Simple English sentences. Sample sentences in Present Simple. Past Simple examples of interrogative sentences with translation

A sentence is a unit of speech that expresses a complete thought, has a grammatical form and intonation. All types of offers English language can be divided according to the structure and purpose of the statement. In this article, we will look at both classifications.

Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement

The purpose of the statement tells how and why we use sentences: we affirm or ask, we order or exclaim. According to this classification, proposals are divided into four types:

Declarative sentences- narrative sentences.
Declarative sentences state facts. With their help, we affirm or deny something.

Catherine is a sous-chef in that restaurant. Katherine works as a sous chef in that restaurant.

They want to repair the roof of their country cottage. They want to fix the roof of the country house.

I didn't go to the gym yesterday. – I didn’t go to the gym yesterday.

Steve doesn't like cherry ice cream. Steve doesn't like cherry ice cream.
Interrogative sentences- interrogative sentences.
We need interrogative sentences in order to ask and clarify information. They are general, special, alternative and divisive. In the article "" we talked about each of them.

The peculiarity is that in all questions, except, the reverse word order is used: auxiliary/modal verb – subject – semantic verb. So is also used as an interrogative word ( what? - what?, when? - when?, where? - where? etc.).

Do you mind taking Larry with us? “Do you mind taking Larry with us?” (general question)

Where is he? Can you see him? - Where is he? (special issue) Do you see him? (general question)

Are you going to Australia or New Zealand? Are you going to Australia or New Zealand? (alternative question)

You worked yesterday, didn't you? You worked yesterday, didn't you? (separated question)
Imperative sentences- imperative sentences.
This type of sentence is needed in order to order, ask or invite to do something. In imperative sentences, we often turn to the second person ( you- you, you, you). We can also invite the interlocutor to do something together with the help of the word let's(let's).

Please shut the door. - Close the door, please.

Just look at her! “Just look at her!”

Don't tell off your children in public! It's so embarrassing. Don't scold children in public. It's so humiliating.

Let's meet on Saturday. Let's meet on Saturday.
Exclamatory sentences- exclamatory sentences.
Such sentences express emotions. On the letter they can always be recognized by the exclamation point at the end. In oral speech, exclamations are usually pronounced loudly and emotionally.

That's brilliant! - This is genius!

I don't want to take part in this competition! “I don’t want to take part in this competition!”

The weather is wonderful! - The weather is wonderful!

good job! – Great job!

In general, any sentence can become an exclamation point by adding an exclamation mark at the end.

The apples are sour. → The apples are sour!

Apples are sour. → Apples are sour!

Let's watch a short video in which we will repeat all the types of sentences one more time and even practice identifying each of them.

Types of sentences by structure

According to the structure, the types of sentences in English and Russian languages are simple and complex. Consider them:

Simple sentences.
A simple sentence usually has one subject and one predicate. There can be two or three of them, but in this case all subjects and predicates must be homogeneous.

He wants to become a writer. - He wants to be a writer.

Can I give you a word of advice? – May I give you some advice?

James and Jordan are both suitable for this position. - AND James, and jordon fit for this position. (homogeneous subjects)

We will go and find you elegant dress. - We let's go to and find you elegant dress. (homogeneous predicates)
Complex sentences.
Such sentences consist of two parts, which in English are called clauses(parts of a complex sentence). Clauses are of two types: main clause(main clause) and subordinate clause(subordinate clause). Let's look at the different types of compound sentences in English.
- Compound sentences- Compound sentences.
  Compound sentences consist of two or more parts. Both parts are independent of each other, that is, we can break a complex sentence into two simple ones and the meaning will not be lost.
  
  Parts of a compound sentence are joined together by conjunctions and(and, a), or(or), but(but) or with a comma, in which case the union is not needed. Please note that in English, a comma before conjunctions is used optionally, that is, at the request of the author of the words.
  
  The weather was awful and we decided to stay in. - The weather was terrible. and we decided to stay at home.
  
  I called Jerry yesterday but he wasn't at home. I called Jerry yesterday but he was not home.
  
  Lenny and Jessy went shopping and we baked an apple pie. Lenny and Jesse went shopping a we baked an apple pie.
  
  I was looking in the window , there was no one in the street. - I looked out the window , there was no one on the street.
- complex sentences- complex sentences.
  A complex sentence, like a complex one, can consist of two or more parts. In such sentences, the subordinate clause is subordinate to the main ( main clause + subordinate clause), that is, without the main clause, the clause loses its meaning. We connect parts of such a sentence with subordinating conjunctions: when(when), if(if), what(what), why(why), because(because), before(before as), after(after), while(while) and many others.
  
  My friend won't be able to join us (main clause) because he doesn't feel well (subordinate clause) . - My friend will not be able to join us, because he doesn't feel very well.
  
  I don't know (main clause) why he accepted the invitation from a stranger (subordinate clause) . - I dont know, why he accepted an invitation from a stranger.
  
  We will go for a walk (main clause) if the rain stops (subordinate clause) . - We will go out, if the rain will stop.
  
  I am eager to know (main clause) who is the author of this book (subordinate clause) . - I really want to know (the main thing), who the author of this book (subordinate).
- Complex-compound sentence- mixed type of complex sentence.
  We looked at what they look like complex sentences in a "pure" form. In the realities of the English language, we can also meet a mixed type: a sentence consisting of several independent and several subordinate parts.
  
