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Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov He gave his whole life and all his strength to the study and conquest of the Arctic. He was a man of great scientific passion, exceptional endurance and courage.
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Georgy Yakovlevich was born on February 20, 1877 on the shore Sea of Azov, on the Krivaya Kosa farm, in the family of a fisherman. G. Ya. Sedov's father had only one hut, built of reeds and clay. The whole setting consisted of three old tables and four of the same chairs. As a child, G. Ya. Sedov helped his father in fishing and early learned the sea and the dangers associated with it. His parents were illiterate and did not want to teach their son either. Only at the age of fourteen, G. Ya. Sedov managed to enter the primary three-year school, which he graduated at the age of two, having discovered great abilities for learning. After graduating from school, G. Ya. Sedov worked as a laborer, then served as an employee in a trading warehouse. Free time, mainly nights, he devoted to reading books. At the age of eighteen, he managed to enter the Nautical School in Rostov-on-Don and successfully completed it three years later (in 1898). Then G. Ya. Sedov sailed as a captain on small ships in the Black and Mediterranean Seas. In 1901, he brilliantly passed the external examination for the course of the Naval Corps. The following year, G. Ya. Sedov was "determined for service with enrollment in the Admiralty." Since then, until his death, he was engaged in research and mapping of various waters, seas, islands in the north, northeast, Far East, south. F. K. Drizhenko - teacher and planted father at the wedding of G. Ya. Sedov. Wedding of G. Ya. Sedov St. Petersburg, 1910, near the Admiralty Cathedral
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In April 1902, G. Ya. Sedov was appointed assistant head of the hydrographic expedition to the Pakhtusov ship, equipped in Arkhangelsk for research northern seas. Sedov sailed on this ship in 1902 and 1903, surveying and describing the shores of Novaya Zemlya. In 1904, he was assigned to the Amur River Flotilla and guarded the entrance to the Amur from the Japanese. After the end of the war with Japan, G. Ya. Sedov served in the Navy for two years in the Pacific Ocean. In 1909, with negligible funds, he carried out extensive scientific research in the region of the mouth of the Kolyma: he made measurements, compiled maps, explored the first (sea) and second (river) bars (alluvial shoals at the mouth of the river). It turned out that the river pushes the sandy mound of the sea bar farther into the ocean, an average of 100 meters per year. G. Ya. Sedov found out the possibility of sailing ships in this part of the Arctic Ocean.
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In 1910, a Russian industrial settlement arose in Krestovoy Bay on Novaya Zemlya. In this regard, there was a need for a hydrographic study of the bay in order to organize the possibility of entering it by postal steamers and other ships. G. Ya. Sedov was sent for the production of an inventory and measurement of the Cross Bay. With small funds, he brilliantly conducted this expedition. G. Ya. Sedov gave a general geographical description of the Krestovaya bay (bay), on its northern coast the basis was measured. The survey of the entire coast of the bay for over 30 kilometers was carried out with a scale, on a scale of 1: 42,000. Meteorological and hydrological observations were continuously made. The suitability of Novaya Zemlya for settlement was proved. Rudolf Island. Cape Fligeli
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Both expeditions - to Kolyma and Krestovaya Bay - gave a number of new geographical data, according to which they were significantly changed and refined. geographic Maps areas explored by Sedov. In addition to conducting these expeditions, G. Ya. Sedov was also engaged in mapping the coast of the Caspian Sea. He became a professional hydrographer and accumulated a large personal experience exploration of the seas, mainly arctic ones.
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Already in 1903, while sailing on the Pakhtusov ship, G. Ya. Sedov had the idea of traveling to the North Pole. In subsequent years, this thought turned into an all-consuming passion. At that time, Americans, Norwegians and representatives of other countries competed to reach the North Pole. G. Ya. Sedov proved by all available means that Russians should also take an active part in the exploration of the Arctic. In March 1912, G. Ya. Sedov submitted a report to the head of the Main Hydrographic Department, in which he announced his desire to discover the North Pole and the program of his polar expedition. He wrote: "... hot impulses among the Russian people for the discovery of the North Pole appeared back in the days of Lomonosov and have not faded to this day ... We will go this year and prove to the whole world that the Russians are capable of this feat." Members of the Sedov Expedition
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G. Ya. Sedov outlined Franz Josef Land as the basis for reaching the North Pole. Wintering was supposed here, during which "the expedition, if possible, explores the shores of this land, describes the bays and finds anchorages, and also studies the island in terms of trade: collects all kinds of collections that can be found here in various branches of science; determines astronomical points and makes a number of magnetic observations; organizes meteorological and hydrological stations; builds a lighthouse in a conspicuous place near the best anchor bay. A very modest amount of money of 60-70 thousand rubles was requested for the implementation of the planned expedition. Member group State Duma in March 1912, she made a proposal to release funds from the state treasury to organize an expedition to the North Pole. The proposal was also supported by the Naval Ministry. However, the Council of Ministers refused money, and Sedov's plan was condemned.
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Contrary to the decision of the government, despite the hostility of his "colleagues", G. Ya. Sedov set about equipping the expedition. Having no funds, not receiving either material or moral support from the government, he was forced to accept help from the Novoye Vremya newspaper. In St. Petersburg and at the place where the expedition was equipped - in Arkhangelsk, G. Ya. Sedov had to overcome numerous obstacles. For example, with great difficulty he took out a radio set, but he did not manage to get a radio operator. So I had to leave without a radio installation. With difficulty, they found a ship for the expedition from a private person and signed a contract with him. However, just before departure, the shipowner refused to lead the ship equipped for the expedition and removed almost the entire crew. G. Ya. Sedov had to recruit the first people who came across. Arkhangelsk merchants supplied the expedition with spoiled food and bad dogs. All sorts of obstacles were created by the authorities.
