A special delicacy of any table is the white mushroom - not only tasty, but also healthy. It can be used not only for food, but also as remedy. For a mushroom picker, it is important not to make a mistake in choosing - to consider a handsome man among the forest grass and be able to distinguish from skillfully disguised poisonous and inedible twins.
The white mushroom or real boletus (Boletus edulis) belongs to the class Agaricomycetes, the genus Boletus, the Boletaceae family. It has many names: cow, bear, capercaillie, belevik and others. Refers to edible.
The hat is convex in shape, gradually becomes flatter, the span diameter is up to 30 cm. The outer part is usually smooth, but may be wrinkled, cracking in hot weather. In the period of high humidity with a small mucous layer, in dry time it is shiny.
Hat coloring white fungus has variations in place of growth:
- among pines - closer to chocolate, pink edging is possible;
- in a spruce forest - brown with a coffee, sometimes green tint;
- next to deciduous trees - light, light walnut, yellow ocher.
The pulp is dense, light in newly appeared specimens, turning yellow with age. When cut, the color does not change. It has a mild taste and smell when raw. A special pleasant aroma spreads during cooking or drying.
The stem of the mushroom is 8-12 cm high, up to 7 cm thick. The shape is “barrel” or “mace”, elongated in aging specimens, thickened at the base. Surface shades are brown with whitish or reddish tints. The mesh layer is light, most often located closer to the cap. Rarely is it mild or absent altogether.
The tubular layer - from light in young to yellowish and greenish in older individuals, easily leaves the cap pulp.
Distribution and collection season
They grow next to many trees, but most of all they love the "society" of a pine forest, birch or oak groves, spruce forest.
The upland form in autumn shares a friendly space with the green russula in the oak forest and with the chanterelle next to the birch trees, it appears at the same time as the greenfinch.
There is a high probability of finding such hare in pine trees of 20-25 years old, or in a pine forest not younger than 50 years old with a moss-lichen cover.
The best temperature for mushroom growth is 15-18 degrees in the summer months, and 8-10 in September. Serious temperature fluctuations and rains inhibit the development of mycelium. White hare grow best after small thunderstorms and foggy warm nights.
Soils like with the presence of sand and loam, without excess water. Peatlands and wetlands are excluded. They also do not like hot places, although they prefer good lighting.
You can meet the hare on all continents except Australia. It grows especially actively in Europe, northern America and even Africa. In Asia, it reaches Japan and China. In Russian forest spaces - almost everywhere, reaching the tundra and Chukotka, but not found in the steppes. He does not like to "climb mountains" too much.
Fruiting is single, closer to the autumn days - heap.
White mushrooms grow in seasons: in more temperate climatic latitudes - from mid-June to the end of September days, the most mushroom time is from the fifteenth of August. Where it is warmer, it may appear by the end of May and not disappear until October.
Species diversity and description
Scientists counted 18 forms among the whites, but the average amateur would not want to climb into such a jungle. Yes, and meet some really only in other hemispheres of the planet. Therefore, let us consider in more detail what grows in the forests of Russia.
Spruce
White spruce mushroom (Boletus edulis f. edulis) is large, up to 2 kg one specimen. The hat is chestnut-brown or "brick with a red tint", in the form of a hemisphere, eventually turning into a plane. The top is wrinkled, velvety to the touch. In young mushrooms, the edges are slightly tucked inward.
The tubes are white, gradually a yellow-green tint appears. Leg height 6-20 cm, thickness 2-5. The mesh layer is located closer to the hat.
Distribution and time of collection
Collection is possible from early June to early October in spruce-pine and mixed forests - wild and park. They love the neighborhood with spruce.
Oak
Oak porcini mushroom (Boletus quercicola) has a hat most often of a coffee-gray color, light blotches are possible, with a diameter of 5-20 cm, fleshy and dense. With age, it gradually begins to wrinkle. With increasing humidity, the surface becomes shiny, slightly slimy.
The leg is extended or in the form of a club, 6-20 cm high and 2-6 cm in diameter. The inner part is more brittle than in other species.
