Quite often the question arises which punctuation mark is better to use between parts of a complex non-union sentence - a period, a colon, or, without further ado, limit yourself to a comma. And there are a lot of rules on this subject, and it would be good to keep them all in mind if you often deal with writing complex sentences.
Let's start with a dash.
A dash in a non-union complex sentence that breaks into two parts is placed in the following cases.
1. If the second part contains an indication of a quick change of events (you can insert a union between both parts And ).
Examples.
Ivan Ivanovich went up to the gate, rattled the latch– a dog barking rose from within(N. Gogol).
Suddenly the closet door quickly swung open– all the servants immediately rolled head over heels down the stairs(I. Turgenev).
Ignat pulled the trigger– the gun misfired(A. Chekhov).
A ray of sun falls on the grass– (M. Gorky).
The snowstorm was already very close to the fire– suddenly a horse neighing resounded in the darkness(A. Fadeev).
Another shot– the driver dropped the reins and quietly slid under the wheels(V. Shukshin).
2. If the second part expresses opposition in relation to the content of the first part (you can insert a union between the parts but or but ).
Examples.
It's been a week, a month– he did not return home(A. Pushkin).
Until ten o'clock we snooped through the reeds and through the forest– no beast(M. Lermontov).
He painfully ran his eyes along the ceiling, wanted to leave the place, run– legs disobeyed(I. Goncharov).
At that time you already meet in France a class of people who, with a general loss, gain: the nobility is deprived of the rights– they aggravate theirs;people are dying of hunger– they are full, the people arm themselves and go to smash the enemies– they profitably supply cloth, provisions(A. Herzen).
The summer heat blazed outside– it was cool in the house and the peaceful smell of mothballs mingled with the coolness(I. Bunin).
In Andersen's fairy tales, not only flowers, winds, trees acquire the gift of speech.– the home world of things and toys comes to life in them(M. Paustovsky).
The brave win– the cowardly perish (proverb).
3. If the second part contains a consequence or conclusion from what is said in the first part (words can be inserted between parts therefore, then ).
Examples.
I'm dying– I don't have to lie(I. Turgenev).
There was no way to leave unnoticed– he went out openly, as if he were going into the yard, and darted into the garden(A. Fadeev).
Note. In the works of classical writers, occasionally in modern fiction, instead of a dash, in this case there is a colon.
Examples.
There was nothing to do : Marya Ivanovna got into the carriage and went to the palace...(A. Pushkin).
We were driving behind : no one has seen(M. Lermontov).
Light rain sows in the morning : it's impossible to get out(I. Turgenev).
Volodya's horse was lame : dad ordered to saddle for him a hunting(L. Tolstoy).
Worries, sorrows, failures exhausted the poor father to the extreme : he became distrustful, bilious ...(F. Dostoevsky).
4. If the first part indicates the time of the action referred to in the second part when )
Examples.
drove here– the rye began to turn yellow. Now I'm going back– people eat this rye(M. Prishvin).
Weathered face burns, and you close your eyes– the whole earth will float under your feet(I. Bunin).
A senior made his way ahead, gave a command with a careful movement of his hand: he would raise his hand above his head– everyone immediately stopped and froze; stretch out his arm to the side with an inclination to the ground– all at the same moment quickly and silently lay down;wave your hand forward– everyone was moving forward; will show back– everyone slowly backed away(V. Kataev).
Arable land is being plowed– do not wave hands(proverb).
5. If the first part indicates the condition for performing the action referred to in the second part (at the beginning of the first part, you can add the union if, when in meaning "if".
Examples.
It will rain– there will be fungi; there will be fungi– there will be a body(A. Pushkin).
What will be needed– tell Pavel or Tatiana(I. Turgenev).
Get lost completely– we won't cry for you(A. Chekhov).
A ray of sun falls on the grass– the grass will flare up with emerald and pearls(M. Gorky).
Like to draw – draw for health, no one forbids(V. Panova).
This rule is very relevant for proverbs:
Called himself a loader–
get in the body.
Do you like to ride–
love to carry sleds.
miss the fire–
do not extinguish.
Took hold of the tug–
don't say you don't.
Wolves to be afraid–
do not go to the forest.
The forest is cut down–
chips fly.
You will regret the lychka–
give me the strap.
to be afraid of death–
not to live in the world.
6. If the second part contains a comparison with what is said in the first part (you can add conjunctions before the second part as if, as if ).
Examples.
Says a word– the nightingale sings(M. Lermontov).
…Look– ruble will give(N. Nekrasov).
7. If the second part (often an incomplete sentence) has an explanatory meaning (you can insert a union before it what), and the first part does not contain an intonation warning about the subsequent presentation of any fact.
Examples.
The sheep says– she slept all night(I. Krylov).
The silence was so complete and gloomy, and the sky so stuffy, that the boy seemed– let out just one sharp sound– and something terrible will happen in nature: a tornado, a hurricane, an earthquake(V. Kataev).
Yesterday at the neighboring winter hut they told– a bear bullied a man(A. Arbuzov).
8. If the second part is a connecting sentence and you can insert a word before it this, which may be in the sentence itself.
Examples.
Not a single image on the wall– bad sign(M. Lermontov).
Ingawas excited, Levshin watched her too closely– this caught Klebe in the eye(K. Fedin).
The second part can begin with pronominal words so, such, such for example: Crooked streets, little wooden houses–such was Moscow at the beginning of the century.
The Russian intelligentsia grew and developed under absolutely brutal conditions. , – this indisputably(M. Gorky).
If you find writing disgusting, boring, don't write , –this it will still turn out bad, fake(A. N. Tolstoy).
The wide entrance was completely empty. , - this seemed strange to me(V. Kaverin).
9. Dash in complex sentences.
With intonational emphasis, subordinate explanatory clauses, less often conditional and concessive, standing in front of the main sentence, can be separated from it not by a comma, but by a dash.
Examples.
Who will ask about what– shut up...(A. Pushkin).
How did he get here– he couldn't understand it(N. Gogol).
That she is an honest nature– this is clear to me...(I. Turgenev).
Let them tyrannize as they wish, even if they take the skin off the living– I won't give up my will(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
Will I look into the distance, will I look at you– and in the heart some kind of light will light up(A. Fet).
Who is cheerful– he laughs who wants– he who seeks will achieve– he will always find it!(V. Lebedev-Kumach)
Some books were sent to me, but which ones– Do not know.
