- (1900 74) Russian designer, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Russia (1970), Hero of Socialist Labor (196..1). He led the development of the first Soviet rocket with a liquid rocket engine (1933). Participant in the creation of the first Soviet... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Soviet scientist and designer in the field of rocketry and cosmonautics, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR (1970), Hero of Socialist Labor (1961). In 1919 he volunteered for the Red Army... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (1900 1974), designer, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR (1970), Hero of Socialist Labor (1961). He led the development of the first Soviet rocket with a liquid-propellant engine (1933). Participant in the creation of the first Soviet artificial satellites, spacecraft,... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (07/16/1900 1974) scientist in the field of rocket and space technology, Hero of Socialist Labor (1931), laureate of the Lenin Prize (1957), member of the correspondent. International Academy of Cosmonautics (1968), professor (1962). Since 1932 he headed the GIRD brigade. WITH… … Large biographical encyclopedia
- ... Wikipedia
Tikhonravov Mikhail Klavdievich Date of birth: July 29, 1900 Date of death: March 4, 1974 Citizenship: USSR ... Wikipedia
September 22, 1918 (19180922) June 14, 1944 Place of birth in the village of Shiryayka, now Pereslavl district of the Yaroslavl region Place of death Lublin Voivodeship Affiliation ... Wikipedia
Tikhonravov is a common Russian surname: Tikhonravov, Konstantin Nikitich archaeologist, historian, editor of the Vladimir Provincial Gazette, secretary of the Vladimir Provincial Statistical Committee Tikhonravov, Mikhail ... ... Wikipedia
1. TIKHONRAVOV Mikhail Klavdievich (1900 74), designer, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR (1970), Hero of Socialist Labor (1961). He led the development of the first domestic rocket with a liquid-propellant engine (1933). Participant in the creation of the first domestic ... Russian history
Mikhail Tikhonravov, designer of space and rocket technology, was born on July 29, 1900.
Private bussiness
Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov (1900-1974) born in Vladimir in the family of a lawyer. Two years after his birth, the family moved to St. Petersburg, where Mikhail entered classical gymnasium No. 3.
At the end of 1918, fleeing hunger, the Tikhonravovs returned to the Vladimir province, settling in the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky. At first, Mikhail worked as a courier in the city court, then got a job as an agitator at the military registration and enlistment office. In 1919 he voluntarily joined the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.
For good work on agitation in 1920, Tikhonravov was transferred to Vladimir. In the same year, he entered the Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet (now the Air Force Engineering Academy named after N. E. Zhukovsky), from which he graduated in 1925 with a degree in mechanical engineer.
After receiving his diploma, Tikhonravov was sent to serve in the 1st light bomber squadron named after V.I. Lenin to Lipetsk. He then worked at several aviation enterprises, where he became interested in gliding. In 1925 he created the AVF-22 glider, which earned flattering reviews at the Rhône international competitions in Germany.
At the end of the 20s, in the gliding section at OSOAVIAKHIM, Tikhonravov met Sergei Korolev. This happened in Crimea at the all-Union gliding competitions in Koktebel. Then, for the first time in the world, a loop was performed on the Korolev glider, and altitude and range records were set on Tikhonravov’s gliders.
In 1930, Tikhonravov was transferred to the Central Design Bureau named after. Menzhinsky, where he headed the aircraft engine group.
Korolev attracted Tikhonravov with the ideas of creating jet engines and rockets and invited him to lead a team of design engineers working on the problem of creating liquid-fueled ballistic missiles.
In 1932, together with Sergei Korolev, Friedrich Zander, and Yuri Pobedonostsev, he participated in the creation of the Moscow Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion (GIRD)
Since 1932, Tikhonravov led the GIRD brigade No. 2, which was developing the first Soviet two-stage rocket engine, and participated in the creation of the first Soviet rocket with a hybrid fuel engine. In August 1933, rocket 09, designed by Tikhonravov, successfully flew from the Nakhabinsky test site.
By order of the Revolutionary Military Council in September 1933, on the basis of the GIRD and the Gas Dynamic Laboratory, the Jet Research Institute (RNII) of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry of the USSR was organized.
In October 1933, Tikhonravov became a senior engineer at the RNII department. From June 1936 - senior researcher, from December 1936 - head of the department, and from December 1937 - head of the RNII group.
