 1981. But a month earlier, the NMT-450 cellular communication system entered into operation in Saudi Arabia.
Networks based on the NMT-450 standard and its modified versions have become widely used in Austria, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, as well as in the countries of Southeast Asia and the Middle East. On the basis of this standard, in 1985, the NMT-900 standard of the 900 MHz band was developed, which made it possible to expand the functionality of the system and significantly increase the subscriber capacity of the system.
In 1983 in the USA, in the Chicago area, after a number of successful field trials, the network of the standard AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service), This standard was developed in a research center Bell Laboratories.
In 1985 in the UK was adopted as a national TACS standard(Total Access Communications System), developed on the basis of the American AMPS standard. In 1987, in connection with a sharp increase in the number of cellular subscribers in London, the operating frequency band was expanded. A new version This cellular communication standard was called ETACS (Enhanced TACS).
In France, unlike other European countries, in 1985. standard has been adopted Radiocom-2000. Since 1986, the NMT-900 standard has been used in the Scandinavian countries.
All of the above standards are analog and belong to the first generation of cellular communication systems. These systems are called analog because they use an analog method of transmitting information using conventional frequency (FM) or phase (PM) modulation, as in conventional radio stations. This method has a number of significant disadvantages: the possibility of listening to conversations by other subscribers, the lack of effective methods to combat signal fading under the influence of the surrounding landscape and buildings or due to the movement of subscribers.
In addition, the use of various cellular communication standards and the large congestion of the allocated frequency ranges began to hinder its widespread use. After all, sometimes it was impossible to talk on the same phone due to mutual interference even to subscribers located in two neighboring countries (especially in Europe). There were only two ways to increase the number of subscribers: by expanding the frequency range (as, for example, it was done in the UK - ETACS) or by moving to rational frequency planning, which makes it possible to use the same frequencies much more often.
Usage the latest technologies and scientific discoveries in the field of communications and signal processing made it possible to approach a new stage in the development of cellular communication systems by the end of the 80s - the creation of second-generation systems based on digital signal processing methods.
In order to develop unified European standard for digital cellular communications for the 900 MHz band allocated for this purpose in 1982. The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) - an organization that brings together communications administrations from 26 countries - has created a special group Groupe Special Mobile. The abbreviation GSM gave the name to the new standard (later, due to the widespread use of this standard throughout the world, GSM began to be deciphered as Global System for Mobile Communications), The work of this group resulted in the requirements for the GSM cellular communication system published in 1990, which uses the most modern developments of leading scientific and technical centers. These include, in particular, time division of channels, message encryption and protection of subscriber data, the use of block and convolutional coding, a new type of modulation - GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying).
In 1989, a year before the advent of the GSM technical justification, the British Department of Trade and Industry DTI (Department of Trade and Industry) published the concept of “Mobile phones”, which, after making additions and changes, was called “Personal communication networks” - PCN (Personal Communication Networks), The goal of implementing the concept was to create competition between the main participants in the mobile radio market, so that by 2000 about half of the country's population would become their subscribers
America did not lag behind Europe, proclaiming its concept of “Personal Communication Services” - PCS (Personal Communication Services). Its goal was 50% coverage of the country's population by the year 2000. To implement this concept, the US Federal Communications Commission has allocated three frequency sections in the 1.9-2.0 GHz band (wideband PCS) and one section in the 900 MHz band (narrowband PCS). )
In the USA in 1990. The American Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) approved the national IS-54 standard digital cellular. This standard has become better known by the acronym D-AMPS or ADC. Unlike Europe, no new frequency bands were allocated in the US, so the system had to operate in the same frequency band as conventional AMPS.
At the same time, an American company Qualcomm began active development of a new cellular communication standard based on the technology of noise-like signals and code division of channels, - CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).
In 1991. standard in Europe DCS-1800 (Digital Cellular System 1800 MHz) based on the GSM standard. The UK immediately adopted it as the basis for the development of the already mentioned PCN concept, which was the beginning of its victorious march across the continents of the globe.
In the development of cellular communications, Japan did not lag behind Europe and the United States. This country has developed its own cellular standard JDC(Japanese Digital Cellular), close in its performance to the American D-AMPS standard. The JDC standard was approved in 1991 by the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Communications.
In 1992. entered commercial operation in Germany the first GSM cellular communication system.
In 1993. in the USA, after a series of successful tests, the Communications Industry Association TIA adopted CDMA standard as an internal digital cellular standard, calling it IS-95. In September 1995. Hong Kong launched the first commercial network IS-95 standard.
In 1993. The UK launched its first network DCS-1800 One-2-One, which already has more than 500 thousand subscribers.
What is cellular communication Russia learned only at the end of perestroika. In St. Petersburg, and then in Moscow, NMT-450i standard systems (an improved NMT-450 standard) appeared. And the adoption in 1994 of the concept of the development of land mobile networks was a powerful catalyst further development cellular communications nationwide. And if with the introduction of the NMT and AMPS standards our country was ten years behind, then the proclamation of the GSM standard as one of the two federal standards (NMT and GSM) reduced this time gap to about three years.
