Polish President Andrzej Duda stated that the Red Army was the main ally of Nazi Germany in 1939. He accused Russia of trying to hush up the facts of cooperation with the Nazis and the joint division of Poland. Dmitry Lekukh - about what the Polish president forgot to mention.
When historians say that Winston Churchill, who came up with the murderous phrase "Poland is the hyena of Europe," simply did not like the Poles and Poland, they are still not telling the truth. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, there is such a suspicion, did not love anyone or anything at all, except for his country, his power and his duty. It’s just that he not only didn’t like the Poles, but also completely sincerely didn’t respect them. He, for example, also did not like Russians very much, historically. But respected. It was for what.
Actually, this famous replica British Prime Minister has a very real historical background. Poland, which easily forgot all its allied obligations - not before the USSR, by the way, we were not allies in those days, fortunately, but before England and France - with great pleasure "sawed" Czechoslovakia with Hitler. The Fuhrer of the German people, by the way, in general in those pre-war years was a real idol of almost the entire Polish elite. For example, the portrait of Adolf Hitler adorned the office of the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jozef Beck, even on the day of the German invasion of Poland - this is just a historical fact. And this minister is also famous for the fact that it was he, in the then Polish triumvirate "after Pilsudski" who was responsible for foreign policy, was still in the notorious "times of Pilsudski" the creator of an agreement almost similar to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, only providing for a deeper "integration" of Poland with Nazi Germany. And signed "a little earlier" - in 1934.
Moreover, this document also had its own secret protocols - in general, a normal practice for those difficult years. Only now they were realized, among other things, also by the fact that on September 30, 1938, Poland hastened to send another ultimatum to Prague and, simultaneously with the German troops, sent its army into the Teszyn region, thereby participating in the division of neighboring Czechoslovakia. And even such a hardened cynic as Sir Winston Churchill, this could not but outrage.
Until the beginning of September 1939, when Hitler did the same with Poland itself, only eleven months remained. But then, at the "peak of German-Polish friendship and triumphant joint victories," no one really knew about this yet.
And it is precisely these heirs of those Polish authorities who abandoned their people in the German occupation and begging for handouts in the form of a government in exile in the capitals of England and France, will explain to us, who sacrificed more than six hundred thousand of our lives, Soviet soldiers for the salvation of the Polish people, who and whose was an ally during World War II?! Well, yes.
Polish President Andrzej Duda officially stated that it was the Red Army that was the main ally of Nazi Germany in 1939. Moreover, he accused Russia of trying to hush up the facts of cooperation with the Nazis and the joint division of Poland. And in general, according to Duda, for whom, as I understand, there is no Nuremberg Tribunal, for his country the Second World War ended only in 1989, when the communist government collapsed. And Poland did not fight with Nazi Germany. For there was no longer any Nazi Germany. And Poland, it turns out, was at war with the USSR that defeated Hitler.
Presidents of Germany and Poland at the events on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II. Photo: globallookpress
Strictly speaking, after this, only one question remains: did not the ceremonial portrait of Adolf Hitler migrate to the offices of the current Polish government along with other "legacy of Jozef Beck"? What I and, I think, the great British politician Winston Churchill, who spoke so intolerantly about the Polish government, would not be at all surprised.
Poland has traditionally been unlucky precisely with the "elites". The reason for this is extremely simple: they did not differ from the time, perhaps, described in the novel of the great Polish writer Henryk Sienkiewicz "Crusaders" by special patriotism, which they replaced with "gentry ambition", in modern times these "elites" were generally simply stupidly Germanized or Russified, becoming part of other (Russian or German) elites. At the first opportunity, he selflessly betrayed them. Here I will not analyze the reasons for the numerous "partitions of Poland" (in which, as for me, the Polish elites are much more guilty than Russia, Germany, and even Austria-Hungary). In fact, I’ll just note that it’s closer to late XIX centuries, these Polish elites were so incorporated into the ruling classes of the "dividing Poland" empires that one could simply not even talk about any "elite Polish consciousness".
Let me remind you that Pilsudski and Dzerzhinsky (who later became enemies) studied, you will be surprised, in the same Vilna gymnasium. And the fact that they both went "into the revolution" simply characterizes the contingent of new revolutionaries, both "class" and "national".
Jozef Pilsudski, Joseph Goebbels and Jozef Beck (right) - meeting in Warsaw in June 1934 In fact, Pilsudski's dictatorship itself, no matter how you feel about it (I, for example, not very much), was the only possible attempt to create a new nation and a new elite in Poland. And if everything more or less worked out with the first question, then with the second one some completely outright garbage came out. Especially after the death of Pilsudski himself, when the pro-German, or rather pro-Hitler, party in official nationalist Poland became especially strong. Although they say that before his death, Pilsudski, who personally signed the non-aggression act with Hitler, cursed this action, as well as the alliance with Germany, but it was too late, the "heirs" came to power. Like the already mentioned nationalist and "Polish patriot" Jozef Beck. By the way, in 1991, his remains were transported to the "new" Poland and buried at the Military Powazki Memorial Military Cemetery, where famous Poles are buried.