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Seeing the expedition of G. Ya. Sedov to the North Pole in Arkhangelsk. In the center of G.Ya. Sedov and V.V. Sedov; Prayer on the deck of "St. Foka"
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Finally, in August 1912, the expedition on the ship "The Holy Great Martyr Foka" left Arkhangelsk for the Pole. G. Ya. Sedov planned to get to Franz Josef Land in the same year. But the delay with the exit and especially difficult ice conditions in the Barents Sea forced the expedition to spend the winter on Novaya Zemlya. G. Ya. Sedov sent a report to the head of the Main Hydrographic Department stating that "he arrived safely at Krestovaya Bay, where he managed to make astronomical observations to determine the time." The report spoke about the further intentions of the expedition. In conclusion, G. Ya. Sedov asked the committee to equip the expedition "for next year send a steamer to visit us and bring coal, as well as 3 people for the meteorological station, whom we will leave behind us on Franz Josef Land so as not to interrupt the observations of the meteorological station.
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Wintering has significantly depleted material resources and tired people. But G. Ya. Sedov used this time for the most important scientific research. In Foki Bay (76° north latitude and 59° 55" east longitude), where the expedition spent the winter, regular scientific observations were made. Trips were made to the nearest islands, Cape Litke, and the northeastern coast of Novaya Zemlya was described. All these works were carried out G. Ya. Sedov himself walked in 63 days from the wintering place of the "Foka" near the Pankratiev Peninsula, along the coast to Cape Zhelaniya and further to Cape Wissinger (Flissinger) - Goft, both ways, about 700 kilometers. In this process, a route survey was made on a scale of 1: 210,000 and four astronomical and magnetic points were identified.Before G. Ya. reaching 15 kilometers at some points. G. Ya. Sedov for the first time rounded the northern tip of the northern island of Novaya Zemlya on a sledge, and his companions Vize and Pavlov were the first to cross the island along 76 ° north latitude. according to the detailed written instructions of G. Ya. Sedov, in which the purpose of the expedition was clearly defined and ways to achieve this goal were indicated. G. Ya. Sedov was an excellent, authoritative organizer. Especially in the instructions of G. Ya. Sedov it was indicated: "Care for personal health and the health of your companions is one of the main points of the travel program."
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Members of the expedition, geologist Pavlov and Vize, brilliantly completed the task of G. Ya. Sedov. They found out the geography of the inner part of Novaya Zemlya in the area of continuous glaciation. From the bay of St. Foki to the Kara side they went together, and the way back - separately. On the entire pass, the following were made: route survey and leveling, geological, geographical and meteorological observations, surveys of part of the Kara coast of Novaya Zemlya. Wiese established that the central region of Novaya Zemlya at a latitude of 75-76° is covered by a continuous ice sheet, which has the shape of a shield and is a miniature cover similar to that of Greenland. In the studied strip, the slope of the ice sheet turned out to be steeper towards the Barents Sea than towards the Kara Sea. The total thickness of the ice sheet is at least 200 meters. In the area of the coastal mountains of Novaya Zemlya, ice fills all the valleys between the mountains and forms a series of glaciers with significant movement.
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On the results of wintering on Novaya Zemlya, G. Ya. Sedov noted in his diary that the expedition had done "great scientific work in many branches of science." In the order on the results of the winter work, it was said that the expedition "made some discoveries of disagreement with existing maps, and we, the participants in the first Russian expedition to the North Pole, thus got a happy lot to correct existing for centuries an incorrect map of Novaya Zemlya... Our expedition, not wondering about the future, has already done something for science. A trip to the North Pole is ahead. This task of the expedition is the second... connected with the name of the Russian people and the honor of the country."
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Only in September 1913, the Foka freed itself from the ice that bound it. The ship was almost out of fuel. Ice fields could wipe the ship, crash it or carry it away. G. Ya. Sedov decided to go to Franz Josef Land. Off the coast of Franz Josef Land, Foka was again covered with ice - at 80 ° 20 "north latitude and 53 ° east longitude. A bay was chosen for wintering, which G. Ya. Sedov called Tikhaya. In his diary he wrote: " It cost the old, decrepit ship to reach these latitudes great difficulties, especially since on the way in the Barents Sea we encountered as much ice as no other expedition, it seems, has ever met (a belt 3 ° 3 "wide), and if we add here very limited fuel supply and rather low speed of the vessel, then we can safely say that our expedition has truly accomplished a feat."