  I bumped into Julia (main clause) when I was going home (subordinate clause) and we decided to have lunch together sometime (main clause) . I ran into Julia on my way home and we decided to have lunch together sometime.
  
  When I moved to New York (subordinate clause) , I felt lonely at first (main clause) but then I met Michael and we became good friends (main clause) . – When I moved to New York, at first I was lonely, but then I met Michael and we became good friends.
  
  I've been always thinking (main clause) that Martins is a kind person (subordinate clause) but it turned out (main clause) that he is mean and greedy (subordinate clause) . - I always thought that Mr. Martins was a kind person, but it turned out that he was evil and greedy.

As you can see, the types of sentences in English and Russian are very similar, so it is quite easy to remember them. Finally, we suggest that you repeat this topic again with the teacher. Adam.

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

Simple sentences are uncommon and common.

Uncommon simple sentences consist only of the main members of the proposal - subject and predicate:

The car (subject) stopped (predicate). The car stopped.

Part common simple sentence in addition to the main members, there are also secondary ones - definition, addition and circumstance. The secondary members of the sentence explain the main ones:

In this sentence, the minor member of the blue sentence (definition) explains the subject - the car, and the minor member at the gate (place circumstance) is the predicate stopped.

The minor member of the company (definition) explains the subject of the manager ; the minor member of the sentence a letter (addition) explains the predicate has received.

The subject with the secondary members of the sentence related to it constitutes the subject group (common subject). The predicate with the secondary members of the sentence related to it constitutes the group of the predicate (common predicate):

The secondary members of the sentence, in turn, can be explained by other secondary ones, making common members of the sentence with them:

In this sentence, the minor member of the sentence a message (complement) is explained by another minor member important (definition), forming with it a common object - an important message .

The minor term at the meeting (the circumstance of place) is explained by another minor member of the council (definition), forming with it the common adverb of place at the meeting of the council.

INTERESTING SENTENCES DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF QUESTION
№ p/p	QUESTION TYPE	RULE	EXAMPLE
	GENERAL (NON-PRONOUNAL)	General questions are those that can be answered yes or no. They start with an interrogative verb.	Do you know him? You know him? Is this bag clean? Is this bag clean?
	SPECIAL (PRONOMINAL)	Special questions are aimed at clarifying a fact or circumstance. They are relate not to the whole offer, but to one of its members. They begin with a question word. The verb is in the interrogative form only if the interrogative word is not the subject or the definition of the subject	Where is he? Where is he? Where do you study? Where are you studying? Who knows? What do you know? What do you know?
	ALTERNATIVE	Alternative questions suggest in response, a choice between two or more items, actions, or qualities, expressed homogeneous members sentences joined by or or	Do you study at the University or at college? You study at the university or in college?
	SEPARATING (DISTEMPTED)	Separating questions consist of in two parts: the first part is declarative sentence(affirmative or negative), and the second - short general question, consisting of an auxiliary (or modal) verb in the required form and a personal pronoun in nominative case. Moreover, if the first part of the question is affirmative, then the auxiliary (modal) verb is used in the negative form, if the first part is negative, then the auxiliary (modal) verb is used in the affirmative form	You bought the tickets, didn't you? You bought tickets, didn't you? You had a good time in the country last week, didn't you? You had a good time out of town last week, didn't you? He hasn't come back from Moscow yet, has he? He hasn't returned from Moscow yet, has he?

INTERESTING NEGATIVE SENTENCES
№ p/p	RULE	EXAMPLE
	The negative form of special questions is formed using the negative particle not, which in colloquial speech often merges with the auxiliary verb before the subject	Why didn't you know your lesson? Why are you not ready for the lesson? Why isn't he coming to see us? Why won't he come to us?
	The negative form of the general question in English gives it a touch of surprise. Such sentences are translated into Russian as questions beginning with the words Is it really?	Didn't you know about the meeting? Did you not know about the meeting? Didn't you go to the library yesterday? Weren't you in the library yesterday?

MAIN MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSITION AND THEIR EXPRESSION

The subject is a member of the sentence, denoting the subject about which something is said in the sentence. It answers the question who? who? or what? what?

WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE SUBJECT
№ p/p	METHOD OF EXPRESSION	EXAMPLE
	noun	The train has arrived. The train has arrived. The meeting is over. The meeting is over.
	pronoun	Doesn't work at a factory. He works in a factory. Someone wants to speak to you. Someone wants to talk to you.
	infinitive	That swim is pleasant. It's nice to swim.
	gerund	Smoking is not allowed here. Smoking is not allowed here.
	numeral	Three were absent from the lecture. Three were absent from the lecture.
	Any word or phrase used as a noun	"Had" is the Past Tense of the verb "to have". "Had" is the past tense of the verb "to have".

An English sentence in its structure differs from a Russian one in that it always has a subject and a predicate (more precisely, they should). Therefore, in impersonal sentences, when there is no subject with a specific objective meaning, the pronoun it is used as a formal grammatical subject:

Impersonal sentences are divided into registered and verbal.

Nominal impersonal sentences are built according to the scheme:

(does not translate

into Russian)

TO BE

(linking verb in

corresponding time)

NOMINAL PART OF THE PREDICIAL

(adjective,

noun or

numeral)

9 o "clock when we got home.

It was 9 o'clock when we came home.

When forming an interrogative form, the linking verb comes first:

Is it winter now in that part of the country? Is it winter in this part of the country?

In negative nominal impersonal sentences particle not placed after the first auxiliary verb:

It won't be cold in September, I hope. I hope it won't be cold in September.