Unionless proposal- this is a type of complex sentence in which the connection between the predicative parts is expressed without the participation of unions or allied words. Communication in a non-union sentence is carried out with the help of punctuation, intonation and meaning, which depends on the context.
The teacher fell ill, the lecture was rescheduled for tomorrow.
This sentence has the meaning of a sequence of actions.
The lecture was rescheduled for tomorrow: the teacher fell ill.
Explanation.
The teacher fell ill - the lecture was rescheduled for tomorrow.
Causal relationship between sentences.
For ease of use, it is customary to use the abbreviation SBP.
Types of complex non-union proposals.
The classification of types of non-union sentences according to lexical meaning is the most widespread. In accordance with this, the following SBPs are distinguished:
- explanatory SBPs:
Something incomprehensible was happening on the street: an incredible noise was suddenly heard.
- SBP with sequence value:
The spring sun peeked out from behind the clouds, warming up quickly.
- additional SBP:
He decided to go to work: it was necessary to go instead of a sick partner.
- SBP with condition value:
I will return home - I will expel all the accustomed.
- SBP with cause value:
There was a sound of the opening door: Vika returned from school.
- SBP with time value:
The sun rose and the birds chirped merrily.
- SBP with mapping value:
Business time - fun hour.
- SBP with the meaning of the consequence:
The TV broke down: there was a power surge.
Scheme for parsing a complex non-union sentence.
1. Type of proposal (Complex non-union proposal).
2. The number of predicative parts in the SBP (Two, three or more. Highlight the grammatical bases).
3. The type of semantic connection between the parts of a complex non-union sentence.
4. Explain the placement of the selected sign in the sentence.
5. Draw a SBP diagram.
A non-union complex sentence is one of the two main structural types of a complex sentence in Russian, which is distinguished by a formal criterion.
Non-union is not just the absence of a union, it is the mobilization of other means of communication of predicative parts: intonation, the ratio of aspect-temporal verb forms, lexical indicators, etc. This is the use of the structure of a simple sentence as a structural element in a complex one. For example: The wind whistled harder, the trees swayed, ducking to the ground. - the connection of predicative parts and the expression of relations between them is carried out through the intonation of enumeration, the ratio of species-temporal forms (sequence), as well as the parallel structure of the parts. Wed: Trathe graves are overgrown- pain grows old(Sh.) - comparison relations are conveyed by intonation (indicates a dash sign), parallel structure of parts and lexical repetition (verb overgrows used in different meanings, but in the same form).
The BSP expresses the relations of equivalence / non-equivalence (analogous / non-analogous) common to the Russian syntactic system, which are conveyed in compound complex sentences by coordinating and subordinating conjunctions: mauvethe tones of the sands faded, [and] the desert darkened(IN.); Until the maidenscoy- cheerful, and strong, and loud-mouthed; [only] issued- alljust erased who(A. C); [if] There is no penny in the ruble, sonot full ruble(ate.); Dust and the smell of fresh milk hungover the village streets [because]- from forest gladesbrought cows(Paust.).
However, the possibility of inserting a union does not mean that the BSP should be classified as complex or complex, especially since this insertion is far from always allowed. The BSP is characterized by its own structural qualities: the expression of various types of relations by various indicators, the number of parts, the openness / closeness of the structure; clear punctuation is very important.
BSP is a fragment of the syntactic system, in many respects not yet known by science. This is largely due to the fact that for a long time attention was paid to the facts of the codified literary language (CLL), which was identified with the literary language in general. Meanwhile, the sphere of existence of the non-union complex sentence is mainly the spoken language (SL).
In KLA, the main type of complex sentence is allied. In scientific and business speech, union-free sentences are almost never used, only a few of their types are allowed here. A more widely non-union proposal is presented in fiction, and mainly in its areas that directly imitate the RL (in dramatic works and in the speech of heroes in fiction), as well as in journalistic works with an attitude towards looseness of speech. Union-free complex sentences are widely and peculiarly used in poetic speech.
In RL, in many cases, the unionless design of the joint venture is the norm, while for the CL it represents a deviation from the norm, which is permissible only in limited speech areas. So, the joint ventures corresponding to the pronominal-correlative sentences of the KLYA are consistently and regularly drawn up in the RL without conjunctions and correlative words: There was a terrible thunderstorm, we were scared (There was such a terrible thunderstorm that we were scared.) He is silent, it is impossible to get an answer (He is silent, so it is impossible to get an answer).
None of the speech spheres of the KLA represents the entire variety of BSPs that exist in the RL. There are many of their samples, which are realized only within the RJ. These are, for example, non-union sentences equivalent to NGN with a substantive clause: And this is your dress, did you say yesterday? (= which you were talking about yesterday).
The functioning of the BSP mainly in the field of PR is explained by the specifics of their formal and semantic organization. In the BSP, the semantic relations between the parts do not have an explicit expression and must be extracted by the speech addressee from the content of the parts based on the fund of common knowledge between him and the speaker. In the context of the implementation of PR, when the speaker and the addressee of the speech are in direct contact and the speaker can constantly control the understanding of what he said, and, if necessary, correct the misinterpretation, BSPs turn out to be an economical and therefore convenient construction.
History of BSP study
The semantics of the BSP is not clear enough, grammatical meanings can be difficult to differentiate, and this is due to the lack of allied means of communication.
Parts of an asyndetic complex sentence are connected only by intonation.
Until the 50s of our century, syntactic science was dominated by the view that BSPs were considered not as a special syntactic structure, but as sentences with “omitted” conjunctions. With such a view of the BSP, the task of studying them was reduced to subsuming certain non-union proposals under the types of allied ones; there was no need for a special study of their structure.
In Russian science, a strong tradition has developed to divide all non-union proposals, like allied ones, into composed and subordinate ones, and within these classes to single out private types according to the principle of assimilation to allied structures.
Since the 50s, a fundamentally new view of the BSP has spread, which is based on the recognition of non-union sentences as a special structural-semantic class of a complex sentence. This recognition led to the rejection of the traditional assimilation of their allied proposals and caused attempts to build a classification of BSPs based on the specifics of their structure and semantics. One of these attempts belongs to N. S. Pospelov.