Since 1938, he has been involved in the research of liquid rocket engines, the development of rockets for studying the upper layers of the atmosphere, and issues of increasing the accuracy of firing unguided rockets. However, at the end of the thirties, work on the creation of liquid-propellant ballistic missiles was curtailed.
In 1940-1943, Tikhonravov headed the design group that developed (under the general leadership of A.G. Kostikov) a new experimental fighter-interceptor "302" with a combined power plant (LPRE and air-breathing engine).
In 1944, a special Research Institute was created - NII-1 of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry, which carried out all research and design work on the creation of basic jet aircraft - gas turbines, air jet engines, liquid jet engines, jet aircraft and special equipment for jet technology. Tikhonravov was appointed to the position of head of the NII-1 laboratory.
In 1945, after a detailed acquaintance with German captured equipment, in particular with the V-2 rocket, the designer began working on the VR-190 project to create a manned vehicle vertically launched using a single-stage rocket to an altitude of 200 kilometers. To do this, he assembled a group of highly qualified specialists. At the same time, he continued to design composite rockets of a package design, developing methods for calculating their flight trajectories.
In 1946, work on the VR-190 project was transferred from the RNII to the newly created Scientific Research Institute-4 of the Academy of Artillery Sciences. Tikhonravov was also transferred there along with his group, receiving the position of deputy head of NII-4 in one of the missile specialties.
Initially, he directly supervised the work on the VR-190 project, but in 1947 the project was transferred to another division of NII-4, where part of the group was transferred. Tikhonravov gradually moved away from them and created a new department headed by P.I. Ivanov. The VR-190 project was ultimately never implemented.
In April 1947, Tikhonravov was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Artillery Sciences in the rocket weapons department and remained so until April 1953, when the AAN was abolished as an independent scientific organization.
Knowing the works of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky well, Tikhonravov proposed conducting research on multi-stage rockets in Ivanov’s department. The department began to develop methods for calculating the flight trajectories of composite missiles in a package design, and the optimal design and ballistic parameters of missiles.
In February 1950, P.I. Ivanov’s department was abolished, and Tikhonravov was transferred to the position of scientific consultant of the institute.
But already in 1953, the leadership of the USSR and the Armed Forces was forced to pay serious attention to the development of jet weapons due to their accelerated development in the United States. Tikhonravov was appointed acting academician-secretary of the 4th branch of the Academy of Artillery Sciences.
Already in 1954, Tikhonravov and his colleagues proposed the first comprehensive program for space exploration in the USSR - from the launch of the first satellite, through the creation of manned spacecraft and stations, to landing on the Moon
In December 1955, Tikhonravov was transferred from the Armed Forces to the reserve with the rank of engineer-colonel. After that, at the invitation of Sergei Korolev, he went to work at Experimental Design Bureau No. 1, which he led, where he became the head of the department for the design of artificial Earth satellites, manned spacecraft, spacecraft for exploring the Moon and some planets of the Solar System.
On October 4, 1957, the successful launch of Sputnik 1 took place - this day is considered to be the beginning of the space age of mankind. For this work the designer was awarded the Lenin Prize.
Tikhonravov took an active part in the launch of the first manned spacecraft, for which on June 17, 1961 he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
Subsequently, the department under the leadership of Tikhonravov was engaged, in particular, in the development of a heavy interplanetary spacecraft created for a manned flight to Mars.
Mikhail Tikhonravov died in Moscow in 1974. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
What is he famous for?
According to the project of Mikhail Tikhonravov, under the leadership of Sergei Korolev, the first domestic (hybrid fuel) rocket “09” was created in 1933.
Tikhonravov was the first to suggest the possibility of creating multi-stage ballistic missiles (as they were called then, “package missile scheme”).
Tikhonravov also proposed the first comprehensive program for space exploration in the USSR. The first stage of the program was the launch of the simplest artificial Earth satellites and testing of the launch vehicle. This was followed by the launch of a manned satellite, the creation of large laboratory stations and, finally, reaching the Moon, including a flyby and landing on its surface.
In 1957, after the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, and then the successful flight of a satellite with a living creature on board, Tikhonravov became a Lenin Prize laureate.
What you need to know
Tikhonravov's idea about the possibility of creating multi-stage rockets initially did not find support in the scientific community. Not only did they not meet with understanding, but they were also declared “fantastic ideas.”
At the beginning of the summer of 1948, he spoke at a meeting of the scientific council of NII-4 in the presence of specialists and scientists from other institutions with a report “Ways to implement long firing ranges.”