It is interesting whether there was a "ceremonial portrait" along with the body of the deceased in 1944 on the territory of Romania, allied to the Fuhrer, where Beck fled from Poland, defeated by his idol. At least the joint benevolent photographs with the Fuhrer were carefully preserved by the Beck archive for us. It is precisely in this that "traditions" are observed in the "new Poland" in full and strictly.
Meeting between Hitler and Beck, 1938 As for the events themselves around the commemorative events for the 80th anniversary of the start of the war, what is especially important here is not even the fact that we Russians were not invited. As a result, neither Macron, nor Boris Johnson, nor even Donald Trump, who was frightened by the hurricane, arrived. Poland was simply pointed to its modest place in the "concert of the Western powers." Which, however, the Polish "elites" did not understand. Or diligently did not want to understand. However, it doesn't matter.
What is important now is that in Polish politics, it seems, not some, at least relatively healthy, pragmatism, and even not quite Polish cunning, is starting to play the first violin. And the banal and senseless famous "gentry arrogance", because it is simply impossible to explain these movements, which are unpleasant not only for Russians, but also for their allies in World War II, who also have their own understanding of history, for no other reasons. Nowhere and no additional points Poland in this case does not acquire, but problems can get. In a word, in this vulgar and offensive anti-Russian rhetoric there is no desire to extract pragmatic benefits - political or economic. Here the ambition manifests itself, so to speak, out of pure love for art.
Simultaneous (this is also a characteristic pinnacle of Polish ambition, which is taking place at the present time) "assaults" on the authorities of Russia and Germany - all this in Polish history not only happened, but always ended in approximately the same way. Guess how.
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And Anders' army
The Polish government in exile was established on September 30, 1939 in Angers (France). It consisted mainly of politicians who, in the pre-war years, actively colluded with Hitler, intending to use him to create a “Great Poland” at the expense of the territories of neighboring states. In June 1940 it moved to England. On July 30, 1941, the USSR concluded an agreement on mutual assistance with the Polish government in exile, according to which Polish military units were created on the territory of the Soviet Union. In connection with the anti-Soviet activities of the Polish government on April 25, 1943, the government of the USSR broke off relations with him.
From the "Cambridge Five" the Soviet leadership received information about the plans of the British to bring to power in post-war Poland political figures opposed to the Soviet Union, and to recreate the pre-war cordon sanitaire on the border of the USSR.
On December 23, 1943, intelligence provided the leadership of the country with a secret report by the minister of the Polish government in exile in London and the chairman of the Polish commission for the post-war reconstruction of Seida, sent to the President of Czechoslovakia Benes as official document Polish government on post-war settlement. It was entitled "Poland and Germany and the post-war reconstruction of Europe." Its meaning boiled down to the following: Germany should be occupied in the west by England and the United States, in the east by Poland and Czechoslovakia. Poland must receive land along the Oder and the Neisse. border with Soviet Union should be restored under the 1921 treaty. In the east of Germany, two federations should be created - in Central and South-Eastern Europe, consisting of Poland, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania, and in the Balkans - as part of Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and possibly Turkey. The main goal of association in the federation is to exclude any influence of the Soviet Union on them.
It was important for the Soviet leadership to know the attitude of the allies towards the plans of the Polish government in exile. Although Churchill was in solidarity with him, he understood the unreality of the Poles' plans. Roosevelt called them "harmful and stupid." He spoke in favor of establishing a Polish-Soviet border along the "Curzon Line". He also condemned plans to create blocs and federations in Europe.
At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin discussed the fate of Poland and agreed that the Warsaw government should be "reorganized on a broader democratic basis to include democratic figures from Poland and Poles from abroad" and that it then be recognized as the legitimate provisional government of the country.
Polish emigrants in London greeted the Yalta decision with hostility, declaring that the Allies had "betrayed Poland." They defended their claims to power in Poland not so much by political as by forceful methods. On the basis of the Craiova Army (AK), after the liberation of Poland by the Soviet troops, the sabotage and terrorist organization "Liberty and Infirmity" was organized, which operated in Poland until 1947.
Another structure on which the Polish government in exile relied was the army of General Anders. It was formed on Soviet soil by agreement between the Soviet and Polish authorities in 1941 in order to fight against the Germans together with the Red Army. For its training and equipment in preparation for the war with Germany, the Soviet government provided Poland with an interest-free loan of 300 million rubles and created all conditions for recruiting and camp exercises.
But the Poles were in no hurry to fight. From the report of Lieutenant Colonel Berling, later head of the armed forces of the Warsaw government, it turned out that in 1941, shortly after the first Polish units were formed on Soviet territory, General Anders told his officers: “As soon as the Red Army gives in under the onslaught of the Germans, which will happen in a few months, we will be able to break through the Caspian Sea to Iran. Since we will be the only armed force in this territory, we will be free to do whatever we want.”