Verbal impersonal sentences are built according to the following scheme:

SIMPLE VERB PREDICT,

Expressed by an impersonal verb like

to rain go (about rain), to snow go (about snow)

often rains in autumn.

It often rains in autumn.

There are no verbs in Russian that correspond to the verbs to rain and to snow (literally, they would look like: rain, snow), but in Russian there is also a category of impersonal verbs: get dark, get light etc., which are used to form impersonal sentences. At the same time, as in English, the verb is put in the 3rd person singular: darkens, shines:

It is getting dark. It's getting dark.

Interrogative and negative form verbal impersonal sentences are formed according to the same rules as for sentences with a regular verbal predicate:

Does it often rain in autumn? It often rains in autumn?

Is it raining now? It's raining now?

It didn't snow much last winter. It didn't snow much last winter.

It won't be raining tomorrow. It won't rain tomorrow.

The pronoun it is used as a formal subject in the following impersonal sentences:

When reporting about natural phenomena:

With verbs denoting weather conditions: to rain, to snow, to freeze, etc.:

With the designations time and distance:

The pronoun it in the function of the formal subject is used with some verbs in passive voice. Such passive turns correspond in Russian to indefinite personal turns:

The pronoun it in the function of a formal subject is also used in the presence of a subject sentence expressed infinitive, gerund or subordinate clause and standing after the predicate:

One in combination with the modal verbs must, should is translated into Russian "necessary, should", with verb can- "can ":

One can be used in the possessive form and in this case is translated own, own, own, own:

In dictionaries, the pronoun one in the possessive form usually indicates that in a particular sentence, instead of one, you need to use the corresponding possessive pronoun:

A sentence with an indefinite subject one or they is translated into Russian as an impersonal or indefinitely personal sentence.

Often in indefinitely personal sentences, the pronoun they is used, especially in the combination they say, corresponding to the Russian "say":

The pronoun you is used less often:

If you need to select an addition his sister, i.e., to emphasize that it was his sister that I met, and not someone else, then his sister placed between it was and that (whom):

If you need to highlight the circumstance of place in the park i.e. emphasize that I met his sister in the park and not elsewhere, then in the park placed between it was and that:

When translating this turnover, they often use the words exactly, this.

With the help of the turnover It is ... that, you can also highlight the subordinate clause. In this case, when translating into Russian, the word is often used only:

I told him the news after he had returned from Moscow.

It was after he had returned from Moscow that I told him the news.

The predicate is a member of the sentence, denoting what is being said about the subject. The predicate answers the questions: what does the subject do? what does the subject do? what is done to the subject? what is done with the subject? or what is it like? what is it? what is it? what is it? who is it? who is that?

The predicate is simple (the Simple Predicate) and compound (the Compound Predicate). The compound predicate, in turn, is of two types - compound nominal and compound verb:

SIMPLE PREDICTION

A simple predicate is expressed by a verb in a personal form in any tense, voice and mood:

COMPOSITE NOMINAL PREDICT

The compound nominal predicate is expressed by the linking verb to be in personal form, in combination with the nominal part. The nominal part of the compound predicate expresses the main meaning of the predicate, telling what the subject (subject) is, what it is, what it is, who it is.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE NOMINAL PART OF THE PREDICT
№ p/p	METHOD OF EXPRESSION	EXAMPLE
	noun	I am a student They are workers.
	pronoun	It is she. That's her. This book is yours. This book is yours.
	Noun or pronoun with a preposition	The room is in disorder. The room is in disarray. She was in despair. She was desperate. Not is against it. He is against it.
	Adjective or participle	The morning was warm. The morning was warm. The glass is broken. The glass is broken.
	infinitive	Your duty is to help them immediately. Your duty is to help them immediately. My intention is to go to the Caucasus in June. I intend to go to the Caucasus in June.
	gerund	Her greatest pleasure was travelling. Traveling was her greatest pleasure.
N.B.	In Russian, the linking verb to be in the present tense is usually absent. In English, the presence of a linking verb is mandatory. Therefore, Russian sentences: He is a student. black pencil ny, etc. are translated into English using a linking verb: Not is a student. The pencil is black.

A combination of to be with an infinitive, which is a compound nominal predicate, should be distinguished from a compound verbal predicate that coincides with it in form, since the meaning of these combinations is different.

The verb to be in a compound nominal predicate is translated into Russian in words be to or consist in, and is often not translated in the present tense. The verb to be in a compound verbal predicate, expressing obligation, is translated into Russian through the words: should, should have.

In oral speech, after the verb to be, a pause is made in the nominal predicate; in the compound verbal predicate, there is no pause after to be:

In addition to the verb to be, verbs can serve as a linking verb to become, to grow, to get, to turn in the meaning of becoming, to seem to seem, to look to look, etc.: Did not become a doctor. He became a doctor. Not looks ill. He looks sick. They seemed tired. They seemed tired. It grew warmer. It got warmer (became warmer). Not getting old. He's getting old (getting old). She turned pale. She turned pale.