By this time, the Korolev OKB-1, based on the German V-2, had created the R-1 rocket with a flight range of about 300 km, developed the R-2 rocket with a range of about 600 km, and was working on a rocket with a range of about 1000 km (the so-called “thousandth rocket"). At that time, almost no one in the circles of military specialists recognized the practical possibility of achieving even greater ranges. Therefore, Tikhonravov’s message that the “composite package” of “thousand-ton rockets” being developed at OKB-1 is capable of reaching any flight ranges, and even launching artificial Earth satellites into orbit, caused a storm of incredulous and sarcastic responses and speeches.
Very few understood the fundamental value of the results obtained by Tikhonravov and spoke out in support of his ideas. Among those who supported the designer were Korolev and AAN President A. A. Blagonravov.
Tikhonravov's report was repeated on July 14, 1948 at the annual meeting of the Academy of Artillery Sciences, however, its participants were mostly skeptical about the report. There were many critical and even offensive speeches addressed to Mikhail Tikhonravov. There were very few voices in support of his fundamental ideas.
As a result, Tikhonravov was removed from his post as deputy head of NII-4, and demoted to scientific consultant on liquid-propellant rockets.
Korolev, having learned about this, issued NII-4 in 1953 an official order to carry out research on further research into composite rockets and on the creation of an artificial Earth satellite.
Only after this Tikhonravov was allowed to continue work in this direction. It turned out that during the years of forced withdrawal from active research activities, he continued to work “underground” on his ideas. Tikhonravov provided his developments, which formed the basis for further long-term plans of the institute.
Direct speech
Designer Vladimir Bugrov on the contribution of Mikhail Tikhonravov to the development of astronautics (RG.ru, 2010.07.28): “Today’s astronautics is entirely “lived” by developments, the design foundations of which were laid in the department of Mikhail Klavdievich.”
He’s talking about working with Tikhonravov: “Mikhail Klavdievich was a very delicate person. We talked a lot about the Mars project. I was then working on the expedition plan, the layout of the complex and the ship, weight calculations, etc. So these were not reports to the authorities, but discussions on the topic. Tikhonravov first carefully looked through the material, and then began to walk around the large round table. Asked questions. But, most likely, to yourself. And he answered them himself.
At the same time, Mikhail Klavdievich structured the discussion in such a way that there was a feeling: it was you who found the solution, and he supported it.”
7 facts about Mikhail Tikhonravov.
- Tikhonravov became the first Komsomol member in Pereslavl-Zalessky. He organized and led the Komsomol cell at the former women's gymnasium.
- At the end of the 20s, Tikhonravov worked for a short time under the supervision of the famous aircraft designer N.N. Polikarpov, and took part in the creation of the U-1, U-2, I-3, I-6, R-5 aircraft. Po-2.
- At the end of the 1930s, when work on the creation of liquid-propellant ballistic missiles was curtailed, Tikhonravov developed unguided rockets for Katyushas.
- At the time of Tikhonravov, computers did not exist, so calculations of missile flight trajectories had to be carried out on manual mechanical machines - adding machines.
- In 1947-1952, Tikhonravov taught at the Moscow Higher Technical School. N.E. Bauman and at higher engineering courses, in 1944-1947 he headed the department at the Artillery Academy named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky, and in 1950-1953 - at the Academy of Defense Industry (due to a decrease in workload at NII-4). Since 1960 he taught at the Moscow Aviation Institute.
- For many years he worked closely with the journal Space Research, holding the post of deputy editor-in-chief.
- Streets in Vladimir and Korolev and a crater on Mars are named after Tikhonravov.
Materials about Mikhail Tikhonravov:
Tikhonravov Mikhail Klavdievich is an outstanding Soviet scientific figure. He was a student of Tsiolkovsky and an ally of Korolev, and was involved in the creation of the first Soviet rocket. Has many awards. He raised many worthy successors to his work.
Childhood
What was Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov like and what path did he take? His biography began in Vladimir on July twenty-ninth, 1900, but soon his parents moved to St. Petersburg. The future scientist was born into an intelligent family. His father, Klavdiy Mikhailovich, was a lawyer, and his mother, Alexandra Nikolaevna, was a teacher.
In the seventeenth year, in St. Petersburg, which was engulfed in revolutionary events, life became very difficult for the family, and it was decided to move the mother and younger children to the town of Pereslavl-Zalessky. And the elder Misha stayed with his father until Tikhonravov Jr. graduated from the gymnasium. The family was reunited a year later.
