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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND HIGHER SCHOOL

SAINT PETERSBURG COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION

Languagetaste. Languagefashion. Languageaggression

Completed by: student of group 22-A-14

Adamyan L.Yu.

Checked by: Trotsenko I.N.

St. Petersburg

Content

• Introduction
• Chapter 2
• Conclusion
• Bibliography

Introduction

Speech skill- This is a basic professional quality. One of the most important components is the culture of speech, which is part of the general culture of a person. By the way a person speaks, one can judge the level of his spiritual development, his inner culture. The formation of speech skills involves the possession of expressive, clear and literary speech.

The problems of speech culture are determined, first of all, by the problems of language in society. The subject of speech culture is the norms of the literary language, types of communication, its principles and rules, ethical standards of communication, functional styles of speech, the basics of the art of speech, as well as difficulties in applying speech norms and problems. state of the art speech culture of society. The culture of speech is important for establishing contact between the narrator and his listeners, and is also the main part of it.

The global changes that have taken place in our country in the last ten to fifteen years have also radically affected linguistics. The desire of researchers to embrace these changes as a whole, to comprehend at least in in general terms linguistic modernity, lead to the movement of linguistics itself in the direction, which can be called a philosophical essay on the topic modern language.

The relevance of the study, therefore, is determined, on the one hand, by the need to comprehensively comprehend the changes in the modern Russian language that have occurred in the last ten to fifteen years, and on the other hand, by the need to expand the range of topics and bring Russian linguistics closer to the science of Europe and the United States.

An ordinary person perceives the world as he sees it, as they say, "in front of him", perceiving it as it is, and being surprised at the changes. A person with a scientific mindset is trying to see patterns and dynamics in everything, to find the cause of progress and regression, to understand the universal constant movement. Linguists are no exception in this sense. Therefore, much has been written about the evolution of the Russian language. The law of interdependence of language and mode of production, language and culture is derived. The development and regression of the language is perceived as a direct reflection of the profound changes in society.

The purpose of this work is to study language taste, language fashion and language aggression.

The main tasks include consideration of the concept of language taste, language sense, reasons for changing language taste, the concept of language fashion and its types, reasons for changing language norms, a set of signs of norms, various definitions of speech aggression and its causes.

Chapter 1. What is "language taste", "language fashion" and "language aggression"?

Language taste- these are the norms and standards of linguistic behavior, speech culture adopted at a certain stage in the development of society.

Language taste- the idea of ​​ideal text models and ideal speech production in general, which took shape in the process of social and speech activity. The linguistic taste of the era is largely associated with historical, turning points in the life of the people. The linguistic taste of our time is characterized by the convergence of traditional literary means of expression with everyday colloquial speech, with social and professional dialects, with jargons.

Taste in general - this is the ability to evaluate, understanding the right and beautiful; these are passions and inclinations that determine the culture of a person in thought and work, in behavior, including speech. These attitudes determine a person's attitude to language, the ability to intuitively evaluate the correctness, relevance, aesthetics of speech expression.

However, this individuality is formed in the course of assimilation of social knowledge, norms, rules, traditions. Therefore, taste always has a concrete-social and concrete-historical basis. Manifesting itself individually, taste reflects the dynamics of social consciousness and unites the members of a given society at a given stage of its history.

The most important condition for taste is a sense of language, which is the result of speech and social experience, the assimilation of knowledge of the language and knowledge about the language, the unconscious assessment of its trends, the path of progress.

Language (speech) fashion - manner of expression adopted in a particular community and relevant for a short time.

The concept of linguistic taste, of course, is associated with ideas about the qualities of speech. In the book "Good Speech", Saratov linguists define the concept in the title as speech, first of all, expedient, corresponding to the ethics of communication, norm, understandable to the addressee, as creative speech. The criteria for good speech also include moderate conservatism, universality, and the desire for non-variance. IN AND. Karasik proposes to understand speech culture as "the degree of approximation of the linguistic consciousness of the individual to the ideal completeness of linguistic wealth in one form or another of the language. On this basis, they stand out different types linguistic personalities.

In general, the literary and linguistic norm is becoming less definite and obligatory today. The literary standard is becoming less standard, notes V.G. Kostomarov, i.e. in the language, as in everything, the norm of permissibility has changed.

The question arises: why is this happening? Answering it, V.G. Kostomarov introduces the concepts of linguistic taste as a category of speech culture and its extreme embodiment - linguistic fashion: "Taste can be understood as a system of ideological, psychological, aesthetic and other attitudes of a person or a social group in relation to language and speech in this language. Taste always has a concrete social and a concrete historical basis, appearing individually, taste reflects in its development the dynamics of social consciousness and unites the members of a given society at a given stage of its history.

The most important condition for the taste of V.G. Kostomarov considers a feeling that is social in nature, assimilated by every native speaker, i.e. a sense of language, which is the result of speech and general social experience, the assimilation of knowledge of the language and knowledge about the language, the unconscious, as a rule, assessment of the trends in its development. Language sense underlies the acceptance and rejection of these trends.

The next question that needs to be answered in order to understand the linguistic features of the situation in modern Russia is the question of under whose influence modern linguistic taste is formed. It is regrettable to state that the typical features of the Russian language are formed "by no means only because of low literacy and slovenliness, but because of precisely a conscious attitude, a desire to follow certain tastes set by an influential part of society, on the whole, quite educated and very well versed, but deliberately deforming the norms and stylistic patterns of the literary and linguistic standard.

Language itself is a social phenomenon, not a biological one. Language arises and functions only within the framework of human society. And one of the functions of the language is unifying.

As for the relationship between language and fashion, it should be noted that both language and fashion are sign systems, along with other similar sign systems, without which it is impossible to imagine the life of human society - ornament, music, dance, architecture, and so on.

The subject of the study is the phenomenon of language fashion, which has become especially relevant in Russian society in recent years.

This is how the idea arose to analyze the influence exerted by linguistic "fashions" on language and society, without deviating, nevertheless, from the main principles of classical Russian linguistics.

The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the problem of language fashion is considered for the first time. Until now, this problem has been studied within the framework of the topic of speech etiquette. At the same time, the theoretical development of the problem consisted only in linking specific linguistic facts to historical reality and culture. In the study, the facts of language fashion are considered in line with the hypothesis of linguistic relativity, analyze the impact that language fashion has on language and society.

Language (speech) fashion- the manner of expression adopted in a particular community and relevant for a short time.

Changing ideas about right and wrong efficient use language, can be denoted by the word fashion. In other words, fashion is a manifestation of taste, more individual, quickly transient, conspicuous and usually irritating to the older and conservative part of society.

The concept of language fashion, which is relevant for characterizing the speech behavior of an individual, is rightly associated with the mandatory redundancy of linguistic cultural patterns, with the awareness of their prestige in a particular society, with the linguistic choice made by the individual. Correlating the concepts of "linguistic taste" and "linguistic fashion", V.G. Kostomarov notes: "Changing ideas about the correct and effective use of the language, sometimes brought to the point of absurdity, can be denoted by the word" fashion "". "Fashion as a regulator of cultural and speech behavior is more clearly manifested in a society that is dynamic, open, mobile and redundant, that is, it contains diverse and competing cultural patterns between which you can choose. Modern Russia is characterized by an increased trend of renewal, and fashion provides the possibility of a break with the immediate past."

There are several definitions of the term "speech (verbal, verbal) aggression".

In the stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by Kozhina M.N. verbal aggression is defined as "the use of linguistic means to express hostility, hostility; a manner of speech that offends someone's pride, dignity."

The authors of the article "Peculiarities of verbal aggression" Glebov V.V. and Rodionova O.M. define this term as "conflict speech behavior, which is based on the installation of a negative impact on the addressee."

Speaking about the causes of verbal aggression, Shcherbinina Yu.V. in his book "Verbal Aggression" writes that one of the reasons is "insufficient awareness of one's own speech behavior in general and in particular the aggressive components in it"

Another reason that V. Tretyakova notes in her article is "inadequate defensive actions taken in connection with the misinterpretation of words."