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The wintering place chosen on the northwestern coast of Hooker Island turned out to be very convenient. Tikhaya Bay is easily accessible, the ship can come very close to the shore. At the same time, it is a well-protected anchorage. In 1929, the Soviet icebreaker, named after the brave polar explorer Sedov, hoisted the Soviet flag on the southern coast of Hooker Island and confirmed the decree of our government of April 15, 1926, by which Franz Josef Land was declared the possession of the USSR; in the bay of Tikhaya "Sedovtsy" at 80 ° 20 "north latitude set up a base and the northernmost Soviet radio station in the world. The second wintering of the expedition of G. Ya. Sedov took place in very difficult conditions. There was no fuel. cabins. Scurvy appeared among the members of the expedition. G. Ya. Sedov, from a cheerful and brilliant man with wit, turned into a silent and concentrated man. He often began to get sick. But his stubbornness and stubborn dream of reaching the Pole survived last photo Sedov
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On February 15, 1914, G. Ya. Sedov set out from Tikhaya Bay on a campaign to the North Pole. In this regard, he wrote in his order: "So, today we are going to the pole: this is an event for us and for our homeland. The great Russian people - Lomonosov, Mendeleev and others - have long dreamed of this day. , little people, a great honor has fallen - to fulfill their dream and make a feasible ideological and scientific conquest in the polar exploration for the pride and benefit of our fatherland.Let this order, let this, perhaps, my last word, serve you all as a memory of mutual friendship and love. Goodbye, dear friends!". G. Ya. Sedov was voluntarily accompanied by two sailors: twenty-year-old Alexander Ivanovich Pustoshny and twenty-six-year-old Grigory Grigoryevich Linnik. The boss was sick. Along the way, his illness worsened. He choked with a cough, often lost consciousness. This campaign was driven by desperation. Nothing was sent from St. Petersburg, although G. Ya. Sedov's letters from Novaya Zemlya were received. All hopes were dashed. To return to St. Petersburg meant to experience new mockeries of enemies and ill-wishers. He could no longer achieve a new expedition to the pole ... Sedov's pole party before leaving Tikhaya Bay
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G. Ya. Sedov walked about 2,000 kilometers to the Pole. In the last days he could no longer walk, but sat tied up on the sledge so as not to fall. Although he already saw the hopelessness of his situation and in oblivion sometimes said: "everything is lost," but he did not want to go back. Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov died on March 5, 1914, a little before reaching Rudolf Island, the northernmost of the islands of the Franz Josef Archipelago. The body of G. Ya. Sedov is buried on Rudolf Island. A Soviet polar base station has now been built here. From here, the Papaninites started to the North Pole, having successfully completed the task assigned to them. Having buried the chief, Linnik and Pustotny, overcoming great difficulties, arrived at Foca. Members of the expedition made scientific trips to the islands of Franz Josef Land. At the end of July, the Foka left Tikhaya Bay, and a month later it arrived in Arkhangelsk. An astronomical sign established in 1913 by the expedition of G.Ya. Sedov.
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Unfriendly, even hostile, were met by the members of the Sedov expedition who returned to their homeland. After long ordeals, the sailors of the Foka sent a telegram addressed to the tsar, in which they wrote: "... under the command of Senior Lieutenant Sedov, we went on an expedition to the North Pole. We were promised that our families would be taken care of, and we boldly followed our We had to endure many hardships and hardships due to insufficient expedition equipment. The cup of trials overflowed when our dear chief, persistently pursuing his cherished dream of hoisting the Russian flag at the North Pole, died the death of an ideological martyr. We returned home exhausted, thirsty for rest ... Instead of resting at home, bitter disappointment awaited us: we were left to the mercy of fate on a dilapidated expedition ship without a penny of money ... ". Two years. "Saint Foka" is back in Arkhangelsk, but without Sedov.
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The Hydrographic Department of the Naval Ministry did not even want to think about processing and publishing the scientific materials collected by the Sedov expedition. And yet they were of great scientific importance. G. Ya. Sedov and members of his expedition did a great deal of work in the field of cartography, meteorology, geology, in particular, glaceology, terrestrial magnetism, collected paleontological and mineralogical collections on Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land. G. Ya. Sedov compiled two maps of Novaya Zemlya. In terms of quality, they are incomparably higher than all the previous ones and have greatly changed the idea of the outlines of the studied coasts. For example, after the work of Sedov, Cape Zhelaniya had to be "moved" to the south by almost 7 kilometers and to the east by about 2 kilometers. The northern tip of Novaya Zemlya turned out to be another cape - Carlsen. Cape Bolshoy Ledyanoy had to be moved to the south by about 12 kilometers, and Cape of Consolation - to the south about 3.5 kilometers and to the west about 2.5 kilometers. Cape Litke turned out to be an island and is located 1 kilometer to the north and 10 kilometers to the east. And the Cape of the Observatory is about 7 kilometers to the north and about 9.5 kilometers to the east. Only one island turned out to be in the group of the Pankratiev Islands, and the rest make up one common peninsula, connected to the coast by a narrow low isthmus. On Franz Josef Land, V. Yu. Wiese put four islands on the map. M. A. Pavlov made a detailed geological survey of the mountains of Hooker Island and the area surrounding Tikhaya Bay, and also measured part of the Melenius Sound. Sign "Wind rose" Installed in memory of the hydrographic expedition
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The meteorological stations of the Sedov expedition in Foki Bay on Novaya Zemlya and in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land delivered very valuable materials on the study of the atmospheric regime of such rarely visited areas. Every hour in the bays of Foka and Tikhaya, observations were made of the tides. These data made it possible to elucidate the question of the propagation of tidal waves off the coast of Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land, and also to determine the elements of a tidal wave. Throughout the voyage of the ship of the Sedov expedition, observations were made over the sea temperature at different depths, over transparency, and measurements were made. Systematic observations were made of the northern lights. Many of the auroras were drawn by N. V. Pinegin, a member of the Sedov expedition. Nikolai Vasilievich Pinegin, artist and photographer of G. Sedov's expedition.
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Simultaneously with the expedition of Sedov, two more Russian expeditions went north - Rusanova and Brusilova. Members of both these expeditions died. Sedov's expedition is the only one that has yielded significant scientific results. Only after 1917 were the scientific results of the expedition of G. Ya. Sedov published. His name has become widely known. Soviet polar explorers are successfully continuing the work begun by the selfless son of an Azov fisherman to explore the Arctic. In 1929, the Soviet icebreaker "Sedov" delivered to Franz Josef Land winterers, Soviet polar explorers who settled in Tikhaya Bay, in which G. Ya. Sedov's ship "Foka" wintered. Father Rudolf. Sedov's expedition perished in this area
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Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov Overcoming incredible difficulties, with meager privately raised funds, he conducted important research on Novaya Zemlya and died tragically on the way to the North Pole
To the 100th anniversary of the polar expedition led by Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov.
