The infinitive (der Infinitiv) in a German sentence is not only part of a complex predicate, it can act as a function of various members of the sentence. At the same time, the infinitive, distributed by words dependent on it, as a rule, is separated in writing by a comma. The reflexive pronoun sich as part of an infinitive group isolated in this way usually comes first, for example:
Wir haben in der Klasse ausgemacht, uns am Sonntag in dem Stadtpark zu treffen.
In class, we agreed to meet on Sunday in the city park.
It is always necessary to pay attention to the ways of translating infinitive constructions, since in some cases a syntactically adequate translation into Russian, that is, such a translation in which the German syntactic construction would be copied, turns out to be impossible.
So, the infinitive in a German sentence can act as:
1) Subject:
Infinitive 1 Active:
Es ist ein grosses Vergnägen, zu reiten.
With direct word order, Infinitiv 1 Aktiv, which is not distributed by words dependent on it, does not have the particle zu in this function (the role of the subject) and is not separated by a comma:
Reiten ist ein grosses Vergnägen.
Riding is great fun.
But: Im Trab scharf zu reiten, ist ein grosses Vergn?gen.
Riding at a fast trot is a great pleasure.
Infinitive 1 Passive:
Es ist eine grosse Ehre, mit einem Film-“Oskar” ausgezeichnet zu werden.
It is a great honor to be awarded an Oscar film award.
Infinitiv 2 Aktiv (rarely used):
Den einzigen möglichen Ausweg aus dieser schweren Situation gefunden zu haben, war für ihn, ehrlich gesagt, eine grosse Erleichterung.
Honestly, the fact that he found the only possible way out of a difficult situation was a great relief for him.
Definitions: (only after the noun being defined)
Infinitiv 1 Aktiv (rarely used):
Vielleicht haben Sie die Absicht, auch unsere Vororte mit ihren sch?nen Pal?sten und Parks zu besuchen?
Perhaps you intend to visit also our suburbs with their beautiful palaces and parks?
Von Kindheit an war es Giselas Wunschtraum, Pianistin zu werden.
Since childhood, Gisela's biggest dream was to become a pianist.
Er hat auch den Anspruch erhoben, seinen Teil der Erbschaft von Onkel Klaus zu bekommen.
He, too, put forward demands for his share of Uncle Klaus' inheritance.
Infinitive 1 Passive:
Jeder B?rger dieser Stadt hat das Recht, ausgew?hlt zu werden.
Every citizen of this city has the right to be elected.
Infinitive 2 Active:
Der Gedanke, damals nicht sein M?glichstes getan zu haben, qu?lte den alten Kapit?n Olaf.
The thought that he had not done his best then tormented old Captain Olaf.
Dember?hmten russischen Gelehrten D. I. Mendelejew geb?hrt das Verdienst, das Periodische System der chemischen Elemente aufgestellt zu haben.
The famous Russian scientist D. I. Mendeleev is credited with creating the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements.
Additions: both after transitive verbs and after verbs that require a prepositional object; in the latter case, the infinitive may be preceded by a corresponding pronominal adverb.
Infinitive 1 Active:
Marion war von Herzen froh (dar?ber), in diem schrecklichen halbzerst?rten Haus nicht allein zu sein.
Marion was glad from the bottom of her heart that she was not alone in this terrible dilapidated house.
Die Schöler bitten den Schriftsteller (darum), ihnen eine seiner spannenden Geschichten zu erz?hlen.
The students ask the writer to tell them one of his fascinating stories.
Infinitive 1 Passive:
Jedenfalls hoffen wir darauf, vom Bahnhof abgeholt zu werden.
In any case, we hope that they will meet us at the station.
Infinitive 2 Active:
Der junge Gelehrte war v?llig?berzeugt, die richtige L?sung dieses schweren Problems gefunden zu haben.
The young scientist was absolutely convinced that he had found the right solution to this complex problem.
Es tut mir wirklich leid, dich nicht fr?her informiert zu haben.
I'm really sorry I didn't inform you sooner.
Er war damals sicher, in seinem Leben nur einmal ein ?hnliches Gef?hl empfunden zu haben.
Then he was sure that only once experienced such a feeling.
Infinitive 2 Passive:
Er erinnerte sich, von diesem grossen Professor schon fr?her einmal behandelt worden zu sein.