According to Lieutenant Colonel Berling, Anders and his officers "did everything to drag out the period of training and arming their divisions" so that they would not have to oppose Germany, they terrorized Polish officers and soldiers who wanted to accept the help of the Soviet government and with weapons in their hands go to the invaders of their homeland. Their names were entered in a special index called "file cabinet B" as sympathizers with the Soviets.
The so-called "Dvuyka", the intelligence department of the Anders army, collected information about Soviet military factories, state farms, railways, field warehouses, and the location of the Red Army troops. Therefore, in August 1942, Anders' army and members of the families of military personnel were evacuated to Iran, under the auspices of the British.
On March 13, 1944, the Australian journalist James Aldridge, bypassing military censorship, sent correspondence to The New York Times concerning the methods of the leaders of the Polish émigré army in Iran. Aldridge reported that for more than a year he tried to publish facts about the behavior of Polish emigrants, but the allied censorship prevented him from doing so. One of the censors said to Aldridge: “I know that all this is true, but what can I do? After all, we have recognized the Polish government.”
Here are some of the facts that Aldridge cited: “In the Polish camp there was a division into castes. The lower the position occupied by a person, the worse the conditions in which he had to live. The Jews were separated into a special ghetto. The camp was managed on a totalitarian basis... Reactionary groups waged an incessant campaign against Soviet Russia... When more than three hundred Jewish children were to be taken to Palestine, the Polish elite, among whom anti-Semitism flourished, put pressure on the Iranian authorities to deny the Jewish children transit... I heard from many Americans that they would gladly tell the whole truth about the Poles, but that this would lead to nothing, since the Poles have a strong "hand" in the Washington corridors... "
As the war drew to a close, and Poland was largely liberated by Soviet troops, the Polish government in exile began to build up the potential of its security forces, as well as to develop a spy network in the Soviet rear. Throughout the autumn-winter of 1944 and the spring months of 1945, while the Red Army launched its offensive, striving for the final defeat of the German military machine on the Eastern Front, the Home Army, under the leadership of General Okulicki, the former chief of staff of the Anders army, was intensively engaged in terrorist acts, sabotage, espionage and armed raids in the rear of the Soviet troops.
Here are excerpts from the directive of the London Polish government No. 7201-1-777 of November 11, 1944, addressed to General Okulitsky: “Because knowledge of the military intentions and capabilities ... of the Soviets in the east is of fundamental importance for foresight and planning further development events, you must ... transmit intelligence reports to Poland, in accordance with the instructions of the intelligence department of the headquarters. Further, the directive requested detailed information about Soviet military units, transport, fortifications, airfields, weapons, data on the military industry, etc.
On March 22, 1945, General Okulicki expressed the cherished aspirations of his London superiors in a secret directive to Colonel "Slavbor", commander of the western district of the Home Army. Okulitsky's emergency directive read: “In the event of the victory of the USSR over Germany, this will threaten not only the interests of England in Europe, but the whole of Europe will be in fear ... Taking into account their interests in Europe, the British will have to begin to mobilize the forces of Europe against the USSR. It is clear that we will in the forefront of this European anti-Soviet bloc; and it is also impossible to imagine this bloc without the participation of Germany in it, which will be controlled by the British.
These plans and hopes of Polish emigrants turned out to be short-lived. In early 1945, Soviet military intelligence arrested Polish spies operating in the Soviet rear. By the summer of 1945, sixteen of them, including General Okulitsky, appeared before the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR and received different terms of imprisonment.
Based on the foregoing, I would like to remind our powers that be, who go out of their way to seem “punks” next to the Polish gentry, the characteristic given to the Poles by the wise Churchill: “The heroic character traits of the Polish people should not force us to close our eyes to their recklessness and ingratitude, which in for a number of centuries caused him immeasurable suffering ... It must be considered a mystery and tragedy of European history that a people capable of any heroism, some of whose representatives are talented, valiant, charming, constantly shows such shortcomings in almost all aspects of their public life. Glory in times of rebellion and grief; infamy and shame in periods of triumph. The bravest of the brave have too often been led by the most vile of the vile! And yet there have always been two Poland: one fought for the truth, and the other groveled in meanness ”(Winston Churchill. World War II. Book 1. M., 1991).
And if, according to the plans of the American Pole Zbigniew Brzezinski, it is impossible to recreate the Soviet Union without Ukraine, we should not forget the lessons of history and remember that the construction of the 4th Commonwealth is also impossible without the western lands of Ukraine.
Hyena of Eastern Europe
Now is the time to remember what the then Poland was like, for the sake of saving which from Hitler we had to line up with England and France.