Early years
In a new place, Klavdiy Mikhailovich got a job as a judge, and his son delivered courier mail and copied documents. In his free time from work, he enjoyed drawing.
In Pereslavl-Zalessky, Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov was one of the first to receive a Komsomol card and began active Komsomol work, organizing cells and traveling around the surrounding villages. In March 1919, he was even elected chairman of the city committee of the RKSM.
In the same year, 1919, Tikhonravov volunteered for the Red Army, and then worked in the propaganda and educational department of the local military registration and enlistment office.
In 1920, Mikhail moved to Moscow and became a student at the Zhukovsky Red Army Air Force Engineering Academy, which he graduated from 5 years later.
Debut steps in career
Having received his diploma, engineer Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov works at several enterprises in the aviation industry. While still a student, the young man designed a series of gliders that had fairly high performance characteristics. He continued this activity in the second half of the 20s, and it was in the gliding section that an acquaintance took place that radically influenced Tikhonravov’s life and the fate of Soviet rocketry.
Mikhail Klavdievich’s new acquaintance was called Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. A friendship began between the scientists, which developed into close cooperation. Korolev encouraged Tikhonravov to start creating ballistic missiles, and in 1932 he already headed the team that developed the first Soviet two-stage missile.
Tikhonravov and other participants in this historical event recalled that the work progressed very slowly. The rocket did not want to launch for a long time, and it was taken to the test site in public transport, wrapped in some rags.
The efforts of the engineers were crowned with success in 1933. The rocket was finally launched and rose 400 meters above the ground. This became a huge event for the whole country.
In 1934, Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov began to head the department of the Jet Institute, and starting from 1938 he carried out research work on liquid rocket engines; developed devices that would make it possible to study the upper atmospheric layers, etc.
Work during the war
During the Great Patriotic War, work on space exploration was temporarily suspended. Completely different tasks have become more pressing. It was necessary to stop the Nazis at any cost, and the creation of the legendary Katyusha anti-aircraft complex became a truly saving decision. It was Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov who was engaged in the development of shells for it in the early forties.
Disgrace and revenge
After the war, Tikhonravov, at the Jet Research Institute, where he was deputy head, designed high-altitude rockets, worked on the creation of the first artificial satellites, pilot-controlled spacecraft, and automatic vehicles designed for interplanetary flights.
In the fifty-first year he took the initiative to create multi-stage ballistic missiles, but was not understood and even ridiculed. The management considered the ideas put forward to be fantastic. Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, whose photo from those times reveals a tired and depressed man, was demoted and removed from important projects.
However, in 1953, the authorities realized their mistake and showed increased interest in the topic voiced by Tikhonravov. The scientist, who, despite everything, continued to work on his brainchild, was pulled out of oblivion and returned to active work.
The engineer devoted the rest of his life to the field of space exploration. Particularly notable were his projects developed as head of the artificial satellite design department at OKB-1. It was thanks to Tikhonravov that the first satellite was launched with a living creature on board, and for this the scientist received the Lenin Prize. And later he became a Hero of Socialist Labor.
In addition to scientific activities, Mikhail Klavdievich was also involved in teaching. Among the listeners of his lectures was, for example, Yuri Gagarin.
On March 4, 1974, the black news spread across the country that the outstanding teacher Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov had died at the age of 73. His wife, Olga Konstantinovna Parovina (also a design engineer), outlived her husband by nineteen years. The couple is survived by their daughter Natalya, granddaughter Olga and great-grandson Rostislav.
Born July 16 (29), 1900 in city of Vladimir, V employee's family.
Since 1902 family
The Tikhonravovs livedV St. Petersburg.
After graduation V Petrograd City Classical Gymnasium No. 3
since September 1918Mikhail Tikhonravovworked as a courier
.
In 1918, fleeing from hunger, family
Tikhonravovs moved V city
Pereslavl-Zalessky,Moscow province.
Here he worked as a secretary of the people's court.
IN Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army
since June 1919.
At the same time M.K. Tikhonravov became a Komsomol activist,one from organizer And comrade
(deputy) Chairman of the first
V city of the Komsomol cell,
Head of the propaganda and educational department of the Pereslavl-Zalessky district military commissariat.
Since May 1920 worked as an instructor in the cultural and educational department of the Vladimir provincial military registration and enlistment office.
