PACT OF FOUR
four" 1933, "Pact of Consent and Cooperation", signed on July 15 in Rome by representatives of Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany. The goal of the participants of "P. "was the settlement of differences between them and the creation of a common anti-Soviet front. Confirming the obligations of states under the Locarno Treaties of 1925, "P. h." established "equality of rights" for Germany in the field of armaments and obligated the signatory states to pursue a coordinated policy in all controversial international issues. The pact was not ratified due to contradictions between its participants.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what the PACT OF FOUR is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- PACT in the One-Volume Large Legal Dictionary:
(from Latin pactum - treaty, agreement) - one of the names of an international treaty (for example, the Briand-Kellogg Pact of 1928 ... - PACT in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
(Latin pactum - treaty, agreement) - one of the names of an international treaty (for example, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The International Covenant ... - PACT in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from Latin pactum - agreement agreement), one of the names of international... - PACT
(from Latin pactum - treaty, agreement), a term used to designate various kinds of international treaties, usually of great political significance... - PACT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
a, m. International treaty (usually of great political significance). P. about non-aggression. ||Wed. CONVENTION, TREATISE... - FOUR in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
... The first part of compound words with the meaning: 1) containing four. units consisting of four units, e.g. four-act, four-point, four-headed, ... - PACT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -a,m. (official). International treaty... - PACT
THREE POWERS 1940, see Berlin Pact... - PACT in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from Latin rastum - contract, agreement), one of the names of international. ... - PACT in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
pa"kt, pa"kty, pa"kta, pa"ktov, pa"ktu, pa"ktam, pa"kt, pa"kty, pa"ktom, pa"ktami, pa"kte, ... - PACT
Dip. ... - PACT in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
Agreement between two... - PACT in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
'1. a set of mutual obligations between states 2. a document fixing mutual obligations between states’ Syn: treaty, agreement, convention ... - PACT in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(lat. pactum treaty) an international agreement, usually a large political one ... - PACT in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[an international treaty, usually a large political one... - PACT in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
'1. a set of mutual obligations between states 2. a document fixing mutual obligations between states’ Syn: treaty, agreement, convention (official ... - PACT in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
1. a set of mutual obligations between states, a document fixing mutual obligations between states Syn: treaty, agreement, convention... - FOUR...
- PACT in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
- PACT in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language:
pact, … - PACT in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
pact, … - PACT in the Spelling Dictionary:
pact, … - FOUR...
The first part of complex words with meaning. containing any four units, consisting of four units four-day, four-voice, tetrahedral, four-kopeck, four-stringed four... ... - PACT in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
international treaty... - PACT in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(from Latin pactum - contract, agreement), one of the names of international... - FOUR
The first part of compound words denoting: containing four units, consisting of four. units, for example quadrangular, quadruple, four-pointed; the same as... - PACT in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
pact, m. (from Latin pactum - agreed) (polit.). An international treaty, usually of major political significance. Non-aggression pact between... - FOUR...
The initial part of complex words, introducing meanings: 1) consisting of four parts, sections or objects that form a single whole (four-stroke, four-wheeled, four-engine, ... - PACT in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
m. International treaty, agreement, usually of large political... - FOUR...
The initial part of complex words, introducing meanings 1) consisting of four parts, sections or objects forming a single whole (four-stroke, four-wheeled, four-engine, ... - PACT in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
m. International treaty, agreement, usually of large political... - FOUR...
The initial part of complex words, introducing meanings 1) consisting of four parts, sections or objects forming a single whole (four-acting, four-wheeled, ... - PACT in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
m. International treaty, agreement, usually of large political... - NEUTRALITY PACT
signed between the USSR and Japan on April 13, 1941 in Moscow. It states that “The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Union of Soviet... - KELLOG - BRIAN PACT 1928 in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
- Briand Pact of 1928, Pact of Paris, agreement on the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy, signed on August 27, 1928 ... - SHOWA in the Encyclopedia Japan from A to Z:
1) period - the reign of Emperor Showa (Hirohito) - from 1926 to 1989. The most tragic period in the history of the country ... - ELEMENTS in the Yoga Dictionary:
(Elements) Five great material elements or states of matter, mahabhutas (see): ether, air, fire, water and earth. But those... - MEIOSIS in the Encyclopedia Biology:
(maturation divisions, maturation period), stage in the formation of germ cells; consists of two successive divisions of the original diploid cell (contains two sets of... - OPEN 7
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. New Testament. Revelation of John the Theologian. Chapter 7 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ... - LEO 11 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. Old Testament. Leviticus. Chapter 11 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 5 6 … - IEZ 1 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. Old Testament. Book of the prophet Ezekiel. Chapter 1 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 … - 3 CAR 7 in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Bible. Old Testament. Third Book of Kings. Chapter 7 Chapters: 1 2 3 4 ... - CHEMICAL BOND in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
bond, mutual attraction of atoms leading to the formation of molecules and crystals. It is customary to say that in a molecule or in a crystal between neighboring ... - FRANCE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
- THE USSR. FOREIGN POLICY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
politics of the USSR Basic principles of Soviet foreign policy The Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 created a new type of state - the Soviet socialist state... - AGGRESSION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from Latin aggressio - attack), the concept of modern international law, which covers any use of force illegal from the point of view of the UN Charter... - FOUR-DIMENSIONAL SPACE
In many questions of pure and even applied mathematics, there are formulas and mathematical expressions that contain four or more variables... - GOSPEL in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
the general name for the first four books of the New Testament part of the Bible \[Here we mean only the canonical Gospels; about the apocryphal gospels, see ...