He based the division of the BSP on a consistently carried out semantic criterion. There are two main types of BSPs: 1) proposals onenative composition, parts of which are of the same type in a semantic sense and equally relate to the whole they form; 2) offers heterogeneous composition, parts of which are semantically different types and are different sides of the whole they form. Within these types, particular varieties are distinguished - also by the nature of the semantic relations between the parts. Sentences of homogeneous composition are divided into sentences with an enumeration value and sentences with a comparison value. Among the sentences of a heterogeneous composition, there are sentences with the meanings of conditionality, causal, explanatory, explanatory and connecting.
This classification is an important stage in the study of BSP. However, it is not aimed at studying its formal organization. Meanwhile, BSPs are not formless formations, but complex sentences with a specific formal organization, and therefore their classification must be built taking into account formal differences, as is done in the classification of allied complex sentences.
BSP open and closed structure
If, when classifying the BSP, we proceed from the same grounds that underlie the systematization of allied complex sentences, then the following will be found. In the sphere of non-union, as well as in the sphere of allied connection, complex sentences oppose each other open and closed structures. The sign of openness / closeness of the structure of a complex sentence has a greater distinctive power than the sign of non-union / allied connection. All proposals of an open structure - both non-union and allied - are similar in structure; moreover, in the proposals of an open structure, it is possible to combine non-union and allied connection. Complex sentences of an open structure as a whole constitute a special formal type of a complex sentence, characterized by great internal homogeneity, within which the opposition of non-union and allied connection is not as significant as the opposition of non-union and allied connection in complex sentences of a closed structure.
Non-union sentences of a closed structure constitute a special formal type: they remove the opposition of the coordinating and subordinating connection, since the closed structure is possible both with a coordinating and subordinating connection, and there are no specific means of expressing one or another connection in these sentences.
Attempts to put intonational constructions as the basis for dividing these BSPs into composed and subordinate ones are untenable, since there is no direct and obligatory correspondence between intonational constructions and classes of an asyndetic complex sentence: the same BSP in form and lexical content in different speech conditions can have different intonational design . In non-union sentences of a closed structure, therefore, a special type of connection, peculiar only to a complex sentence and not represented at the level of connection of the word form, is expressed - an undifferentiated syntactic connection.
Among BSPs with an undifferentiated syntactic connection, two formal classes oppose each other: 1) sentences, parts of which have some kind of specific formal organization (sentences of a typified structure) and 2) sentences, parts of which do not have a specific formal organization (sentences of an untyped structure).
BSP typed structure
According to the nature of the formal organization, sentences of a typified structure are of three types: 1) sentences with an anaphoric element in one of the parts; 2) sentences with an optional position of the final particle; 3) sentences with an unsubstituted syntactic position in the first part.
Sentences with an anaphoric element, in turn, are of two types, depending on which part contains the anaphoric element; these types also differ in the nature of the anaphoric elements and the semantic relationships between the parts.
BSP, in which the anaphoric element (a word with informative insufficiency, the content of which is revealed with the help of another part of the BSP) is contained in the first part, by the nature of the relationship between the parts, they are close to the NSP of the pronominal-correlative type. However, unlike pronominal-correlative sentences, non-union sentences do not contain grammaticalized lexical elements similar to correlative words. An anaphoric element in their composition can be a demonstrative pronoun, a combination of a demonstrative particle with an interrogative pronoun, a definitive pronoun with a cumulative or excretory meaning, a combination of an indefinite pronoun with an adjective, an abstract noun, i.e. any word that is constantly or occasionally characterized by informative insufficiency, auxiliary function; compare: He was sure of one thing: it couldn't go on like this.; Another thought was added to this thought: whether it was worth agreeing to this strange proposal at all.
BSPs in which the anaphoric element is placed in the second part contain only demonstrative and personal-demonstrative pronouns or combinations of demonstrative particles as anaphoric elements. here with a relative pronoun; for example: The brilliance of the lights reached the very bottom of the bay,the sea water was so clear(K.P.); I want shaggy hairtouch by hand- suchthey are fluffy and soft(Lib.); From bea continuous roar began to be heard: there a monstrousreeling(Yu.K.); Occasionally from edge to edge of the pier rolled mournfullynoise- then half-awake a wave crashed against the stones(K.P.).
Sentences with an optional position of the final particle actually or potentially include the final particle before the second part so (less often): I would be silent, (so) there would be no quarrel: I'm leaving, (so) you lock the door; They will call you, (and to) go; If you touch a bush, (so) you will be covered with dew.
These sentences express undifferentiated relations of temporal correlation and conditionality between two situations: Weathered face burns, and you close your eyes- the whole earth isand swim under your feet(I. B.); You will stand at the smelter- for the age of sogscuttling(Ant.); Threw a rocket into the sky- hurry help.
With a certain lexical content and the ratio of modal-temporal plans of parts, complex sentences of this type receive a narrower meaning. Thus, sentences with the modality of presumptiveness have a differentiated meaning of the unreal condition, for example: [Manka sometimes thinks:] don't go, she seems tody day with mail along this path, everything would have died out long ago(Yu. K.); cf. See also the example above with subjunctive forms in both parts.
Sentences with an unsubstituted syntactic position in the composition of one part (as a rule, it is the first one) are close to explanatory SPP by the nature of the relations between the parts and by the structure of the parts. They are brought together by the fact that the structural schemes of both suggest: a) the presence in one of the parts (the main one in the NGN and semantically similar to it in the non-union) of a reference word of a certain semantics, with which the second part of the sentence corresponds; b) the absence of a propagating word form at the base word, which is an alternant of a part of a complex sentence, i.e. the presence of an unsubstituted syntactic position; compare: It wasclear: we are late- It was clear that we were late: Hesaid call the lab- He told me to call laboratorium; I asked: "Where are you in such a hurry?"- I asked wheretheySo hurry.
Associative sentences of untyped structure
BSPs of an untyped structure do not have expressive formal signs that would make it possible to distinguish classes within them on formal grounds (types). Composing one formal type, these sentences differ in meaning, in the nature of the semantic relations between the parts. The most commonly used are the following semantic varieties and BSP of an untyped structure.
1. Explanatory sentences. Their first part contains a message about the event, and the second part comments on this message, giving it a motivating or clarifying explanation.