It is also necessary to highlight the personal cause of verbal aggression in the media, which Dzyaloshinsky I.M. writes about. And he clarifies what was said: “This is, firstly, low intelligence and, accordingly, low speech culture, when a journalist cannot express his thoughts and replaces the accuracy of his statement with the emotionality of speech; secondly, a journalist, obsessed with an idea, seeks to use all possible speech resources so that the idea with which he is sick becomes a universal disease.

However, one should not lose sight of the fact that speech aggression can be one of the types of speech strategy and be used consciously in order to discredit the interlocutor. The purpose of this strategy is to humiliate, insult, laugh at the interlocutor. And tactics will be insult, threat, ridicule, accusation, hostile remark, reproach, slander, etc.

According to scientists, the aggression of speech demonstrates an authoritarian style of communication, lack of professionalism and leads to alienation, hostility, and misunderstanding. Therefore, aggression is ethically unacceptable and ineffective from a communicative point of view. In this regard, it is necessary to learn how to control, restrain, overcome verbal aggression. Exists scientific literature with practical recommendations for overcoming the aggression of the word. Thus, Enina L. in her article calls on journalists to reduce verbal aggression by refusing direct evaluative oppositions, from rude evaluative expressions of images of "foreigners", "due to an analytical approach to this problem."

According to the dictionary foreign words: actual vocabulary, interpretation, etymology, the words "aggression" in Russian was recorded in the second half of the 18th century with the meaning "an armed attack on a state with the aim of seizing its territory and forcibly subordinating it." In the second half of the 20th century, the word acquired a new meaning: "actively hostile behavior of one person towards others."

Chapter 2

Language- a stable structure, centuries have no power over it. It is strictly organized, has grammatical categories and lexical composition, which have remained almost unchanged for centuries. However, since the 18th century, talks about the deterioration of the Russian language, its degradation, the loss of linguistic taste in each new generation have not ceased. Is it really so terrible and irreversible the state of affairs with the language, as some purists - fighters for its purity - try to present it? The reasons for fears have a certain basis. comes into the language a large number of new foreign words, some of which are unusual, "cut the ear" of native speakers. The “alienness” of borrowing is especially noticeable at first. What happens to the word after that? So, let's say that someone else's word comes to Russian soil along with a new concept, or simply becomes fashionable and only therefore becomes widespread among the masses. The first thing that happens to him is the "Russification" of his sound shell. Borrowing is adjusted to the standard pronunciation norms of the Russian language.

The next step - the word usually has inflection, on the basis of which it is built into the corresponding paradigm (that is, the word acquires a certain declension or conjugation), receives one form or another of the gender. Language processes other people's words.

Is it necessary to be afraid of it? After all, it is known that evolution is the natural state of a living language. Only Latin, Ancient Greek, Gothic and other dead languages ​​like them do not change. Why is this happening? There are several reasons for this, both external and internal.

Let's talk about externals first. Like a living organism, in the language there is an exchange, so to speak, of "linguistic substances": some words grow old, archaize and disappear from use, others - neologisms - replace them. The influence of dialects, social jargons, secondary borrowings leads to temporary coexistence in the language of competing variants.

It often happens that a word, having come from the periphery of the language, gradually displaces the legitimate word or form of the word, thereby contributing to a change in the language.

In addition to external ones, linguistics also knows some (although by no means all!) Internal reasons for the evolution of a language. Among them, the most obvious are the so-called principle of analogy and the principle of economy. The action of the principle of analogy is manifested in the desire to overcome linguistic variants, to unify the models for constructing and pronouncing words. Analogy can also respond to fashion. If borrowed words in the 19th and early 20th centuries received French voicing, then in the second half of the 20th century their Americanization began, or in some cases, an orientation towards sounding in the original language.

Another principle leading to linguistic evolution is the desire of the language to save speech means and speech efforts. The remarkable linguist E.D. Polivanov once wrote: "Oddly enough, but that collective psychological factor, which everywhere, when analyzing the mechanism of language changes, will peep through as the main spring of this mechanism, really is what, roughly speaking, can be called the words: "human laziness" Nothing can be done, people in communication prefer shorter, economical forms, and with "competition" of options, short ones win more often.

The direction of the emerging taste can be judged by the influence on the style, which is characterized by blurred boundaries between different communicative spheres.

Problem psychological attitude and taste, susceptibility to fashion shows examples of failure, from the point of view of stylistic laws, the choice of linguistic means of expression.

language aggression mova taste

The fashion of stylistic taste for democratization and liberalization speaks to an interest in jargon, vernacular, and colloquial intonations. Because of the fear of the taste setting for stylistic decline, the structure of the monologue and public dialogue is changing.

In oratory, prohibitions are removed, by which it was possible to distinguish from everyday speech, allowing for a less responsible and deliberate selection of means of expression. This is influenced by a change in the style of the topic of public speaking. There is a growing variety of dialogues and a decrease in monologues that express the position of the argumentative.

The formation of a style that relates to a certain linguistic taste requires a radical change in literary means of expression.

Public taste dictates the democratization of speech, which is associated with the renewal of literary laws, by means of internal language resources.

The constant presence of jargon in the text leads to their stabilization, reducing their jargon qualities. Such means of expression lose the need to refer to them, and in time become simply a literary standard.

Permissibility measures have changed in speech culture, norms have become freer not only in communication and language, but also in other areas of activity.

The destruction of the lines between the serious and everyday style of speech, which is characteristic of newspapers, is only a reflex event in the speech culture of society. The first to feel the change in speech taste at birth were writers and poets, and not journalists at all, who were subject to a new taste in the extremes of fashion.

Colloquialism and jargon fall into widespread educated use, resulting in unrequited sloppiness, creating vulgar or erroneous word usage, where words are used out of meaning and in combinations that are not inherent in the norms of the language. Such usage has negative character on education, the destruction of the norms of language standards.

The Russian language, with its abundance of prefixes and endings, is very well suited for the perception of foreign words. But not all linguists agree to use words of foreign origin, so they look in the vocabulary before 1917 for words that can replace them, but there is little progress.

The media disseminate new terms very persistently, showing that their language has an impact on all styles of speech. Such terms are quickly used in trade, youth environments, and quickly cease to require interpretation.

Foreign words greatly clog literary speech, because for many borrowings, you can pick up an analogue in the Russian language. But they cease to be used, having foreign analogues, and soon will completely go out of use.

In phraseology, there is a desire for speech renewal, and for changing traditional designations. Sometimes it is enough to refer to another grammatical structure, or to replace one of the elements with a synonym. Phraseological creativity is intertwined with the semantic development of individual words, their actualization activates new combinations that turn into phrases with different stability.

The language taste of society is not limited to colloquial expressiveness, but also has a balance of desire to preserve and enhance book suffixes, as well as the emergence of new models of word-forming elements. Bookish taste is supported, in the first place, by their own word-formation means.

If you follow the language practice of the media, then novelties in grammar and phonetics are revealed, which are more stable than stylistics, vocabulary, phraseology. Neologisms appear with a violation of orthoepic, morphological and syntactic errors, which gives strong public resistance.

There are a lot of such errors, and the language is tolerant of liberties in spelling and punctuation. This will lead to the fact that the next generation will already use radically changed language norms that meet their tastes.

The English language, which they try to emulate, has a high variance, a well-known freedom in spelling. Whereas in Russian, deviating from the norms is perceived as a critical mistake, even if it occurs within the limits allowed by the system.

New processes are going on more actively in syntax than in vocabulary, and even morphology is undergoing changes that are very noticeable.

In the construction of sentences, there is a taste desire for fuzziness, free design.

In texts, the media often began to use colloquial, colloquial constructions, constructions with interjections and various particles belonging to oral speech.

Under the dictated rules, the psychology of a rebuilt life, when the new is perceived, and the old is forgotten, ignored, just because it is not new, spelling and punctuation prescriptions lose their compulsion.

1) Language fashion bears an extensive network of social functions, the main of which is social regulation and self-regulation of human behavior.

2) Being a derivative of language and culture, language fashion itself has an impact on language and culture.

3) Language fashion has a cyclical nature.