He remembered that he had already been treated once before by this great professor.
4) Circumstances: in this function it is especially common in allied infinitive turns um... + zu + Infinitiv, (an)statt... + zu + Infinitiv, ohne... + zu + Infinitiv.
The infinitive turnover um... + zu + Infinitiv most often has a target value and, when translated into Russian, is introduced by the union “(in order) to”, for example:
Er f?hrt nach Moskau, um seine Eltern zu besuchen.
He goes to Moscow (in order) to visit his parents.
Beeile dich, um zum Unterricht nicht zu sp?t zu kommen.
Hurry up so you don't be late for class.
Ich bin hierher gekommen, um dir etwas Wichtiges?ber deine Familie mitzuteilen.
I came here (in order) to tell you something important about your family.
The infinitive turnover (an)statt... + zu + Infinitiv performs the function of the circumstance of the mode of action in the German sentence and when translated into Russian is introduced by the conjunction “instead of”, for example:
Statt jemanden um Rat zu fragen, handelte er selbständig.
Instead of asking anyone for advice, he acted on his own.
Anstatt dem Verletzten zu helfen, fl?chtete der Fahrer mit seinem Wagen.
Instead of helping the victim, the driver fled in his car.
Warum siehst du eigentlich fern, anstatt deine Hausaufgaben zu machen?
Why are you watching TV instead of doing your homework?
The infinitive turnover ohne... + zu + Infinitiv1 or ohne... + zu + Infinitiv 2 has as a correspondence in Russian participial turnover with the negation of "not". The first infinitive (der Infinitiv 1) is translated into Russian as a present participle, and the second infinitive (der Infinitiv 2) as a past participle. For example:
Nachdenklich sa? der Alte in der Ecke, ohne jemanden anzusehen.
The old man sat thoughtfully in a corner, not looking at anyone.
Chapter 6. Passive Voice (das Passiv)
common data
The German verb has two voices - active (das Aktiv) and passive (das Passiv). Active and passive voices differ from each other primarily in the direction of action: whether the action comes from the subject in the sentence or whether it is directed to the subject. The pledge depends on the nature of the subject: whether the subject is an active actor or an object to which the action is directed.
If in a sentence the action comes from the subject, and the subject itself is, accordingly, an active actor, then the verb is in the active voice and the sentence is called active (der active Satz).
We are writing.
If in a sentence the action is directed to the subject, and the subject, respectively, is not an active actor, but only the object to which the action is directed, then the verb is in the passive voice, and the sentence is called passive.
Der Text wird geschrieben.
Literally: the text is being written.
The text is written.
In German, the passive voice is a very common phenomenon, however, such sentences are most often translated into Russian as active. So it is in the last example. The German passive sentence "Der Text wird geschrieben" corresponds to the Russian active sentence "The text is being written".
Formation of the passive voice
All transitive verbs (except the verbs haben (to have), besitzen (to possess, own), bekommen (to receive), wissen (to know), erfahren (to learn), interessieren (to be interested), enthalten (to contain), kosten (to try), kennen ( know), treffen (meet) and some others) form the passive voice.
The passive verb has the same tenses as the active voice. The temporary forms of the passive voice are complex and are formed with the help of the auxiliary verb werden in the corresponding tense form and the second participle (das Partizip 2) of the semantic verb.
Passiv = werden (corresponding time) + Partizip 2.
In compound tenses das Perfekt and das Plusquamperfekt, where it is necessary to choose from two auxiliary verbs (haben or sein), the auxiliary verb is always sein. The two auxiliary verbs in such sentences should not be confused. One of them belongs to the passive voice (this is the verb werden), and the second is necessary for the formation of a compound tense (this is either sein or haben).
The three main forms of the verb werden are: werden - wurde - geworden. However, in Perfekt and Plusquamperfekt, the passive form is abbreviated "worden" instead of "geworden".
So, the passive voice forms temporary forms as follows:
Pr?sens Passive:
Der Text wird zweimal vorgelesen.
The text was read twice.
Text is read twice
Préteritum Passive:
Der Text wurde zweimal vorgelesen.
The text was read twice.
The text was read twice.
Perfect passive:
Der Text ist zweimal vorgelesen worden.