As soon as it was born, the revived Polish state unleashed armed conflicts with all its neighbors, trying to expand its borders as much as possible. Czechoslovakia was no exception, a territorial dispute with which flared up around the former Teshinsky principality. At that time, the Poles did not succeed. On July 28, 1920, during the offensive of the Red Army on Warsaw, an agreement was signed in Paris according to which Poland ceded the Teszyn region to Czechoslovakia in exchange for the latter's neutrality in the Polish-Soviet war.
Nevertheless, the Poles, in the words of the famous satirist Mikhail Zoshchenko, "hid their rudeness" and, when the Germans demanded the Sudetenland from Prague, they decided that the time had come to get their way. On January 14, 1938, Hitler received Polish Foreign Minister Jozef Beck. “The Czech state in its current form cannot be preserved, because as a result of the disastrous policy of the Czechs in Central Europe, it is an unsafe place - a communist hearth”, - said the leader of the Third Reich. Of course, as stated in the official Polish meeting report, "Pan Beck warmly supported the Fuhrer". This audience marked the beginning of Polish-German consultations on Czechoslovakia.
In the midst of the Sudeten crisis, on September 21, 1938, Poland presented an ultimatum to Czechoslovakia about the "return" of the Teszyn region to it. On September 27, another demand followed. Anti-Czech hysteria was being whipped up in the country. On behalf of the so-called "Union of Silesian Insurgents" in Warsaw, recruitment to the "Cieszyn Volunteer Corps" was launched quite openly. The formed detachments of "volunteers" were sent to the Czechoslovak border, where they staged armed provocations and sabotage.
So, on the night of September 25, in the town of Konskie near Trshinets, the Poles threw hand grenades and fired at the houses in which the Czechoslovak border guards were located, as a result of which two buildings burned down. After a two-hour battle, the attackers retreated to Polish territory. Similar clashes took place that night in a number of other places in the Teshin region. The next night, the Poles raided railway station Frishtat, fired at her and threw grenades at her.
On September 27, throughout the night, rifle and machine-gun fire, grenade explosions, etc. were heard in almost all areas of the Teshin region. The most bloody clashes, as reported by the Polish Telegraph Agency, were observed in the vicinity of Bohumin, Teshin and Jablunkov, in the towns of Bystrice, Konska and Skshechen. Armed groups of "insurgents" repeatedly attacked Czechoslovak arms depots, Polish planes daily violated the Czechoslovak border.
The Poles closely coordinated their actions with the Germans. Polish diplomats in London and Paris insisted on an equal approach to solving the Sudetenland and Cieszyn problems, while the Polish and German military agreed on the line of demarcation of troops in the event of an invasion of Czechoslovakia. At the same time, one could observe touching scenes of "combat brotherhood" between the German fascists and Polish nationalists. Thus, according to a report from Prague dated September 29, a gang of 20 people armed with automatic weapons attacked a Czechoslovak border post near Grgava. The attack was repulsed, the attackers fled to Poland, and one of them, being wounded, was taken prisoner. During interrogation, the captured bandit said that there were many Germans living in Poland in their detachment.
As you know, the Soviet Union expressed its readiness to come to the aid of Czechoslovakia, both against Germany and against Poland. In response, on September 8-11, the largest military maneuvers in the history of the revived Polish state were organized on the Polish-Soviet border, in which 5 infantry and 1 cavalry divisions, 1 motorized brigade, and aviation took part. As expected, the Reds advancing from the east were completely defeated by the Blues. The maneuvers ended with a grandiose 7-hour parade in Lutsk, which was personally received by the "supreme leader" Marshal Rydz-Smigly.
In turn, on September 23, on the Soviet side, it was announced that if Polish troops entered Czechoslovakia, the USSR would denounce the non-aggression pact concluded with Poland in 1932.
As mentioned above, on the night of September 29-30, 1938, the infamous Munich Agreement was concluded. In an effort to "appease" Hitler at any cost, England and France cynically handed over their ally Czechoslovakia to him. On the same day, September 30, Warsaw presented a new ultimatum to Prague, demanding immediate satisfaction of its claims. As a result, on October 1, Czechoslovakia ceded to Poland an area inhabited by 80,000 Poles and 120,000 Czechs. However, the main acquisition was the industrial potential of the occupied territory. At the end of 1938, the enterprises located there produced almost 41% of the pig iron smelted in Poland and almost 47% of the steel.
As Churchill wrote about this in his memoirs, Poland "with the greed of a hyena, she took part in the robbery and destruction of the Czechoslovak state". An equally flattering zoological comparison is given in his book by the previously cited American researcher Baldwin: "Poland and Hungary, like vultures, tore off pieces of a dying divided state".
Today in Poland they are trying to forget this page of their history. Thus, the authors of the book “History of Poland from ancient times to the present day”, published in Warsaw in 1995, Alicja Dybkowska, Małgorzata Zharyn and Jan Zharyn managed not to mention the participation of their country in the division of Czechoslovakia at all:
“The interests of Poland were indirectly jeopardized by the policy of concessions by the Western states to Hitler. So, in 1935, he introduced universal military service in Germany, thus violating the Versailles agreements; in 1936 Hitler's troops occupied the Rhine demilitarized zone, and in 1938 his army entered Austria. The next target of German expansion was Czechoslovakia.
