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Ivan 3 Vasilievich ruled the Russian state for 43 years, ruled from 1462 to 1505. He took the title Grand Duke of all Russia." Ivan was 22 years old when he shouldered the heavy burden of ruling the Russian lands. www.site
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His father was Vasily 2 the Dark, whose whole life was a struggle for power. Ivan 3 was a cautious and slow man, so he seemed an unsuitable ruler. But in difficult situations he showed willpower and determination. www.site
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As a legacy from his father, he had to solve two significant problems for the country. Continue the policy of unification of Russian lands and throw off the Mongol-Tatar yoke. www.site
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Mr. Veliky Novgorod did not want to submit to the Moscow government. Martha Boretskaya, who was nicknamed Martha Posadnitsa, strove for independence. She led the boyars in the struggle against the Muscovite state. They began to look for allies in this battle in the Lithuanian state. Upon learning of this, Ivan 3 organized a campaign against Novgorod. In 1471, a battle took place near the Shelon River, in which the Novgorodians were defeated. The second campaign in 1478 finally secured the annexation of the Novgorod lands. He also annexed the lands along the Ob River, "Great Perm" and Vyatka to the state. In 1485, the troops of Ivan 3 moved to the Tver possessions, and the territory of his former enemy became part of the state. www.site
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Civil strife in the Golden Horde led to its weakening, the state broke up into many small khanates. The remnants of the Golden Horde began to be called the Great Horde. Since 1478, Ivan 3 stopped paying tribute to her. In 1480, Khan Akhmat gathered an army and went to Russia. Where the river Ugra flows into the Oka, he was waiting for help. The Polish king and at the same time the prince of Lithuania promised to send an army. The Crimean Khan, at that time an ally of Ivan 3, attacked the Lithuanian lands and help did not come. The Khan's cavalry tried to cross the river, but our troops beat off the attempt. In this battle, the Russians used cannons and squeaked, the Mongol-Tatars did not have such weapons. After unsuccessful attempts, Khan Akhmat fled. The Mongol-Tatar yoke was over. www.site
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In 1497, the first set of laws of a single state was adopted. The document secured a single device and management in the country. www.site
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The Boyar Duma is a council under the prince, the highest authority. Members of the Duma controlled certain branches of the state, were governors, governors in cities. Orders appeared - central government bodies. They were ruled by the boyars, and they also solved individual issues. www.site
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A rule was introduced that limited the departure of peasants from the owner. Now it was possible to go to another owner only once a year - during the week before and the week after St. George's Day. The peasants had to pay the elderly owner - the money "for the yard". www.site
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Under Ivan 3, the name Russia and the coat of arms of the country appear - a double-headed eagle. It was borrowed from the Holy Roman Empire. www.site
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Under the prince, active construction of the cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin began. Assumption and Annunciation Cathedrals were erected. The Faceted Chamber was created to receive guests. These structures are included in the treasury of world culture. www.site
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EPIGRAPH FOR THE LESSON Ivan 111 was the first Russian ruler who occasionally called himself tsar. Richard Pipes... he finished what his father started, and with his power he surpassed all the monarchs in the world. German Ambassador Baron Herberstein Furlova O.I.
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Lesson assignment. "What is the role of the era of Ivan 111 in the history of our state?" Furlova O.I.
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Ivan III, the son of Vasily II the Dark, from childhood knew the hardships and dangers of the life of the grand-ducal family. Vasily II was blinded by his father's opponents and kept in captivity for several years. The boyars loyal to the Grand Duke hid the young Ivan together with his younger brother. Children lived in constant expectation of trouble. But the enemies lured the children out by deceit and imprisoned them in the monastery together with their parents. Little Ivan saw with what difficulties and losses his father regained the throne of the grand duke. Sovereign of All Russia Furlova O.I.
