Forced feeding. Sentsov's hunger strike - from the point of view of the law. Standard polymer blends

A person behind bars has few ways to express and defend his position. The most extreme of them is the hunger strike. Refusing food, the prisoner demonstrates that he is ready to sacrifice his life and health for the sake of his truth and his honor.

The hunger strikes of Soviet-era dissidents became a challenge to the Soviet system and a way to show the world that they did not give up their beliefs in prison or camp. In the seventies, this was the only way for a disenfranchised political prisoner not to let his dignity be trampled on. Naturally, this negatively affected their health. Suffice it to recall the tragic fate of the brilliant poet Vasil Stus, who died on September 4, 1985 during a dry hunger strike in a Mordovian camp.

In independent Ukraine, the authorities have become "more careful" about the starving prisoners. A special instruction was issued, according to which they can even be force-fed - in case the state of health becomes threatening.

It would seem that forced feeding is a way to save life and health. But it's not. Not only does force-feeding deprive the prisoner of the opportunity to defend his rights and honor with the help of hunger. According to doctors, the very fact of force-feeding a person who has entered the so-called "stationary phase" of hunger is extremely harmful to the body and only increases the severe pangs of hunger. In addition, the procedure itself is mocking, in which handcuffs, a mouth expander, a watering can and "the required number of junior inspectors" are used. In force-feeding, food in liquid form is fed through a tube-probe, which is introduced into the stomach of the prisoner through the mouth or preferably through the nose. What injuries this procedure can end in is written in the same place, in the instructions. According to doctors, regular "feeding" in this way will inevitably end in failure.

Back in 2005, the European Court of Human Rights (the case of Nevmerzhitsky v. Ukraine) recognized the practice of such force-feeding as a form of torture. Eight years have passed, but the same instruction on force-feeding, contrary to the requirements of international conventions and Ukrainian legislation, is still in force.

When Yuriy Lutsenko was starving. Luckily the hunger strike former minister did not go to any comparison with the dry hunger strike of Stus. But if Yury Vitalyevich did not wash down the paska with sweet tea, but was really starving, then he would have every chance to experience the effect of a mouth expander, a probe and junior inspectors with a watering can.

So far only one Ukrainian politician"major league", Arseniy Yatsenyuk, attended to the conditions of detention in a pre-trial detention center before he himself became a prisoner. Igor Markov, being a people's deputy, had the opportunity, at least by his requests, to accelerate the process of humanizing the conditions of detention of prisoners and the abolition of sadistic instructions. Unfortunately, this did not happen, and I hope that the current situation will serve as a lesson for his colleagues. After all, as you know, they don’t renounce prison and scrip ...

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

force feeding- a violent procedure for introducing food into the body, which is now used primarily for fattening geese and ducks, but has also been applied and is being applied to people, representing the practice of feeding against their will. Forced feeding is carried out with the help of special tubes (Eng. Gavage), which are injected through the nose or mouth into the esophagus. Such nutrition can also be provided for medical reasons, and not just because the person deliberately refuses to eat. In some cases, force-feeding is possible due to mental disorders when the patient refuses to eat due to the belief that the food is poisonous.

Force-feeding in prisons

This practice was widely used in prisons during prisoner hunger strikes, but the Tokyo Declaration of the World Health Organization of 1975 forbade the force-feeding of prisoners under certain conditions. According to this declaration, if a prisoner refuses to eat, feeding may be stopped, but only if at least two independent doctors confirm that the prisoner can reasonably and calmly consider the consequences of his refusal to eat, which doctors are obliged to explain to him.

Great Britain

USA

In Lantz v. Coleman, in 2009, a Connecticut court in the United States held that State Penitentiary Officer Teresa Lantz had rightfully authorized the force-feeding of inmate William Coleman (a British national convicted in the United States for rape).

UN

European Court of Human Rights

Russia

Force-feeding girls in Africa

In some regions of Africa and the Middle East, overweight women are considered more elegant, beautiful and sensual. Thus, in these countries, a special diet leading to obesity, applied to girls from an early age, is common. Mothers force girls to consume a large number of food so that they gain a lot of weight by marriageable age. Tubes are also used for force-feeding. To date, this practice is most common in Mauritania and Nigeria, where girls are especially fattened in the last months before marriage. In Mauritania, girls are forced to eat the fat from camel humps, which quickly causes dramatic weight gain. If girls refuse to eat, they are explained the need for this, and sometimes they are punished physically - for example, they beat them or pinch their fingers between two pieces of wood. There is a movement in contemporary Mauritania to abolish this custom, but it is a traditional practice that has taken root and is still present and an integral part of Nigerian and Mauritanian culture.