The problem of aggression, verbal and non-verbal, is increasingly becoming the subject of analysis and discussion in linguistic science. Aggression, including verbal, is one of the components of the opposition between good and evil, tolerance (tolerance) and intolerance (intolerance). The need to study this problem is due to its inclusion in the social context, since it is society that acts as a regulator of the various manifestations of this phenomenon.

Speech (verbal) aggression in the general view can be defined as offensive communication; verbal expression of negative emotions, feelings or intentions in an offensive, rude, unacceptable form in a given speech situation.

Speech aggression arises under the influence of various motives and acquires different ways of expression.

On the one hand, verbal aggression serves as an expression of negative emotions (reactions to external and internal environmental stimuli) and feelings (a special type of emotional experiences that are relatively stable and arise on the basis of higher human social needs). Emotions and feelings that cause verbal aggression include anger, irritation, resentment, discontent, disgust, contempt, etc.

Such aggression occurs most often as a response to an external stimulus. For example, a person was rude in a store, stepped on his foot in a bus, denied some request, objected to a dispute - the answer to this physical or psychological discomfort can often be scolding, swearing, verbal attacks on the interlocutor, the main function of which is psychological relaxation, relieving nervous tension, getting rid of negative emotions.

On the other hand, verbal aggression can also arise as a special intention - a deliberate desire of the speaker to cause communicative damage to the addressee (humiliate, insult, ridicule, etc.) or to realize some of their needs in such a "forbidden" way (self-affirmation, self-defense, self-realization and etc.).

So, for example, schoolchildren can deliberately ridicule a classmate in order to increase their own self-esteem, demonstrate "power", a dominant position, and strengthen their authority in the children's team. Verbal aggression at the level of negative emotions and feelings acts as aggressive verbal behavior - little conscious activity, manifested in patterns and stereotypes of actions learned by a person either on the basis of imitation of other people's patterns and stereotypes, or on the basis of one's own experience. Deliberate, purposeful, initiative verbal attack is an aggressive speech activity and is defined as a consciously motivated purposeful human activity.

It is the last kind of verbal aggression (aggression in " pure form") is the most dangerous in communicative terms, since it is a thoughtful, planned, prepared speech act, the purpose of which is to cause communicative harm to the addressee, to destroy the harmony of communication.

In addition, there are special situations in relation to which we can talk about the imitation of aggression - a kind of verbal game. For example, the speaker is joking or wants to demonstrate their potential for hurtful communication.

Such communication often turns into a situation of real verbal aggression, since it takes place in an atmosphere of significant emotional tension and can lead to mutual misunderstanding, disunity, alienation of its participants ("What if he is not joking, but really angry?").

Another case of imitation of aggression is aggro, which means special ritual actions before the manifestation of real aggression or instead of it. These actions can be both verbal (for example, the chants of football "fans") and non-verbal (for example, priestly tribal dances, gestures and movements of rock concert listeners, etc.).

It is possible to qualify any statement from the point of view of the manifestation of aggression in it only if we rely on the context of the speech situation, i.e. we analyze the specific conditions of communication: place, time, composition of participants, their intentions and relations between them.

The conditions for the manifestation of verbal aggression in a given utterance or a specific speech situation are, first of all, the following:

negative communicative intention of the speaker (for example, to humiliate the addressee, to express negative feelings and emotions, etc.);

inconsistency of the statement with the nature of communication and the "image of the addressee" (for example, familiar address in an official setting; addressing only one interlocutor in group communication; offensive hints towards the interlocutor, etc.);

negative emotional reactions of the addressee to this statement (resentment, anger, irritation, etc.) and replies reflecting them (accusation, reproach, refusal, expression of protest, disagreement, reciprocal insult, etc.).

So, in an informal situation, characterized by a general positive attitude towards mutual understanding and consent, statements like "Go you!" or "You're lying, you bastard!", which are in the form of a rude demand or an insult, in a certain situation they can express surprise or act as a kind of positive assessment. In the latter case, they roughly correspond in meaning to interjections, such as "great!", "wow!".

The phrase "I'll kill you!" may, depending on the context, sound both as a serious threat, and as a playful exclamation, and as an indirect invitation to a word game.

First of all, this phenomenon should be distinguished from the use of invectives (curses, swear words and expressions) in speech and the use of vulgarisms (marked by a special harshness, rudeness of colloquial words and expressions as parallel designations of concepts that can be expressed in literary variants).

It is known that rude statements, especially in children's speech and communication of adolescents, can be used not only to offend or humiliate the addressee, but often simply "out of habit". This happens, obviously, due to the low level of speech culture, the poverty of the vocabulary, the lack of the ability to express one's thoughts and feelings in the literary language and the elementary inability to communicate. Sometimes a person seeks in this way to demonstrate "knowledge" of profanity, to show his adulthood, emancipation, originality.

The use of vulgarisms and invectives, although not necessarily a manifestation of verbal aggression, nevertheless demonstrates the bad manners, tactlessness of the speaker, the low level of his verbal and mental culture. This feature of abuse was noted by Aristotle: "From the habit of swearing in one way or another, a tendency to commit bad deeds develops." It is not for nothing that a person's speech is considered to be his self-characteristic, and, paraphrasing a well-known saying, it is quite possible to say: "Tell me how you speak, and I will tell you who you are."

Thus, when analyzing the speech of children and adolescents, it is important to remember and take into account that vulgar and invective word usage does not in itself express verbal aggression, but unequivocally creates a rudely unacceptable tone of speech, vulgarizes communication, and can provoke reciprocal rudeness.

It is important to distinguish manifestations of verbal aggression from specific forms of speech behavior in children's and youth subcultures.

The children's speech environment, being an integral part of the logosphere of almost any nation, has a number of specific features that allow us to consider it as a kind of layer of a national speech culture, a special sublinguistic subgroup. In this environment, vulgarisms, scolding, swearing are often transformed into socio-speech phenomena that are qualitatively different in their goals and motives.

So, in the speech of adolescents, invective can act as a means of establishing contact, achieving unity or a way of recognizing each other by members of a certain group of people communicating (classmates, company members, etc.). A prerequisite for the absence of aggression in such a statement is the speaker's confidence that the addressee will not be offended by the invective, and his recognition of the interlocutor's right to respond in a similar way.

In the speech of young children, threats ("horror stories"), ridicule ("teasers"), squabbles often take on the character of word creation, word play, competition in speech ingenuity.

Harmless nicknames (nicknames) and special ritual appeals should also be distinguished from real insults.

The former are actively used in the children's and adolescent speech environment. They are distinguished from aggressive statements by relative emotional neutrality and the absence of offensive meaning for the addressee. Their purpose is a special naming, specific naming, designation of the addressee, identification of its distinctive features, selection from a number of similar ones.

Thus, one should not confuse offensive, offensive, aggressive statements with statements that are outwardly similar in form and related in situations of use, occurring in the children's speech environment. The aggressiveness of the statement is determined only by the context of the speech situation, the real conditions of communication.

Conclusion

Thus, after analyzing this literature, we can conclude that linguistic phenomena are in constant motion and change. The intensity of this movement is not the same either in time or in the scope of linguistic material. The replacement of some means of expression by others can occur both abruptly and gradually. However, it is moving towards unification.

In conclusion of this study, it should be noted that the language fashion regulates the behavior of individuals and groups that make up the linguistic and cultural system, and contributes to the adaptation of the latter to changing internal and external environmental conditions. However, a similar function is performed by almost any more or less large-scale socio-cultural phenomenon that has existed for a more or less long time. The named general function of the language mode is implemented through a number of private functions:

The function of creating and maintaining uniformity and diversity in linguocultural samples. It is fruitful to consider uniformity and diversity as two sides of the same function of language fashion. Depending on the criterion for distinguishing these two sides, on the phase of the fashion cycle and the features of the interaction of the language fashion and the social system, the unifying or differentiating function of the language fashion comes to the fore.