In September 1920became a listener
Faculty of Engineering of the Air Force Engineering Academy named after
Professor N.E. Zhukovsky
,which he graduated from in 1925 specialties
"mechanical engineer".
Since April 1925 he had an internship V senior mechanic positions
non-separate detachment of the 1st light bomber squadron named
IN AND. Lenin V city of Lipetsk.
In 1925 M.K. Tikhonravovcreated the glider "AVF-22", which has earned rave reviews on Rhone international competitions V Germany.
Since April 1926 was V reserve of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army:
was the Head of the engine installations section of aircraft plant No. 25.
In June 1930
became the head of the motor group of the design bureau of the Moscow Aviation Plant No. 39 named after
V.R. Menzhinsky
(Design departmentNikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov)
.
Then I worked
V Design Bureau under management
Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich
.
Parallel With work above new aircraft models
TikhonravovV worked these years And on the creation of sports gliders of our own design, having developed about ten models.
Part from his gliders participated V sports competitions And at the All-Union Glider Rally V Koktebele
(Crimea ),
they received prizes And they even set altitude records And range.
IN these years
M.K. Tikhonravovbeing
member of the gliding section at OSOAVIAKHIM
USSR
Meets With,
who fascinated him with the ideas of jet engines And missiles.
A huge impact onTikhonravovacontributed by the works of the Outstanding Theorist
rocket technology
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky with whom in 1934 Mikhail Klavdievich
lucky to meet and chat.
In 1932 together
With Sergei Pavlovich Korolev
,
Friedrich Arturovich Zander,
Yuri Alexandrovich Pobedonostsevparticipated V creation of the Moscow group for the study of jet propulsion
(GIRD).
became
Head of Brigade No. 2 V GIRD.
The team was engaged in product design on based engines.
By order By Revolutionary Military Council № 0113
dated September 21, 1933, and also according to
P stopYu
No. 104 Council of Labor and Defense dated October 31, 1933
on based on GIRD And Gas Dynamic Laboratory
was organized by Jet Research institute
(
RNII
)
.
Enormous support V formation of GIRD, and then RNII
provided
Marshal of the Soviet Union,
First Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR
Mikhail Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky
And People's Commissar of Heavy
industry of the USSR
Sergo Ordzhonikidze.
In October 1933 M.K. Tikhonravov
becomesWith senior engineer of the department of the Jet Research Institute of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry of the USSR.
In 1934 year he became
Head of the department of the RNII.
Since June 1936 - Senior Researcher, since December 1936 -
again Head of Department, since December 1937 - Head of the RNII group.
Engaged in research on liquid propellant rocket engines
-liquid jet engines
,
missile development For study of the upper atmosphere, increasing the accuracy of firing unguided rockets.
In 1938 Reactive The research institute was transformed
V NII-3 - State Institute of Jet Technology at Council of People's Commissars of the USSR
.
Simultaneously
Mikhail Klavdievich
By worked as a part-time teacher.
Since 1931 read V Moscow Aviation Institute course "Motor installations".
ThenWith taught in breaks V MAI
(
in 1930-1931 and in 1960-1974)
,
on Higher engineering courses V Moscow Higher Technical School
named after N.E. Bauman
(
in 1948-1950 ),
headed the department
V
Defense Industry Academy (
in 1950-1953 ,
in connection with reducing workload
V NII-4
),
Artillery Academy named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky
(
in 1944-1947 )
.
M.K. Tikhonravovtook part
V creation of U-1 aircraft, U-2,I-3, I-6,R-5.
In 1933 led the creation of the first Soviet rocket With engine on
hybrid fuel.
Undermanagement
S.P. Queen
And according to the project M.K. Tikhonravovathe first domestic one was created
(on hybrid fuel) rocket "09", launched August 17, 1933 from testing ground V Nakhabino, Moscow region.
August 15, 1937 The Aviavnito rocket he created took off
on height
3000 meters
.
November 25, 1933 With The first liquid-propellant rocket "GIRD-X" was launched at the Nakhabinsky test site,created also under management
S.P. Queen
And M.K. Tikhonravova.
When launched, the rocket took off vertically at
height 75-80 meters
, then, due to damage to the engine mount And fuel pipes, deviated sharply from verticals And fell on about 150 meters away from starting places.
The design of the GIRD-X rocket has been developed
V more advanced Soviet missiles, created in 1935-1937.
Since 1938 was engaged in research of liquid rocket engines,development of a method for increasing the accuracy of firing unguided rockets.