Forced fattening of animals

Force-fatting animals to gain weight is a widespread practice - camels, calves, chickens, and so on. Ducks and geese bred for the production of foie gras - enlarged livers - are especially heavily fattened. AT different countries there are tendencies to ban forced feeding of animals as a practice that causes suffering.

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing Force-feeding

Princess Mary, sitting in the drawing room and listening to these talk and gossip of the old people, did not understand anything from what she heard; she only thought about whether all the guests noticed her father's hostile attitude towards her. She did not even notice the special attention and courtesies that Drubetskoy, who had been in their house for the third time, had shown her throughout this dinner.
Princess Mary with an absent-minded, questioning look turned to Pierre, who, the last of the guests, with a hat in his hand and with a smile on his face, approached her after the prince had left, and they were left alone in the living room.
- Can I sit still? - he said, with his thick body falling into an armchair near Princess Marya.
“Oh yes,” she said. "Didn't you notice anything?" said her look.
Pierre was in a pleasant state of mind after dinner. He looked ahead of him and smiled softly.
- You've known this for a long time. young man, princess? - he said.
- What?
- Drubetskoy?
No, recently...
- What do you like about him?
- Yes, he is a pleasant young man ... Why are you asking me this? - said Princess Mary, continuing to think about her morning conversation with her father.
- Because I made an observation - a young man usually comes from St. Petersburg to Moscow on vacation only with the aim of marrying a rich bride.
You have made this observation! - said Princess Mary.
“Yes,” Pierre continued with a smile, “and this young man now keeps himself in such a way that where there are rich brides, there he is.” I read it like a book. He is now undecided whom he should attack: you or Mademoiselle Julie Karagin. Il est tres assidu aupres d "elle. [He is very attentive to her.]
Does he visit them?
- Very often. And do you know a new way of courting? - Pierre said with a cheerful smile, apparently being in that cheerful spirit of good-natured mockery, for which he so often reproached himself in his diary.
“No,” said Princess Mary.
- Now, to please the Moscow girls - il faut etre melancolique. Et il est tres melancolique aupres de m lle Karagin, [one must be melancholic. And he is very melancholy with m elle Karagin,] - said Pierre.
– Vrayment? [Right?] - said Princess Mary, looking into Pierre's kind face and not ceasing to think about her grief. “It would be easier for me,” she thought, if I decided to believe to someone everything that I feel. And I would like to tell Pierre everything. He is so kind and noble. It would be easier for me. He would give me advice!”
- Would you marry him? Pierre asked.
“Ah, my God, Count, there are such moments when I would go for anyone,” Princess Mary suddenly said, unexpectedly for herself, with tears in her voice. “Ah, how hard it is to love a loved one and feel that ... nothing (she continued in a trembling voice) you can do for him except grief, when you know that you cannot change this. Then one thing - to leave, but where should I go? ...
- What are you, what is the matter with you, princess?
But the princess, without finishing, began to cry.
“I don't know what's wrong with me today. Don't listen to me, forget what I told you.
All Pierre's gaiety vanished. He anxiously questioned the princess, asked her to express everything, to confide her grief to him; but she only repeated that she asked him to forget what she said, that she did not remember what she said, and that she had no grief, except for what he knows - grief that the marriage of Prince Andrei threatened to quarrel her father with son.
Have you heard about the Rostovs? she asked to change the conversation. “I was told that they would be coming soon. I also wait for Andre every day. I would like them to meet here.
How does he look at the matter now? asked Pierre, by which he meant the old prince. Princess Mary shook her head.
– But what to do? The year is only a few months away. And it can't be. I would only wish to spare my brother the first few minutes. I wish they would come sooner. I hope to get along with her. You have known them for a long time, - said Princess Marya, - tell me, hand on heart, the whole true truth, what kind of girl is this and how do you find her? But the whole truth; because, you understand, Andrei risks so much by doing this against the will of his father that I would like to know ...
An obscure instinct told Pierre that in these reservations and repeated requests to tell the whole truth, Princess Mary's hostility towards her future daughter-in-law was expressed, that she wanted Pierre not to approve of Prince Andrei's choice; but Pierre said what he felt rather than thought.
"I don't know how to answer your question," he said, blushing, not knowing why. “I definitely don’t know what kind of girl this is; I can't analyze it at all. She is charming. And why, I do not know: that's all that can be said about her. - Princess Mary sighed and the expression on her face said: "Yes, I expected this and was afraid."
- Is she smart? asked Princess Mary. Pierre considered.
“I think not,” he said, “but yes. She does not deign to be smart ... No, she is charming, and nothing more. Princess Mary again shook her head disapprovingly.
“Oh, I so desire to love her!” Tell her that if you see her before me.
“I heard that they will be in the next few days,” said Pierre.
Princess Marya told Pierre her plan of how, as soon as the Rostovs arrived, she would get close to her future daughter-in-law and try to accustom the old prince to her.