Prepared by: 6A grade student Valeria Morozova
Gymnasium №24
Magadan
History reference
- The time of the expedition is 1912-1914.
- The purpose of the expedition is to reach the North Pole of the Earth.
- For many years, the North Pole has attracted scientists and travelers from many countries, and attempts to reach it have been made repeatedly.
- The conquest of the North Pole was not only an important scientific task, but also served to strengthen the national prestige of the country.
- The Americans Frederick Cook (in 1908) and Robert Peary (in 1909) claimed to have conquered the North Pole, but their claims were questioned and not widely accepted by the public.
- The expedition was funded by private donations.
Expedition plan
- The original plan was to take the expedition members by ship to Rudolf Island, the northernmost island of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, in the autumn of 1912.
- Next, Sedov planned to make a dog sled crossing over drifting ice to the North Pole.
- The total length of a possible crossing over the ice by dog sleds could be about 2,500 km.
The composition of the expedition:
- Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov - leader of the expedition
- Nikolai Petrovich Zakharov - captain of the schooner
- Nikolai Maksimovich Sakharov - navigator
- Janis Zanders and Mārtiņš Zanders – first mechanic and second mechanic, brothers
- Vladimir Yulievich Vize and Mikhail Alekseevich Pavlov - the scientific staff of the expedition, recent graduates of St. Petersburg University (fellow students and, moreover, classmates at the gymnasium)
- P. G. Kushakov - veterinarian, who also performed the duties of a ship's doctor
- Nikolai Vasilyevich Pinegin - artist and photographer, documentary filmmaker
Sedov Georgy Yakovlevich
- Russian hydrographer, polar explorer.
- A native of a fishing family, an officer of the navy, a full member of the Russian Geographical Society, an honorary member of the Russian Astronomical Society.
- Until 1912, he participated in expeditions to study the island of Vaigach, the mouth of the Kara River, Novaya Zemlya, the Kara Sea, the Caspian Sea, the mouth of the Kolyma River and sea approaches to it, Krestovaya Bay
Vladimir Yulievich Vize
- polar explorer, oceanologist, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1933).
- In 1912-1914. Wiese participated in the expedition of Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov.
- Subsequently, a participant and scientific leader of many Soviet Arctic expeditions.
Other members of the expedition
V.Yu. Vize, G.Ya Sedov, P.G. Kushakov, M.A. Pavlov
(sitting on chairs, left to right)
Expedition preparation
- With the funds raised, on July 23, 1912, Sedov rented the old sailing and steam schooner "The Holy Great Martyr Foka" – former Norwegian furry barque Geyser built in 1870. Because of the haste, the ship could not be fully repaired, and the crew was worried about a leak. "The Holy Great Martyr Foka" was equipped with a radio station, but Sedov failed to hire a radio operator, because of which the equipment turned out to be useless and was left in Arkhangelsk.
- On August 19, 1912, it turned out that the carrying capacity of the Foka did not allow taking all the supplies necessary for the expedition. As a result, after partial unloading, part of the food, fuel, drinking water and equipment.
Expedition member V. Yu. Vize wrote:
“Many of the ordered equipment was not ready on time ... A team was hastily recruited, there were few professional sailors in it. Food was hastily purchased, and the Arkhangelsk merchants took advantage of the haste and slipped poor-quality products. Hastily in Arkhangelsk, dogs were bought at a greatly inflated price - simple mongrels. Fortunately, a pack of excellent sled dogs, purchased in advance in Western Siberia, arrived in time.”
Start of the expedition August 27 (August 14 O.S.), 1912, Arkhangelsk
Schooner "Holy Great Martyr Foka". After leaving Arkhangelsk, it was renamed by Sedov to "Mikhail Suvorin", in honor of one of the sponsors of the expedition.
First wintering
- September 15, 1912 at 77° N. sh. "Mikhail Suvorin" met impenetrable ice and could not reach Franz Josef Lands .
- By decision of Sedov, contrary to the original plan – build a winter hut from a log house, land a pole detachment and return to Arkhangelsk – the ship stayed for the winter New Earth in the bay 76° N. sh. 60° in. near the Pankratiev Peninsula. The crew did not have enough warm clothes.
Place of the first wintering
First wintering
- During wintering near the Pankratiev Peninsula, a group of V.Yu. Vize, M.A. Pavlov and two sailors crossed the North Island from the site of the Mikhail Suvorin to Vlasyev Bay on the Kara side. The northeastern coast of Novaya Zemlya was described, and important scientific work was done.
- Sedov, accompanied by sailor A. Inyutin, for the first time rounded the northern tip of the island on a sledge, and also passed from the Pankratiev Peninsula to Cape Zhelaniya.
Place of the first wintering
Second navigation
- September 3, 1913 "Mikhail Suvorin" freed itself from the ice and approached Cape Flora of Northbrook Island ( Franz Josef Land) to Jackson's base. Members of the expedition dismantled the buildings of the base for firewood.
- Without replenishing supplies, on September 17, the expedition went further, but on September 19 it stopped for the second wintering in the bay of the island. Hooker(Franz Josef Land).
- During the winter, the ship did not experience ice compression, and the bay was named Tikhaya.