The text was read twice.
The text was read twice.
Plusquamperfekt passive:
Der Text war zweimal vorgelesen worden.
The text was read twice.
The text was read twice.
Nachdem der Text zweimal vorgelesen worden war, schrieben wir eine Nacherzlung.
After the text was read twice, we wrote a retelling.
Futurum passive:
Morgen wird uns ein neuer Text vorgelesen werden.
Tomorrow we will read a new text.
To transfer the future tense in the passive voice, the Pr?sens Passiv form is most often used instead of the Futurum Passiv form.
In the passive voice, two infinitive forms are formed: this is the first infinitive in the passive voice and the second infinitive in the passive voice. The first infinitive (der Infinitiv 1) forms the passive voice with the help of the first infinitive of the auxiliary verb werden and the second participle (das Partizip 2) of the semantic verb: gemalt werden (to be drawn).
The second infinitive (der Infinitiv 2) forms the passive voice with the help of the second infinitive of the auxiliary verb werden and the second participle (das Partizip 2) of the semantic verb: gemalt worden sein (to be drawn).
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AT English language infinitive(Infinitive) - this is, which denotes an action, but does not indicate a person and a number. In Russian, the English infinitive corresponds to the indefinite form of the verb, which answers the questions “what to do? what to do?": to live - to live.
The formal sign of the infinitive is the particle to:
to write- write, to read- read, to drink- drink, to think- think.
If the verb is preceded by a particle to, then in front of you is the infinitive (or the indefinite form of the verb). Sometimes the infinitive can be used without a particle to.
The negative form is formed by a particle not, which is placed before the infinitive: not to use - do not use.
It is difficult to use
.- Difficult use.
It is difficult not to use
.- Difficult do not use.
Infinitive forms
In English, the infinitive has 6 forms (unlike Russian, which has only one form). To understand well the meanings of the forms of the infinitive, it is necessary to have an idea of \u200b\u200band the verb.
Simple infinitive. Indefinite Infinitive
infinitive in the form Indefinite (Simple) or simple infinitive is the basic form and represents the verb in the dictionary (for convenience, in the dictionary the particle to often omitted). This form of the infinitive belongs to the same tense as the verb that precedes it.
I was happy to see her. — I was glad to see her (simple active infinitive).
The child didn't like to be washed. - The child did not like being washed (a simple infinitive in the passive voice).
Compare the use of the simple infinitive in active and passive voice: to help - to be helped
I am happy to help you. - I am glad to help. (I'm glad I'm helping).
I am happy to be helped. - I'm glad they're helping me.
Perfect infinitive. Perfect Infinitive
infinitive in the form Perfect or perfect infinitive denotes an action that precedes the action of the verb-predicate.
I was very happy to have met you. — I am very glad that I met you (active perfect infinitive).
Sorry not to have noticed you. — I'm sorry I didn't notice you (active perfect infinitive).
The child was happy to have been brought to the circle. The child was happy to be taken to the circus (passive perfect infinitive).
Compare the use of a simple (Simple Infinitive) and a perfect (Perfect Infinitive) infinitive in the active voice: to see - to have seen
I am happy to see you. - Glad to see you. (Glad to see you.)
I am happy to have seen you. - I'm glad I saw you.
Long infinitive. Continuous Infinitive
infinitive in the form continuous or long infinitive emphasizes the duration of the action that occurs simultaneously with the action of the verb-predicate. This form is used only in the active voice.
He seems to be writing something. - He seems to be writing something now (long infinitive in the active voice).
Perfectly continuous infinitive. Perfect Continuous Infinitive
infinitive in the form Perfect Continuous or perfect continuous infinitive emphasizes that the action began earlier than the action of the verb-predicate, lasted for some period of time and is still going on. This form is also not used in the passive voice.
He seemed to have been writing all day. He seemed to have been writing all day.