Marrying a rich bride in St. Petersburg did not work out for Boris and he came to Moscow for the same purpose. In Moscow, Boris was in indecision between the two richest brides - Julie and Princess Mary. Although Princess Mary, despite her ugliness, seemed to him more attractive than Julie, for some reason he was embarrassed to look after Bolkonskaya. On her last meeting with her, on the old prince's name day, to all his attempts to talk to her about feelings, she answered him inappropriately and obviously did not listen to him.
Julie, on the contrary, although in a special way, peculiar to her alone, but willingly accepted his courtship.
Julie was 27 years old. After the death of her brothers, she became very rich. She was now completely ugly; but I thought that she was not only just as good, but much more attractive than she had been before. She was supported in this delusion by the fact that, firstly, she became a very rich bride, and, secondly, that the older she became, the safer she was for men, the freer it was for men to treat her and, without assuming any obligations, enjoy her dinners, evenings and lively society, gathering with her. A man who ten years ago would have been afraid to go every day to the house where there was a 17-year-old young lady, so as not to compromise her and not to tie himself up, now went to her boldly every day and treated her not as a young lady, but as a a friend who has no gender.
The Karagins' house was the most pleasant and hospitable house in Moscow that winter. In addition to parties and dinners, every day a large company gathered at the Karagins, especially men who had dinner at 12 o'clock in the morning and stayed up until 3 o'clock. There was no ball, festivities, theater that Julie would miss. Her toilets were always the most fashionable. But, despite this, Julie seemed disappointed in everything, told everyone that she did not believe in friendship, or in love, or in any joys of life, and expected peace only there. She adopted the tone of a girl who has suffered great disappointment, a girl who seems to have lost a loved one or was cruelly deceived by him. Although nothing like this happened to her, they looked at her as such, and she herself even believed that she had suffered a lot in life. This melancholy, which did not prevent her from having fun, did not prevent the young people who visited her from having a good time. Each guest, coming to them, gave his debt to the melancholy mood of the hostess and then engaged in secular conversations, and dances, and mental games, and burime tournaments, which were in vogue with the Karagins. Only some young people, including Boris, went deeper into Julie's melancholy mood, and with these young people she had longer and more solitary conversations about the futility of everything worldly, and to them she opened her albums covered with sad images, sayings and poems.

In life, there are different situations when an adult cannot eat in the usual way. This happens mostly after surgery. During the recovery period, a person is unable to chew and rise to digest food. But also at this time, the patient needs a constant intake into the body for the functioning of all organs and the restoration of life. In this case, this type of food intake into the body, such as enteral nutrition, is used.

Enteral nutrition - what is it?

This is a type of patient therapy, its peculiarity is that food is supplied through a probe or a special system. Most often, special mixtures are used for this. They differ from the usual food for an adult, since in certain conditions the patient cannot take other foods.

The benefits of this food

This type of nutrition has its advantages for patients:

Indications for enteral nutrition

The development of medicine in the last two centuries has made it possible to determine what will be best for a person after surgery, methods that will help him recover faster and get the necessary strength with the least risk. So nutrition with mixtures after operations with the help of additional medical devices has its advantages and indications. There are certain indications specifically for the mixtures that a person needs, as well as for the very method of eating. Artificial nutrition is prescribed if:

The patient, due to his condition, cannot eat when he is unconscious or unable to swallow.
The patient should not eat food - this is a condition of acute pancreatitis or bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract.
A sick person refuses food, then forced enteral nutrition is used. What is it when such a state arises? This happens with anorexia nervosa, in which it is impossible to immediately load the stomach with ordinary food, since there is a danger of death after a long absence of food. Also, with various infections, the patient may refuse to eat, in this case, a system for enteral nutrition is used to fill the body with the necessary nutrients to fight this infection.
Nutrition does not meet the needs, this happens with injuries, catabolism, burns.

This type of nutrition is also prescribed for the following pathological conditions of the body:

lack of protein and energy in the body, if it is not possible to ensure the intake of these substances in a natural way;
in the event of various neoplasms in the head, stomach and neck;
if there are progressive diseases of the central nervous system eg Parkinson's disease, cerebrovascular stroke, various states of unconsciousness;
in oncological conditions after radiation and chemotherapy;
often such food is prescribed for serious illnesses Gastrointestinal tract: pancreatitis, pathological processes in the liver and biliary tract, malabsorption syndromes and short intestine, as well as Crohn's disease;
immediately after the surgical intervention into the body;
with burns and acute poisoning;
with the appearance of fistulas, sepsis;
if complex infectious diseases develop;
with severe depression;
with varying degrees of radiation damage to humans.