Where and in what season are they harvested?
Oak porcini mushrooms grow from May to October next to oaks and mixed vegetation of the middle and southern strip of the center of the country, the forests of the Caucasus, in Primorye. Distributed widely, sometimes in clusters.
Birch
White birch fungus (Boletus betulicola) - the fruiting body is much larger than that of other counterparts. The hat in diameter reaches 5-15 cm, but sometimes it grows up to 25-27 cm. The color is light - from white to light coffee, it can wrinkle slightly, crack in the heat.
The tubes are white, with the decrepitude of the fungus comes a creamy shade. The inside is dense, when dried it remains white. Barrel-shaped leg, white-brown, mesh closer to the hat, 5-13 cm high, 1.5-4 wide.
Distribution and time of collection
White birch fungus is present in all forests of the European part of Russia, the territory of the middle latitudes of North and Northeast Asia, the Caucasus, the tundra zone - among the northern birch forest. Any soil (but does not take root on peat bogs), the main thing is that birch or at least aspen grow nearby.
You can find it from early summer to October. Some beauties can survive until the first cold weather. Cut neatly 1.5-2 cm from the ground. You need to look for birch porcini mushrooms on the outskirts of the forest and along nearby roads.
Pine
White pine mushroom (Boletus pinophilus), also called boron, looks like a "fat man". The height of the stem is from 5 to 16 cm, with a diameter of 4-10 cm, more thickened at the base. The surface is completely "shrouded" in a reddish or light brownish mesh.
The diameter of the cap is 5-25 cm. The general color is dark brown, there may be variability of reddish hues, slightly pink along the contour, in recently grown ones closer to light. The lower part is white-yellow, darkening with age. The flesh is white at the break, under the skin it is brown with a red tint, of a weaker structure than that of the white birch fungus.
Where and in what season are they harvested?
Upland white fungus is harvested in the Siberian taiga, coniferous forests of the western half of the European part of the country and in the north-east from July to October 15th. Prefers sandy pine soils, old forests with mosses and lichens. Can be found in forests mixed with pine.
It is important to collect while the tubular layer has not acquired a greenish tint - old specimens can lead to poisoning!
Collecting mushrooms - how to?
When going to the forest, you need to understand where, when and how to pick porcini mushrooms. It is preferable to start hunting for them in July and August. Especially they scatter over the soil after brief thunderstorms and warm fogs at night. In summer, the boletus mushroom grows for 6-9 days, in autumn - 9-15.
It is advisable to come to the forest before the sun has risen, when the porcini mushroom is clearly visible. Move slowly, carefully examining the ground. Especially places with sand and loam, where the soil is not flooded. When the summer is damp, it is worth looking at a distance from the trees, on hills and places well lit by the sun. If the season is dry, the hare are hiding near the trees, where the grass is thicker. They love to coexist with morels.
The best specimens for collection are with a hat diameter of about 4 cm. Boletus is adored by various kinds of pests, so you need to look out for them carefully, especially in a hat. Be sure to cut into pieces and remove the wormholes. Within 10 hours, the white mushroom must be processed (put for drying, salting, fried, etc.), otherwise, most of the useful properties will go away.
Collection rules
- cut the porcini mushroom carefully without damaging the mycelium;
- can be twisted;
- clean from possible pests (although it is better to take whole ones);
- put in a collection container with a hat down;
- if the legs are high - lay sideways;
- leave overripe and dubious specimens on the ground;
- do not trample.
Healthy porcini mushrooms are not afraid of frost, so they can be harvested even after a frost. After thawing, they do not lose their taste.
Nutritional qualities
A freshly picked porcini mushroom has a calorie content of 34 kcal per 100 g of mass, dried - 286 kcal. Nutritional value - 1.7 g of fat, 1 g of carbohydrates, 3.5 g of protein per 100 g of weight. Also disaccharides and saturated fatty acids.
Praised for excellent taste in any form. special the nutritional value in that it makes the stomach work actively.