In offers motivating explanation the second part contains the rationale for what is said in the first, for example: [Levitan read Tyutchev's poems in a whisper.] Chekhov made scary eyes and cursed in a whisper too - he pecked, and the verses frightened the cautious fish (K.P.); We must go quietly: you can see how the turtledove drinks water here (Pr.); For a long time, apparently, no one approached the well: a curly ant was densely spread around (K.F.); Serpilin did not answer: he did not want to argue or talk (Sim.); The boots did not lace up well: the glands from the laces fell off long ago, the ends became like tassels and did not fit into the holes (Ant.).
In offers clarifying explanation parts report the same event in different ways: the first part contains a more general message (often not expanded), and the second is more specific (often more complete and expanded), for example: The centuries-old efforts of the tree have done their job: this spruce brought the upper branches to the light(Etc.); Duplo woodpeckers have to be looked for in the same way as mushrooms: all the timestare in front of you and to the sides(Etc.); began to livecherished- every Demid strives for himself(K.F.); war how can ineta: no matter how much it rolls, it still won’t stand on edge- lie downor heads or tails(Sim.); His work seemed to be interesting.in the flood meadows near the Don near Kumshak, he made a dam(Ant.).
2. Comparative sentences. The second part of such sentences contains a message that differs significantly from the message of the first part, for example: The hour of the janitors is alreadypassed, the hour of thrush has not yet begun(I., P.); Levitan wanted the sunthe sun didn't show(K.P.); They tried to appease her, she still resisted.
Semantic differences between sentences of an untyped structure are created by different lexical content of the parts and some other features of their semantic and communicative organization. The condition for the appearance of a comparative meaning, for example, is the symmetry of the ratio of the actual and grammatical articulation within the parts and the presence of members (at least two) in them that are in associative links with each other. Yes, in the proposal I could not consult with my father, I could with a friend, actual articulation equally separates the first substantive component (with Father- with a friend) from the predicate in both parts, while these substantive components and predicates (could not advise- could) make up associations.
Punctuation marks in non-union sentences
There are several types of BSP from the point of view of the nature of the relationship between its parts.
1. Complex sentences that state facts or phenomena that occur simultaneously or sequentially. They are characteristic of descriptive constructions.
In such complex sentences, its parts are separated from each other by a comma or semicolon. A comma is placed mainly when the connection between the parts is very close - for example, when incomplete simple sentences are combined in a complex sentence.
The semicolon in such complex sentences is obligatory in two cases: 1) when it is necessary to emphasize that the connected parts are independent to a certain extent, although they reveal one common theme; 2) if there are punctuation marks inside the connected predicative parts and it is necessary to mark the boundaries.
Much depends on how the writer himself understands the relationship between the parts of the BSP, how he groups simple sentences inside complex ones. The semicolon between parts of the BSP was more common in the 19th century. There is an opinion that the semicolon is an obsolete punctuation mark and therefore redundant, although there are no serious grounds for such an opinion.
2. When there is a value of comparison (or opposition) between the parts of the BSP; one of the following punctuation marks is put: comma, semicolon or dash.
If the parts of a complex sentence are short and contain a comparison, then they are usually separated by commas: I was embittered, he is sullen.
With a sharp opposition, a dash is put: Follow mechased- I was not dismayed in spirit.
A dash can also indicate an unexpected turn in the course of a presentation.
A dash is also put in the case when the second part is the conclusion or result of what is said in the first part.
3. In the modern Russian literary language, BSPs are widely used, in which one part refers to the other as explaining to being explained.
A well-established punctuation mark for denoting a pause between parts of such a sentence is the colon. However, the dash sign is also acceptable in such cases. (The door block squealed and hurriedsteps: someone came in and out.)
The explanation affects the semantics of the first part of the sentence as a whole or individual words (verbs, pronouns); relations are conveyed by a special, “warning” intonation. In writing, the main punctuation mark is a colon: So, you were not mistaken: three treasures in this life were to mejoy(P.); This voice has always meant only one thing: to anotherpeople need your immediate, urgent help(Sol.); Each log cabin sat separately, on its own: no fenceall around, no gate was seen(T.); The room was cramped and strange: it looked like an antique dealer's pantry.(Paust.); Since ancient times, labor has been divided: cities are surrendered by soldiers, generalsthey are taken(TV).
Conditional relationships are expressed by intonation: the contrast of the parts of the sentence in pitch (a very high melodic peak in the first part). In writing, the main punctuation mark is a dash: Go ahead- hair is not spared(ate.).
Causal relationships (the basis is in the second part of the sentence) are based on intonation (similar to explanatory). In writing, the main punctuation mark is a colon, possibly a dash: Only during the day it was quiet in the garden: restlessthe birds flew south(Paust.); It's better not to be with an envious persongo fishing- he still won't bite(Paust.); But I rarely and reluctantly went into this room: for some reason my breath was choking there.(T.); Only one stepwell, no one cried to Astakhov- there was no one(III.).
A special type of relationship is connected; they are characterized by additionality; parts of the sentence are autonomous, have complete semantics and structure. In the system of non-union complex sentences, this type of sentence occupies a special place - as if intermediate between similar and non-similar ones. As a rule, they do not allow the "insertion" of either a coordinating or a subordinating conjunction. The punctuation of these sentences is determined by two rules: the semicolon emphasizes the independence, autonomy of the first part, and the colon emphasizes incompleteness, the need to develop the message: War timedragged on for a long time; seemed to have no end(Paust.); Litvinov went into his room: a letter on the table rushed to himin the eyes(T.).
BSP of complicated structure
Compound sentences with an allied connection have a flexible structure. It can form both separate types of relations (enumeration, explanation, conditionality, etc.), as well as their various combinations. At the same time, intonation includes different elements, different fragments, corresponding to the transmitted relations. The number of predicative parts in a complicated non-union complex sentence is more than two, and at least two types of relations are expressed.
The combination of relations is varied, but, as a rule, two different types of relations are transmitted in one sentence; they correspond to punctuation (according to the rules for unionless communication). For example: And the marshals do not hear the call:others died in battle, others betrayed him and sold their swordsmy(JI.) - Causal and comparative relations; sadbut, Nina: my path is boring, my driver fell silent, the bell is monotonous, the moon face is foggy(P.) - the relationship of cause and enumeration.