Ways to administer nutrient mixtures

Enteral nutrition of patients differs in the way of eating:

Using a probe to introduce the mixture into the stomach.
The "sipping" method of nutrition is the intake of special food orally in small sips.

These methods are also called passive and active. The first is enteral tube feeding, infusion occurs using a special system and a dispenser. The second is active, manual, carried out mainly with a syringe. To use this method, it is necessary to collect a certain amount of the mixture and inject gently into the oral cavity of a sick person. To date, the advantage is given to infusor pumps, which automatically supply the mixture.

Enteral feeding tubes

Many relatives of patients ask: enteral nutrition - what is it and what means are needed for this? Indeed, for this method of filling the body with food, different probes are needed. They are divided into:

nasogastric (nasoenteric) - thin plastic probes that have holes at a certain level, as well as weights for ease of insertion;
percutaneous - are introduced after surgery (pharyngoscopy, gastrostomy, esophagostomy, jejunostomy).

Modes of providing nutrition to the body

To understand such a question, enteral nutrition - what it is, is not yet enough for its implementation. There are many nuances of introducing food into the body in this way, for example, the feed rate of the mixture. There are several modes of receiving nutrition by the patient.

Naturally, these regimens cannot be adjusted to all patients who need enteral nutrition. The selection of the method, speed and volume of such a supply of food to the body takes into account individual characteristics.

Features of the choice of mixtures

Enteral nutrition mixtures should also be tailored to the individual needs of patients. Their choice depends on several factors.

It should be noted that the mixture for children, as well as solutions prepared from natural products are not suitable for enteral nutrition. They are not balanced for an adult, so they cannot bring the desired result. For patients in need of such nutrition, their own types of mixtures have been developed, which we will consider below.

monomer mixtures

The name of the mixtures determines their purpose. They do not contain all necessary set trace elements, but are also used in Such mixtures consist of glucose and salts, which allows for the restoration of functionality small intestine immediately after surgery. In the presence of vomiting or diarrhea, such nutrition well maintains the water and electrolyte balance in the human body. Such mixtures include Gastrolit, Mafusol, Regidron, Citroglucosolan, Orasan and some others.

Elemental mixtures for nutrition

This power supply for patients is based on precisely selected chemical elements. They are used in specific cases of metabolic disorders in the body with pathologies such as liver and kidney failure, diabetes and pancreatitis. In this case, the pancreas, liver and kidneys cannot perform their specific functions, therefore such mixtures help a person at least partially restore vital activity. This type of nutrition includes Vivonex, Flexical, Lofenalak and others.

Semi-element mixtures

These nutrient mixtures for patients are used more often than the previous ones. This is due to the fact that they are already more balanced and suitable for a wide range of patients requiring enteral nutrition. Here, proteins are already in the form of amino acids and peptides, which allows them to be more easily absorbed in the body. Such solutions are used immediately after operations in violation of the digestive function of the body. These include Nutrien Elemental, Nutrilon Pepti TSC, Peptisorb, Peptamen.

Standard polymer blends

This type is used for many diseases after operations, when a person is in a coma. They are the most suitable for an adult body in their composition. Such solutions contain all the necessary minerals, trace elements, proteins, fats, carbohydrates. They are divided into three types.

Dry, which must be diluted and injected into the body through a probe. This is the following enteral nutrition: Nutrizon, Berlamin Modular, Nutricomp Standard.
Liquid, which can be administered immediately. They are designed for situations where there is not a minute to lose, supplying vital nutrition to a person. These include Berlamin Modular, Nutricomp Liquid, Nutrizon Standard and some others.
Mixtures that are used orally. These are "Nutridrink", "Forticrem" and so on.

Directional mixes

This type of nutrition is similar in purpose to the elemental type of mixtures. They are designed to restore the functionality of the body in a specific pathology. They correct metabolic disorders in respiratory failure, impaired kidney and liver function, and immunity.

force feeding- a violent procedure for introducing food into the body, which is now used primarily for fattening geese and ducks, but has also been applied and is being applied to people, representing the practice of feeding against their will. Forced feeding is carried out with the help of special tubes (Eng. Gavage), which are injected through the nose or mouth into the esophagus. Such nutrition can also be provided for medical reasons, and not just because the person deliberately refuses to eat. In some cases, force-feeding is possible due to mental disorders, when the patient refuses to eat due to the belief that the food is poisonous.