Uniformity is manifested in the fact that, thanks to the language fashion, the same cultural pattern is assimilated and accepted as one's own by many individuals, various social groups and global societies (peoples, civilizations). The highest degree of uniformity is achieved at the highest phase of the fashionable language cycle, when a given cultural pattern, which has found itself in a language fashion (fashionable locale), covers a maximum of native speakers. The uniformity supported by the language fashion plays an important positive role, providing harmony in modern conditions, when different cultural patterns compete with each other. To this we can add that fashionable linguistic uniformity contributes to mutual understanding and the development of contacts between global societies, and this is the most pressing problem today.

It is precisely for the uniformity generated by it that the language fashion is often criticized, accusing it of widespread standardization and the establishment of identical linguistic tastes. On this occasion, it should be noted that without a certain degree of uniformity in cultural patterns, in lifestyle, in everyday behavior social life would be impossible at all. Some argue for each individual to "creatively" approach problems Everyday life and independently decided what and how to say to him, in what style to respond to this or that phenomenon. If such people are absolutely sure that they themselves, without focusing on anyone or anything, have chosen; their own original style of speech, if every day they creatively solve the question of what words to say hello or say goodbye, then, as they say, God grant them. In real life, a normal individual makes his choice from the samples offered by society, under the influence of society and social groups. Some internally torn, assimilated cultural patterns that regulate speech activity turn into everyday habits, norms of communication and expression of thoughts, are automatic in nature and do not require the mobilization of the creative potential of the individual, releasing it to solve more serious problems.

In addition, due to social, economic and cultural differentiation, the fashionable language standard is not the same in different groups, it is divided into a number of modifications. One and the same language "fashion" often manifests itself in countless variations, for example, one language fashion of discotheques varies precisely according to the predominant composition of the visitors of these discotheques. The most important thing is that the same linguistic "modes" in different social and cultural environments are assigned very different meanings, they are associated with the most diverse values, and in this sense, the unifying linguistic fashion also plays a differentiating role.

It is necessary to pay attention to one more aspect of the function of uniformity-diversity. It is known that modern mass media use, so to speak, in-line production based on the unification and standardization of both the processes and the results of this production. The condition for its "effectiveness is the synchronization of certain stages, rhythms of production and its identical results. Uniformity to one degree or another is an inevitable companion of mass production. But the problem of uniformity-diversity has not only a synchronic, but also a diachronic dimension. Updating the production-text and related processes its creation and distribution, fashionable linguistic innovations produce diachronic, i.e. non-simultaneous, diversity.Performing diachronic diversity, linguistic fashion thus performs an important function of compensating for synchronous monotony, which acts as a condition and result of mass in-line production.

As applied to social groups, the function of uniformity-diversity is largely a function of group demarcation-leveling through fashionable language standards.

The innovative function is one of the main and most obvious functions of language fashion: everyone knows that language fashion brings novelty with it. Since the action of the language fashion extends to the most diverse areas of socio-economic and cultural life, it increases the innovative potential of society, the readiness to introduce and accept innovation in the relevant areas. It affects the renewal of not only the language itself, but also industrial products, technology, artistic styles, etc. In every society, social group, in every sector of their life, there is a certain degree of readiness for linguistic innovations - innovativeness. Language fashion is a source, result and indicator of a high degree of innovation. Since the rhythm of socio-economic and cultural life is not the same in different periods, to the extent that the degree of innovation of the same society or group changes.

By stimulating innovation, language fashion contributes to the adaptation of society, groups, individuals to the changing conditions of their existence, both internal and external. The point is not that all the solutions proposed by the language fashion are obviously adequate to these conditions. Of primary importance is the fact that the language fashion stimulates the heuristic, exploratory, experimental principle in society and culture, develops readiness in the social system not only for the actually fashionable language, but also for other types of innovations.

By strengthening the innovativeness of a society or social group, the linguistic fashion thereby weakens its traditional character and undermines the power of custom. Moreover, the rejection of inherited cultural patterns in favor of new ones in this case is not associated with social disintegration, since, thanks to the language fashion, this rejection is sanctioned by society and social groups.

However, the interaction of the innovative function of fashion with traditional cultural patterns is by no means unambiguous.

Firstly, this function is sometimes included in traditional designs and assimilated by them.

Secondly, the innovative function of the language fashion often acts in the form of actualization of the linguocultural tradition. From time to time certain elements of the linguocultural heritage are endowed with fashionable meanings.

In our time, the actualization of tradition is widespread and presented in a very diverse way. Here is the fashion for "linguistic" antiquity and "retro styles" in various types of literature and art, and the language of myths about the past as the "golden age" of sociocultural existence, and the language of xenophobia, etc. The fact that these forms of consciousness are influenced by the language fashion (although, of course, not by it) is evidenced by the fact that a similar actualization of tradition and traditionalism occurs simultaneously in the languages ​​of different peoples.

communicative function. All sign systems functioning in society serve as a means of communication between people; language fashion is one such system. Communication is one of the most important functions, without which human society is generally impossible.

Like many others: signs, linguistic fashion serves as a means of interaction between individuals, social groups and societies. Fashionable communication consists in the fact that fashion standards are transmitted from one person to another. Along with these standards, the values ​​of language fashion they designate are transferred: "internal" (modernity, universality, play and demonstrativeness) and the various "external" values ​​behind them. "values ​​expressing the deep needs and aspirations of various societies, social groups and individuals.

Through participation in the language fashion, individuals send messages to each other about their adherence to its values, and also associate them with their group, profession, etc. These messages express the image of the ideal participant in the language fashion.

Human aggression, including verbal aggression, is a multifaceted phenomenon. All considered definitions recognize that aggression is an integral dynamic characteristic of a person's activity and adaptability and therefore is an object of serious study.

Drawing a conclusion about verbal aggression, we can say that this is any action aimed at causing harm to an object. The causes of speech aggression are studied by linguists in various fields: political discourse, media discourse, aggression in adolescence, and so on. Speech aggression has a variety of both aggressive statements themselves and speech situations, and can be used as a discrediting strategy. It interferes with the establishment of contact and requires the use of a mitigation strategy to establish it.

There are three types of human influence power (the power of thought, the power of words, the power of action), of which, thanks to the development of means of communication, the power of words is especially developed in the modern world. Therefore, a comprehensive study of verbal aggression is a necessary condition for ensuring the communicative security of an individual and society as a whole. But not only the study of this problem should be carried out to reduce the consequences of verbal aggression, but also the legislative regulation of speech in the media. Without legal support for this issue, there will be no leverage on the media in the field of speech culture.

In the course of this work, I considered the phenomenon of linguistic taste, linguistic fashion, linguistic aggression, so the purpose of the abstract can be considered fulfilled.

Bibliography

1) Arutyunov S.A., Ethnographic science and the study of cultural dynamics. Studies in general ethnography. M.: Nauka, 1979. - P.34.

2) Kostomarov V.G. My genius, my language: reflections of a linguist in connection with. societies, discus. about lang. - M.: Knowledge, 1991-p.63.

3) Filin F.P. Some questions of the functioning and development of the Russian language // Problems of linguistics. 1975. - No. 3. - S.38-43.208.

4) Kostomarov V.G. The language taste of the era: From observations on the speech practice of the mass media M .: Pedagogy-press, 1994-p.247.

5) Mistuk T.A. Trends in the semantic evolution of the modern Russian language: Based on the neological metaphorization of common vocabulary in newspaper journalism in 1992-1997: Abstract of the thesis. dis. cand. philol. Sciences Barnaul, 1998. - P.15.

6) Veselov P.V. Some issues of international standardization of technical terminology // Issues of linguistics and methods of teaching foreign languages. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow. un-ta, 1968. issue 1. - P.112-118.203.

7) Danilenko V.P. Russian terminology. M.: Nauka, 1977. - S.241.

8) [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://revolution. allbest.ru/languages/00325458_0.html (date of access: 10/27/15).

9) [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://cheloveknauka.com/yazykovaya-moda (date of access: 10/29/15).

10) [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://sibac. info/14852 (date of access: 10/29/15).

11) Germanova N.N. Introduction to linguistics. Language in the socio-cultural context: Textbook. M.: IPK MGLU "Rema", 2008. - 144 p.