Research results
By ground-based PC installations were subsequently used at designing new missiles
(M-8, M-13,
M-20 And etc.
)
And BM-13 launchers
(legendary "Katyusha")
, BM-8 And other products For G
Vardean mortar units.
From 1940 onwards during the Great Patriotic War
led the group By development of design diagrams for a new rocket aircraft
With combined power plant
(Liquid rocket engine and air-breathing engine)
.
In the mid-1940s he continued working above problems of designing high-altitude geophysical rockets for studying the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere, started already in the 1930s.
In October 1942
of the yearbecame Head of the laboratory of NII-3
.
In 1944 a Special Research Institute was created - NII-1,who led all research And design work By creation of the main jet aircraft - gas turbines, air jet engines, jet liquid engines,
jet aircraft And special equipment For jet technology.
M.K. Tikhonravovwas appointed to the position N head of the laboratory
Research Institute-1 of the People's Commissariat of Aviation Industry
USSR.
In August-September 1944 carried out a special task from the government V 60th Army
1st Ukrainian Front V commissions , headed by the Head of NII-1
major general
Petr Ivanovich Fedorov.
Since September 1944M.K. Tikhonravov - Head of the research sector of branch No. 2 of the Scientific Research Institute-1 of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry USSR.
In 1944-1946 - Head of laboratory V NII-1 of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry.
In 1945 M.K. Tikhonravov was awarded the military rank of "engineer-colonel".
Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1017-419ss from May 13, 1946
"Issues of jet weapons" Research Institute No. 4 was established
(NII-4)-Jet Weapons Institute
.
In December 1946 became Deputy Head of Research Institute-4 of the Academy of Artillery Sciences By.
On April 14, 1947, he was elected Corresponding Member of the Academy of Artillery Sciences in Branch No. 4
(rocket weapons department)
,
And remained one until April 23, 1953 - date of issue of the Order of the Minister of Defense
USSR No. 0064 "On the organizational structure and staffing of the Directorate
Artillery Commander"
,
who put a point V activities
Academy
,
as an independent scientific organization
.
Along with With main activity V institute V first post-war years, deeply analyzing the development of the Soviet And German rocket technology,
M.K. Tikhonravovcame To conclusion O the possibility of creating multi-stage ballistic missiles
(
what they were called then, "packet rocket scheme"
)
And developed it deeply. However, his performances By this issue on scientific conferences V institute
and in Academy named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky
(
in 1948 and 1950, respectively)
Not only Not met with understanding, but also were declared "fantastic ideas". Supported
Tikhonravova then only the President of the Academy of Artillery Sciences
Anatoly Arkadyevich BlagonravovAnd corresponding member
Academy of Artillery Sciences and Chief Designer of OKB-1
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev
.
Eventually, in February 1950 M.K. Tikhonravov
was filmed With positions of deputy head of NII-4, And ponywives V positions before scientific consultant of the institute
By liquid rockets.
But already in 1953 government leadership And Armed Forces was forced pay the most serious attention e on development of jet weapons due to
its accelerated development V USA.
It turned out, What Mikhail Klavdievich
continued to work "underground" above with your ideas in years forced removal from active research work.
He provided his developments, who lay down V the basis for further long-term plans of the institute.
Then I myself
TikhonravovWas assigned Acting Academician-Secretary of the 4th Branch of the Academy of Artillery Sciences And suggested the first V USSR comprehensive program for space exploration, approved after a number of modifications in 1954.
In December 1955 engineer-colonel
M.K. Tikhonravov was fired
from Armed Forces V stock.
From February 1955 to December 1973Mikhail Klavdievichsequentially
was the Head of the department
, Deputy Chief Designer
(
since 1961 )
, Scientific supervisor
(
since 1970 )
Central Design Bureau of Experimental Mechanical Engineering
V city of Kaliningrad
(now - the city of Korolev)
Moscow region
.
Doctor of Technical Sciences(since 1958 )
since 1959 worked continuously
(at the same time)
V MAI V positions
Teacher
Design departments
And aircraft structures,
lectured
By astronautics, and in 1962 it was approved V rank of Professor.
Since February 1955 by the proposal
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev
M.K. Tikhonravov
directed V guided them Experimental design bureau No. 1, Where
He
became Head of the Department for the Design of Artificial Earth Satellites,
manned spacecraft And automatic interplanetary spacecraft.