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Vasily II understood all the dangers of a competitive struggle for power in the Moscow principality. Therefore, he proclaims his eight-year-old son Ivan the Grand Duke and co-ruler of his father. Soon Ivan begins to carry out important military and political assignments. 12-year-old Ivan is already leading a military campaign. The events of an anxious childhood taught Ivan III to be cautious, diplomatic, and, where necessary, to act tough and decisively. Sovereign of All Russia Furlova O.I.
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Ivan III helped the Pskovites drive out the Germans, and Pskov recognized Moscow's supremacy. As a result of the military campaign against Kazan, a peace treaty was reached on Moscow's terms and the Russian prisoners who were languishing in captivity were released. In 1462, after the death of Vasily the Dark, Ivan III became the sole ruler of the Moscow principality. He annexed Yaroslavl and Rostov to Moscow, distributing their land and villages to the princes. Sovereign of All Russia Furlova O.I.
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The conquest of Novgorod Volny Novgorod ceased to comply with the terms of the agreement with Moscow and entered into an agreement with the Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV. Ivan III, at the head of a large army, captured Novgorod and brutally cracked down on the Novgorodians. Ivan III made 4 military campaigns against Novgorod before the free city recognized Moscow's authority in everything. The famous veche bell, as a symbol of the independence of Novgorod, was removed by order of Ivan III and transported to Moscow. Furlova O.I.
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Since 1472, Ivan stopped paying tribute to the Horde. Khan Akhmat sent his ambassadors to Moscow. In front of the Horde ambassadors and Russian boyars, Ivan tore and trampled on the treaty with the Horde. He declared that he no longer obeyed the khan and would not pay tribute to him. Khan's ambassadors were expelled. In 1480, Khan Akhmat sent a large army to recalcitrant Russia. Fight against the Horde Furlova O.I.
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“The same summer, the evil-named Tsar Akhmat ... went to Orthodox Christianity, to Russia, to the holy churches and to the Grand Duke, boasting of destroying the holy churches and capturing all Orthodoxy and the Grand Duke himself, as if under Batu Besh (it was).” Chronicle Standing on the Ugra Furlova O.I.
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Ivan III advanced his army towards the enemy. Akhmat led the Horde warriors to the Ugra River. The Russian army stood on the opposite bank, preventing the Horde from crossing the river and going to Moscow. For several months the troops stood on the Ugra opposite each other. Standing on the Ugra At this time, Ivan III's ally, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, attacked the lands of the Polish-Lithuanian state, because of which its head, King Casimir IV, could not provide the promised assistance to Khan Akhmat. In addition, Russian detachments sent by Ivan III along the Volga attacked the territory of the Great Horde and ravaged its capital, Saray. Furlova O.I.
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By the end of October, the river began to freeze and the enemy could easily cross over to the other side. The Grand Duke ordered the Russian troops to withdraw from the open field to Borovsk, where in winter conditions the defensive position was more advantageous. Thus ended the yoke of the Golden Horde in Russia, which lasted almost 250 years. The Khan's army was not ready for war in winter, the Horde did not have winter clothes. Akhmat thought that Ivan III had cleared an open field for a decisive battle. Frightened by a general battle, the khan hastily withdrew his troops from the Russian land. Standing on the Ugra Furlova O.I.
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The wife of Ivan III died, and the Grand Duke decided to marry a second time. His new wife was Sophia Palaiologos, the niece of the last emperor of Byzantium, Constantine, who died from the sword of the Turkish conquerors. The marriage of the Grand Duke to the last Byzantine princess made it possible to declare Moscow the successor of Byzantium, the center Orthodox faith. Ivan III made the Byzantine coat of arms - a double-headed eagle - the emblem of his state, and took the title "Sovereign of All Russia" for himself. Moscow is the third Rome Furlova O.I.
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Moscow - the third Rome The double-headed eagle was required by the Grand Duke in the last decade of the 15th century. not by chance. By this time, the two-headed bird adorned the seals of the strongest monarchs in Europe - the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, where there was a division: a seal with a single-headed eagle - royal, with a two-headed - imperial. An active exchange of embassies, the presentation of letters with seals, which depicted the sign of imperial power, convinced the head of the Moscow state that it was the double-headed eagle that indicates the high position of Western emperors. Furlova O.I.