12) Grachev, M. A. Dictionary of youth slang / M. A. Grachev, A.I. Gurov - Gorky, 2007. - 366 p.

13) Gromov, D. V. Slang of youth subcultures: lexical structure and features of formation // Russian language in scientific coverage. - 2009. - No. 1. - C.228-240.

14) Borisova, E.G. About some features of the modern jargon of youth // Russian language at school. - 2007. - No. 3. - C.83-87.

15) Matyushenko, E. E. Modern youth slang as an attribute of youth subculture / E. E. Matyushenko // Vestnik CHO. - 2006. - No. 19. - C.97-102.

16) Shayutn V.M. Linguistic and cultural situation and text research. - M.: OLRS, 1997. - P. 180.

17) Tronsky I.M. Common Indo-European language state. - L .: Nauka, 1967. C: "267.

18) F. de Saussure. Course of general linguistics. M.: Sotsegiz, 1933. - 4.1 - P.272.

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V. G. Kostomarov

Language taste of the era

© Kostomarov V. G. (text), 1999

© LLC Center "Zlatoust", 1999

* * *

The author sincerely thanks O. Veldina, M. Gorbanevsky, I. Ryzhova, S. Ermolenko and L. Pustovit, I. Erdei, F. van Doren, M. Peter, R. N. Popov and N. N. Shansky, N. D. Burvikov, who published reviews of the first and second editions of the book, N. A. Lyubimov, S. G. Ilyenko, V. M. Mokienko and other colleagues who organized its public discussion in St. Petersburg, as well as Yu. A. Belchikov , N. I. Formanovskaya, O. D. Mitrofanov, O. A. Laptev, O. B. Sirotinin, N. P. Kolesnikova, L. K. Graudin, T. L. Kozlovskaya and many others who conveyed their opinions and comments to the author. Heartfelt gratitude to A. M. Demin, V. A. Sekletov, T. G. Volkova and all friends at the Pushkin Institute of the Russian Language.

The remarks and wishes made, if possible, were taken into account, the factual material was updated, but in general this is a reprint, and not a new work. It does not take into account fundamental research on the topic that appeared after 1994, such as “The Russian language of the end of the 20th century (1985–1995)” edited by E. A. Zemskaya (M., 1996) or “Russian language” edited by E. N Shiryaeva (Opole, 1997). The justification can be that the most important ideas for the author (the concept of taste as a socio-psychological factor in the evolution of the language, the relationship between colloquialism and bookishness in it, the role of mass media, etc.) remain relevant and still not developed.

The book uses the following abbreviations:

AiF - Arguments and Facts

BV - Exchange statements

VM - Evening Moscow

VYa - Questions of linguistics

WRC - Issues of culture of speech

Izv. – Izvestia

KP - Komsomolskaya Pravda

LG - Literary newspaper

MN - Moscow News

MK - Moskovsky Komsomolets

MP - Moskovskaya Pravda

NG - Nezavisimaya Gazeta

OG - General newspaper

Etc. - Truth

RV - Russian News

RG - Rossiyskaya Gazeta

RR - Russian speech

RYa - Russian language in the national school (Russian language in the USSR, Russian language in the CIS)

RYAZR - Russian Language Abroad

RYASH - Russian language at school

SK - Soviet culture

FI - Financial news

ES - Private property

Note. Unless otherwise specified in the text, the following order of citation of the source is adopted. In the name or its abbreviation, the year and number (without the number sign) are given after the comma, and also, when necessary, the page (after the page). In many cases the date of the daily newspaper is given, with the first digit being the day, the second the month, and the third the last two digits of the year.

Introduction: Problem Statement

0.1. The most common characteristic of the living processes observed in the Russian literary language of our days cannot but be recognized as democratization - in its understanding, which is substantiated in the monograph by V.K. Zhuravlev "Interaction of external and internal factors in the development of the language" (M., Nauka, 1982; Actual tasks of modern linguodidactics, in: "Linguistic and methodological problems of teaching Russian as a non-native language. Actual problems of teaching communication", M., 1989). Such spheres of literary communication as mass communication, including the written language of periodicals, are most clearly democratized.

However, the term liberalization is more accurate to characterize these very rapidly developing processes, because they affect not only folk layers of the national Russian language, but also educated which turned out to be alien to the literary canon of recent decades. On the whole, the literary and linguistic norm becomes less definite and obligatory; the literary standard becomes less standard.

To a certain extent, the situation of the 20s is repeated, when post-revolutionary pink optimism gave rise to a desire to profoundly transform not only the social system and economic structure, but also culture, but also the literary language canon. Of course, contemporaries assessed what was happening very differently (see: L. I. Skvortsov. On the language of the first years of October. RR, 1987, 5; cf. S. O. Kartsevsky. Language, war and revolution. Berlin, 1923; A. M Selishchev, Language of the Revolutionary Era, Moscow, 1928). Such a social situation is in good agreement with the ideas of A. A. Shakhmatov about expanding the boundaries of the literary language, and this is exactly how the representatives thought and acted, as S. I. Ozhegov put it, new Soviet intelligentsia. Methodists, in particular, argued that the traditional subject native language in the Russian school there is, in fact, the study of a foreign language, which requires “expanding the study of the standard language ... to study the dialects with which our standard language is surrounded, from which it feeds” (M. Solonino. On the study of the language of the revolutionary era. “Russian language in the Soviet school ”, 1929, 4, p. 47).

The “old intelligentsia”, for the most part in exile, stood for the inviolability of the literary language, resenting its flood with dialectisms, jargon, foreignness, even changing the spelling rules, especially the expulsion of the letter yat. This diametrically opposed approach also triumphed within the country, emerging in the 1930s and unquestionably triumphing in the 1940s. The discussion of 1934, connected with the authority of M. Gorky, outlined the path to the mass cultivation of speech, demanding write in Russian, not in Vyatka, not in robes. Conscious proletarian language policy was held under the slogan of overcoming multilingualism, primarily peasant - a single national language for all workers. Linguistic variability was also fettered in the literary language itself.

By virtue of these, necessarily schematically and simplified events of history, as well as a number of subsequent ones, we came to the 50s with a very ossified and strictly enforced literary norm, which fully corresponded to the socio-political situation of a totalitarian state. By the end of the first post-war decade, free-thinking writers began to fight against it - both in their practice and in theory, and K. I. Chukovsky was in the forefront of them. The return to living orientations was, however, painful. Russia as a whole turned out to be more conservative than innovative.

Will history repeat itself? Now our society, no doubt, has embarked on the path of expanding the boundaries of the literary language, changing its composition, its norms. Moreover, the normal pace of linguistic dynamics is sharply increased, which creates an undesirable gap in the continuity of traditions, in the integrity of culture. Even being quickly suspended, such processes of the 1920s - with their creative orientation towards the liberalization of the language - left significant traces in our educated communication. And even now voices are heard more and more loudly, expressing fears about the state of the Russian literary language, to which the following leads along the path of expanding literary and linguistic boundaries.

Even those who welcome the triumphant liberalism, to whom it seems quite justified against the backdrop of society's departure from inert authoritarian unanimity to freedom, to freedom, to diversity, protest against the recklessness of this process, against the extremes in the desirable course of events. Agreeing with the call of A. S. Pushkin to give the Russian language “more freedom to develop in accordance with its laws”, they do not want to calmly put up with carelessness, looseness in the use of the language, with permissiveness in the choice of means of expression. But in these phenomena they do not see the inevitable consequences of a justified attitude, but only individual, albeit frequent to the mass level, manifestations of the low cultural level of the population, elementary ignorance of the norms of the literary language and the laws of style.

Undoubtedly, and this is the case, exacerbating the results of the conscious actions of quite literate and cultured people who are well aware of the norms and laws of style. This is evidenced by the following experimental data: Moscow schoolchildren in 80% of speech situations requiring the use of speech etiquette formulas do without them; about 50% of boys address each other by nicknames, of which more than half are offensive; about 60% of students use stamps that do not convey sincerity of feeling when congratulating parents, teachers, friends. The author of these calculations believes that it is increasingly necessary to specifically teach children at school the accepted rules of communication (N.A. Khalezova. On the possibilities of working on speech etiquette when studying grammatical material. РЯШ, 1992, 1, p. 23).