Archipelago Franz Josef Land
Place of the second wintering
Hooker Island
Second wintering
- For the second wintering, there was not enough fuel and food, the expedition's incorrectly formed diet had an effect. The sickness among the crew intensified. Since January, Sedov hardly left his cabin. The interior of the ship was almost not heated and covered with ice.
V.Yu.Vize wrote:
« Only seven escaped scurvy, eating walrus meat obtained by hunting, drinking hot bear blood. Most, including Sedov, refused such food.
“.. Our main food is porridge and porridge. The most inappropriate food for polar countries.
Second wintering
Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov on board
expedition ship
Second wintering
"Mikhail Suvorin" in the ice
Coast of Hooker Island ( modern photo)
Pole trip
- On February 2, 1914, sick Sedov, together with sailors G. I. Linnik and A. I. Pustoshny, on three dog teams (having only 20 dogs) left Tikhaya Bay to the Pole.
- Wiese, Pinegin and Pavlov accompanied Sedov's group to Cape Markham.
Sailors G. I. Linnik and A. I. Pustoshny
Pole trip
Scheme of movement of the pole group
Death of Sedov
- In the course of the movement, the illness of Georgy Yakovlevich progressed, a week later he could not walk and ordered to tie himself to the sled, but to continue the campaign.
- On February 20, 1914, on the eighteenth day of the campaign, Georgy Yakovlevich died among the ice near Rudolf Island.
- His companions buried the body on Rudolf Island - they wrapped it in two canvas bags, made a cross out of skis and put a flag in the grave, which Sedov intended to set at the North Pole.
- Then they headed back. One of the dogs - Fram - remained at the grave. Linnik and Pustoshny could not catch her and left a small supply of food in the hope that the dog would catch up with them, but Fram did not return.
Return of the expedition
- On the way back, on July 20, 1914, the crew of Mikhail Suvorin at the old Jackson base at Cape Flora (Northbrook Island, Franz Josef Land) accidentally discovered and rescued the only two surviving members of the expedition of G. L. Brusilov: navigator V. I. Albanov and sailor A. E. Konrad.
- On the way to the south, the Mikhail Suvorin experienced a severe shortage of fuel for the steam engine. The crew had to chop furniture, deck superstructures and even bulkheads of the ship for firewood. The ship reached the Rynda fishing camp on Murman on August 15, 1914 in a dilapidated state.
- The members of the expedition made the further way to Arkhangelsk on the regular passenger steamer "Emperor Nicholas II" - at the expense of the captain of the steamer, since none of the polar explorers had money.
The search for the expedition
- By 1914, three Russian Arctic expeditions at once: G. Ya. Sedov, G. L. Brusilov and V. A. Rusanov were considered missing. On January 18, 1914, the Council of Ministers instructed the Naval Ministry to search for them, and several search expeditions were organized.
- To search for the expedition G.Ya. Sedov, for the first time in world history, polar aviation was used: pilot Yan Nagursky on a Farman MF-11 seaplane explored the ice and the coast of Novaya Zemlya for about 1060 km from the air.
Seaplane "Farman MF-11"
Jan Nagursky - the first
polar pilot
Named after G.Ya. Sedov:
Sedovo village,
- hydrographic icebreaker "Georgy Sedov", icebreaking steamer "George Sedov" and barque "Sedov",
- Rostov-on-Don Order of the Badge of Honor Nautical School,
- glacier and cape on Hooker Island (Franz Josef Land archipelago),
- island in the Barents Sea
- a cape in Antarctica, two bays and a peak on Novaya Zemlya,
- Aeroflot aircraft, tail number VP-BKX,
- streets in many cities of Russia and Ukraine.
List of used resources
- Wikipedia - http://ru.wikipedia.org
- Website Sailboats - http://windgammers.narod.ru
- Website of the Russian Geographical Society www.rgo.ru
"Lazarev" - The path to the South Pole. Lazarev was elected an honorary member of the Geographical Society. For the merits of M.P. Lazarev through the rank was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank. Having rounded Cape Horn, the ship returned to Kronstadt on July 15, 1816. The geographical discoveries made by Lazarev are of world-historical significance.
"Travelers of the 19th century" - Kamchatka. "Hope" and "Neva". Amur river. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). Antarctica. Russian travelers in the first half of the 19th century. Japan. Vostok and Mirny. "Baikal". Efim Vasilyevich Putyatin (1804-1883). Sakhalin. F.F. Bellingshausen (1778-1852) Lazarev. "Cruiser". Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876).
"Discoveries" - Humanism was the most important ideological prerequisite for nationalism. Adam Smith. Intensive trade relations with the East. Herbert Spencer. In the history of the West, nation-states have always been in conflict with the Catholic Church. Portuguese colonial system. So, in 1640 the first English fortress was founded. India - Fort St.
"Expeditions" - Three voyages made by J. M. V. Lomonosov did not make a single trip to uncharted countries. Shelekhov Bay. WHERE? The Great Northern Expedition is the largest exploratory expedition in human history. The boat of Peter I is the grandfather of the Russian fleet. The ship "Chelyuskin" in the ice. Ship of Peter I.
"Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern" - Teaching activity. In 1811 - Maritime teacher cadet corps. Son of Judge Johann Friedrich von Krusenstern. I.F. Kruzenshtern and "Hope". Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). I. Kruzenshtern and M. Lisyansky - "Russian Columbuses". First circumnavigation. He died on August 24, 1846, at the dacha Ass, near Tallinn.
"Geographical discoveries" - Enrique the Navigator. Try to guess what are the consequences of the Great geographical discoveries? Choose from the options that you think are correct. Which expeditions are discussed in the documents in the worksheet. Why were the geographical discoveries of the XY-XYI centuries called great? Travel of Vasco da Gama around Africa to India.