COMPOSITE VERB PREDICT

A compound verb predicate is a combination of a verb in the personal form with an infinitive or gerund. The infinitive or gerund expresses the main meaning of the predicate, indicating the action performed by the subject; the verb, in its personal form, plays the role of an auxiliary part.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING A COMPOSITE VERB PREDICT
№ p/p	WAY	EXAMPLE
	combination modal verbs (or their equivalents) with an infinitive	May return soon. He may be back soon. I have to go there. I must go there.
	combination with infinitive or gerund of many other verbs which alone do not make complete sense. Such verbs include to begin to begin, to continue to continue, to finish to finish, to like to love, to want to want, to intend to intend, to try to try, to avoid to avoid, to hope to hope, to promise to promise, etc.	She began to translate the article. She began to translate the article. Doesn't want to help me. He wants to help me. I have finished writing the exercise. I have finished writing the exercise. Not avoided sitting in the sun. He avoided sitting in the sun.
	combination adjective(with a preceding copula) with an infinitive, and sometimes with a gerund	I am glad to see you. I'm glad to see you . Is not ready to help her. He is ready to help her.
N.B.	In Russian, the compound verb predicate is also formed by combining the corresponding verbs and adjectives with the infinitive: He can do it. She is started translating article. I'm glad to see you.

SECONDARY MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSITION AND THEIR EXPRESSION

An addition is a secondary member of a sentence that designates an object and answers questions that correspond in Russian to questions of oblique cases, both without a preposition and with a preposition: whom? whom? what? what? to whom? to whom? by whom? by whom? about what? about what? etc.

Complement is direct and indirect. Indirect addition can be unprepositional and prepositional:

DIRECT ADDITION (THE DIRECT OBJECT)

A direct object denotes a person or object to which the action expressed by the transitive verb, both in personal and in impersonal form, directly passes. It answers the question whom? whom? or what? what? and corresponds in Russian to an addition in the accusative case without a preposition. The direct object comes after the verb: I received a letter yesterday. I received a letter yesterday.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING DIRECT COMPLEMENT
№ p/p	WAY	EXAMPLE
	noun	I have bought a book. I bought a book.
	pronoun	I met him yesterday. I met him yesterday.
	numeral	How many books did you take the library? - I took three. How many books did you borrow from the library?- I took three.
	infinitive	Don't asked me to do it. He asked me to do it.
	gerund	I remember reading about it before. I remember reading about it before.

FREE INDIRECT ADDITION

(THE INDIRECT OBJECT)

Some transitive verbs (to give to give, to send to send, to show to show, etc.) have, in addition to the direct object, a second non-prepositional object that answers the question to whom? to whom? and denoting the person to whom the action is addressed. Such an addition is called a non-prepositional indirect addition and corresponds in Russian to an indirect addition in the dative case without a preposition. An unprepositional indirect object is expressed by a noun in the common case or by a pronoun in the objective case and stands between the verb and the direct object:

PREPOSITIONAL INDIRECT OBJECT

(THE PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT)

The prepositional indirect object, that is, the object with a preposition, is used after many verbs and adjectives and answers various questions: about whom? about whom? about what? about what? with whom? with whom? for whom? for whom? etc.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING INDIRECT COMPLEMENT
№ p/p	METHOD OF EXPRESSION	EXAMPLE
	Noun with a preposition	We spoke about our work. We talked about our work. Doesn't live with his parents. with your parents lyami
	pronoun with preposition	Not spoke to me yesterday. He spoke to me yesterday. I agree with you. I agree with you.
	Gerund with preposition	I am fond of reading. I enjoy reading. Not insists on doing it himself. He insists on doing it himself.
	Noun with a preposition after a direct object	I have received a letter from my sister. I received a letter from my sister. I spent a lot of money on books. I spent a lot of money on books.

FORMAL SUPPLEMENT IT

After a series of transitive verbs to find, to consider, to think, to deem, to feel etc., the pronoun it is often used, which is a formal object preceding the addition expressed by an infinitive turnover or a subordinate clause. The pronoun it in this case is not translated into Russian:

A definition is a secondary member of a sentence that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions: what? what kind of? which? whose? whose? which? which the? which? how much? how many? How many?

The definition usually refers to a noun, but less often - to a noun pronoun (one and derivatives from some, any, every, no).

WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE DEFINITION
№ p/p	METHOD OF EXPRESSION	EXAMPLE
	adjective	I received an important letter yesterday. I received an important letter yesterday. I am going to tell you something interesting. I'll tell you something interesting.
	Communion	Didn't buy some illustrated magazines. He bought several illustrated magazines. The rising sun was hidden by the clouds. The rising sun was covered with clouds.
	Participle turnover	The student speaking to the teacher is my brother. student talkingwith the teacher, my brother. They sent us a list of goods sold at the auction. They sent us a list of items sold at the auction. cyone.
	numeral	Two thousand tons of sugar were loaded yesterday. Two thousand tons of sugar were loaded yesterday. The second lesson begins at 11 o' clock. The second lesson begins at 11.
	pronoun	Some magazines are lying on the table. There are several magazines on the table. This is my book. It is my book.
	Noun in common case	The town library is closed on Sundays. The city library is closed on Sundays. Poland and Germany have concluded a trade agreement. Poland and Germany signed a trade agreement.
	Noun in the possessive case	The teacher corrected the student's mistakes. The teacher corrected the student's mistakes. The expert's conclusion was enclosed in the letter. The expert opinion was attached to the letter.
	Noun with a preposition	The leg of the table is broken. The table leg is broken. I have lost the key to the en trance door. I lost my front door key.
	infinitive	Not had a great desire to travel. He had a great desire to travel.
	Gerund with preposition	They discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages. They discussed various methods of teaching foreign strange languages.