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Raising Moscow, Ivan III emphasized the inheritance of power and from old Russian princes. Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti built a new Assumption Cathedral - main temple Russian state. The construction of the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin was modeled on the cathedral in the city of Vladimir. This symbolized the succession of the power of the Moscow princes from the princes of Vladimir, and through them - from Kiev. Moscow is the third Rome Furlova O.I.
General information Vasily III Ivanovich (March 25 December 1533) Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow. In an agreement dated 1514 with the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Maximilian I, for the first time in the history of Russia, he was named tsar (Caesar).
During the reign of Vasily III, the landed nobility increased, the authorities actively limited the immunity and privileges of the boyars - the state followed the path of centralization. However, the despotic features of government, which were already fully manifested under his father Ivan III and grandfather Vasily the Dark, only intensified in the era of Vasily.
The reign of Vasily is the era of the construction boom in Russia, which began during the reign of his father. The Archangel Cathedral was erected in the Moscow Kremlin, and the Church of the Ascension was built in Kolomenskoye. At this time, stone fortifications were being built in Tula, Nizhny Novgorod, Kolomna, and other cities, new settlements, prisons, fortresses are being founded.
Foreign policy At the beginning of his reign, Vasily had to start a war with Kazan. The campaign was unsuccessful, the Russian regiments, commanded by Vasily's brother, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Zhilka of Uglich, were defeated, but the Kazanians asked for peace, which was concluded in 1508. At the same time, Basil, taking advantage of the unrest in Lithuania after the death of Prince Alexander, put forward his candidacy for the throne of Gediminas.
In 1512 began new war with Lithuania. On December 19, Vasily, Yuri Ivanovich and Dmitry Zhilka set out on a campaign. Smolensk was besieged but failed to take it, and the Russian army returned to Moscow in March 1513. On June 14, Vasily again went on a campaign, but having sent the governor to Smolensk, he himself remained in Borovsk, waiting for what would happen next.
Smolensk was again besieged, and its governor, Yuri Sologub, was defeated in an open field. Only after that Vasily personally came to the troops. But this siege was also unsuccessful: the besieged managed to restore what was being destroyed. Having devastated the surroundings of the city, Vasily ordered to retreat and returned to Moscow in November.
In 1527, Islyam I Girey attacked Moscow. Having gathered in Kolomenskoye, Russian troops took up defense 20 km from the Oka. The siege of Moscow and Kolomna lasted five days, after which the Moscow army crossed the Oka and defeated the Crimean army on the Osetr River. Another steppe invasion was repulsed.
The death of Vasily III On the way to Volokolamsk, Vasily received a subcutaneous abscess on his left thigh. Already without the forces of the Grand Duke, they were taken to the village of Vorobyovo near Moscow. Realizing that he could not survive, Vasily wrote a will, called on Metropolitan Daniel, several boyars and asked them to recognize the three-year-old son Ivan as heir to the throne. December 3, 1533, having previously accepted the schema, he died of blood poisoning.
Vasily III The reign of Vasily III seems, at first glance, less noticeable and not as significant for history as the period of his father, Ivan III, in power, culminating in the unification of Great Russia, and the reign of his son, Ivan IV, full of dramatic events.
The reign of Vasily III Grand Duke of Moscow "collecting lands". Basil III continued his father's policy of "collecting lands". centralization of the state Vasily III vigorously fought for the centralization of the state. He was a cruel and treacherous ruler. At baptism he received the name Gabriel.
Domestic politics Vasily III believed that nothing should limit the power of the Grand Duke. He enjoyed the active support of the Church in the fight against the feudal boyar opposition, harshly cracking down on all those who were dissatisfied. The diplomat and statesman Ivan Bersen-Beklemishev was executed in 1525 because of criticism of Vasily's policy. During the reign of Vasily III, the state followed the path of centralization.