90% of the weight is water, the remaining 10 are distributed into proteins, fiber, carbohydrates, minerals and fats.
It contains the most important trace elements - iodine, copper, manganese and zinc. Vitamins - PP, C, B1, A. 22 amino acids. The amount of protein depends on the type, age of the fungus (the younger, the better), place of growth and method of preservation. Dried porcini mushrooms are especially good at preserving proteins.
Digestibility of mushroom proteins
It occurs more slowly than animals, since the proteins of the fungus are enclosed in special walls that “do not pierce” the enzymes of the digestive tract. To improve the absorption of mushrooms by the body, you need to chop well, boil or fry.
Usage
White mushroom without wormholes is allowed to be eaten in any form - dried, boiled, fried, salted, pickled and fresh. During drying, they do not become dark, leaving a pleasant forest aroma. The sauce goes well with meat and rice. Powder from such mushrooms can be seasoned with various dishes. Italians love them very much, adding them raw to the ingredients of a salad with parmesan cheese, seasoning with oil, spices and lemon juice.
Dried mushrooms can be stored for 1 year by placing them in paper bags. The air temperature should be fixed moderate, regular ventilation is required.
The benefits and harms of white fungus
White mushrooms are both beneficial and harmful depending on their use by humans.
Beneficial features
- in pharmaceuticals - treatment of mastopathy, oncology, angina pectoris, tuberculosis;
- strengthen immunity;
- improve the condition of the eyes, hair and nails;
- are a prophylactic against anemia and atherosclerosis;
- when applied externally, they contribute to the rapid healing of wounds.
Harm
- collected from roads and industrial enterprises - absorb heavy metals and toxic substances;
- if stored incorrectly - porcini mushrooms can cause serious indigestion, especially in children;
- overuse dried mushroom can cause obesity
- use porcini mushroom with caution in patients with liver and kidney problems.
Mushrooms doppelgangers
A serious problem is created by dangerous doubles of the white fungus. To distinguish white mushroom from false poisonous and inedible mushrooms, use the table below.
| Porcini | Satanic (false white fungus) | Gallic (bitter) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hat | from red-brown to almost white | grayish white, coffee shades or olive | light brown shade |
| Leg | light mesh layer | yellowish red with mesh pattern | dark mesh layer |
| tubular layer | white or cream in young and greenish in old | reddish-orange, turns blue when pressed | white, later pink |
| pulp | dense, odorless | dense with an unpleasant odor | soft with a pleasant mushroom smell |
| Behavior at break and shear | color does not change | slowly turns red, then turns blue | turns pink |
| Edibility | edible | poisonous | inedible |
It is clear that poisonous and inedible mushrooms are in many ways similar to porcini, but upon closer inspection, they can still be distinguished. Additionally, a look at the external state will help - the false ones are distinguished by their impeccable appearance.
Symptoms of double poisoning, first aid
In an adult with poisoning, severe symptoms last up to 3 days. These are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and headache. But due to the unknown effects of poisons, psychogenic reactions are real, up to hallucinations, absolute loss of self-control and memory, and even lethargic sleep or death.
As soon as symptoms occur, immediately flush the stomach and take the poisoned person to the hospital or call an ambulance. The effects of doppelgänger mushrooms, especially Satanic mushrooms, have been little studied and delaying first aid can be fatal.
Compare carefully appearance a copy that came across to you on a “quiet hunt” with a description of the porcini mushroom, as you remember it and with the help of the photos given in the article. Put in the basket only those of them in which you are completely sure. And then the beauties brought home will delight all gourmets amazing aroma and the taste of forest gifts.
An ordinary and well-known forest mushroom consists of a stem and a cap. The leg of this fruiting body is connected to a mycelium, resembling an interlacing of threads. The fungus is located in the soil litter, which often includes dying plant parts or other organic matter. Mushroom threads branch freely, and in the stem of the fungus and in its cap they fit tightly to each other.