In English, as in Russian, there is a special kind of definition, which is expressed by a noun that gives the object being defined a different name. Such a definition is called an application. The application can be distributed, have explanatory words with you:

The definition does not have a permanent place in the sentence. It can define any member of a sentence expressed by a noun:

A circumstance is a secondary member of a sentence, which denotes how or under what circumstances (i.e. where, when, why, why, etc.) an action is performed. Circumstances usually refer to the verb in both personal and impersonal forms.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES
№ p/p	MEANING	EXAMPLE
	Time	She will come soon. She will come soon. We reached the town the next morning. We reached the city the next morning.
	Place	I found him in the garden. I found it in the garden. We could see the river from the top of the hill. We saw the river from the top of the hill.
	Modus operandi	Not spoke slowly. He spoke slowly. Not copied the letter with great care. He rewrote the letter with great care.
	Cause	I came back because of the rain. I returned from the rain. The steamer could not leave the port owing to a severe storm . The steamer could not leave the port because of a strong storm.
	Target	The steamer called at Odessa to take on a fresh supply of coal. The steamer entered Odessa to take a fresh supply of coal. I have come to discuss the matter. I have come to discuss this matter.
	Degree Circumstances, expressing degree, can also apply to adjectives and adverbs	I quite agree with her. I quite agree with her. Has not changed much. He has changed a lot. This machine is very heavy. This car is very heavy. I know him rather well. I know him quite well.
	Related circumstances	Not sat at the table reading but newspaper. He was sitting at the table reading a newspaper.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING A CIRCUMSTANCE
№ p/p	WAY	EXAMPLE
	adverb	The meeting was held yesterday. The meeting took place yesterday. Not quickly opened the door and ran out of the room. He quickly opened the door and ran out of the room.
	Noun with a preposition	Not spent his vacation in the south . He spent his holidays in the south. Was not in New York during the war in Afghanistan. During the war in Afghanistan, he was in New York.
	Communion (corresponding to the Russian participle)	Didn't stand on the deck counting the boxes. He stood on deck, counting boxes. While reading the book I came across a number of interesting expressions. While reading this book, I came across a number of interesting expressions.
	infinitive	I called on him to discuss this matter. I went to him to discuss this matter. Is not clever enough to understand it. He is smart enough to understand this.
	Gerund with preposition	Not locked the door before leaving the office. He locked the door before leaving the office. On arriving at the station he went to the information bureau. Arriving at the station, he went to the information desk.

Circumstances usually come after additions. If there are two or more circumstances, they are placed in the following order:


Circumstance of course of action	Circumstance of place	circumstance of time
I met him by chance	at the theater	a few days ago.
I met him by chance	in the theatre	some days ago .

COMPLEX SENTENCE MEMBERS

The members of a sentence can be indivisible combinations of a noun or pronoun with non-personal forms of the verb - infinitive, participle or gerund. Such members of the sentence are called complex.


No. p / p	OFFER MEMBER	EXAMPLE
	DIFFICULT SUBJECT (THE COMPLEX SUBJECT)	The steamer is expected to arrive tomorrow. The ship is expected to arrive tomorrow. It is difficult for him to do it today. It's hard for him to do it today.
	COMPLEX NAME PART OF THE PREDICIAL (THE COMPLEX PREDICATIVE)	The only way out of the difficulty is for you to go there. The only way out of the difficulty- you must go there immediately. The inconvenience was my not knowing the language. The inconvenience was that I did not know the language.
	COMPLEX DIRECT COMPLEMENT (THE COMPLEX DIRECT OBJECT)	I saw her crossing the street. I saw her crossing the street. Do you mind my opening the window? Do you mind if I open the window?
	DIFFICULT PROPOSITIONAL ADDITION (THE COMPLEX PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT)	I count upon him to help me. I'm counting on him to help me. I was surprised at my brother's coming so early. I was surprised that my brother came so early.
	DIFFICULT DEFINITION (THE COMPLEX ATTRIBUTE)	The first thing for me to do is to find out the date of the arrival of the steamer. The first thing I must do is find out the date of the steamer's arrival.
	DIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCE (THE COMPLEX ADVERBIAL MODIFIER)	The water was too cold for the children to bathe. The water was too cold for the children to swim. My brother having taken the key , I could not enter the house. Since my brother took the key, I could not enter the house.

A compound sentence consists of equal simple sentences that do not depend on each other. Simple sentences that are part of a compound sentence are connected by coordinating conjunctions: and and, but, but, or or, etc. They are usually separated by a comma.

Two or more simple sentences, as in Russian, can be combined into a compound sentence without conjunctions. In this case, between simple sentences, you can meaningfully insert the union and and, but. A semicolon is placed between the sentences that make up the non-union compound sentence:

COMPLEX SENTENCE

(THE COMPLEX SENTENCE)

A complex sentence consists of unequal sentences, one sentence is dependent on the other. A clause that explains another clause is called the Subordinate Clause. A clause that is explained by a subordinate clause is called the Principal Clause. Sentences that are part of a complex sentence are connected by unions or allied words:

Subordinate clauses, in fact, answer the same questions as the members of a simple sentence, and are, as it were, its expanded members. That is why there are as many types of subordinate clauses as there are clauses.