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MOU "Sukhosolotinsk basic comprehensive school" Ivnyansky district of the Belgorod region Research work on the topic: “Conquest of the North Pole” Completed by: 8th grade student Alina Bolotina. Leader: teacher of history and geography Pervushina Irina Vitalievna. With. Sukhosolino. 2009.
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1. Purpose and objectives of the study Whoever wants to know the human spirit in its noblest struggle against superstition and darkness, let him leaf through the chronicle of Arctic travels, the history of men who, at a time when wintering in the middle of the polar night threatened certain death, nevertheless walked cheerfully with flying banners to the unknown. F. Nansen
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1. Purpose and objectives of the study May 3, 1877 - March 5, 1914 Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov, a Russian explorer of the Arctic, lived for 36 years. But how much his life has absorbed! This man became one of the symbols of courage, heroism and determination.
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1. The purpose and objectives of the study A brilliant naval officer, a loving and beloved husband - the road to high positions was open before him! Behind him is not one most difficult expedition: to Kolyma, to Novaya Zemlya. This is only preparation for the most important thing he dreamed about, for which he was constantly preparing - for an expedition to the North Pole. The question arose before me: is a trip to the North Pole a feat or a crazy act? Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov did not reach the North Pole, he died. Are such actions and people needed today? In accordance with this purpose of the study, the following task was set for the solution in this work: to determine what was the main stimulus for travel.
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2. Introduction No matter how scarce reliable information about the events of distant antiquity, it can be stated with all certainty that many thousands of years ago mankind already knew that there was the Arctic in the world, a country lying under the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor (in Greek they are called "Arktos"). By the beginning of the 20th century, almost all regions of the Earth had already been explored by geographers. The 20th century is the century of the birth of a new geography, trying to answer the question: "Why is the Earth arranged this way and not otherwise?"
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2. Introduction But even in the 20th century, there were still many "blank spots" on the map of the Earth. First of all - the vast unexplored regions of the Arctic and Antarctica. Knowledge about the Arctic is associated with the names of such great people as Sedov, Brusilov, Rusanov, Chelyuskin, Papanin, Schmidt. The names of the glorious Russian polar explorers cannot be counted, whose only fault was that they were the sons of their era.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole. 3.1. Childhood and youth of Georgy Sedov. Sedov Georgy Yakovlevich - Russian polar explorer and hydrographer was born on May 3, 1877 in the family of an Azov fisherman on the Krivaya Kosa farm (now the village of Sedovo, Donetsk region, Ukraine). The family had nine children. My father went to work and disappeared for years. From the age of 7, Yerka had to fish, go to day labor in the field. "How heavy was this bread, how many tears, how much shame, how many insults!" - Sedov wrote in his autobiography years later. Until the age of 14, he was illiterate, and then, when his father returned, he finished a three-year parochial school in two years and ... ran away from home. "In my heart I firmly decided to enter the nautical classes ... I could not look indifferently at the ships running under sails."
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3. Conquest of the North Pole. 3.1. Childhood and youth of Georgy Sedov In 1898 he graduated from nautical classes in Rostov-on-Don and received the title of long-distance navigation navigator. After 3 years, he passed the exams for the course of the Naval Corps as an external student and was promoted to lieutenant. Then he participated in a hydrographic expedition in the Arctic Ocean. In expeditionary voyages, Sedov proved himself brilliantly. Georgy Yakovlevich becomes assistant to the head of the expedition, but the Russo-Japanese war begins, and he submits a report on his secondment to Far East. Sedov is in command of destroyer No. 48, which is on guard duty in the Amur Bay. And in 1906 he was appointed assistant pilot of the Nikolaev-on-Amur fortress.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole. 3.1. Childhood and youth of Georgy Sedov Of course, Sedov, like all Russian sailors, had a hard time with the inglorious defeat of Tsarist Russia, the death of the squadron in the Tsushima Strait. He had already worked in the White, Barents, Kara Seas, and it seemed to him that the catastrophe could have been avoided if the squadron of Admiral Rozhdestvensky had gone not through the southern route, but through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of Russia. In the Ussuriyskaya Zhizn newspaper, the young hydrographer writes articles in which he emphasizes "the significance of the Northern Ocean Route for Russia" and calls for its development.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole. 3.1. The childhood and youth of Georgy Sedov In 1908, already in St. Petersburg, Sedov published a small pamphlet entitled "Women's Right to the Sea". It sets out a whole program of attracting the "weaker sex" to the naval service: "A woman can be an excellent captain." But not only that! Paphos brochure - the need to provide a Russian woman civil rights generally. Maybe it sounds a little naive and grandiloquent. Maybe that's why many considered him an "upstart"? But I want to note that Sedov was able to maintain a "high-flown" citizenship even in Everyday life; she was his essence.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole 3.1. Georgy Sedov's childhood and youth In Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Georgy Yakovlevich lodged with the Beznosov family and became an unwitting witness to the owner's cruel treatment of his wife and children. Sedov helped the woman free herself from domestic oppression: she moved to Poltava, where the parents of Georgy Yakovlevich lived at that time.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole In the summer of 1910, just before the expedition to Novaya Zemlya, Sedov got married. He loved his wife Vera Valerianovna madly. “I kiss you countless times, I hug you, I press you, my sun, my bright star, my slippery ice floe”: this is how Sedov wrote in letters to his wife. So tenderly and reverently he treated his wife, carrying through his whole life his love for Vera.