Enumeration relationships are most freely combined with other kinds of relationships. In this case, in an asyndetic complex sentence, semantic-structural blocks are formed, within which relations of similarity are manifested, and logically more complex relations are formed between the blocks - causal, conditional, explanatory: Such love can not be trusted, my eyes are notwill hide nothing: it is a sin for me to be hypocritical with you, you are tooan angel for that (P.). On the contrary, enumeration relations can appear between blocks connected by logically complex relations. For example: you smile- my consolation; you turn away- me longing; for a day of torment- reward me your pale hand(P.) - relationships of cause and effect, enumerations, as well as attachments (the last predicative part).
Lectures 9-10
POLYNOMIAL COMPLEXSUGGESTIONS
The term "polynomial complex sentences" denotes a variety of constructions that have two common features: a) the number of predicative parts is more than two; b) different types of communication. By these features, they differ not only from elementary complex, complex, non-union complex sentences, but also from their complicated modifications. For example: The door to the vestibule was open, butit felt like the house was empty(B.) - composition and submission; And in the dust, pockmarked with sweat, the front-line people laughed: wellsho is the infantry, since the wheels are lagging behind(TV) - non-union and submission; Everyone was glad to Pierre; everyone wanted to see him, andeveryone asked him about what he saw(JI. T.) - non-union, composition and submission.
When combining different types of communication, one is dominant. For example: The rumble and crackle rushed fromdistrict mountains; the forest edges began to smoke, and it was impossibleunderstand how it is still alive here at least one person(A. T.) - unionlessness; The Cossacks were defeated, but the casing did not touchplaces, although it was necessary to perform at all costs(A.S.) - essay. With this in mind, a polynomial complex sentence is characterized and named according to the dominant connection, for example: an unassociated complex with composition and subordination, compound with subordination.
Of course, such a schematic characterization does not exhaust the analysis of a polynomial complex sentence, which should include the establishment of types of relations in composition, subordination, non-union, and the definition of means of communication, and an indication of the types of clauses, and the conclusion about the hierarchy of subordination in the presence of several clauses.
Ways of transmitting someone else's speech
When the speaker produces a text in the process of speech activity, there may be a need to convey someone else's speech, to include its content in the information.
Alien speech is the speech of another person in relation to the speaker. Someone else's speech (as well as one's own) that took place earlier can be conveyed by the speaker in various ways. With the help of such an object in a simple sentence, the theme of someone else's speech is conveyed: Father told me abouthis trip to Petersburg. Through the object infinitive in a complicated simple sentence, the general content of someone else's speech is expressed - the will: I asked him to be careful(IN.).
Direct speech is a literal transmission of someone else's speech: "Who is your mother?"- Potapov asked the girl(Paust.).
The most complete transmission of the content of someone else's speech, but without preserving its form and style, is achieved using indirect speech: Potapov asked the girl who her mother was.
Direct speech is a special syntactic formation, a way of verbatim transmission of someone else's speech. It consists of two parts - input and someone else's speech, which differ in function and style: Someone said : "Many are obsessedpassion to write books, but rare ones are ashamed of them later"(M. G.).
The construction of direct speech is not a complex sentence, it does not have clear grammatical indicators. The fastening element is introductory verbs with the meaning of speech-thought, in which the position of the deliberative
the object is replaced by someone else's speech (cf.: told the truth, saidspeech).
Structurally, direct speech differs in the mutual arrangement of input and someone else's speech: Having examined the cat, Reubenthoughtfully asked: "What shall we do with him?"- "Youtear",- I said. "Will not help,- Lenka said.- He has such a character since childhood "(Paust.). Punctuation in direct speech reflects this difference in parts: they are separated by a colon or dash, someone else's speech is highlighted with quotation marks (or dashes).
Direct speech has complex punctuation. Its main task is to designate the words of the author and someone else's speech in different ways. The punctuation mark depends on the relative position of the two parts:
if someone else's speech is in front, then it is enclosed in quotation marks, and a dash is placed after it; someone else's speech ends with one of the end-of-sentence signs (question, exclamation marks, ellipsis), and the declarative simple sentence of someone else's speech is separated from the following words of the author by a comma and a dash: "Where is your mother?"- asked Potapovgirl(Paust.); "About the heifer, I made it up for you,"- said the boy after a long silence(Paust.);
if the words of the author are in the middle and interrupt someone else's speech, then they are distinguished on both sides by a comma and a dash, and the second part of someone else's speech is written with a lowercase letter: "Mename is Arkady Nikolaevich Kirsanov,- said Archdiy,- and I don't do anything"(T.); if someone else's speech is not broken, then a question mark, or an exclamation mark, or a comma is placed after it, the author's words are highlighted with a dash and a period is put after them, and the second part of someone else's speech is written with a capital letter: "Ivan Andreevich!- called someone fromnext room.- You are at home?"(Ch.)
Indirect speech is a way of transmitting someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, the author. In contrast to direct speech, here someone else's speech changes, all words and forms that indicate the person - the author of this speech and the person-addressee (interlocutor) are eliminated from it. Wed: "Where is your mother?"- askedPotapov girl.(Paust.) - Potapov asked the girlwhere her mother- in direct speech pronoun yours indicates the addressee, in indirect speech it is replaced by a pronoun her.
Indirect speech has the form of a complex sentence, in which the words of the author (input) are the main part, and someone else's speech is transmitted as a subordinate clause. These are explanatory sentences with additional clauses.
The restructuring of direct speech into indirect speech is done according to certain rules:
1) the form of the 1st person of the verb is replaced by the form of the 3rd person;
2) personal pronouns of the 1st-2nd person, as well as possessive my yours are replaced by a 3rd person pronoun (or a noun is used);
3) if someone else's speech is an incentive sentence, then the form of the imperative mood is replaced by the form of the subjunctive mood (with the union to);
4) if someone else's speech is an interrogative sentence, then the interrogative pronoun (or adverb) becomes relative, that is, it is used as a union word: Potapovasked the girl where her mother was; and in the absence of interrogative pronouns or adverbs, indirect speech is introduced whether as a subordinating conjunction:
I asked my brother, "Have you brought the book?" - I asked brathat, whether he brought the book;
"I've been sitting here for six hours"- announced Mamaev, lookingfor a gold watch.(M. G.) - Mamaev announced,what sitsit's six o'clock here;
When direct speech is replaced with indirect speech, the style of someone else’s speech is “smoothed out”: the order of words changes, particles of emotional meaning are omitted (for example, or something), interjections, as well as appeals, introductory words. Wed:
Replacing direct speech with indirect speech is not possible if someone else's speech is an emotional exclamatory sentence: The old man walked and, stumbling over the grass,echoed:“What a fragrance, citizens, what a delightfulfragrance!(Paust.) In addition, indirect speech is built only with speaking verbs (this meaning should be basic, direct): "What are you baring your teeth for?" - Zakhar (Hound) wheezed furiously.- restructuring into indirect speech is prevented by the verb wheezed.