It is significant that now there is an obvious drop in the level of artistic taste, for example, according to a sociological study, only 15 percent of children with a developed artistic taste leave urban schools now, while in the early 80s there were about 50 percent; in rural schools, respectively, 6 and 43%. The preference of the population is focused mainly on foreign layers of art, and especially popular are chamber plots dedicated to love, family, sex, adventure, as well as lightweight music of dubious quality of detective film. (Yu. U. Fokht-Babushkin. Artistic culture: problems of study and management. M .: Nauka, 1986; his own. Artistic life of Russia. Report to the Russian Academy of Education, 1995.)

And accent rules. Lexical and phraseological norms

Plan

1. The concept of a language norm, its features.

2. Variants of norms.

3. Degrees of normativity of language units.

4. Types of norms.

5. Norms of oral speech.

5.1. orthoepic norms.

5.2. Accent rules.

6. Norms of oral and writing.

6.1. Lexical norms.

6.2. Phraseological norms.

The culture of speech, as mentioned earlier, is a multidimensional concept. It is based on the idea that exists in the human mind of the “speech ideal”, a model in accordance with which correct, literate speech should be built.

The norm is the dominant concept of the culture of speech. In the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language D.N. Ushakova word meaning norm defined as follows: "legalized establishment, ordinary mandatory order, condition". Thus, the norm reflects, first of all, customs, traditions, streamlines communication and is the result of a socio-historical selection of one option from several possible ones.

Language norms- these are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language (rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of morphological forms different parts speech, syntactic constructions, etc.). This is a historically established uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of the language, recorded in grammars and normative dictionaries.

Language norms are characterized by a number of features:

1) relative stability;

2) general usage;

3) general obligatoriness;

4) compliance with the use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.

Norms reflect regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language and are supported by language practice.

The sources of norms are the speech of educated people, the works of writers, as well as the most authoritative mass media.

Norm functions:

1) ensures the correct understanding of each other by speakers of a given language;

2) hinders the penetration of dialect, colloquial, vernacular, slang elements into the literary language;

3) educates language taste.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. They change over time, reflecting changes in the use of language tools. Sources for changing norms are:

Colloquial speech (cf., for example, colloquial variants such as calls- along with Lit. calls; cottage cheese- along with Lit. cottage cheese; [de]kan along with lit. [d'e]kan);

Vernacular (for example, in some dictionaries they are fixed as valid colloquial stress options contract, phenomenon, until recently, vernacular, non-normative options);

Dialects (for example, in the Russian literary language there are a number of words that are dialectal in origin: spider, snowstorm, taiga, life);

Professional jargons (cf. stress options actively penetrating into modern everyday speech whooping cough, syringes, accepted in the speech of health workers).

The change in norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants that exist in the language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by native speakers. Language Options- these are two or more ways of pronunciation, stress, formation of grammatical form, etc. The emergence of variants is explained by the development of the language: some linguistic phenomena become obsolete, go out of use, others appear.

However, the options may be equal - normative, acceptable in literary speech ( bakery And bulo [shn] th; barge And barge; Mordvin And Mordvin ov ).

More often, only one of the options is recognized as normative, while others are assessed as unacceptable, incorrect, violating the literary norm ( drivers and wrong. chauffeurA; catholOg and wrong. catalog).

Unequal options. As a rule, variants of the norm are specialized in one way or another. Very often the options are stylistic specialization: neutral - high; literary - colloquial ( stylistic options ). Wed stylistically neutral pronunciation of the reduced vowel in words like s[a] no, n[a] floor, m[a] turf and the pronunciation of the sound [o] in the same words, characteristic of a high, specifically bookish style: s[o] no, p[o] floor, m[o] turf; neutral (soft) pronunciation of sounds [g], [k], [x] in words like shake up [g’i] wag, wave [x’i] wat, jump up [k’i] wat and the bookish, characteristic of the old Moscow noma, the firm pronunciation of these sounds: shudder [gy] walt, wave [hy] walt, jump [ky] walt. Wed also lit. contract, locksmith And and unfold contract, locksmith I.

Often options are specialized in terms of degree of their modernity(chronological options ). For example: modern creamy and outdated. plum [shn] th.

In addition, options may have differences in meaning ( semantic variants ): moves(move, move) and drives(set in motion, induce, force to act).

According to the ratio between the norm and the variant, three degrees of normativity of language units are distinguished.

Norm I degree. A strict, rigid norm that does not allow options. In such cases, variants in dictionaries are accompanied by prohibitive marks: choice s – not right. choice but; shi [n'e] l - not right. shi[ne]l; petition - not right. petition; pampered - not rivers. spoiled. In relation to linguistic facts that are outside the literary norm, it is more correct to speak not about variants, but about speech errors.

Norm II degree. The norm is neutral, allowing equal options. For example: a loop And a loop; swimming pool And ba[sse]in; stack And stack. In dictionaries, similar options are connected by the union And.

Norm III degree. A mobile norm that allows the use of colloquial, obsolete forms. Variants of the norm in such cases are accompanied by marks add.(permissible), add. obsolete(allowable deprecation). For example: August - add. August; budo[h]ik and additional mouth budo[shn]ik.

Variants of norms in the modern Russian literary language are presented very widely. In order to choose the correct option, you need to refer to special dictionaries: orthoepic, stress dictionaries, difficulty dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries, etc.

Language norms are obligatory for both oral and written speech. The typology of norms covers all levels of the language system: pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, syntax, spelling, and punctuation are subject to norms.

In accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of language means, the following types of norms are distinguished.

Norm types

Norms of oral speech	Norms of written speech	Norms of oral and written speech
- accentological(norms of stress setting); - orthoepic(pronunciation norms)	- spelling(correct spelling); - punctuation(norms for punctuation marks)	- lexical(norms of word usage); - phraseological(norms for the use of phraseological units); - derivational(norms of word formation); - morphological(norms for the formation of word forms of various parts of speech); - syntactic(norms for constructing syntactic constructions)

Oral speech is spoken speech. It uses a system of phonetic means of expression, which include: speech sounds, word stress, phrasal stress, intonation.

Specific for oral speech are the norms of pronunciation (orthoepic) and the norms of stress (accentological).

The norms of oral speech are reflected in special dictionaries (see, for example: Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. - M., 2001; Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. - M., 2000).

5.1. Orthoepic norms These are the norms of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy (from the Greek. orphos - straight, correct and epic - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that ensure the unity of its sound design in accordance with the norms that have historically developed in the literary language.

The following groups of orthoepic norms are distinguished:

Vowel pronunciation: forest - in l[i]su; horn - r [a] ha;

Pronunciation of consonants: teeth - zu [p], o [t] take - o [d] give;

Pronunciation of individual combinations of consonants: in [zh’zh ’] and, [sh’sh’] astya; kone[shn]o;

Pronunciation of consonants in separate grammatical forms (in adjective forms: elastic [gy] th - elastic [g'y]; in verb forms: took [sa] - took [s'a], I remain [s] - I remain [s'];

Pronunciation of words of foreign origin: pu[re], [t’e]rror, b[o]a.

Let us dwell on individual, difficult, cases of pronunciation, when the speaker needs to choose the correct option from a number of existing ones.

The Russian literary language is characterized by the pronunciation of [g] explosive. The pronunciation of [γ] fricative is dialectal, non-normative. However, in a number of words, the norm requires the pronunciation of exactly the sound [γ], which, when stunned, turns into [x]: [ γ ]God, Bo[γ]a - Bo[x].

In Russian literary pronunciation, there used to be a fairly significant range of everyday words in which, in place of letter combinations CHN was pronounced SHN. Now, under the influence of spelling, there are quite a few such words left. Yes, the pronunciation SHN preserved as obligatory in words kone[shn] o, naro[shn] o and in patronymics: Ilini[shn]a, Savvi[shn]na, Nikiti[shn]a(cf. the spelling of these words: Ilyinichna, Savvichna, Nikitichna).