The threads become channels through which they enter the hat nutrients from the soil. The lower part of the cap is composed of plates or tubules that contain spores. These cells are found in the fungus huge number their number sometimes reaches tens of millions. As they mature, the spores spill out of the stores, after which they are freely carried through the forest by wind, animals or insects.
When the spores enter a favorable environment for them, they begin to germinate persistently, forming an independent mycelium, consisting of the finest white threads. As a rule, the mycelium lies a few centimeters from the soil surface. In order for future mushrooms to actively grow and develop, they need air flow and a stable positive temperature.
How wild mushrooms grow
Most forest mushrooms have a perennial mycelium, which is adapted to adverse conditions environment, drought and frost. Mushroom growth stops if there is a lack of moisture in the soil, but the development of the fruiting body does not stop completely. The young mycelium is much less resistant to frost, which has a detrimental effect on developing fungi. A strong and early cooling can completely stop the growth of the fruiting body.
When the mycelium reaches sufficient development, the direct formation of the future fungus begins. The threads gradually intertwine with each other, first turn into small lumps, from which the stem and hat are then formed. Young mushrooms reach medium size in 4-5 days. A week later, the process of decay of the reproductive part of these forest dwellers begins. So mushrooms are rather short-lived inhabitants of the forest.
The growth rate of fungi is directly affected by humidity, soil and air temperature, and the nature of the area where the mycelium is formed. The most rapidly gaining strength are boletus, boletus and russula. Porcini mushrooms and aspen mushrooms fully ripen in about a week. But chanterelles grow relatively slowly. In young mushrooms, spores are also formed, which themselves become the source of a new mycelium. The cycle of development is repeated - to the delight of mushroom pickers.
Fans of "silent hunting" know for sure that if it has been a warm rain, you can go for butterfish. But many people are wondering: how many days do butterflies grow after rain, and after what time should one go after them?
How long does it take for oilseeds to grow after rain?
The mushroom picker is located practically on the surface, i.e. under the top layer of soil - at a depth of 10-15 cm. Therefore, good rain and warm sunny weather are needed. Only under such conditions will the mycelium grow.
Oilseeds are harvested in young coniferous forests, as well as in open, well-lit glades. They grow in large families, which allows you to collect a whole basket in one place. An important role for the collection of mushrooms is played by how much butter mushrooms grow after rain.
It is worth noting that butterflies on a good mycelium after the rain begin to grow the very next day. If the mushroom picker wants to collect strong young butterflies, then you should go hunting after 12-18 hours.
How long oil plants grow after rain depends on the condition of the soil, lighting, air temperature, etc. On average, 2-3 days are enough to reach the full maturity of the fungus. But do not forget that butter mushrooms are “fast” mushrooms, which means that they will also begin to deteriorate quickly. The most important thing here is to correctly calculate the moment of going into the forest.
Each mushroom picker knows that the main collection of oil falls on August, September and early October. Therefore, how long oil mushrooms grow depends on two main factors. The first, as already mentioned, is well-moistened soil, and the second is warm and sufficiently lit. upper layer mycelium.
Many knowledgeable mushroom pickers assure that it takes very little time for the butter dish to rise from the ground. So, how long does the oil can mushroom grow after a warm rain? 5-7 hours are enough, and a young, clean, small mushroom turns out to be in the basket. By the way, it is these butternuts that are very much appreciated for pickling in jars, because they have a beautiful appearance and the appropriate size.
As you can see, in order to correctly determine how many oil cans grow, it is necessary to take into account the weather conditions and the peculiarities of the local climate. They must be suitable, because even after heavy rainfall oil may not appear. Sometimes it happens that there is a lot of moisture, but there is no sunlight and heat. Or the soil is poorly saturated with moisture, and the sun strongly heats the air and the mycelium dries up.
What is the growth rate of mushrooms? Favorable and unfavorable conditions for the appearance of fungi. What affects the growth rate of mushrooms?