TYPES OF RELATED SENTENCES
TYPE OF adnexal	UNIONS AND ALLIANCE WORDS INTRODUCING SUDDENDENT SENTENCES	EXAMPLE
Subject	that, if, whether, who, what what, which	That he understands his mistake is clear. It is clear that he understands his mistake.
Predicate (performs the function of the nominal part of the compound predicate)	that, if, whether, who, what what, which	The question is whether he knows about this meeting. The question is whether he knows about this meeting.
Additional	that, if, whether, who who, what what, which , when, where , how	We know where she lives. We know where she lives.
N.B.	If a verb is followed by a noun without a preposition (or a personal pronoun in the nominative case) followed by a personal verb, that noun is the subject of an additional subordinate clause, which is attached to the main without a union: He said they had returned . He said (that) they had returned.
definitive	who, whose which, that which the, where where, why why	People who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not hear or speak communicate with each other using their fingers.
N.B.	If a sentence uses a personal verb after two adjacent nouns with articles or possessive pronouns (or a noun and a pronoun), the second noun (or pronoun) is usually the subject of a attributive clause that is attached to the main clause without a conjunction: The students studied the machines they had to use on the farm. The students studied the machines they were to use on the collective farm. Therefore, at the junction of two nouns or a noun and a pronoun, the allied word can be omitted: Give me the book you are speaking about. Give me the book you are talking about.
Circumstances time	when when, after after, before before, before, till until, whilewhile	When babies laugh, we know that they are happy. When children laugh, we know they are happy.
Circumstances places	where where, wherever wherever, wherever	Wherever you go you must remember about it. Wherever you go, you must remember this.
Circumstances the reasons	because because, as,sincebecause	He cannot go to the cinema because he is busy. He cannot go to the cinema because he is busy.
Circumstances of the course of action	as how, that what, as if, as thoughtas if	She speaks so loudly that everybody can hear her. She speaks so loudly that everyone can hear her.
Circumstances goals	that to, so that,in order that to, to, lest not to	She must speak louder so that everybody can hear her well. She should speak louder so that everyone can hear her well.
Circumstances terms	if if, provided that, on condition that provided that, unless if not	If he is free today, he must be at the conference. If he's free today, he should be at the conference.

Sentences in English may have a completely different word order than in Russian. At the same time, during the translation, it is worth adhering to certain rules, for example, if in Russian we see first the main part of the sentence, and then the subject, then in English it may be different. Consider different English sentences with translation to visually see how to translate sentences from one language to another.

grandmother has come! => Grandma is here!
Daddy has arrived! => Dad has arrived!
My friends have come too late => My friends have come too late.
You are having very good time => You are having a great time.

Take a close look at these offers. You will notice that they consist of a different number of words. The first two are uncommon, the second two are common.

Non-common ones are those in which only the main (main) members of the sentence are present, namely, the predicate and the subject. As for the common ones, there are also other (minor) members. They are circumstances, definitions, additions, etc.

Examples of translation of simple sentences (common and non-common):

mother says. => Mom says.
Children are playing. => Children play.
Grandfather has done. => Grandpa did.
Mary is her best friend. => Mary is her best friend.
The girl is enjoying the sunshine. => The girl enjoys the sunshine (warmth).
The boy is smiling to her. => The boy smiles at her.

Features of translation when there is no subject

If we talk about simple sentences, then it is important to remember that they are divided into several types. Categories need to be known in order to correctly translate sentences. For example, in personal sentences that denote a pronounced person or thing, the subject may be absent, but this does not mean that it does not need to be translated:

My mother will come in a minute. => My mother will come in a minute (subject present).
She looks at the window. stands up. Sits down. Again stands up. She doesn't know what to do. => She looks out the window. Stands up. Sits down. He gets up again. She doesn't know what to do.

The example shows that the word she is not in all sentences, but, nevertheless, it is implied there. You don't need to use the word "she" in every sentence. She gets up. She sits down. She gets up again. It is not right. Enough to translate she once, and then it is clear from the meaning that the word in the sentence should be.

Features of translation from one and they

When we talk about indefinite personal sentences, then the subject expresses something indefinite (an object or a person). In order to convey this something (indefinite) in English, for translation we use one and they:

One can study English only if he wants to. => A person can only learn English if he wants to (you can't force a person to do something).
One can bake a cake only if he knows how to do it. => A person can bake a cake only if he knows how to do it.
One can become a policeman only if he is a brave one. => Only those who are brave can become a policeman.
They say the summer will be hot. => They say the summer will be hot.
They say the meeting will be very interesting. => They say that the meeting will be very interesting.

The examples clearly show that when translating into Russian, we omit some words that are present in English. For example, they. Yes, we write They say, and not just say, but translate without they: they say rather than they say. A similar situation with the word One. In our examples One translates as man and cop, but the translation is not limited to these words. Everything depends on the context.

Features of the translation of impersonal sentences

An interesting situation with the translation lies ahead in impersonal sentences. The peculiarity of such proposals is that they do not have an active person. How to translate them into Russian? Without a subject.

Here are some examples:

It is snowing. => It's snowing.
It is sunshining. => The sun is shining.
It is cold. => It's cold.
It becomes dark very early. => It gets evening very early.

In English impersonal sentences we use it, which is not translated in Russian. We omit this part of the sentence.

More sentences with translation into Russian:

It seems that you have seen this man before. => It seems that you have already seen this person before.
It is known that these guys are very talented. => Know that these guys are very talented.
It becomes deeper and deeper step by step. => Step by step it gets deeper and deeper.

Note! English sentences cannot be translated word for word. They need to be translated comprehensively. For example, in the last sentence, we first translate step by step, and then - It becomes deeper and deeper, although in the sentence the opposite is true. You can, of course, translate Getting Deeper Step by Step, but Step by Step Getting Deeper sounds better.