"Pact of Four" 1933(“Pact of Concord and Cooperation”) - a pact signed on July 15, 1933 in Rome between England, France, Italy and Germany; meant a conspiracy between England and France with the fascist powers - Germany and Italy, which even then did not hide their aggressive intentions. By colluding with Germany and Italy, bypassing the other powers participating in the 1932-35 International Conference on Disarmament; discussing the Soviet proposal to conclude a non-aggression pact and a pact on determining the attacking side, England and France essentially abandoned the policy of strengthening a united front of peace-loving powers and dealt a blow to the cause of ensuring the peace and security of peoples. "P. h." was an attempt by four states to subordinate the whole of Europe to their hegemony, isolate the Soviet Union and put together a military-political policy directed against it. block.
The original version of "P. h." was proposed by the fascist dictator of Italy Mussolini 
Benito Amilcare Andrea
MUSSOLINI
(1883 - 1945)
(See: Biography). In him. provided for the possibility of revising the peace treaties concluded after the First World War of 1914-18, recognizing the equality of Germany in the field of armaments and making a similar decision in relation to Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, pursuing a coordinated policy of the four powers in all European, as well as non-European issues, the impact of the four powers on other European countries.
"P. h." in Italian This option met with sharp opposition in the parliaments of England and France, as well as from the countries of the Little Entente and Poland, who criticized the principle of revising the peace treaties and recognizing the equality of Germany's rights in the field of armaments and especially objected to the creation of a certain “directory” of the four powers. Following this, the French was proposed. project "P. h.”, which was accepted as a basis by the contracting parties. In French project "P. h." the cooperation of the four powers participating in the pact was limited to the framework of the League of Nations statute; the principle of revision of peace treaties was replaced by a joint consideration of means to make the application of both the League of Nations statute as a whole and its article more effective. 19, providing for the revision of treaties. As for the weapons of Germany, the French. the draft stated that equality of her rights in this matter was granted to her in a system that ensured security for all nations. There was no mention of Germany's former allies at all.
"P. h." did not resolve the contradictions between France, which was interested in preserving the Versailles system, and supporters of its revision - Germany and Italy; "P. h." did not lead to a mitigation of contradictions both between England and the other negotiating countries, and between both fascist countries - Germany and Italy. As a result of this, P. h." was not ratified.
Volume 31 - M.: Big Sov. encyclopedia, 1955, pp. 563-564
"Pact of Four" 1933- “Pact of Consent and Cooperation” between England, France, Italy and Germany; signed in Rome on July 15 by Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea
MUSSOLINI
(1883 - 1945)
Italian politician and statesman, leader (“Duce”) of Italian fascism, Prime Minister of Italy in 1922-1943.
(See: Biography) and ambassadors of France (de Jouvenel), England (Graham 
Ronald William
GRAHAM
(1870 - 1949)
British diplomat, British Ambassador to Italy from 1921 to 1933.
(See: Biography)) and Germany (von Hassel).
Having concluded the pact, the four powers tried to pursue a policy of isolating the USSR, while at the same time eliminating the small and medium-sized states of Europe from participating in solving European affairs. This was the first practical attempt to form a common capitalist front against the Soviet Union in the post-crisis years. "P. h." meant a conspiracy of British and French imperialist circles with German and Italian fascism. It testified to the refusal to create a united front of peace-loving states against fascist aggression, and to a certain extent was the embryo of a policy of appeasement of fascist aggressors. The idea of "P. h." in this sense, it was later embodied in the Munich agreement (see Munich Agreement of 1938).