Improper direct speech
A special, expressive form of transmitting someone else's speech is an improperly direct speech, which is a detailed retelling of someone else's speech by the speaker "in their own words", but with the preservation of some elements of the style of another person: Here the upcoming wedding was the reasonwhy Alexander Vadimitch grimaced. Where to find a fitfiance? The devil knows! It is intended, perhaps,prince, but how to woo him when he goes to the house, even at night, they say, he sees Katya in the garden, and does not woo- impudent.(A.T.)
Dialogical Unity
Dialogical Unity- this is a structural-semantic community, the text of two or more participants in the speech. It is provided by the presence of one topic, the agreement / disagreement of the interlocutors. In terms of structure, dialogic unity is a sequence of interrelated replicas. They are united not only by the accumulation of information on a given topic, but also by the motivation of forms, cohesion, reliance on the previous or subsequent remark:
Complex syntactic integer
The object of study in syntax is not only the sentence, but also text, which is considered in different aspects.
An active interest in the study of a connected text awakens in the 40-50s of the XX century (V.V. Vinogradov, N.S. Pospelov, I.A. Figurovsky and others): it was during this period that such a unit of text was defined as a complex syntactic whole (STS), or superphrasal unity - "a group of sentences, syntactically combined by various means and ways" - a unit that, in comparison with a sentence, is more independent "from the context of coherent speech surrounding it."
In the 1960s and 1970s, various ways of linking sentences in the text were studied, the ratio of the paragraph and the STS was considered, the signs of the text were identified, the most important of which were recognized as the qualities of coherence and completeness. It is these features that are primarily taken into account in modern definitions of the text: “... A text is an ideal higher communicative unit, gravitating towards semantic isolation and completeness, the constitutive feature of which, however, is connectivity, which manifests itself each time in different parameters, at different levels of the text, and in a different set of private connections”,- writes Kozhevnikova "On the aspects of coherence in the text as a whole" (in the book "Text Syntax"). As the highest unit of the language system, the text is made up of lower-level units - sentences. Forming a text, sentences are combined into larger units that have a certain semantic and formal structure.
The text is a substantive unity, but, as a rule, it is characterized by multi-theme: it is a complex organization of private topics related to each other. Their semantic development forms the general theme of the text. The thematic block of sentences forms STS. Thus, STS is a group of sentences that reveal one micro-theme (private topic) and form on this basis a formal semantic unity that has fairly definite boundaries.
The unity of the topic in the text can be emphasized by special syntactic constructions, the main purpose of which is the grammaticalization of the topic. Such constructions usually open the SCS, occupying the initial position in it. These include: 1) nominative themes; 2) topic infinitive: To be an artist... There are no artists without bitter, constant work... but to work, I thought, looking at his soft features, listening to his unhurried speech, no! you will not work, you will not be able to shrink (I. Turgenev); 3) interrogative sentences : What's going on around? Winter. Hunger. Fights in the markets (V. Astafiev).
So, STS expresses one theme and, accordingly, reflects a certain single situation or its individual aspects. In this fragment of the text, different functional and semantic types of speech can be presented (description, narration, reasoning): a) description: Far onmotionless clouds blackened in the south, from there came a continuous, deafgrunt. The smell of unmowed hay was even stronger all around. The wind is weakblew, rustling dry grass(V. Veresaev); b) narration: Acrossfive minutes Nina left. Bobrov moved out of the shadows and blocked herroad. Nina let out a weak cry and recoiled.(A. Kuprin).
STS as an objective structural and semantic unit of the text is opposed to a paragraph as a compositional and stylistic unit, reflecting the subjective intentions (intentions) of the author of the text. The boundaries of the FCS and the paragraph may not match. There are three main types of relationships between a paragraph and a complex syntactic whole.
1. The paragraph matches the FSC. This phenomenon is widespread in scientific and official business styles and serves as a kind of narrative norm in fiction.
2. Paragraph boundaries do not coincide with the boundaries of a complex syntactic integer - one paragraph includes several syntactic integers.
3. One STS is divided into two or more paragraphs: in this case, a paragraph that breaks a single whole plays an accent role when it is important to highlight individual links in the general structure, private details in the description, in the disclosure of a particular topic.
The discrepancy between the boundaries of the FCS and the paragraph is the source of many effects in a literary text.
The characteristic of the STS involves not only the allocation of their micro-themes, but also the consideration of the means of interphrase communication that connects sentences in them.
Undoubted features of a complex syntactic whole are both thematic unity, and the expression of equivalence / disequivalence relations in their particular varieties between sentences, and the presence of means of communication. In STS, such elements of the composition of meaning as the beginning, development to the climax (or contradiction) and ending are more or less clearly distinguished.
STS does not have a definite quantitative characteristic (size, number of sentences, etc.), its clear boundaries cannot always be established in the text.
Indicators of communication and at the same time indicators of the development of events are verbal aspectual-temporal forms. Together with lexical means of communication and conjunctions, they form the unity of a complex syntactic whole:
(Dibrova "Modern Russian language", Valgina "Syntax of the text", Solganik "Syntactic style: A complex syntactic whole")
Depending on the meaning, semantic relationships between simple sentences in non-union complex sentences, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, semicolon, colon, dash. To check the meaning of a non-union complex sentence, you can use synonymous constructions of compound or complex sentences.
Comma in a non-union complex sentence, it is put if simple sentences are connected by enumeration relations (simultaneity and sequence). You can insert the union and between simple sentences.
Wed: The blizzard did not subside, the sky did not clear up(Pushkin). - The blizzard did not subside, and the sky did not clear up; The train went fast, its lights soon disappeared, after a minute there was no more noise(Chekhov). - The train went fast, and its lights soon disappeared, and after a minute there was no more noise.
Semicolon in a non-union complex sentence, it is put if simple sentences are connected by enumeration relations, but are distant from each other in meaning or are significantly common:
To the left a deep gorge blackened; / 1 behind him and in front of us, the dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with layers of snow, were drawn in the pale sky, which still retains the last reflection of dawn./ 2 (Lermontov).