Features of the translation of compound sentences

Such sentences necessarily have coordinating conjunctions. neither .. .nor, as well as, not only ... but also, but, etc. Such sentences, consisting of two or three parts, are also separated by commas. It is easier both for perception and for translation.

On a note! Simple sentences in compound sentences should be pronounced with a falling intonation.

A cold wind was blowing and a snowstorm began. => A cold wind was blowing, and a snowstorm began.

In this sentence, the coordinating element is and, but the sentence is compound, not simple. The fact is that both sentences (simple, part of the complex) have a predicate and a subject. If we took, for example, It was cool and windy, then it is clear that this is a simple sentence, because It was applies to cool, and to windy.

But in the proposal A cold wind was blowing and a snowstorm began we see two separate full sentences - 1) A cold wind was blowing, and 2) a snowstorm began.

Here are some more examples:

The metal is made up of irregularly shaped grains, and these tiny grains are the bundling blocks of the metal. => The metal consists of grains of irregular shape, and these smallest grains are the building mass of the metal.
I wanted to buy a baby Chihuahua so I started to save my money. => I wanted to buy a chihuahua puppy, and so I started saving money.
His dog has won many prizes, but she doesn't know many tricks. => His dog has won many awards, but she doesn't know a lot of tricks.
I will be glad to help you; I love to cook. => I'll be glad to help you; I like to cook.

Note! Compound sentences can be translated without conjunctions. A good example is the last sentence.

In addition to compound sentences, sentences are also complex, and they, in turn, also have their own subspecies. That's another topic for that. We will consider it in our other articles.

Summing up

When we study English sentences with translation from Russian into English, it is better to start training with simple ones, and then take on complex ones. If you learn how to correctly translate easy sentences, then you will learn how to competently cope with complex ones. In the latter case, you will need to learn the coordinating conjunctions that are connecting between sentences. Exercise regularly and improve your skills. Good luck!

In order for our words to make sense, we form them into sentences. The special structure of English phrases has its own grammatical and lexical secrets. Having correctly arranged all the elements, you will be able to competently speak this foreign language.

What is the sentence? This is the structuring of your thoughts, ringed with logical intonation, emotional coloring and grammatical norms. As any reference books say, a sentence is a combination of words that expresses a complete thought and is an independent unit of speech. What are the classifications?

Types of sentences in English according to the purpose of the statement

Comparing with the Russian language, where the meaning does not change from the rearrangement of the places of terms (members), English is more organized. All the details about the arrangement of words into a single phrase can be found in the article about word order in English. Most sentences have a subject (the subject), a predicate (the predicate) and secondary members. Each of them performs not only a grammatical function, but also carries a certain lexical meaning.

So, depending on what goal haunts your statement, sentences in English can be divided into the following types.

narrative , or, as it is often called, an affirmative statement, at the end of which there is a point. Such phrases report some action, express an attitude, or deny information. They can be both simple and complex (complex or complex). This is in direct word order. Sample sentences in English - declarative sentences :

The town is asleep. The city is asleep.

It's no use to make a decision today. “Don't make a decision today.

I haven't drunk this coffee. I didn't drink this coffee.

Interrogative sentences in English are very diverse. Essentially, it is a request for information that can be submitted different types: general (general), divisive (tag question), alternative (alternative question), question to the subject (question to the subject), special question (special question). The word order is broken by auxiliary verbs, with the help of which questions are formed.

Are you ready? - You are ready?

Do you often walk in the evening? — Do you often walk in the evenings?

He doesn't speak English, does he? He doesn't speak English, does he?

Do you like tea or coffee? — Do you like tea or coffee?

Who has the school bag? — Who has a school bag?

What were you doing at 5 'clock yesterday? What were you doing yesterday at 5 o'clock?

Imperative sentences (Imperative) , as in Russian, call to action.

Stop here! - Stop here!

Let him go! - Let him go!

exclamatory statements in English are called exlamatory .

What a nice day! — What a good day!

How funny it is! - So funny!

If only he came! If only he had come!

There are several more such expressions that do not belong to any of the listed types:

Vocatives: James! Mrs Fox! Girls!
Yes/No answers ("Yes" - "No" utterance): Yes. no.
Interjections: Dear me! Goodness Gracious! good heavens!
Conversational formulas: Thanks. good bye. Bye-bye. Hi!

Types of sentences in English by structure

But these units of speech have another classification - according to structure. In each of them, affirmative and negative sentences, exclamatory and imperative sentences can be used.

1.Simple may consist only of a subject and a predicate (unextented sentence - non-common) or, in addition to them, include secondary ones, such as definition, circumstance, addition (extended sentence - common). In their composition, these statements have only one pair of main members.

The bravewon't lay down their arms. “The brave will not lay down their weapons.

Hewanted to stay for tea with them. He wanted to stay and have tea with them.

The car stopped. - The car stopped.

2. The second group can be called statements that are complex in structure, which consist of 2 (in some cases, more) parts - complex sentences. This type still distinguishes its own subgroups: compound (compound sentences) and complex (complex sentences).

Compound sentences consist of, so to speak, equal parts. In other words, each of them can exist separately and, at the same time, not lose its meaning. Unions such as and, but, as well as, or connect two elements or are separated by punctuation marks.