Among the participants themselves, “P. h." However, serious disagreements remained. The pact did not resolve the contradictions between France, which was interested in preserving the Versailles system, and supporters of its revision - Germany and Italy. The obvious disadvantage of “P. h." for France caused sharp criticism of him in French ruling circles. The countries of the Little Entente and Poland also expressed serious dissatisfaction. As a result, P. h." was never ratified.
Volume 2 - M.: Politizdat, 1971, pp. 448-449
Publication:
- Martens. Nouveau recueil général de Traités, 3rd serie, par H. Triepol. T. XXVIII, p. 4.
The Geneva Disarmament Conference was close to complete collapse. The General Commission of the Conference on Disarmament, which was coordinating projects, interrupted its work. Mussolini took advantage of the break and proposed a four-power pact. This proposal boiled down to the four Western powers - Germany, France, England and Italy - entering into an agreement among themselves to pursue a policy of cooperation and maintaining peace, in accordance with the Kellogg Pact and other anti-war pacts.
The second point of the project proposed by Mussolini established the possibility of revising peace treaties “by legal means” in accordance with Article 19 of the Charter of the League of Nations. The third point confirmed the equality of Germany's rights in the field of armaments. The remaining points required coordination of the policies of the four powers on all controversial international issues in Europe and beyond.
To discuss the Italian project, Mussolini invited the British Prime Minister MacDonald and the British Foreign Minister Simon, who were at that time in Geneva, to Rome. Mussolini's proposal met with their sympathy.
On 23 March 1933 Macdonald briefed the House of Commons on the Rome negotiations. He demanded that Germany be given equality in arms and the right to revise treaties in accordance with Article 19 of the League of Nations Charter.
But MacDonald's proposal was strongly opposed by many MPs. The leader of the opposition in the House of Commons was Winston Churchill. He made a speech full of poisonous sarcasm about the unsuccessful management of British foreign policy by Prime Minister MacDonald. Churchill argued that during the four years of this leadership, England had only moved closer to war and became weaker, poorer and more defenseless than ever. Churchill compared MacDonald's trip to Rome with Henry IV's pilgrimage to Canossa. This visit probably gave Mussolini “the same pleasure that the pope received 1000 years ago from the humble arrival of the repentant emperor.”
Churchill caustically recommended that “the Honorable Gentleman” - MacDonald - take up urgent domestic affairs, leaving the leadership of foreign affairs to more experienced diplomats. In the meantime, for the wrong foreign policy of the Prime Minister of England, we have to pay more dearly than other powers. War debts have not been settled. The London Naval Treaty slows down the development of the English fleet. The Geneva Disarmament Conference turned into a long farce, which dealt a heavy blow to the prestige of the League of Nations. Pressure on France in the matter of disarmament and assistance in the rearmament of Germany could lead not to peace, but to war.
Churchill attacked with particular force the plan giving Germany equality in arms. There can be no doubt, he said, that as soon as Germany achieves equality of military strength with its neighbors, it will be necessary to expect a resumption of the all-European war.
To demand at such a moment from France that she reduce her army by half, while Germany, on the contrary, is doubling her army, would be, to say the least, untimely. Churchill warned against further reductions in armaments in both France and England, precisely because this would mean disarmament in the face of a government that would certainly attack its neighbors as soon as it armed itself.
Simon defended Mussolini's proposed Pact of Four. Cooperation between the four powers, he said, does not mean the dominance of the directory of great powers over Europe, does not lead to a revision of the Versailles Treaty - it only means a peaceful revision, in accordance with Article 19, of individual points of the treaty. “After all, an attempt to peacefully change this or that point is better than an obvious violation of it,” Simon argued for his proposal.
Simon's arguments did not calm public opinion either in England or in France.
The political position of France during this period was especially unstable. At the time Hitler came to power, France was experiencing another government crisis. The cabinet of Paul Boncourt was replaced by the government of Edouard Daladier. This was already the third, after the May 1932 elections, parliamentary combination of the radical socialist party. The new Prime Minister Daladier retained the portfolio of Minister of War. As the famous journalist writing under the pseudonym Andre Simon recounts in his book “I Accuse,” Daladier summoned General Weygand to consult on the military situation in France in connection with Hitler’s rise to power. An ardent monarchist and extreme reactionary, Weygand was appointed deputy chairman of the French Supreme Defense Council in 1931.