Colon in unionlesscomplex
1. The second simple sentence explains the meaning of the first one (relation of explanation). Before the second sentence, you can put the words namely, that is.
Wed: A terrible thought flashed through my mind: I imagined it in the hands of robbers(Pushkin). - A terrible thought flashed through my mind, namely: I imagined it in the hands of robbers.
Note!
A colon is required if the first sentence of an asyndetic compound sentence contains the words so, such, such, one etc., the specific content of which is disclosed in the second sentence.
My custom is this: signed, so off my shoulders(Griboyedov); I'll tell you only one thing: you can not sit idly by(Chekhov).
2. The second simple sentence complements the content of the first (additional relations). Before the second sentence, you can insert the conjunction what.
Wed: I knew: the blow of fate will not bypass me(Lermontov). - I knew that the blow of fate would not bypass me.
Note!
Sometimes there are verbs in the first sentence look, look, listen and etc.; phrases raise your eyes, raise your head and others, warning of further presentation. In this case, between the parts of the union-free sentence, you can insert not just a union what, but a combination of words: and saw that; and heard that; and felt that etc.
Wed: I looked out of the wagon: everything there was darkness and whirlwind (Pushkin). - I looked out of the wagon and saw that everything was dark and whirlwind; He thought, sniffed: it smells of honey(Chekhov). - He thought, sniffed and felt that smells like honey.
3. The second simple sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first sentence (causal relations). Before the second sentence, you can insert a causal conjunction because.
Wed: Now everyone is in the house had a stern expression: the earthquake was not good(Tynyanov). - Now everyone in the house had a stern expression, because the earthquake was not good; Birds were not heard: they do not sing in the hours of heat(Turgenev). - Birds were not heard, because they do not sing in the hours of heat.
Dash in unionlesscomplexThe offer is made in the following cases:
1. The second simple sentence contains an unexpected attachment, an indication of a rapid change of events. Before the second sentence, you can insert the words and suddenly, and unexpectedly, and suddenly, and immediately:
Cheese fell out - with him there was such a cheat(Krylov). - The cheese fell out, and suddenly there was such a cheat with it; The wind blew - everything trembled, came to life, laughed(M. Gorky). - The wind blew, and at once everything trembled, came to life, laughed.
2. In the second sentence of a complex non-union sentence, opposition is expressed. Unions a, but can be inserted between simple sentences.
Wed: I would be glad to serve - it's sickening to serve(Griboyedov). - I would be glad to serve, but sickening to serve; He is the guest, I am the host(Bagritsky). - He is the guest and I am the host.
3. The second sentence contains a consequence, result, conclusion. Words can be inserted between parts therefore, then, as a result.
Wed: I'm dying - I have nothing to lie(Turgenev). - I'm dying so I don't need to lie; I would go to the pilots - let them teach me(Mayakovsky). - I would go to the pilots, so let them teach me.
Note. If the meaning of the consequence is not expressed intonationally, a comma is put instead of a dash, for example: Man is not a needle, we will find(Chekhov).
4. The first sentence contains the meaning of time or condition. You can put unions before the first part when, if.
Wed: Cats gnaw - mice have freedom (proverb). - When cats gnaw, mice are free; There will be rain - there will be fungi (Pushkin). - If it rains, there will be fungus.
Note If the second sentence in the unionless a complex sentence begins with a particle like this, then a comma is put instead of a dash, for example: Give everyone for vodka, so you yourself will soon have to starve(Pushkin).
5. The second sentence contains a comparison. Between simple sentences, you can put unions as if, as if.
Wed: Says the word - the nightingale sings(Lermontov). - Says a word like a nightingale sings.
6. The second sentence in a compound non-union sentence has an adjunctive meaning and begins with the words so, such, such:
An order is an order - that's how he was raised(Vorobiev).
The second sentence has an attached meaning and you can put the word this before it (sometimes this word is in the sentence itself):
Plan for parsing an union-free complex sentence
- Indicate the type of compound sentence (union-free compound sentence).
- Indicate how many parts the non-union complex sentence consists of (highlight the grammatical foundations).
- Indicate the meaning (semantic relationship) between the parts of the non-union sentence. Justify the punctuation mark (comma, semicolon, colon, dash).
- Build a diagram of an asyndetic complex sentence.
Sample parsing
The oak is holding on - the reed has fallen to the ground(Krylov).
Unionless complex sentence; consists of two simple parts: 1) the oak is holding; 2) the reed fell to the ground; grammar basics: 1) the oak is holding; 2) the reed fell. The second sentence contains a contrast (you can insert a union between the parts a: The oak is holding on, and the reed has fallen to the ground). Therefore, a dash is placed between the parts of a complex non-union sentence.
- .
opposite
Punctuation marks between parts of a non-union sentence
Complex sentences in Russian are of two types: allied and non-union. In allied complex sentences, parts are interconnected by intonation and conjunctions or allied words. In non-union complex sentences, parts are connected only by intonation.
Compare three examples:
And
The squirrel jumped from branch to branch, that's why snow fell in flakes on our heads;
The squirrel jumped from branch to branch - snow flakes fell on our heads.
Let's try to determine the semantic relationship between the parts of the sentence in each example. In the first sentence, the two parts are connected, in addition to intonation, by the coordinating union AND, the main meaning of which is to indicate the sequence of events. In the second sentence, the two parts are connected, in addition to intonation, by the union (more precisely, the union analogue) THEREFORE, the main purpose of which is to indicate the consequence of those events that are described in the main part of the complex sentence. And in the third example, the union is absent, we cannot accurately determine the essence of the relationship between the parts of the sentence. We can say that there are both causal relationships and an indication of the sequence of events at the same time.
So, complex non-union sentences differ from complex allied sentences in that the semantic relationships between the parts are less clearly expressed in them. In order to make the semantic relationship between the parts of a complex non-union sentence clearer, different punctuation marks are used in the letter: comma, semicolon, colon and dash.
The use of each punctuation mark is determined by a special rule.
Let's start with those cases when between the parts of the non-union proposal is placed comma or semicolon.
1. A comma is placed between the parts of an allied compound sentence if it simply lists some facts. In this case, you can easily insert the union AND after the comma. For example:
It was just getting dark, I ordered the Cossack to heat the kettle in a camping(According to Lermontov).