Despite the protests of her government, in September 1938 in Munich, France, Great Britain and Italy signed an agreement with Germany, giving the Third Reich the right to occupy the Czech Sudetenland, inhabited by a German minority. In the face of what was happening, it became clear to the Polish diplomats that now the turn had come to violate the Versailles decrees on the Polish question.
Of course, is it possible to resent the participation of the USSR in the "fourth partition of Poland" if it becomes known that they themselves have a snout in fluff? And Molotov's phrase, so shocking to the progressive public, about Poland as an ugly offspring of the Treaty of Versailles, turns out to be just a copy of Pilsudski's earlier statement about "artificially and ugly created Czechoslovak Republic".
Well, then, in 1938, no one was going to be ashamed. On the contrary, the capture of the Teshino region was seen as a national triumph. Jozef Beck was awarded the Order of the White Eagle, although for such a "feat" would be more suitable, say, the Order of the "Spotted Hyena". In addition, the grateful Polish intelligentsia presented him with the title of honorary doctor of Warsaw and Lviv universities. Polish propaganda choked with delight. Thus, on October 9, 1938, Gazeta Polska wrote: "... the road open before us to a sovereign, leading role in our part of Europe requires in the near future huge efforts and the resolution of incredibly difficult tasks".
The triumph was somewhat overshadowed only by the fact that Poland was not invited to join the four great powers that signed the Munich Agreement, although she very much counted on it.
Such was the then Poland, which, according to the homegrown liberals, we were obliged to save at any cost.
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Needless to say, what did the German population of Poland expect at the beginning of the war? Costs.
"Two of them had their eyes gouged out with bayonets. The orbits were empty and represented a bloody mass. In three of them, the skulls were crushed and the brain flowed out of them." This testimony of Pavel Sikorsky - an elderly witness to a hellish nightmare - is just a small episode of the terrible massacre that the Wehrmacht soldiers saw when they entered Bromberg, Schulitz and other cities in the Poznań region. The streets were littered with the mutilated corpses of men, women, young children and the elderly, mutilated beyond recognition.
According to some estimates, 58 thousand people were brutally killed (and even if less? Five thousand? Ten? But there were more of them - only identified corpses were 15 thousand- M1). Not a soldier of the enemy army, but peaceful workers, neighbors of the Poles, their fellow citizens, finally. Who did it? Poor "victims of war"? Or the vultures, who before that showed up at the Munich meal of the German lion (1938 - M1) in order to furtively snatch a bloodied piece of Cieszyn Silesia from the body of Czechoslovakia?
Truly, Churchill was right when he called Poland the "Hyena of Eastern Europe."
But enough about atrocities and annexations. Let's talk about what, in addition to monetary and material reparations, Warsaw "legally" received following the results of the Second World War. The eastern regions of Germany were annexed to Poland, such as: part of West Prussia, part of Silesia, East Pomerania and East Brandenburg, the important port city of Danzig, as well as the district of Szczecin. That is, about 25% of the territory of Germany within the borders of 1937 went to Poland.
The Poles got settled, economically developed territories, from which the "victims of genocide" drove more than two million ethnic Germans. Their solid houses, well-groomed farms and prosperous enterprises went to the Poles.
And now the Poles, wiping crocodile tears, still want to rip off money from the grandchildren of those whom they drove from these lands! And they don’t want to receive a counterclaim for the return of territories that belonged to the Germans for more than 800 years? After all, this exciting but dangerous game can be played together. And it's time for official Warsaw to understand this. The Polish "victim syndrome" must be ended."
Facts about Polish concentration camps for captured Red Army soldiers:
In the camp Strzalkovo: “It began with the appointment of 50 blows with a barbed wire rod ... More than ten prisoners died from blood poisoning.”
“Every day, those arrested are driven out into the street and instead of walking, they are driven on a run, ordering them to fall into the mud ... If a prisoner refuses to fall or, having fallen, cannot rise exhausted, he is beaten with butts”.
At the Wadowice camp: “Long rods were always ready ... two soldiers were spotted in my presence, caught in a neighboring village ... Suspicious people were often transferred to a special barrack-penal barrack, almost no one left from there.
In the camps of Brest-Litovsk:“The barracks themselves are overcrowded, among the “healthy” there are a lot of sick people. ... Among those 1,400 prisoners, there are simply no healthy ones. Covered with rags, they huddle together, warming each other.
At the Dombe camp:“Most without shoes are completely barefoot ... There are almost no beds and bunks ... There is no straw or hay at all. They sleep on the ground or boards. There are very few blankets."
In 1946, the Nuremberg Tribunal qualified such actions as “War crimes. Murder and mistreatment of prisoners of war. The clearly expressed national orientation of such a criminal policy makes it necessary to raise the question of whether there are signs of genocide in the actions of the Polish authorities.