IN composition of the now legendary department
(known as Tikhonravov group
,
existing since 1949 )
talented people worked And the most experienced
design engineers:
Igor Marianovich Yatsunsky,
Gleb Yurievich Maksimov,
Anatoly Viktorovich Brykov,
Igor Konstantinovich Bazhinov
,
Yan Ivanovich Koltunov
,Boris Sergeevich Razumikhin
,
Vladimir Nikolaevich Galkovsky,
Lidia Nikolaevna Soldatova,
Grigory Makarovich MoskalenkoAnd
Oleg Viktorovich Gurko.
This group had the chance honor of creating the first artificial Earth satellite,
successfully launched V space October 4, 1957 And who discovered space
era V human development.
At
direct management
M.K. Tikhonravova was designed
spaceship "Vostok-1", launched into space orbit
April 12, 1961 with the world's first cosmonaut
Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.
Team under the leadership
M.K. Tikhonravova
created Soviet manned spacecraft,
manned long-term And automatic interplanetary stations,took an active part in creating V development of artificial Earth satellites for various purposes.
In 1968 he was elected Corresponding Member of the International
Academy of Astronautics.
- author of the first report
V Academy of Sciences of the USSR
O results of the research By substantiation of the possibility of launching artificial Earth satellites.
He became the founder of a scientific school
V Ministry of Defense By space weapons.
M.K. Tikhonravov
was also the scientific director of the student design bureau "Iskra" V Moscow Aviation Institute named after
Sergo Ordzhonikidze And work on the creation of small unpressurized artificial Earth satellites of the "Radio" type And "Spark".
Major specialist V rocketry field And one from pioneers of practical astronautics
was the author of two secret inventions, as well as
- the following printed works
V areas of creation And rocketry applications And aircraft For Stratosphere Research, By space flight theories, history of rocketry V Russia,aircraft manufacturing
And aviation:
"Aviation Tanks"
(
Moscow - Leningrad: Gosmashmetizdat, 1934, 64 pages
)
;
"Rocketry"
(
Moscow, 1935, 78 pages
)
;
"Power and lubrication system of an aircraft engine"
(
Moscow - Leningrad: ONTI, 1936, 82 pages
)
;
"The flight of birds and cars with flapping wings"
(
Moscow - Leningrad: ONTI, 1937, 126 pages
)
;
"On the accuracy of missile shells"
(
Moscow, 1946, 30 pages
)
;
"Missile Terminology"
(
NII-4, 1947)
;
"The flight of birds and cars with flapping wings"
(
Edition 2, Moscow: Oborongiz, 1949, 208 pages
)
;
"Introduction to Rocketry"
(
Moscow, 1952, 81 pages
)
;
"Fundamentals of flight theory and elements of designing artificial Earth satellites". (
1st edition, Moscow: Mashinostroenie publishing house, 1967,
295 pages. Co-authors -THEM. Yatsunsky
,
G.Yu. Maksimov and etc.)
;
"Fundamentals of spacecraft flight theory"
(
Moscow: Publishing House "Machine Building", 1972. 607 pages.
Co-authors -G.S. Narimanov
,
V.S. Avduevsky,
B.M. Antonov,
ON THE. Anfimov and etc.)
;
"Fundamentals of flight theory and elements of designing artificial Earth satellites".
(
2nd edition, Moscow: Mashinostroenie publishing house, 1974. 331 pages.
Co-authorsI.K. Bazhinov
,
O.V. Gurko and etc.)
;
"Selected Works"(1934-1938)
(
in the collection "Pioneers of rocketry. Vetchinkin, Glushko, Korolev, Tikhonravov"
.
Moscow, 1972. pages 567-706
)
;
"Ways to implement long-range missiles"
(Collection of reports of the Academy of Artillery Sciences
, 1949.
Issue VI, pages 87-104
)
;
"Ways to achieve long-range shooting"
(
collection "From the history of aviation and astronautics".
Issue 67, Moscow: Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology RAS,
1995, pages 3-26
)
.
Nagrady:
For great successes achieved in the development of the rocket industry and science
and technology, the successful implementation of the world's first flight of a Soviet man
into outer space on the Vostok satellite
,
By Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 17, 1961
Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov
awarded the titleHero of Socialist Labor
with the presentation of the Order of Lenin
and Gold Medal"Hammer and sickle "
.
Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR"For the successful implementation
launch of the World's first artificial Earth satellite and an artificial satellite with a living creature(dog - approx. E.R.