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3. The Conquest of the North Pole Sedov's words have never been at odds with deeds. And when in 1912, before the start of the polar expedition, he writes: "The Russian people must bring a little money for this national cause, but I bring life," these will not be just words, but a deep inner conviction. The Pole became the goal of his life, and he, as always, was ready to go to the end. Sedov first thought about reaching the Pole back in 1903, when he met members of the American Ziegler-Fiala Pole Expedition in Arkhangelsk. But then there was the war, then the Far East.
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3. The conquest of the North Pole On March 9, 1912, he submits a memorandum to the head of the Main Hydrographic Directorate, Lieutenant General A.I. by all means leave the honor of discovery behind Norway and the North Pole. He wants to go in 1913, and we will go this year and prove to the whole world that the Russians are capable of this feat ... "
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3. Conquest of the North Pole At first everything went well. Newspapers enthusiastically accepted the plan of the First Russian Expedition to the North Pole. “For Russia and the Russian people to have the honor of discovering the North Pole, one cannot be indifferent to this idea,” wrote P.P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, vice-president of the Russian Geographical Society. Sedov was supported by A. I. Vilkitsky, the Minister of Marine of Russia I. K. Grigorovich. And the king himself reacted sympathetically to the plan of the expedition. Sedov was granted a two-year leave with pay.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole elite. Sedov was asked what was the basis of his confidence that the Pole would be reached? What is his guarantee? His words sounded distinctly and calmly: - My life. She is the only way I can guarantee the seriousness of my attempt. However, soon Georgy Yakovlevich was in for a bitter disappointment.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole By 1912, Georgy Yakovlevich had worked a lot and successfully in the North, but he did not know the winter Arctic, had no experience of moving on drifting ice. This is where all the failures of his plan came from. According to Sedov's plan, only three people with thirty-nine dogs were supposed to make the transition to the pole. In addition, in an effort to "get ahead" of Amundsen, Georgy Yakovlevich scheduled the expedition to leave on July 1. There was clearly not enough time for preparation. At the end of May, Sedov prepared a new expedition plan. The number of dogs now increased to 60. The entire trip to the Pole and back was now to last 172 days - almost 6 months!
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3. Conquest of the North Pole The government refused to allocate money for the expedition. Maybe announce a subscription? Advertisements are printed in newspapers. Someone donates 100 rubles, someone a few kopecks, the issue of postcards, commemorative gold, silver and bronze tokens with the inscription “To the donor for the expedition senior. late. Sedov to the North Pole.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole To the Arctic, except for G.Ya. Sedov went 21 crew members. For the expedition, Sedov chose the ship "Holy Martyr Foka" (motor-sailing schooner), on which he left Arkhangelsk on August 14, 1912 and rushed to the north.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole According to the plan, "Fok" was supposed to deliver the Sedov detachment to Franz Josef Land and return to Arkhangelsk. However, due to the late exit, the plan failed. The ship was iced over off the northwestern coast of Novaya Zemlya.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole The winter months were filled with serious scientific work. A detailed survey was made of the nearest islands and coastline up to Cape Vlissingen. Research has been carried out in meteorology, geology, hydrology, and glaciology. Collected collection of flora and fauna. This wintering was not easy: there were not enough warm clothes, many of the most necessary "little things" were missing. Due to the haste during the collection, no one even knew what was taken, and what they did not have time to receive. It turned out that the suppliers severely deceived Sedov. In spite of everything, Georgy Yakovlevich did not lose courage and even thought about going to the pole directly from Novaya Zemlya.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole The ship was running out of coal. Summer flashed by, and the ice still held the Foca captive. Many members of the expedition developed scurvy. The stoves were stoked with the remains of containers, bulkheads between cabins and the fat of marine animals. Food was obtained by hunting. Under these conditions, the members of the expedition continued to conduct scientific observations, explored the nearby islands. Georgy Yakovlevich, possessing great energy and a cheerful, cheerful character, did not allow the team and members of the expedition to become discouraged. He was inexhaustible in inventions, encouraged people with a joke, a kind, sympathetic word.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole Some of the members of the expedition, frightened by difficulties, persuaded Sedov to turn back. But the traveler was unshakable. To return without fulfilling his duty, he could not, did not want to. In the diary of Georgy Yakovlevich, a short expressive phrase appeared: "Only he is worthy of life who is always ready for death."
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3. Conquest of the North Pole own life deliver the Russian flag to the North Pole. Before leaving, he addressed the members of the expedition: “Now we will begin a new attempt by the Russians to reach the North Pole. Today is a great day for us and for Russia. We will fulfill our duty. Our goal is to reach the Pole, everything possible will be done to achieve it.” February 15, 1914 Serov, accompanied by sailors G.I. Linnik and A.I. The Hollow left the ship and headed north.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole The way to the north turned out to be incredibly difficult. On the seventh day of the journey, Sedov's illness worsened, he could no longer move on his own. The sailors laid the head of the expedition, falling into oblivion, on a sledge, but the movement to the north continued. Not far from Rudolf Island, exhausted travelers were forced to stop for a rest. Sedov was getting worse and worse. On March 5, 1914, Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov died.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole By this time Russia had entered the First world war so the return of the expedition did not attract public attention. Moreover, the members of the expedition were practically abandoned to the mercy of fate, not paying salaries for two years of selfless work. The richest scientific materials brought by the expedition were not sorted out either. The flagpole and fragments of the flag that Sedov sought to hoist at the Pole were found in 1938.
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3. Conquest of the North Pole And in 1977, the Sedov flagpole did visit the Pole, it was delivered there by the nuclear icebreaker Arktika.