P.S. M1. Our century has come to a Poland that grovels in meanness, as Sir Winston Churchill wrote: “It must be regarded as a riddle and a tragedy of European history that this people, capable of any heroism, whose individual members are talented, valiant and charming, constantly demonstrates such shortcomings in almost all aspects of their public life.
Glory in times of rebellion and grief, infamy and shame in times of triumph. The bravest of the brave have too often been led by the most vile of the vile!"
The article often raised such a thesis that Poland itself is to blame for its troubles. I do not undertake to assess the guilt of Poland, but the fact that it was far from an angelic country is confirmed by this article. Its original is on the author Olga Tonina.
"... the same Poland, which only six months ago, with the greed of a hyena, took part in the robbery and destruction of the Czechoslovak state."
(W. Churchill, "The Second World War")
In the history of each state, there are heroic pages that this state is proud of. There are such heroic pages in the history of Poland. One of such glorious pages of Polish history is Operation Zaluzhye - the armed occupation by Polish troops of part of the territory of Czechoslovakia, which took place 11 months before the start of World War II.
A brief chronology of the events of such a glorious page in the history of the Polish state:
February 23, 1938. Beck, in negotiations with Goering, declares Poland's readiness to reckon with German interests in Austria and emphasized Poland's interest "in the Czech problem"
March 17, 1938. Poland issues an ultimatum to Lithuania demanding the conclusion of a convention guaranteeing the rights of the Polish minority in Lithuania, as well as the abolition of a paragraph of the Lithuanian constitution proclaiming Vilna the capital of Lithuania. (Vilna was illegally captured by the Poles a few years ago and incorporated into Poland). Polish troops are concentrated on the Polish-Lithuanian border. Lithuania agreed to accept the Polish representative. If the ultimatum was rejected within 24 hours, the Poles threatened to make a march on Kaunas and occupy Lithuania. The Soviet government, through the Polish ambassador in Moscow, recommended that no encroachment be made on the freedom and independence of Lithuania. Otherwise, it will denounce the Polish-Soviet non-aggression pact without warning and, in the event of an armed attack on Lithuania, will reserve freedom of action. Thanks to this intervention, the danger of an armed conflict between Poland and Lithuania was averted. The Poles limited their demands to Lithuania to one point - the establishment of diplomatic relations - and abandoned the armed invasion of Lithuania.
May 1938 The Polish government is concentrating several formations in the Teszyn area (three divisions and one brigade border troops).
August 11, 1938 - in a conversation with Lipsky, the German side declared its understanding of Poland's interest in the territory of Soviet Ukraine
September 8-11, 1938. In response to the readiness expressed by the Soviet Union to come to the aid of Czechoslovakia, both against Germany and against Poland, the largest military maneuvers in the history of the revived Polish state were organized on the Polish-Soviet border, in which 5 infantry and 1 cavalry divisions, 1 motorized brigade, as well as aviation. The Reds advancing from the east were completely defeated by the Blues. The maneuvers ended with a grandiose 7-hour parade in Lutsk, which was personally received by the "supreme leader" Marshal Rydz-Smigly.
September 19, 1938 - Lipsky brings to the attention of Hitler the opinion of the Polish government that Czechoslovakia is an artificial entity and supports the Hungarian claims regarding the territory of Carpathian Rus
September 20, 1938 - Hitler declares to Lipsky that in the event of a military conflict between Poland and Czechoslovakia over the Cieszyn region, the Reich will side with Poland, that Poland has completely free hands behind the line of German interests, that he sees a solution to the Jewish problem by emigration to a colony in agreement with Poland, Hungary and Romania.
September 21, 1938 - Poland sent a note to Czechoslovakia demanding a solution to the problem of the Polish national minority in Cieszyn Silesia.
September 22, 1938 - the Polish government urgently announces the denunciation of the Polish-Czechoslovak treaty on national minorities, and a few hours later announces an ultimatum to Czechoslovakia to annex lands with a Polish population to Poland. On behalf of the so-called "Union of Silesian Insurgents" in Warsaw, recruitment into the "Cieszyn Volunteer Corps" was launched quite openly. Formed detachments of "volunteers" are sent to the Czechoslovak border, where armed provocations and sabotage are carried out.
September 23, 1938. The Soviet government warned the Polish government that if Polish troops concentrated on the border with Czechoslovakia invaded its borders, the USSR would consider this an act of unprovoked aggression and denounce the non-aggression pact with Poland. In the evening of the same day, the answer of the Polish government followed. His tone was usually arrogant. It explained that it carried out some military activities only for defense purposes.
September 24, 1938. Newspaper "Pravda" 1938. September 24. N264(7589). on p.5. publishes an article "Polish fascists are preparing a coup in Cieszyn Silesia". Later, on the night of September 25, in the town of Konskie near Trshinec, the Poles threw hand grenades and fired at the houses in which the Czechoslovak border guards were located, as a result of which two buildings burned down. After a two-hour battle, the attackers retreated to Polish territory. Similar clashes took place that night in a number of other places in the Teshin region.