A number of words allow for variants of pronunciation CHN And SHN: decent And orderly [w] ny, bool [h] th And bulo [shn] th, milk [n] And young lady. In some words, the pronunciation SHN is perceived as obsolete: lavo [shn] ik, sin [shn] evy, apple [shn] y.

In scientific and technical terminology, as well as in words of a bookish nature, it is never pronounced SHN. Wed: flowing, cardiac (attack), milky (way), celibate.

consonant group Thu in words what to nothing pronounced like PCS: [pcs] about, [pcs] oby, none [pcs] about. In other cases, as Thu: not [th] about, after [th] and, after [th] a, [th] y, [read] ing.

For pronunciation foreign words The following tendencies are typical in the modern Russian literary language.

Foreign words are subject to phonetic patterns in the language, so most foreign words in pronunciation do not differ from Russian ones. However, some words retain the peculiarities of pronunciation. It concerns

1) unstressed pronunciation ABOUT;

2) pronunciation of the consonant before E.

1. In some groups of borrowed words that have limited use, an unstressed sound is (unstablely) preserved ABOUT. These include:

Foreign proper names: Voltaire, Zola, Jaurès, Chopin;

A small part of special terms that do not penetrate into colloquial speech: bolero, nocturne, sonnet, modern, rococo.

Pronunciation ABOUT in a pre-stressed position, it is characteristic in these words for a bookish, high style; sound is pronounced in neutral speech BUT: V[a]lter, n[a]kturne.

The absence of reduction in stressed position is typical for words cocoa, radio, credo.

2. The Russian language system tends to soften the consonant before E. In insufficiently mastered borrowed words, there is a preservation of a solid consonant in accordance with the norm of a number of European languages. This deviation from the typical Russian pronunciation is much more widespread than the unstressed pronunciation. ABOUT.

Pronunciation of the solid consonant before E observed:

In expressions that are often reproduced by means of other alphabets: d e facto, d e-ju r e, c r edo;

In proper names: Flo [be] r, S [te] rn, Lafon [te] n, Sho [bae] n;

In special terms: [de]mping, [se]psis, ko[de]in, [de]cadans, ge[ne]sis, [re]le, ek[ze]ma;

In some common words that are in wide use: pu [re], [te] mp, e [ne] rgia.

Most often, consonants retain firmness in borrowed words. D, T; then - FROM, W, H, R; occasionally - B, M, IN; sounds are always softened G, TO And L.

Some words of foreign origin in the modern literary language are characterized by a variable pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before E [d'e] kan - [de] kan, [s'e] ssia - [se] ssia, [t'e] rror.

In a number of words, the solid pronunciation of the consonant before E perceived as cutesy, pretentious: academy, plywood, museum.

5.2. Accentology- a branch of the science of language that studies the features and functions of stress.

Stress norms regulate the choice of options for placement and movement of the stressed syllable among the unstressed ones.

In Russian, the stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity, and tone movement. Russian accent is free, or different places, those. not assigned to any specific syllable in a word (cf. the stress in French is assigned to the last syllable, in Polish - to the penultimate one). In addition, the stress in a number of words can be mobile- changing its place in various grammatical forms (for example, accepted - accepted, right - right).

The accentological norm in the modern Russian literary language is characterized by variability. Allocate different kinds accent options:

Semantic variants (diversity of stress performs a meaningful function in them): clubs - clubs, cotton - cotton, coal - coal, submerged(for transport) - immersed(into water; in solving a problem);

Stylistic options (determined by the use of words in different functional styles of speech): silk(common) - silk(poetic) compass(common) - compass(prof.);

Chronological (differ in activity or passivity of use in modern speech): thinking(modern) - thinking(outdated), angle(modern) - cancerurs(outdated).

Stress in Russian is an individual sign of each word, which causes significant difficulties in determining the place of stress in a number of words. Difficulties also arise due to the fact that in many words the stress moves when the grammatical form changes. In difficult cases, when setting stress, you should refer to dictionaries. Taking into account certain patterns will also help to correctly place stresses in words and word forms.

Among nouns there is a significant group of words with fixed stress: dish(cf. plural named after P .: DISHES), bulletin (bulletin, bulletins), keychain (keychain, keychains), tablecloth, area, hospital, font, scarf, syringe, bow, cake, shoes, manger).

At the same time, there are a number of words in which, when the grammatical form changes, the stress moves from the stem to the ending or from the ending to the stem. For example: bandage (bandages), priests (ksendzA), front (fronts), pennies (penny), coat of arms (coats of arms), klok (klokI), hit (hit), wave (waves) etc.

When placing an emphasis on adjectives the following pattern applies: if in short form female the stress falls on the ending, then in the forms of the masculine, neuter and in the form plural shock will be the basis: right - right, right, right; and in the form of a comparative degree - a suffix: light - lighter, but beautiful - more beautiful.

Verbs in the past tense, they often retain the same stress as in the indefinite form: to speak - she said, to know - she knew, to put - she laid. In a number of verbs, the stress moves in feminine forms to the ending: take - took, take - took A, remove - removed A, start - started, call - called.

When conjugating verbs in the present tense, the stress can be mobile: walk, walk - walk and motionless: calling - calling, calling; turn on - turn on, turn on.

Errors in setting stress can be caused by a number of reasons.

1. The absence of a letter in printed text Yo. Hence the erroneous stress in words like newborn, prisoner, excited, beets(moving stress and, as a result, pronunciation instead of a vowel ABOUT sound E), as well as in the words ward, scam, bigamist, being, in which instead of E pronounced ABOUT.

2. Ignorance of the stress inherent in the language from which the word is borrowed: blinds,(French words in which the stress falls on the last syllable), genesis(from Greek. genesis -"origin, occurrence").

3. Ignorance of the grammatical properties of the word. For example, a noun toast- masculine, therefore in the plural form it has an accent on the last syllable toast(cf. tables, sheets).

4. Incorrect partial reference of the word. So, if we compare the words busy and busy, developed And developed, then it turns out that the first of them are adjectives with a stressed ending, and the second are participles that are pronounced with stress on the basis.

The norms of oral and written speech are the norms inherent in both forms of the literary language. These norms regulate the use of units of different language levels in speech: lexical, phraseological, morphological, syntactic.

6.1. Lexical norms are the rules for the use of the words of the language and their lexical compatibility, which is determined by the meaning of the word, its stylistic reference and emotionally expressive coloring.

The use of words in speech is governed by the following rules.

1. Words should be used in accordance with their meaning.

2. It is necessary to observe the lexical (semantic) compatibility of words.

3. When using polysemantic words, sentences must be constructed in such a way that it is clear which meaning is realized by the word in this context. For example, the word knee has 8 meanings in the literary language: 1) the joint connecting the femur and tibia; 2) part of the leg from this joint to the pelvis; 3) a separate joint, link, segment in part of something., which is a connection of such segments; 4) bending something, going in a broken line, from one turn to another; 5) in singing, a piece of music - a passage, a separate one that stands out with something. place, part; 6) in dance - a separate technique, a figure that is distinguished by its spectacularity; 7) unexpected, unusual act; 8) branching of the genus, generation in the pedigree.

4. Words of foreign origin should be used justifiably, clogging of speech with foreign words is unacceptable.

Failure to comply with lexical norms leads to errors. Let's name the most typical of these mistakes.

1. Ignorance of the meaning of words and the rules of their semantic compatibility. Wed: It was very experienced thorough engineer (thorough - means "thorough" and does not match the names of persons).

2. Mixing of paronyms. For example: Leonov is the first rascal space(instead of pioneer). Paronyms(from Greek . para- near, next to + onyma- name) – similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning, cognate words. Differences in the meaning of paronyms lie in private additional semantic shades that serve to clarify thoughts. For example: human - human; economical - economical - economic.

Humane – attentive, responsive, humane. Human boss. Human – pertaining to a person, to humanity; characteristic of a person. Human society. human aspirations.

Economical – frugal spending something, respecting the economy. Economical hostess. Economical – giving possibility of something. save, profitable in economic terms, in operation. Economical way of loading. Economic – related to economics. Economic law.