2. A semicolon can be placed between the parts of an union-free complex sentence, in which some facts are listed, if the parts of the sentence are very common (contain homogeneous members, participial or adverbial phrases, clarifications, etc.). For example:
His head ached; he got to his feet, turned around in his closet and fell back on the sofa(Dostoevsky).
3. A semicolon can also be placed in such a non-union sentence, where the parts are completely independent of each other. Such a complex sentence can, without destroying the meaning, be divided into several simple ones. For example:
He was wearing a Life Campanian uniform; his head was heavily soiled with mud and beaten in several places(Saltykov-Shchedrin).
Now let's turn to the rules for setting colons and dashes. The choice of these two punctuation marks depends on the meaning of the parts of the sentence.
There are three cases when between the parts of a complex non-union sentence you need to put colon:
1) if the second part indicates the reason for what is described in the first part, for example: In developed countries, the middle class decides the outcome of elections: it makes up the majority of the population. In this sentence, you can insert the union BECAUSE;
2) if the first part is followed by an explanation of what the first part is about, for example: Write a work plan: what needs to be purchased and prepared, where to start, in what time frame the project can be completed. or Like all Moscow, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and ranks(Griboyedov). In these sentences between parts, you can insert the union AIM;
3) if the second part has the meaning of the addition, and before it you can insert the union WHAT, for example: Yes, I wanted to report yesterday: the harrows need to be repaired(Tolstoy). In some cases, in addition to this union, the missing predicate AND SAW or AND HEARD can be added to the sentence, for example: He looked into the room: a man was sitting at the table and was writing something quickly.
Dash between parts of a complex non-union sentence is placed under one of four conditions:
1) if the complex sentence has the meaning of opposition and the union A or BUT can be inserted between the parts, for example: I looked around a few times and there was no one.(Tolstoy);
2) if the first sentence has a time or condition value and you can insert a union WHEN or IF before it, for example: The authorities want - we must obey(Gogol);
3) if the second part of the sentence indicates a consequence of what is described in the first part and before it you can insert the union SO THAT, for example: Gruzdev called himself get in the body(Proverb);
4) in rare cases, a dash is also used to indicate a quick change of events, for example: Cheese fell out - with him there was such a cheat(Krylov).
The exercise
I looked at my watch and realized that the train had already left.
We can leave these things - they will not be useful to us.
Snow fell_ traffic jams began in the city center.
Ivlev looked around - the weather got dull - molting clouds stretched on all sides (Bunin).
The rank followed him_ he suddenly left the service (Griboedov).
The swallows have arrived - it will be a good summer.
Suddenly Ivan Ivanovich screamed and was stunned - a dead man appeared to him (According to Gogol).
Eyewitnesses give conflicting testimonies_ it is difficult to make the right decision.
I know_ in your heart there is both pride and direct honor (Pushkin).
Decisions were not made easily, for a long time_ it was necessary to take into account the interests of all parties.
Thunder will not break out - the peasant will not cross himself (Proverb).
And we march in this order_ Nikolai goes ahead with preparations or with atlases, I follow him, and behind me, modestly bowing his head, a draft horse walks ... (Chekhov).
But let's leave these arguments - they do not go here (Gogol).
But this is precisely the purpose of education_ to make pleasure out of everything (Tolstoy).
At the present time, denial is most useful - we deny (Turgenev).
It is necessary to introduce him_ he is timid, still a beginner ... (Goncharov).
Yes, let them swallow each other alive_ why should I? (Dostoevsky).
You are still in danger_ the wound may open (Pushkin).
From childhood he was distinguished by remarkable beauty; besides, he was self-confident, a little mocking and somehow amusingly bilious - he could not help but like (Turgenev).
A minute later, again squealing and laughter - I had to drive under a huge overhanging stone (Chekhov).
Everything is quiet, calm, and only dumb statistics are protesting - so much has gone crazy, so many buckets have been drunk, so many children have died of malnutrition ... (Chekhov).
"Nothing to do! said Bazarov at last. - He took up the tug - do not say that it is not a heft! We came to see the landowners_ let's see them! (Turgenev).
Look at this life - the arrogance and idleness of the strong, the ignorance and bestiality of the weak, all around impossible poverty, overcrowding, degeneration, drunkenness, hypocrisy, lies... (Chekhov).
We carry him to the emergency room, the blood is pouring - a terrible thing, but he keeps asking for his leg to be found, and everyone is worried_ twenty rubles in a boot on a cut off leg, no matter how lost (Chekhov).
Getting sued because of Laevsky, wasting time_ is not worth the candle game (Chekhov).
The characteristic features of a draft horse, which distinguish him from talent, are that his horizons are narrow and sharply limited by his specialty; outside his specialty, he is naive, like a child (Chekhov).
Questions of science are not alien to him either - he is terribly angry with himself for having forgotten to take seeds from a tree from the Flying Island, the juice resembling Russian vodka (Chekhov).
After all, there was a time when not a single man spoke to her the way Kirilin did, and she herself tore this time like a thread, and ruined it irrevocably_ who is to blame for this? (Chekhov)
For a year now, we have been in a strained relationship_ he answers me disgustingly at exams, and I give him units (Chekhov).
In my opinion, if the play is good, then in order for it to make the proper impression, there is no need to bother the actors_ you can limit yourself to reading alone (Chekhov).
Often I forget ordinary words, and I always have to spend a lot of energy in order to avoid superfluous phrases and unnecessary introductory sentences in writing - both clearly indicate a decline in mental activity (Chekhov).
But, imagine, I glanced ahead - in the first row, some general with a ribbon and a bishop (Chekhov) are sitting side by side.
It’s not the wind that rages over the forest, it’s not the streams that run from the mountains_ Frost-voivode patrols his possessions (Nekrasov).
All this news is similar to one another and boils down to this type - one Frenchman made a discovery, another - a German - caught him, proving that this discovery was made back in 1870 by some American, and the third - also a German - outwitted both, proving to them that both of them made a fool of themselves, mistaking air balls for a dark pigment under a microscope (Chekhov).
Don't come, don't come, you're out of the cold! (Goncharov).
I open the window, and it seems to me that I see a dream_ under the window, clinging to the wall, there is a woman in a black dress, brightly lit by the moon, and looking at me with big eyes (Chekhov).
Beauty is leaving - you do not have time to explain to beauty how you love it, beauty cannot be kept, and this is the only sadness of the world (Nabokov).