Do you know what the growth rate of mushrooms is? There is no definite answer to this question. Not a single mushroom picker can definitely name the time when mushrooms appear after rain. Fans of quiet hunting have noticed that small mushrooms become adults from three to ten days. But this is not a dogma at all - it all depends on many factors. For example, forest insects that have settled in mushrooms prevent the normal development of fruiting bodies. Fans of the mushroom diet are well aware that in rainy autumn, mushrooms grow rapidly on the edges and clearings, and in dry autumn they should be looked for under trees in the shade.
Effect of temperature on the growth rate of fungi.
Many mushrooms begin their growth at a temperature of five degrees. At temperatures above thirty degrees, growth stops completely. At a constant temperature not lower than 18 degrees for two weeks and sufficient humidity, intensive growth of mushrooms begins. At the optimum temperature, russula grows completely in two days. But if there is a significant temperature fluctuation between day and night, then the growth rate is markedly reduced.
Influence of humidity on the growth rate of mushrooms.
Next an important factor is soil and air moisture content. In almost all fruiting bodies, the mycelium is located in the upper layers of forest soil at a depth of no more than ten centimeters. At optimal temperature and high humidity, the growth rate increases, and the dryness of the soil sharply reduces the growth rate. If, after an intense rainy period, a drought sets in sharply, then the growth rate of fruiting bodies decreases.
The reason is that when the soil is saturated with moisture and the air humidity is low, intensive evaporation of moisture begins. It is believed that for optimal growth, the required air humidity in the surface layer should be at least seventy percent.
The growth rate of some mushrooms.
On average, we can assume that most mushrooms in our forests grow to medium size in five or six days. Then, until the complete decomposition of the fruiting body, another ten to fourteen days pass. Mushrooms with dry flesh live a few days longer. The stem stops growing two days earlier than the cap. In one day, the stem and cap of the fruiting body increase by one centimeter. Fans of quiet hunting have noticed that tubular mushrooms grow most rapidly. By the way, the growth rate of fruiting bodies, both at night and during the day, is exactly the same.
- Oyster mushrooms grow no more than three days.
- Autumn mushrooms grow in just three days.
- Aspen mushrooms grow in four days.
- Butterflies grow in five days.
- Chanterelles ripen in seven days.
- Boletus grows for at least nine days
- Boletus boletus grows in ten days.
- Milk mushrooms grow in twelve days.
Autumn is the best time to pick mushrooms. Of course, they grow both in summer and spring, and some species even in winter. But the most correct mushroom is autumn. At what temperature do mushrooms grow in autumn? To answer this question, you must first figure out what kind of weather these gifts of the forest love.
Seasonal features of mushroom growth
Fungi are complex organisms. Their main part - mycelium or mycelium - is hidden from view by a layer of forest humus, and only fruiting bodies appear on the surface, which attract mushroom pickers. Mycelium grows all year round, so answering the question of at what temperature mushrooms grow in autumn is not easy.
Along with moisture, one of the most important conditions for fruiting for most species is warm land. Therefore, the first mushrooms appear in the spring. In April-May, when the clearings cleared of snow, clearings and forest fires warm up, morels and lines appear. It is they who open the mushroom season, and then other mushrooms pick up the baton.
Toward the end of May and early June, after warm rains, the first flywheels, boletus, and even white ones appear. But these are only scouts, the main layer will be later, when the rye is harvested. By the way, these mushrooms are popularly called - spikelets.
Aspen mushrooms, or as they are also called, krasoviki, redheads, appear a little later, when the aspen has faded. At the same time, multi-colored russula hats peek out from the grass, and, like orange beads, cheerful flocks of chanterelles scatter in the moss.
But the summer layers are short - a week, at best two, and the mushrooms disappear, as if they were not there. And a real mushroom will grow only in autumn, when the birch braids begin to turn golden and splash purple on the foliage of aspens.
mushroom growth calendar
In order to elucidate this issue in as much detail as possible, we will use visual material. Below is a table that will tell you when and for which "beast" it is better for lovers of "quiet hunting" to go into the forest.
autumn forest mushrooms
In autumn, almost all types of summer mushrooms grow, but new ones also appear, those for which it is too hot in summer. This, for example, autumn honey agaric, greenfinch, rowing and others. Moreover, in autumn, mushroom growth is most intensive, since they do not like heat, and in order for the fruiting body of most species to begin to develop, 5-10 ° C is enough. The temperature at which mushrooms grow in autumn affects the rate of their development: than lower degrees, the slower they grow.