September 25, 1938. The Poles raided the Frishtat railway station, fired at it and threw grenades at it.
September 27, 1938. The Polish government puts forward a repeated demand for the "return" of the Teszyn region to it. Throughout the night, rifle and machine-gun fire, grenade explosions, etc. were heard in almost all areas of the Teshin region. The most bloody clashes, as reported by the Polish Telegraph Agency, were observed in the vicinity of Bohumin, Teshin and Jablunkov, in the towns of Bystrice, Konska and Skshechen. Armed groups of "rebels" repeatedly attacked the Czechoslovakian arms depots, and Polish planes violated the Czechoslovakian border on a daily basis. In the newspaper "Pravda" 1938. September 27. N267 (7592) on page 1, the article "The unbridled impudence of the Polish fascists" is published
September 28, 1938. Armed provocations continue. In the newspaper "Pravda" 1938. September 28. N268 (7593) On p.5. the article "Provocations of the Polish fascists" is published.
September 29, 1938. Polish diplomats in London and Paris insist on an equal approach to solving the Sudeten and Cieszyn problems, the Polish and German military agree on the line of demarcation of troops in the event of an invasion of Czechoslovakia. The Czech newspapers describe touching scenes of "fighting fraternity" between German fascists and Polish nationalists. A gang of 20 people armed with automatic weapons attacked a Czechoslovak border post near Grgava. The attack was repulsed, the attackers fled to Poland, and one of them, being wounded, was taken prisoner. During interrogation, the captured bandit said that there were many Germans living in Poland in their detachment. On the night of September 29-30, 1938, the infamous Munich Agreement was concluded.
September 30, 1938. Warsaw presented a new ultimatum to Prague, which was to be answered in 24 hours, demanding the immediate satisfaction of its claims, where it demanded the immediate transfer of the Teszyn border region to it. Newspaper "Pravda" 1938. September 30. N270 (7595) on p.5. publishes an article: "Provocations of the aggressors do not stop. "Incidents" on the borders."
October 1, 1938. Czechoslovakia cedes to Poland an area inhabited by 80,000 Poles and 120,000 Czechs. However, the main acquisition is the industrial potential of the occupied territory. At the end of 1938, the enterprises located there produced almost 41% of the pig iron smelted in Poland and almost 47% of the steel.
October 2, 1938. Operation "Zaluzhe". Poland occupies Teszyn Silesia (Teshen - Frishtat - Bohumin region) and some settlements on the territory of modern Slovakia.
How did the world react to these actions of the Poles?
From W. Churchill's book "Second World War", Volume 1, "The Coming Storm"
"Chapter Eighteen"
"MUNICH WINTER"
“On September 30, Czechoslovakia bowed before the Munich decisions. “We want,” the Czechs said, “to declare to the whole world our protest against decisions in which we did not participate.” President Beneš resigned because “he could be an obstacle to the development of events to which our new state must adapt. "Beneš left Czechoslovakia and took refuge in England. The dismemberment of the Czechoslovak state proceeded in accordance with the agreement. However, the Germans were not the only predators torturing the corpse of Czechoslovakia. Immediately after the conclusion of the Munich Agreement on September 30 The Polish government sent an ultimatum to the Czech government, which was to be answered in 24 hours. The Polish government demanded the immediate transfer of the Teszyn border region to it. There was no way to resist this rude demand.
The heroic character traits of the Polish people should not force us to close our eyes to their recklessness and ingratitude, which for a number of centuries caused them immeasurable suffering. In 1919, it was a country that the Allied victory, after many generations of partition and slavery, had turned into an independent republic and one of the major European powers. Now, in 1938, because of such an insignificant issue as Teszyn, the Poles broke with all their friends in France, in England and in the USA, who returned them to a single national life and whose help they should soon need so much. We saw how now, while the glimpse of German power fell on them, they hastened to seize their share in the plunder and ruin of Czechoslovakia. At the time of the crisis, all doors were closed to the British and French ambassadors. They were not even allowed to see the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs. It must be regarded as a mystery and a tragedy of European history that a people capable of any heroism, individual members of which are talented, valiant, charming, constantly show such great shortcomings in almost all aspects of their public life. Glory in times of rebellion and grief; infamy and shame in periods of triumph. The bravest of the brave have too often been led by the most vile of the vile! And yet there have always been two Polands: one of them fought for the truth, and the other groveled in meanness.
We have yet to tell of the failure of their military preparations and plans; of the arrogance and errors of their policy; about the terrible slaughter and deprivation to which they doomed themselves with their madness.