Forms of the infinitive in the table
| Meaning different forms infinitive in the table | ||
| Infinitive forms | What am I happy about? | |
| Simple | I am happy to speak to you. | Glad to talk to you. (I always rejoice when I talk to you). |
| continuous | I am happy to be speaking to you. | I'm glad I'm talking to you now. |
| Perfect | I am happy to have spoken to you. | I'm glad I talked to you. |
| Perfect Continuous | I am happy to have been speaking to you. | I am glad that I have been talking to you for a long time (all this time). |
| simple passive | I am (always) glad to be told the news. | I'm always glad when they tell me the news. |
| Perfect Passive | I am happy to have been told the news. | I'm glad I got the news. |
The use of the infinitive without the particle to
Most often, the infinitive in English is used with the particle to, but there are cases when the particle to not used before the infinitive.
The infinitive is used without particle to in the following cases:
- After can, could, must, may, might, will, shall, should, would and need (in the value of modal). Exceptions are modal verbs have to, ought to, be to.
- AT complex addition after verbs of sense perception feel(feel), hear(hear), see(see), watch(observe), notice(notice):
I saw him leave the office. — I saw him leave the office.
But: if the listed verbs feel, see, hear, watch, notice are used in the passive voice, then the infinitive is preceded by a particle to:
I heard him go down the stairs. — I heard him come down the stairs.He was seen to leave the office. We saw him leave the office.
- In complex addition after verbs make(meaning "force, compel") and let(meaning "permit, allow"). Again, if these verbs are in the passive voice, then the infinitive is used with the particle to.
I can't make you take this medicine. “I can't force you to take this medicine.
We let her go to the party. We let her go to the party.
She was made to rewrite the test. - She was forced to rewrite the test (was made is a passive verb). - After the verb help(to help) the infinitive can also be used with the particle to, and without it. Both options are acceptable, while the option without to less formal.
The topic of using the infinitive is quite complex and voluminous and requires special attention, if only because the cases of its use do not always coincide with the cases of using the indefinite form of the verb in Russian. To study this topic is simply necessary for those who want to speak English at a high level. So, the forms of the infinitive and the cases of its use.
Topic: Impersonal forms of the verb. Infinitive. Gerund. Communions.Infinitive/-ing form/Pariciple
Lesson: Infinitive. Infinitive. Forms of the infinitive and its functions in a sentence
Infinitive is the form of the verb, which in English consists of the particle to and the verb.
Example: to do, to have, to see
The infinitive (indefinite form of the verb) in Russian and English have similar properties, but English infinitive There are a number of features that somewhat complicate its development by a Russian-speaking person.
The infinitive has the properties of a verb:
1. p. 158, ex. 1, 2, Kaufman K.I., Kaufman M.Yu. English language ( a basic level of). - Title, 2010.
2. Put the verbs in the appropriate infinitive forms.
1. My boss expects me (to work) overtime.
2. The suspect claimed (to watch) TV at the time of the robbery.
3. Jill's teacher is worried about her as she seems (to have) difficulty coping with her studies.
4. ‘I happen (to pass) my driving test two years ago, you know,’ he said.
5. Robert is expecting (to inherit) a large house when his grandfather dies.
6. Leslie seems (to enjoy) her new job.
7. I'd like (to book) a return ticket to Denver, please.
8. The manager seems (to get) impatient with the interviewee.
3. * ex. 375, 376. Golitsynsky Yu.B., Grammar. Collection of exercises. - Karo, 2011.
The infinitive in the form Indefinite (both Active and Passive) is used when the action it expresses:
1. Simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb in the personal form:
I am happy to see you. I'm glad to see you.
I saw him enter the house. I saw him enter the house.
2 Refers to the future tense. The infinitive in these cases is used after modal verbs may, must, should, ought and after verbs toexpect expect, tointend mean,tohope hope,to wantto want and some others:
He may come tomorrow. He might come tomorrow.
I hope tosee him at the concert. I hope to see him in concert.
3. Regardless of the time of its commission:
Thatskate is pleasant. Skating is nice.
Note. The form Indefinite Infinitive Active is used to form complex forms of tenses, namely:
1. Negative and interrogative form Present and Past Indefinite.
He does not take English lessons. Does he take English lessons?
2. Future Indefinite and Future Indefinite in the Past:
I shall do it. I said that I should do it.
The Perfect infinitive (both Active and Passive) is used:
1. To denote an action preceding an action expressed by a verb in a personal form:
2. After modal verbs must and may to express the assumption that the action has already taken place:
Not a must have forgotten about it. He must have forgotten about it.