Weygand hastened to dispel the new prime minister's fears. The French army, Weygand argued, numbers about 370 thousand people. She is well trained and equipped. Germany, even with all its efforts, will not be able to create an army at least equal to the Kaiser’s in less than 10 years. In addition, France continues to arm itself. On the Franco-German border, construction of the Maginot Line is already in full swing, which will be completed in 1934. Finally, France is connected by a whole system of military alliances. True, not all allied armies are at their best. Reagan only spoke highly of the Czech army. The Polish army, with its outdated technical equipment and poorly qualified command, does not count. The English army is small, but England has a powerful navy, which should play a decisive role in the event of war.
Thus, Weygand did not see or did not want to see a real military threat to France from Germany. In his opinion, the coming of the National Socialists to power even represented certain political benefits for France: it undoubtedly should have contributed to the weakening of the communist movement throughout the world, as well as in France. The inevitable deterioration of Germany's relations with the USSR, according to Weygand, should also be a favorable political factor for France.
Under the influence of reassuring assurances from military leaders and under pressure from the French reaction, Daladier tried to improve relations between France and National Socialist Germany in the spirit of a “policy of appeasement.” This policy was dictated not only by the well-known conciliatory inclinations of Daladier himself, but also by the financial difficulties that France was experiencing at that time.
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- “Pact of Consent and Cooperation” between England, France, Italy and Germany; signed in Rome on 15. VII by Mussolini and the ambassadors of France (de Jouvenel), England (Graham) and Germany (von Hassell).
The initiator of "P. h." It was Mussolini who invited the English Prime Minister MacDonald and the Minister of Foreign Affairs Simon to Rome and presented them on 18.3.1933 with a draft treaty between Italy, Germany, England and France. The project provided for the possibility of revising peace treaties, recognizing the equality of Germany's rights in the field of armaments and making a similar decision in relation to Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria, pursuing a policy of cooperation between the four powers in all European and non-European issues, including colonial ones, as well as the impact of the participants pact on other European countries. The P.H. project put forward by Mussolini was an important stage in the revisionist policy of Italian fascism.
In its communiqué of 25. III, the Permanent Council of the Little Entente spoke out against the revision of the peace treaties. Poland took a similar position. The project "P.h." was sharply criticized. was also subjected to the English House of Commons and the French Chamber of Deputies.
1. IV 1933 the British government put forward its counter-project "P. Ch." The English draft did not contain a phrase about influencing third countries in matters of international politics, and the revision of peace treaties was conditioned by negotiations and agreements of the pact participants with the governments directly concerned.
10. IV presented its project to the French government. Influenced by the negative attitude of Poland and the Little Entente to the revision of peace treaties and the rearmament of Germany, as well as to the creation of a “directory” of four powers, the French project limited the cooperation of the latter to the framework of the League of Nations statute. It contained confirmation of the obligations of the parties to the pact under the statute of the League of Nations, the Kellogg-Briand Pact and the Locarno Accords. The principle of revision of peace treaties was replaced by a joint consideration of means to make effective the application of both the statute of the League of Nations in general and its art. 19 (providing for the revision of contracts), as well as Art. 10 (on supporting the territorial integrity of member states of the League of Nations against any external attack) and Art. 16 (on sanctions). The draft emphasized that Germany's equal rights to arms were granted to it in a system that ensured security for all nations. There was no mention at all of Germany's former allies (Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria).
26. V in defense of "P. ch." Foreign Minister Simon spoke in the English House of Commons, and Prime Minister Daladier spoke in the French Chamber of Deputies on 30.V. 30. V Permanent Council of the Little Entente, under pressure from England and France, published a declaration approving the "P. Ch." in its French edition. 7. VI 1933, the text of “P. Ch.”, which was based on the French version, was initialed in Rome by Mussolini and the ambassadors of England, France and Germany. On the same day, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs Paul-Boncourt sent notes to the envoys of Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia in Paris containing assurances that the initialed 7. VI "Part." excludes the principle of revision of contracts, allowing only the consideration of proposals to enhance the effectiveness of Art. 19 of the League of Nations. A declaration of similar content was sent by Paul-Boncourt on 8.VI to the Polish government, which declared that it retained freedom of action. Final signing of "P. ch." took place in Rome. The duration of the pact was set at 10 years.
"P.h." was an attempt to oppose the League of Nations to the “directory” of the four great powers, who sought to subordinate all of Europe to their hegemony. Ignoring the Soviet Union, the four powers tried to pursue a policy of isolating it, while at the same time excluding the rest of Europe from participating in European affairs. "P.h." meant “a conspiracy of the English and French governments with German and Italian fascism, which even then did not hide its aggressive intentions. At the same time, this pact with the fascist states meant a rejection of the policy of strengthening a united front of peace-loving powers against aggressive states” (“Falsifiers of History. Historical Note” ).