Construction The reign of Vasily III was noted in Moscow by the scale of stone construction. The walls and towers of the Kremlin were built from the side of the river. Neglinnaya. The Cathedral of the Archangel and the Church of John the Baptist at the Borovitsky Gates were consecrated. In Moscow, the stone churches of the Annunciation in Vorontsovo, the Annunciation on Stary Khlynov, and others were laid.
The reign of Ivan IV () Ivan IV went down in history as a tyrant. He was one of the most educated people of his time. possessed a phenomenal memory, erudition. The tsar contributed to the organization of book printing in Moscow and the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square. Editions of the first Russian printed books. First pharmacy. The first regular army - archers,
The childhood of Ivan the Terrible of a vengeful disposition. The incredible cruelty of the warring clans in the struggle for power had a huge influence on the formation of the boy's character. This is what contributed to the development of a vindictive temper in Ivan. Even at the age of twelve, Ivan IV showed cruelty unusual for his age. According to Kurbsky, he fell in love with killing animals by throwing them from a height to the ground. His teachers not only allowed him to do this, but also praised him.
The power of Ivan the Terrible The tsar's favorite idea, realized already in his youth, was the idea of unlimited autocratic power. At the age of 16, Ivan IV decided to accept the royal crown and complete power over the state. Ivan, being the Grand Duke of the Moscow Principality, is married in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin to the kingdom. For the first time, Russia received not only a ruling Grand Duke, but also an autocratic ruler - the Tsar. The well-known Russian historian S. M. Solovyov believed that Ivan IV became the first tsar not because he dared to take the royal title, but because he realized the significance and importance of royal power for the state.
Campaigns Kazan Astrakhan But the young tsar is engaged not only in laws. He gathers an army and in 1552 finally conquers Kazan. And four years later, the campaign against Astrakhan was crowned with success. The Astrakhan and Kazan kingdoms cease to exist, and the lands are merged into the Moscow state.
The conquest of Siberia The 17th century was a time of rapid expansion of Russia's borders to the east due to the development of Siberia. The advance to Siberia began as early as the 16th century, and from the campaign of Yermak already by the beginning of the 17th century. a significant part of Western Siberia was mastered. From the first years of the XVII century. the advance to Eastern Siberia began, and then to the Amur region.
The development of Siberia led to the fact that the territory of the country increased several times, in many of its places agriculture and trade developed. At the same time, it was a very harsh region of Russia in terms of its climate. It is no coincidence that Siberia has become a place of political exile.
Wars Wars with the Crimean Khanate War with Sweden Livonian War
Reforms Ivan IV carried out a number of reforms aimed at centralizing the state: the Zemstvo reform, the Gubnaya reform, and carried out transformations in the army. In the early 1990s, Ivan Vasilievich carried out a landmark reform of state sphragistics (press). From that moment on, a stable type of state seal appeared in Russia.
The murder of a son on July 3, 1583 in the royal chambers was one of the most mysterious murders. Ivan the Terrible, in a fit of anger, poked his son Tsarevich Ivan with a staff in the temple. The prince died on the spot. They say that Ivan the Terrible was very worried about what happened, because he was his eldest and most beloved son.
The truth of death In the annals of that time, there is no confirmation of the fact that the king killed his son. But when, in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Kremlin, the graves of Tsarevich John and his formidable father were opened, no injuries of violent death were found on the skull of the prince, but mercury was found in the bones of all members of the royal family, so it is possible that someone tried to poison them all .
Wives and children Wives: 1. Anastasia Romanovna 2. Maria Temryukovna 3. Marfa Sobakina 4. Anna Koltovskaya 5. Maria Dolgorukaya 6. Anna Vasilchikova 7. Vasilisa Melentievna 8. Maria Nagaya Children: 1. Dmitry Ivanovich 2. Ivan Ivanovich 3. Fedor I Ioannovich 4. Vasily 5. Tsarevich Dmitry 6. Anna 7. Maria 8. Evdokia
Ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Vasily _III ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ivan _ the Terrible
Integration of the newly annexed landsAfter the annexation of Yaroslavl in 1471
principality on its territory begins enough
strict unification with the general Moscow order.