However, not only temperature indicators are important, but also humidity. If the autumn is dry, then you can not count on a good "catch" of mushrooms. However, they do not like long rains. An experienced mushroom picker will see how another bad weather splashes on the roads in puddles, and sighs contritely: “Oh, the mycelium will get wet!” The mushroom picker, of course, will not get wet, it will remain under a dense forest litter of fallen needles and moss, but there really may not be mushrooms.
But light frosts, which are not uncommon in autumn, are not afraid of mushrooms. Sometimes on a cold October morning in the forest you can find literally frozen redheads, butterflies, honey agaric. When determining at what temperature mushrooms grow in the forest in autumn, one should be guided by the average daily values, since the heating of the soil during the day plays an important role.
When the frost hits
Few of these forest dwellers can survive a severe frost, and most mushroom pickers believe that the season ends in November. But it's not.
One of the most cold-resistant mushrooms is mushrooms. The best temperature for their growth varies in the range of +8 ... +12 ° C. Their cheerful families grow in the forest even after severe frosts. At what temperature do mushrooms grow in autumn? for example, can be found in sub-zero temperatures, even under snow.
Winter oyster mushroom is also not afraid of frost, which can be harvested not only in November, but also in January.
Conditions for the growth of porcini mushrooms
No matter how full the mushroom picker's basket is, his luck is judged primarily by the number of porcini mushrooms.
White, or, as it is also called, boletus, is a cunning and fastidious mushroom. Sometimes you have to go around half the forest in order to attack the mushroom place. But if the conditions are suitable, then on a small patch you can pick up more than a dozen strong mushrooms.
And at what temperature do porcini mushrooms grow in autumn? First, we note that for white it is not so much the state of the air that is important as the ground. The optimum soil temperature for it is 15-16 degrees Celsius.
But as for the air, the conditions for growth in summer and autumn are different. In summer, mushrooms do not like excessive dampness and prolonged rains and prefer temperatures of +18 ... +20 ° C. Therefore, they hide in moss and under the thick paws of fir trees, where it is not very hot.
But already in the second half of September, the weather rarely indulges in heat. At what temperature do mushrooms grow in autumn? Starting from September, the optimal mode for the growth of porcini mushrooms will be 10-15 degrees Celsius. Moreover, night frosts do not interfere with them at all. The main thing is that during the day the air and soil warm up.
When to collect boletus in the fall
Boletus boletus, especially young and strong, are in no way inferior to white ones - even boil, even dry, even fry. And if they go in a layer, then you can pick them up in a relatively small forest, more than one bucket.
According to popular belief, the first boletus trees appear when the mountain ash blooms, and then all summer long they do not leave forest glades and birch groves. Unless, of course, the summer turned out to be too hot and dry. But the summer boletus has one drawback - the worm loves this delicious mushroom very much. So the mushroom picker has to reluctantly throw away one mushroom after another.
In autumn, the boletus is clean and strong. And besides, their special appearance appears - with a thick leg and a dark hat, which practically does not differ in taste from white. Finding it, however, in the fallen leaves is not easy. But if one is caught, then around it you can find a dozen more.
At what temperature do mushrooms grow in autumn (boletus)? they have almost the same as the whites. For a boletus, 10-12 degrees of heat is quite enough, only these mushrooms love wetter weather, and not prolonged rains, but thick autumn fogs. And if the autumn is dry, then the boletus must be sought in humid places, in the lowlands and even in the swamp.
A good mushroom picker knows at what temperature mushrooms grow. In the autumn in the forest, he will quickly pick up a basket, or even get a bag - do not leave white and oily, boletus and boletus, milk mushrooms and volushki under the trees and birch trees! And if mushrooms are attacked, then no packages may be enough.