The music stopped and the couples on the dance floor began drifting back to their tables. The music stopped and the couples from the dance floor began to walk back to their tables.

Gulliver was lying on his back, his arms and legs were strongly fastened to the ground.- Gulliver was lying on his back, his arms and legs were firmly attached to the ground.

Complex sentences, on the contrary, consist of the main and dependent clauses (the principle and subordinate clause), which, when used separately, lose their grammatical and lexical meaning. And here there are still subspecies that are structured according to the type of subordinate clause:

Subject clauses - subject clauses
Predicative Clauses - predicate clauses
Object Clauses - Clauses
Attributive Clauses
Adverbial Clauses

What I need is a new dress. All I need is a new dress.

My impression is that John must not leave now. “I don't think John should be leaving now.

Everyone knows that such people as scientists are few and far between. - Everyone knows that people like scientists do not wallow on the road.

I know the girl which is singing now. — I know a girl who is singing now.

After she got married, she changed completely. “After she got married, she changed a lot.

Subject sentence types

As in Russian, all English sentences can be divided into 3 types:

1.Personal. If the subject expresses a person, object or concept, then we can call such statements personal.

The child began to cry. The baby started crying (face).

The plate was broken. - The plate was broken. (subject)

The rule is difficult to understand. This rule is hard to understand. (concept)

2. Vaguely personal. In such sentences in Russian, the subject is completely absent, and they are translated as follows: “they say”, “necessary”, “possible”. In the English version, the subject is present (you, they, one), but does not carry its semantic load, i.e. does not mean you, they, etc.

One must be careful when crossing the steet. - You have to be careful when you cross the street.

You never know what he may bring next time. You never know (It's hard to say) what it might bring next.

They say that a new theater will soon be built here. — They say that a new theater will be built here soon.

3. Impersonal. Comparing with the Russian language, sentences of this type sound like this: Winter. Cold. Dark. It's time to start working. An English sentence must have a subject, another question is what it expresses. Nothing, just like a bunch. And the pronoun it is used in this situation, which is not translated.

It's 6 o'clock. - 6 hours.

It's late. - Late.

It's 3 miles from here. “Three miles from here.

It is winter. - Winter.

It is cold. - Cold.

It happened that nobody had taken the key to the flat. It turned out that no one took the key to the apartment.

It seems that I have left my textbook at home. I think I left my notebook at home.

There is nothing complicated here, it is worth understanding and remembering once. All this is best studied in examples that show all the nuances, interactions, features. Each statement can be simple or complex, affirmative, interrogative or exclamatory. Consider 10 sentences in English.

I come home at 6 o'clock. - simple, common, affirmative, personal
Nick and Tom blamed themselves for the accident. - simple, common, affirmative, personal
How he made a mistake is not clear to us. - complex, subject clause, negative, personal
This is the house in which I was born. - complex, subordinate attributive, affirmative, personal
She raised her eyes and she laughed! - complex, compound, exclamatory, personal
What else could you do? - simple, interrogative, common, personal
Mr Torrence was staying in the Hotel. - simple, common, affirmative, personal
The woman cried. - simple, non-common, affirmative, personal
He was so ill that he could hardly open his eyes. - complex, subordinate circumstance, affirmative, personal
Unless somebody interferes, there will not be end for arguing. - complex, subordinate circumstance, personal.

So, I would like to summarize all of the above. Each statement differs not only in meaning, but also in intonation and structure. To determine the type of phrase by purpose, you need to look at the punctuation mark at the end and for the presence of the particle not. In a sentence that is simple in structure, there can be only one pair of subject and predicate, in a complex one, on the contrary, two or more. Well, personal or impersonal is quite easy to recognize - by the subject, which either performs an action or is simply located for a bunch.

Present Simple Tense is one of the most frequently used tenses in English. Therefore, immediately after studying the rules of use, it is important to consolidate Present Simple with examples of sentences in Russian.

affirmative sentences

Positive or affirmative sentences form the basis of all tenses in the English language. Why? Because thanks to such sentences for a while with translation, you can consolidate the skill of building negative and interrogative sentences.

In Present Simple Tense, an ending is added to the verb -s and -es in the third person singular.

He works at the factory. - He works at the factory.
Mary lives in Paris. Mary lives in Paris.
It snows a lot in winter. - It's snowing frequently in the winter.
Tomas and I like playing football. Thomas and I love to play football.
Steve always arrives at work in time. - Steve always arrives at work on time.
They often see Tom because he lives near them. They often see Tom because he lives next to them.
Children usually like drinking cocoa. Children usually like to drink cocoa.
Julia is an artist. She draws very beautiful pictures. Julia is an artist. She paints beautiful pictures.
I have got a big family. - I have a big family.
She can speak three languages: Russian, English and Italian. – She can speak three languages: Russian, English and Italian.

It is important to learn how to work with verbs. So put the sentences above in the interrogative and negative forms.

Interrogative sentences

When studying Present Simple, translation of sentences plays an important role. Why? Because it helps to draw an analogy with the native language, to understand the topic and consolidate it in practice. How? Easily! Try putting the interrogative sentences below in the affirmative and negative forms.

Do/does Auxiliary verb used to ask a question in the Present Simple. But this rule does not apply to modal verbs and design have got.

Negative sentences

To consolidate the topic, put the sentences below in the affirmative and interrogative forms.

What have we learned?

From this article, we learned in which cases Present Simple Tense is used in English. We consolidated this material with examples, and also learned how to build negative and interrogative sentences in this tense.