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4. Research results It is difficult to answer this question. Didn't it look like a "crazy attempt" to sail to Franz Josef Land with a supply of coal for two days? But they have arrived! Perhaps feat is too strong a word. But there was in him some kind of all-destroying inner strength, the desire to do what seemed impossible for others. For Sedov, a feat is an honest fulfillment of a duty, obligations assumed. Not everyone and not always find the strength in themselves for this. That is why they call a feat what seems impossible for most people, and sometimes insane ... "We sing a song to the madness of the brave ..." We sing because only courage gives birth to courage. Cowardly caution is fruitless.
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6. List of used literature 1. Vize V. Yu. "Russian Navigators" M., 1953. 2. Seleznev S. A. "The First Russian Expedition to the North Pole" Arkhangelsk, 1964. 3. Muromov. I.A. "100 great travelers" "Veche" Moscow, 2000 4. Pinegin N. V. "Georgy Sedov (1877-1914)" M. - L., 1953 5. Chernyakhovsky F. I. "Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov" Arkhangelsk, 1956 6 .Materials of the site http://rgo.ru
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In August 2012, it was 100 years since the day when Senior Lieutenant Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov went on his last expedition - the first Russian expedition to the North Pole Hayslide 2
Foreword Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov is a Russian hydrographer, polar explorer, senior lieutenant, explorer of the Arctic. This man became one of the symbols of courage, heroism and determination. Sedov became an educated officer, an expert in maritime affairs. A brilliant naval officer, a loving and beloved husband - the road to high positions was open before him! Behind him is not one most difficult expedition: to Kolyma, to Novaya Zemlya. This is only preparation for the most important thing he dreamed about, for which he was constantly preparing - for an expedition to the North Pole.
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Childhood Georgy Sedov was born on April 23 (May 5), 1977 in the family of an Azov fisherman from the Krivoy Spit (Donskoy Region). The family had nine children. From the age of eight he was engaged in fishing with his father, went to day work, worked in the field. After his father left to work, the family began to starve, after which George was given as a farm laborer to a wealthy Cossack, for whom he worked for food. At the Cossack's, the boy grazed bulls, winnowed grain, and carried loads.
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Youth At a young age, a dream was formed to be a sea captain, and after a conversation with a young captain of a schooner moored on the pier of the Krivoy Spit, the dream grew stronger, and the young man firmly decided to enter the nautical classes of Taganrog or Rostov-on-Don. Parents were against the study of their son.
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Adolescence In 1891, at the age of 14, George entered the parochial school, in two years he completed a three-year course. At school, he was the first student, an unofficial teacher's assistant, a senior in the military gymnastics system and received a certificate of merit at the end.
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Study In 1894, Sedov left his family and got to Taganrog, and from there by steamer to Rostov-on-Don. On November 13, Georgy Sedov entered the Nautical Classes named after Count Kotzebue in Rostov-on-Don. After three years of training in nautical classes, in 1899 Sedov received a diploma as a coastal navigation navigator. On March 14, 1899, in Poti, he passed the exam and received a diploma as a sea navigator.
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Diploma for the title of long-distance navigation navigator, received by Sedov in the city of Poti in March 1899 at the end of the Poti nautical classes
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Service In 1901, he passed the exams for the course of the Naval Corps as an external student and was promoted to lieutenant. In 1902 - 1903 he participated in a hydrographic expedition in the Arctic Ocean. During Russo-Japanese War(in 1905) commanded a destroyer. In 1909 - head of the expedition for the inventory of the mouth of the river. Kolyma. In 1910 he explored Krestovaya Guba on Novaya Zemlya. In 1912, he came up with a project for a sleigh expedition to the North Pole, but the government refused to allocate funds, and the expedition was organized with private funds.
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Wedding In 1909, Sedov met his future wife, ballerina of the Imperial Mariinsky Theater Vera Valerianovna Mai-Maevskaya. In July 1910, he married her in the Admiralty Cathedral of St. Petersburg, located in the building of the Main Admiralty.
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Lieutenant Sedov goes to the Pole polar expedition Lieutenant Sedov on the ship "St. Martyr Fock" began on August 27 (14), 1912. This was the last attempt to reach the North Pole on ice by dog sled. The plan of the expedition provided that its participants would be delivered to Franz Josef Land in 1912 on a ship, which would return to the mainland in the same year. In 1913, with the onset of daylight, the polar party will set out on a campaign, reach the North Pole and return back to Franz Josef Land or, in extreme cases, to Greenland.
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While preparing for the expedition to the North Pole. Sitting (on chairs, from left to right): V. Yu. Vize, G. Ya. Sedov, P. G. Kushakov, M. A. Pavlov. Arkhangelsk. 1912
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Seeing the expedition of Georgy Sedov. Ahead of Sedov with the icon is the mayor. Arkhangelsk. 1912
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Georgy Sedov with his wife Vera Valeryanovna aboard the St. Foka. On the right is Sosnovskaya, the wife of the Arkhangelsk governor. Arkhangelsk. 1912
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G. Ya. Sedov with members of the team receives guests on board the expedition ship “St. Foca. Arkhangelsk. 1912
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Schematic representation of the route of the schooner "Mikhail Suvorin" ("Holy Great Martyr Foka") in 1912-1914
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On the ship "Mikhail Suvorin" ("St. Foka"). From left to right: head of the expedition G. Ya. Sedov, navigator N. M. Sakharov, geologist M. A. Pavlov, captain N. P. Zakharov, P. G. Kushakov, N. V. Pinegin, V. Yu. Vize