3. Incorrect use of one of the synonyms: The scope of work is significantly increased (should say increased).

4. The use of pleonasms (from the Greek. pleonasmos- excess) - expressions containing unambiguous and therefore unnecessary words: workers again resumed work(again - superfluous word); most maximum (most- extra word).

5. Tautology (from the Greek. tautologia from tauto- the same + logos- word) - repetition of single-root words: united together, the following features should be attributed, the narrator told.

6. Speech deficiency - the absence in the statement of the components necessary for its accurate understanding. For example: The medicine is made on the basis of ancient manuscripts. Wed corrected version: The medicine is made on the basis of recipes contained in ancient manuscripts.

7. Unjustified use of foreign words in speech. For example: abundance accessories burdens the plot of the story, diverts attention from the main thing.

In order to comply with lexical norms, it is necessary to refer to explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of homonyms, synonyms, paronyms, as well as dictionaries of foreign words of the Russian language.

6.2. Phraseological norms - norms for the use of set expressions ( from small to large; beat the buckets; red as a lobster; salt of the earth; no year week).

The use of phraseological units in speech must comply with the following rules.

1. Phraseologism should be reproduced in the form in which it is fixed in the language: it is impossible to expand or reduce the composition of the phraseological unit, replace some lexical components in the phraseological unit with others, change the grammatical forms of the components, change the order of the components. So, erroneous use of phraseological units turn the bank(instead of roll); play a role(instead of play a role or to matter); main highlight of the program(instead of highlight of the program);work hard(instead of to work hard); return to circles(instead of back to square one);eat dog(instead of eat the dog).

2. Phraseologisms should be used in their general language meanings. Violation of this rule results in errors like: The buildings are so close to each other that they don't spill water (turnover water will not spill anyone used in relation to close friends); At the solemn line dedicated to the holiday of the last bell, one of the ninth graders said: “We have gathered today to carry out the last journey their senior comrades(to spend on the last journey - “to say goodbye to the dead”).

3. The stylistic coloring of a phraseological unit should correspond to the context: colloquial and colloquial phrases should not be used in the texts of book styles (cf. the unsuccessful use of a colloquial phraseological unit in a sentence: The plenary session, which opened the work of the conference, gathered a large number of participants, the hall was packed - can't get through with a gun ). With caution, you need to use book phraseological units in everyday colloquial speech (for example, it is stylistically unjustified to use a book biblical phrase in the phrase This gazebo in the center of the park - holy of holies youth of our neighborhood).

Violations of phraseological norms are often found in works of fiction and act as one of the means of creating the individual style of the writer. In non-fiction speech, one should adhere to the normative use of fixed phrases, referring in cases of difficulty to phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. Define the language norm, list the signs of the norm.

2. What is a variant of the norm? What kinds of options do you know?

3. Describe the degree of normativity of language units.

4. What types of norms are distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of language means?

5. What do orthoepic norms regulate? Name the main groups of orthoepic norms.

6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of foreign words.

7. Define the concept of accentological norm.

8. What are the features of Russian verbal stress?

9. Give the definition of an accent variant. List the types of accents.

10. What do lexical norms regulate?

11. Name the types of lexical errors, give examples.

12. Define the concept of phraseological norm.

13. What rules should be followed when using phraseological units in speech?

Lectures No. 4, 5

GRAMMAR STANDARDS

Introduction3 1. Linguistic taste. language norm. Language aggression.5 Conclusion12 References10

Introduction

The global changes that have taken place in our country in the last 10-15 years have radically influenced linguistics. Looking through the topic of modern linguistic works, one can make sure that in the field of view of Russian linguists, instead of the usual problems of phonetics and morphology, word formation and syntax, there are more and more problems, the development of which is designed to shed light on the violent changes in the Russian language of the present day. The desire of scientists to embrace these changes as a whole, to comprehend at least in general terms the linguistic modernity, leads to the movement of linguistics itself to the side, which can be called a general philosophical essay on the subject of modern language. Along with this, there is a noticeable bias from classical linguo-philosophical topics. As a result, there are works of a more Western style than the Russian style. Actuality. An ordinary person takes the world as he presents it, to get a name, "in front of him", catching it as it is, and marveling at the changes. A person with a scientific mind tends to see patterns and dynamics in absolutely everything, to find the cause of progress and regression, to realize the general constant movement. Linguists in this sense are no exception. As a result, much has been written about the evolution of the Russian language. The law of interdependence of language and method of production, language and culture is derived. The formation and regression of the style is recognized as a direct reflection of profound changes in society. Could the immediate moods of people, for example, have an impact on the formation of language? (After all, what kind of ties are in fashion this fall - monotonous or polka-dotted) does not affect the global production shift. This question can be put differently: does the form affect the content? Highly functional unit form? Does the unit have an impact on the public what word is currently "in vogue"? In the most serious form, the desire to give an answer to the information of the problem was undertaken within the framework of the hypothesis of linguistic relativity. However, the too massive scale of this hypothesis led researchers away from linguistic realities to such an extent that they turned a well-grounded, in general, approach into a kind of conceptual monument. At the same time, linguistics turned to practice gives a clue to the possibility of approaching the "fleeting" by taking other positions. This is how the concept appeared to analyze the impact of linguistic "norms" on speech and the public, without deviating, however, from the basic rules of traditional Russian linguistics. The purpose of the study is to establish the nature and functions of the language fashion. Research objectives: - to establish the range of information associated with the problem of language norms, the taste of aggression; - track the procedure for creating language "norms"; - discover the functions of the language norm of aggression

Conclusion

Violations of the norms of the Russian literary style are caused by - changed social conditions; - the emergence of mobile communications; - accessibility and lack of control of Internet sites; - the struggle for the indicator within the media organization; - illiteracy; - irresponsibility towards the creators of the Russian literary language; - a simple understanding of the concept of "democratization of the language" - the lack of propaganda in the media of a culture of speech that reflects the intellectuality of the community; According to V. Anushkin, Doctor of Philological Sciences, philologists should introduce and uphold the following postulates in the social consciousness: What is the language, such is life. As is the language, so is the person. (A donkey is recognized by its ears, a person by words. (Aphorism) “Linguistic ecology implies not only the discovery of weak areas and edges in social and speech practice and the construction of appropriate recommendations to the subjects of language policy, but also the discovery, fixation and promotion of successful results of language creativity of writers, correspondents, politicians, etc. In this sense, such specialized publications are absolutely linguo-ecological, such as: dictionaries of synonyms, dictionaries of paronyms, dictionaries of epithets, dictionaries of comparisons, dictionaries of metaphors, dictionaries of winged texts and expressions, dictionaries and encyclopedias of aphorisms, dictionaries of the style of poetry, etc. In such dictionaries, reference books, encyclopedias, there is a huge linguistic wealth that is allowed and should be used not only by professional communicators (teachers, correspondents, politicians of absolutely all levels), but also by absolutely all cultural people by and large . The trouble is that many simply do not know about this lexicographic abundance.

Bibliography

Baron R., Richardson D. Aggression. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 1999. - 352 pp. Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation. stress. Grammar Forms. M., "Russian language", 1983 Raisky "Work on speech errors in presentations and essays", Bustard, 2006 Rosenthal D. E. "Handbook of spelling and literary editing." M., Iris Press, 2004. Stress Dictionary for Television and Radio Workers, edited by D. E. Rozental. Chudinov A.P. Typology of verbal semantics variation. Sverdlovsk, 1988. Churilov II Philosophical dispute with everyday consciousness in aphorisms: Aphorisms of the new school. Perm, 2000. Shaburova O. Nostalgia: through the past to the future // Sociems. 1996. Issue. 5. Ekaterinburg, 1996. S. 42-54. Shaimiev V. A. Compositional and syntactical aspects of the functioning of the metatext in the text (on the material of linguistic texts) // Russian text: Russian American Journal of Russian Philology. No. 4. St. Petersburg; Lawrence; Durham (USA), 1996, pp. 80-91. Y. Shcherbina, Aspects of Work to Overcome Invective-Slang Usage in Students' Speech. "Russian language", No. 3, 2009