Specially appointed envoy of the Grand Duke
put the Yaroslavl princes into the Moscow service and
boyars, taking away part of their lands. Similar processes
took place in the city that came under the control of Moscow
Rostov. Here, too, the process of reversal was observed.
local elite (both princes and boyars) to serve the great
prince, and Rostov princes kept in their hands
significantly smaller compared to Yaroslavl
princes of the estate. A number of properties were acquired as
Grand Duke, and Moscow nobility
The annexation of the Tver principality in 1485 and its
integration into the Russian state took place
soft enough. It has actually been turned into
one of the principalities. Under Prince Ivan
left Moscow governor Vasily Obrazets Dobrynsky. Tver has retained many attributes
independence: the princely lands were ruled by a special
Tver Palace. In 1490, after the death of Ivan
Ivanovich, Tver for some time passed to the prince
Vasily, and in 1497 was taken from him. By the beginning of the XVI
century, the Tver courtyard finally merged with Moscow, and
some Tver boyars moved to the Moscow Duma.
the national structure of Belozersky
principalities. After his transition in 1486 under
the power of Moscow, in March 1488 was
Belozersky statutory charter published.
Among other things, she set standards
feeding representatives of the authorities, as well as
regulated the judiciary.
The most profound changes were
comprehended the Novgorod land. At the core
Veche orders lay wealth
Novgorod boyar-merchant aristocracy,
who owned vast estates; huge
land was also owned by the Novgorod
church. During the negotiations for the surrender of the city
the Moscow side gave the Grand Duke a number
guarantees, in particular, it was promised not
evict Novgorodians "to the Niz" (outside
Novgorod land, on Moscow proper
territory) and not confiscate property. Immediately after the fall of the city, arrests were made.
An irreconcilable opponent of the Moscow
state of Marfa Boretskaya, huge family possessions
Boretsky passed into the hands of the treasury; a similar fate befell a number
other leaders of the pro-Lithuanian party. In addition, there was
confiscated a number of lands belonging to the Novgorod
churches. In 1483-1484 a new wave of arrests followed.
boyars on charges of high treason, in 1486 from
Fifty families were evicted from the city. And finally, in 1487
year, a decision was made to evict the entire
landowning and merchant aristocracy and its confiscation
fiefdoms. In the winter of 1487-1488, the city was evicted
about 7,000 people - boyars and "living people". Next
year, more than a thousand merchants were evicted from Novgorod and
"living people". Their estates were confiscated to the treasury,
from where they were partially distributed to the estates of Moscow children
boyar, partially transferred to the ownership of Moscow
boyars, and partly made up the possessions of the Grand Duke. So
Thus, the place of the noble Novgorod estates was taken by
Moscow settlers who owned land already on the basis of
local system; common people resettlement nobility
affected. In parallel with the confiscations of estates,
a land census was carried out, summing up the land
reforms. In 1489, a part of
population of Khlynov (Vyatka). The elimination of the dominance of the old
landowning and merchant aristocracy
Novgorod went in parallel with the breaking of the old
government controlled. Power has passed to
hands of governors appointed by the great
prince, and in charge of both military and judicial administrative affairs. Lost
a significant part of its power and Novgorod
archbishop. Im after his death in 1483
Archbishop Theophilus (arrested in 1480
year) became the Trinity monk Sergius, immediately
antagonized by the local
clergy. In 1484 he was replaced by an appointed
from Moscow, archimandrite of the Chudov Monastery
Gennady Gonzov, supporter of the Grand Ducal
politicians. In the future, Archbishop Gennady became
one of the central figures in the fight against
heresy of the "Judaizers".