Among the participants of "P.h." there were serious disagreements. The pact did not resolve the contradictions between France, which was interested in preserving the Versailles system, and supporters of its revision - Germany and Italy. The fourth party to the pact - England - tried to play on these contradictions.
The obvious disadvantage of "P. h." for France caused him sharp criticism even in the French ruling circles. The countries of the Little Entente and Poland also expressed serious dissatisfaction.
As a result, "P. h." was never ratified.
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Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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Pact of Concord and Cooperation" between England, France, Italy and Germany; signed in Rome on 15. VII by Mussolini and the ambassadors of France (de Jouvenel), England (Graham) and Germany (von Hassell). Initiator "P. "was Mussolini, who invited the English Prime Minister MacDonald and the Minister of Foreign Affairs Simon to Rome and presented them with a draft treaty between Italy, Germany, England and France on 18.3.1933. The project provided for the possibility of revising the peace treaties, recognizing the equal rights of Germany in the field of armaments and the adoption of a similar decision in relation to Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria, the implementation of a policy of cooperation between the four powers in all European and extra-European issues, including colonial ones, as well as the influence of the pact participants on other European countries. The project “P. "was an important stage in the revisionist policy of Italian fascism. In its communiqué of 25. III, the Permanent Council of the Little Entente spoke out against the revision of the peace treaties. Poland took a similar position. The project "P. h." was also subjected to the English House of Commons and the French Chamber of Deputies. 1. IV 1933 the British government put forward its counter-project "P. ". The English draft did not contain a phrase about influencing third countries in matters of international politics, and the revision of peace treaties was conditioned by negotiations and agreements of the pact participants with the governments directly interested. 10. IV presented its project to the French government. Under the influence of the negative attitude of Poland and the Little Entente to the revision of the peace treaties and the rearmament of Germany, as well as to the creation of a "directory" of the four powers, the French project limited the cooperation of the latter within the framework of the League of Nations statute. It contained confirmation of the obligations of the pact participants under the League of Nations statute, the Kellogg-Briand Pact and the Locarno Agreements. Principle revision of peace treaties was replaced by a joint consideration of means to make effective the application of both the statute of the League of Nations in general and its Article 19 (providing for the revision of treaties), as well as Article 10 (on maintaining the territorial integrity of member states of the League of Nations against any external attack ) and art. 16 (on sanctions). The draft emphasized that Germany's equal rights to arms were granted to it in a system that ensured security for all nations. There was no mention at all of Germany's former allies (Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria). 26. V in defense of "P. ch." Foreign Minister Simon spoke in the English House of Commons, and Prime Minister Daladier spoke in the French Chamber of Deputies on 30.V. 30. V Permanent Council of the Little Entente, under pressure from England and France, published a declaration approving the "P. Ch." in its French edition. 7. VI 1933, the text of “P. Ch.”, which was based on the French version, was initialed in Rome by Mussolini and the ambassadors of England, France and Germany. On the same day, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs Paul-Boncourt sent notes to the envoys of Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia in Paris containing assurances that the initialed 7. VI "Part." excludes the principle of revision of contracts, allowing only the consideration of proposals to enhance the effectiveness of Art. 19 of the League of Nations. A declaration of similar content was sent by Paul-Boncourt on 8.VI to the Polish government, which declared that it retained freedom of action. Final signing of "P. ch." took place in Rome. The duration of the pact was set at 10 years. "P.h." was an attempt to oppose the League of Nations to the “directory” of the four great powers, who sought to subordinate all of Europe to their hegemony. Ignoring the Soviet Union, the four powers tried to pursue a policy of isolating it, while at the same time excluding the rest of Europe from participating in European affairs. "P.h." meant “a conspiracy of the English and French governments with German and Italian fascism, which even then did not hide its aggressive intentions. At the same time, this pact with the fascist states meant a rejection of the policy of strengthening a united front of peace-loving powers against aggressive states” (“Falsifiers of History. Historical Note” ). Among the participants of "P.h." there were serious disagreements. The pact did not resolve the contradictions between France, which was interested in preserving the Versailles system, and supporters of its revision - Germany and Italy. The fourth party to the pact - England - tried to play on these contradictions. The obvious disadvantage of "P. h." for France caused him sharp criticism even in the French ruling circles. The countries of the Little Entente and Poland also expressed serious dissatisfaction. As a result, "P. h." was never ratified.