3. After modal verbs should, would, could, might, ought and was (were) to indicate an action that should have or could have taken place, but in reality did not take place:
Shouldn't (ought to) have gone there . He should have gone there (but he didn't).
Was not to have come yesterday. He was supposed to come yesterday (but didn't).
4. After the past tense of verbs tointend, to expect, tomean to denote an action that, contrary to intention, hope, expectation, did not take place.
I hoped to have met him there. I hoped to meet him there (but did not).
2.1.4. Continuous and Perfect Continuous Infinitive
The infinitive in the Continuous form is used to express a long action, simultaneous with the action expressed by the verb in the personal form:
Functions of the infinitive
|
Example and translation |
|
|
1. Subject |
Thatobtain these data is necessary for our further work. Getting this data - necessary condition for our future work. |
|
2. Part of the compound nominal predicate |
His aim is to obtain these data. Its purpose is to obtain this data. |
|
3.Addition |
The professor asked the students to make the experiment. The professor asked the students to conduct an experiment. |
|
4. Circumstance of purpose |
Thatobtain the reliable data it is necessary to make a lot of experiments. To get reliable results, you need to do a lot of experiments. |
|
5. Circumstance of the investigation |
The method is not accurate enough to give reliable results. This method is not accurate enough to give reliable results. |
|
6 Definition |
The device to be used has been carefully examined. The instrument to be used has been thoroughly tested. Was not the first to apply the new method of work. He first adopted a new way of working . |
Infinitive in English is an impersonal form of the English verb, which denotes only an action, indicating neither person nor number. The infinitive answers the questions: what to do? what to do?
To speak - speak
In Russian, the infinitive is often called indefinite form of the verb. It is the infinitive that is given in dictionaries as the initial form of the verb.
The formal sign of the infinitive in English is the particle to, which is omitted before the infinitive in some cases.
I was happy to see the car stop.
I was glad to see that the car had stopped.
He must leave before 11 a.m.
He must leave before 11 am.
Infinitive forms
The infinitive in English has four forms in the active (active) voice and two in the passive (passive). Passive forms have only a simple and perfect infinitive of transitive verbs, i.e. verbs used with an object:
- Simple infinitive in the active voice:
pauline likes to write letters.
Polina loves to write letters.
- Continued infinitive:
What is Pauline doing? She must be writing a letter.
What is Polina doing? She must be writing a letter.
- Perfect infinitive in the active voice:
Pauline is glad to have written that letter.
Polina is glad that she wrote this letter.
- Perfect Continuous Infinitive:
Pauline must have been writing that letter since morning.
Polina must have been writing a letter since morning.
- Simple passive infinitive:
This letter seems to be written in pencil.
It looks like this letter was written in pencil.
- Perfect infinitive in the passive voice:
The forms of the infinitive clearly reflect the relationship with the verb-predicate in the sentence.
Simple infinitive in real and passive voice is used when the action that it expresses either occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb-predicate in a personal form, or is irrelevant to the time of the action:
I am happy to see you. (simultaneous action)
I'm glad to see you.
I like to be given gifts.(action irrespective of time)
I like it when they give me gifts.
To show that an action is in the future, the simple infinitive is used after modal verbs. may, must, should, ought to and after verbs to expect- expect, to intend- to intend to hope- hope to want- want, etc. For example:
You may come tomorrow.
You can come tomorrow.
He must do it immediately.
He must do it immediately.
You should put on a warm hat.
You should wear a warm hat.
I expect to see you next week.
I expect to see you next week.
I intend to go to the seaside this summer.
I intend to go to the sea this summer.
I hope to find him at home.
I hope to find him at home.
Continuous infinitive emphasizes the duration of the action, simultaneous with the verb-predicate:
The form perfect continuous infinitive indicates that the action expressed by the infinitive began before the action expressed by the verb-predicate, and continues to this day:
She seems to have been cooking since morning.
She seems to have been cooking since morning.
Infinitive in perfect form is used to denote an action preceding the action expressed by the verb-predicate:
I'm sorry not to have told you about it earlier.
I'm sorry I didn't tell you about this earlier.
Perfect infinitive after modal verbs must and may expresses the assumption that the action has already taken place:
After modal verbs should, ought to, could, might, was/ were The perfect infinitive denotes an action that should have or could have taken place, but actually did not happen.