) on board"in 1957 Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov
was awarded the Lenin Prize
(as part of a team of satellite creators)
.
For successful e launches of the first Soviet missiles "09" and "GIRD-X"
in 1933 the Central Council of Osoaviakhim awardedS.P. Queen
AndM.K. Tikhonravov a Badges of honor"For active defense work"
.
In 1970 he was awarded the honorary title "Honored Worker
science and technology of the RSFSR".
He was awarded another Order of Lenin
(in 1945 ), two Orders of the Red Banner
(1944
,
1949
),
Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree(1944
),
Medal "For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" (1946
),
other medals.
In 2011
Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov
(posthumously) awarded the title
"Honorary Citizen of the City"
Pereslavl-Zalessky".
Tikhonravov Mikhail Klavdievich (1900-1974).
Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov was born on July 29, 1900 in Vladimir.
In 1919, he voluntarily joined the Red Army. In the same year he worked as a comrade of the chairman of the Pereslavl Committee of the RKSM.
In 1920, he entered the Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet (now the Air Force Engineering Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky). After graduating in 1925, Mikhail Tikhonravov worked at several aviation enterprises. Designer of a number of gliders: AVF-1 “Arap” (1923), AVF-22 “Zmey Gorynych” (1925, together with V.S. Vakhmistrov), “Firebird” (1927, together with A .A. Dubrovin), “Gamayun”, “Skif” (both in 1928 together with V.S. Vakhmistrov and A.A. Dubrovin), “Komsomolskaya Pravda” (“Firebird-2”, 1929 together with V.S. Vakhmistrov and A.A. Dubrovin), “Skif-2” (1931 together with V.S. Vakhmistrov and A.A. Dubrovin).
Tikhonravov met Sergei Pavlovich Korolev in the gliding section of the USSR OSOAVIAKHIM, their acquaintance turned into close cooperation. At Korolev’s suggestion, he headed the work on creating liquid-fueled ballistic missiles, which ended with the first successful launches.
In 1932, he worked as a crew chief in the Jet Propulsion Research Group, during which he developed the first Soviet two-stage rocket engine. In 1933, he led the creation of the first Soviet rocket with a hybrid fuel engine. Since 1934 he worked as Head of the Department of the Jet Institute.
Since 1938, Mikhail Tikhonravov has been researching liquid rocket engines and developing rockets for studying the upper layers of the atmosphere, but at the end of the thirties, work on creating liquid-propellant ballistic missiles was curtailed and Tikhonravov began developing projectiles for Katyushas. In 1940-1943, he headed the design group that developed (under the general leadership of A.G. Kostikov) the experimental fighter-interceptor “302P” with a power plant consisting of a liquid-propellant rocket engine and two ramjet engines.
In 1956, Mikhail Klavdievich went to work at OKB-1, to the position of head of the design department for various artificial Earth satellites, manned spacecraft, spacecraft for exploring the Moon and some planets of the Solar System. For the successful launches of Sputnik 1 and a satellite with a living creature on board, Tikhonravov became a Lenin Prize laureate in 1957.
On December 31, 1957, in connection with the creation of the R-7 rocket and the successful launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, a large group of scientists and engineers in the Kremlin were awarded Lenin Prizes. Among them were members of the group - M.K. Tikhonravov, I.M. Yatsunsky, I.K. Bazhinov and A.V. Brykov, who were awarded the prize for substantiating the possibility of creating and launching the first satellite. G.Yu. Maksimov was awarded the Lenin Prize a little later - for his participation in the creation of the first automatic lunar probes. I.K. Bazhinov writes in his memoirs that “S.P. Korolev, nominating G.Yu. Maksimov for the award, certainly took into account his great contribution to the work of M.K. Tikhonravov’s group.”
M.K. Tikhonravov took an active part in the launch of the first manned spacecraft, for which on June 17, 1961 he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (the decree was not published).
Subsequently, the department, under the leadership of Mikhail Klavdievich, participated, in particular, in the development of a heavy interplanetary spacecraft created for a manned flight to Mars.
Corresponding Member of the International Academy of Astronautics (1968).
On March 4, 1974, Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov died, was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery, and a bust was erected on his grave.
Awards:
-gold medal “Hammer and Sickle” of the Hero of Socialist Labor;
-two Orders of Lenin;
- two Orders of the Red Banner;
-Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree;
-medals.
-Lenin Prize.
M.K. Tikhonravov. 1925