Appetite, as you know, comes with eating. Before the Poles had time to celebrate the capture of the Teszyn region, they had new plans:
December 28, 1938 In a conversation between the adviser of the German Embassy in Poland, Rudolf von Shelia, and the newly appointed Polish envoy to Iran, J. Karsho-Sedlevsky, the latter states: "The political perspective for the European East is clear. In a few years, Germany will be at war with the Soviet Union, and Poland will support, voluntarily or involuntarily, Germany in this war. It is better for Poland to definitely take the side of Germany before the conflict, since Poland's territorial interests in the west and the political goals of Poland in the East, above all in the Ukraine, can be ensured only by means of a previously reached Polish-German agreement. ultimately to convince and induce also the Persians and Afghans to play an active role in a future war against the Soviets.
December 1938. From the report of the 2nd department (intelligence department) of the main headquarters of the Polish Army: "The dismemberment of Russia lies at the heart of Polish policy in the East ... Therefore, our possible position will be reduced to the following formula: who will take part in the partition. Poland should not remain passive at this remarkable historical moment. The task is to prepare well in advance physically and spiritually... The main goal is to weaken and defeat Russia."(See Z dziejow stosunkow polsko-radzieckich. Studia i materialy. T. III. Warszawa, 1968, pp. 262, 287.)
January 26, 1939. In a conversation with German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, Polish Foreign Minister Jozef Beck, held in Warsaw, states: "Poland claims Soviet Ukraine and access to the Black Sea."
March 4, 1939. The Polish command, after lengthy economic, political and operational research, completed the development of a war plan against the USSR. "Vostok" ("Vskhud").(See Centralne Archiwum Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnetrznych, R-16/1).
However, here the Poles broke off with another opportunity to again act as a hyena and rob for free, hiding behind the back of a stronger neighbor, because Poland was lured by the opportunity to rob a neighbor richer than the USSR:
March 17, 1939. Chamberlain made a sharp speech in Birmingham against Germany, in which he declared that England would make contact with other like-minded powers. This speech marked the beginning of the policy of encircling Germany with alliances with other states. Financial negotiations between England and Poland have begun; military negotiations with Poland in London; General Ironside pays a visit to Warsaw.
March 20, 1939. Hitler put forward a proposal to Poland: to agree to the inclusion of the city of Danzig in Germany and to the creation of an extraterritorial corridor that would connect Germany with East Prussia.
March 21, 1939. Ribbentrop, in a conversation with the Polish ambassador, again made demands regarding Danzig (Gdansk), as well as the right to build an extraterritorial railway and motorway that would link Germany with East Prussia.
March 22, 1939. In Poland, the beginning of the first partial and covert mobilization (five formations) was announced in order to provide cover for the mobilization and concentration of the main forces of the Polish army.
March 24, 1939. The Polish government transmitted to the British government the proposal for an Anglo-Polish pact.
March 26, 1939. The Polish government issues a memorandum in which, according to Ribbentrop, "the German proposals regarding the return of Danzig and extraterritorial transport routes through the corridor were rejected in an unceremonious manner." Ambassador Lipsky declared: "Any further pursuit of the aim of these German plans, and especially those concerning the return of Danzig to the Reich, means war with Poland." Ribbentrop again orally repeated the German demands: the unequivocal return of Danzig, extraterritorial ties with East Prussia, a 25-year non-aggression pact with a guarantee of borders, and cooperation on the Slovak question in the form of the protection of this area assumed by neighboring states.
March 31, 1939. British Prime Minister H. Chamberlain announced Anglo-French military guarantees for Poland in connection with the threat of aggression from Germany. As Churchill wrote about this in his memoirs: “And now, when all these advantages and all this help have been lost and rejected, England, leading France, offers to guarantee the integrity of Poland - the very Poland that only six months ago with greed hyena took part in the robbery and destruction of the Czechoslovak state."
And how did the Poles react to the desire of England and France to protect them from German aggression and the guarantees received? They again began to transform into a greedy hyena! And now they were sharpening their teeth to snatch a piece from Germany. As the American researcher Henson Baldwin, who during the war years worked as a military editor of the New York Times, noted in his book:
“They were proud and too self-confident, living in the past. Many Polish soldiers, imbued with the military spirit of their people and their traditional hatred of the Germans, spoke and dreamed of a “march on Berlin.” Their hopes are well reflected in the words of one of the songs:
... dressed in steel and armor,
Led by Rydz-Smigly,
We'll march to the Rhine..."
How did this madness end? On September 1, 1939, "Clad in Steel and Armor" and led by Rydz-Smigly began a march in the opposite direction, to the border with Romania. And less than a month later, Poland disappeared from geographical map for seven years, along with his ambitions and habits of a hyena. In 1945 it reappeared, paying for its madness with six million Poles' lives. The blood of six million Polish lives cooled the madness of the Polish government for almost 50 years. But nothing lasts forever, and again louder and louder cries about Greater Poland "from mozha to mozha" begin to be heard, and the greedy grin of a hyena, already familiar to everyone, begins to appear in Polish politics.