A clear focus on progressive world technologies makes it possible for Russia to keep up with the leading countries of the world in the development of modern mobile radio communication systems. Does not lag behind Russia and on the introduction of progressive CDMA standard. The conditions for the development of CDMA networks in Russia are determined by the order of the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation No. 18 dated February 24, 1996, which states that CDMA networks are focused on providing services to fixed subscribers. But the possibility of their use from cell to cell is allowed, i.e., limited mobility of subscribers is provided. The first CDMA network was opened in Chelyabinsk, then in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Further development cellular mobile communications is carried out as part of the creation of projects for third-generation systems, which will be distinguished by a unified radio access system that combines existing cellular and “cordless” systems with information services of the 21st century. They will have a single network architecture and provide communication to subscribers in various conditions, including moving vehicles, residential premises, offices, etc. In Europe, such a concept, called UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), provides for the integration of the functionality of existing digital communication systems into a single third-generation system FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telephone System) with the provision of standardized mobile services to subscribers. Work on the creation of an international public mobile communication system FPLMTS is being carried out by the International Telecommunication Union. It has a defined frequency range of 1 - 3 GHz, in which 60 MHz wide bands for fixed stations and 170 MHz for mobile stations will be allocated. The start of testing the ground components of the system was in 2000, and the commissioning of the FPLMTS satellite subsystem in the frequency bands 1980-2010 and 2170-2200 MHz - in 2010.
A fundamentally new step in the development of cellular mobile communication systems was the concept of intelligent communication networks and open systems models approved by the International Standards Organization (ISO). (OSI). The concept of building an intelligent network is used today to create all promising digital cellular networks with micro and macro cells. It provides for the integration of cellular mobile communication systems, radio calling systems and personal communication under the conditions of prompt provision of communication channels to subscribers and development of services. The OSI models interpret the message passing process as an interaction of functionally interconnected layers, each of which has an embedded interface on the adjacent layer.
Shortly after the introduction of the second generation of mobile systems, preparations began for the design of next generation mobile communications standards. Developments were carried out both at the regional level (ETSI, the RAINBOW project from ACTS, U.S. Joint Technical Committee, Japanese ARIB) and at the global level - ITU (International Telecommunications Union), the result of which was the creation in 1985 of an initiative group, which in 1996 was renamed into IMT-2000. The number "2000" is intended to designate the technology of the new millennium and the new frequency range intended for this technology - 2 GHz. Different projects offered different ways of transition to third generation systems. Within the framework of each project, two development options were mainly considered: a gradual transition from the current systems and a "jump" jump. The majority was inclined towards the need for gradual integration, which was reflected in the work of IMT 2000.
Third generation technology (3G) provides high-quality transmission of speech, images (speeds are expected to reach 2 Mbps instead of 9.6 Kbps available today), multimedia content and Internet access, as well as data exchange between mobile phone and computer. At the same time, 3G technologies should improve the quality of service of second-generation networks by adding many new services to them.
That's far from complete list possible 3rd generation services:
voice calls;
videotelephony;
IP telephony;
video/audio streams:
- a television;
- video and photography;
Web browsing;
mobile office;
services based on the subscriber's location:
- maps and guides;
- orientation in an unfamiliar place;
- security;
mobile e-commerce:
- payment for tickets, goods and services;
- search and selection of goods;
games.
Experts believe that at the initial stage there will be no common standard for third generation handsets. Great efforts have been made to create a unified system for operators worldwide, but with little success. According to preliminary information, 3G technologies will have at least 3 standards, and the first 3G terminals will use only one of them.
European countries have chosen W-CDMA (WideBand Code Division Multiple Access) interface proposed by the Swedish company Ericsson for the transition from GSM to 3G technology. Main competitor W-CDMA there will be technology cdma2000 Qualcomm, which may be used by Japanese companies currently using cdmaOne technology. The Japanese DoCoMo system will be an exception as this system will be developed in collaboration with W-CDMA. For operators using the TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) principle (this applies mainly to operators in North America), 3G is known as UWC-136.
3G specification still in development. Institute of European Telecommunications Standards develops UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) standard that conforms to the specification IMT-2000. For the new UMTS system, the following frequency bands were allocated: 1885-2025 MHz, and 2110-2200 MHz for the further development of IMT-2000, in particular, the 1980-2010 and 2170-2200 MHz bands were allocated for the 3G satellite part, respectively. However, while the first phase of 3G is only nearing completion, licenses for UMTS operation have already been issued in some European countries, while in many others applications are pending. Manufacturers and operators do not waste time and carry out test runs and tests of equipment. Back in early 1999, Nortel Networks and BT (British Telecommunications) announced they would start joint testing of prototypes and 3G/UMTS terminal equipment to better explore 3G technology and future market opportunities. The BT/Panasonic alliance is already using handheld phones with built-in video cameras, TV displays and data rates exceeding 64Kbps.
To move to UMTS, several "steps" must be passed, which will gradually, step by step, lead to the full commissioning of the new system.
- GSM Phase2+ : GSM Phase 2+ (9.6 Kbps)
- HSCSD: High Speed Circuit switched data (38.4 Kbps)
- GPRS: General Packet Radio System (115 Kbps)
- EDGE: Enhanced Data GSM Environment (560 Kbps)
- UMTS: Universal Mobile Telephone Service (2Mbps)