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Breathing is a life process - a process of obtaining energy
“While I breathe, I hope” (Dum spiro, spero) Breathing is a precious and protected thread, on which our life depends. A person can live without food for several weeks, without water for several days, and without breathing for no more than a minute. Why? . Roman poet Ovidius 43 BC e.
Respiratory system Lungs Respiratory (airway) passages Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi
Airways Upper Lower
Why did the Homo sapiens have a nose? After all, his ancestors did not have it? Man without a nose - the devil knows something bird- not a bird, a citizen - not a citizen. N.V. Gogol
Functions of the nasal cavity: Protective - cleans and disinfects, warms and moisturizes the incoming air Smell Participation in the formation of sounds
Hygiene of nasal breathing
Larynx Nasopharynx
Food Safety
Robertino Loretti Italian singer Voice education Alexander Gradsky Singer, artist, musician, composer...
Functions of the larynx Passage of air Formation of voice. Participates in the act of swallowing
Trachea and bronchi The trachea is a tube (10-15 cm) consisting of cartilaginous half-rings. The trachea is divided into two main bronchi - left and right, which have cartilaginous rings.
Respiratory hygiene
1. Respiration is the process of providing cells with oxygen, necessary for biological oxidation, and the removal of carbon dioxide. 2. The human respiratory system consists of airways and lungs.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
"Respiration, its meaning. The structure and functions of the respiratory system"
Lesson plan for the program for the main educational school N.I. Sonina, V.B. Zakharova, A.A. Pleshakova. Textbook "Biology. Man", Grade 8....
Basic terms and definitions: Respiration Respiration is a set of processes that ensure the supply of oxygen, its use in the oxidation of organic substances and the removal of carbon dioxide and some other substances. Respiratory organs Respiratory organs are specialized organs for gas exchange between the body and environment
The biological significance of respiration The biological significance of respiration: 1. Providing the body with oxygen. 2. Removal of carbon dioxide. 3. Oxidation of organic compounds of BJU with the release of energy necessary for a person to live. 4. Removal of metabolic end products (water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, etc.)
Respiratory system Respiratory part Airways of cavities and tubes connected in series: 1) nasal cavity, 2) nasopharynx, 3) larynx, 4) trachea 5) bronchi. the place where gas exchange occurs: 1) lungs 2) pleura - (connective tissue membrane)
Million alveoli with a total area of 100 sq.m 2. The length of the pulmonary capillary is 7-8 microns 3. Blood passes through the capillaries of the alveoli in 0.8 s, but hemoglobin has time to be saturated with oxygen. This is interesting:
Organ 1. Nasal cavity 2. Larynx 3. Trachea and bronchi 4. Lungs 5. Pulmonary and parietal pleura Function performed cough e) gas exchange through the alveolo-capillary membrane Test yourself
Organ Function performed a) b) c) d) e) Test yourself
The structure of the respiratory system
Biology teacher MBOU secondary school No. 8
Krasny Sulin
Truscheleva Svetlana Semyonovna
Key Concepts :
- Breath
- Gas exchange
- 3 functions of the respiratory system
- organs of the respiratory system
- external respiration
- Tissue (or cellular) respiration
What do I know about this topic?
New, unknown
Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the body and the environment.
The breathing process is
from 4 stages:
- exchange of gases between the air and the lungs;
- exchange of gases between lungs and blood;
- transport of gases by blood;
- gas exchange in tissues.
Respiratory system
does only the first part
gas exchange. Rest
performed by the organ system
circulation. Between
respiratory and circulatory
systems there is a deep
relationship.
Gas exchange
Gas exchange in the lungs (external respiration)
Gas exchange in tissues (cellular respiration)
- The respiratory organs of a person can be divided into two groups according to their functional characteristics: air-bearing, or respiratory, and gas exchange organs. : nasal cavity → nasopharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi. Organs of gas exchange: lungs.
- Ensuring gas exchange
- Participate in thermoregulation (during breathing, water evaporates from the surface of the lungs, which leads to cooling of the blood and the whole body)
- Vocal formation (the lungs create air currents that vibrate the vocal cords of the larynx).
- Air purification
- Air humidification
- Air disinfection
- Air warming
- Perception of smells (organ of smell)
- Functions:
- breathing protection of the lower respiratory tract
- breath
- lower respiratory protection
- voicing
- Located at the level of IV-VI cervical vertebrae
- The entrance to the larynx is protected by a special semi-movable cartilage - the epiglottis.
The thyroid cartilage in men protrudes somewhat forward, forming an Adam's apple. The vocal cords are located in the narrow part of the larynx.
Trachea and bronchi - organs of the lower respiratory tract
Trachea
Structure: a wide tube 9-11 cm long, consisting of 16-20 cartilaginous semirings on the soft side facing the esophagus. The inner wall of the trachea is covered with ciliated epithelium.
Functions: free passage of air into the lungs, removal of pollen particles from the lungs into the throat.
Bronchi
Structure: branching tubes of smaller diameter. They consist of cartilaginous rings that protect them from falling off during inhalation.
Functions: The flow of air to the alveoli of the lungs.
Lungs
Each lung is covered with a membrane - the pulmonary pleura. The chest cavity is also lined with a membrane - the parietal pleura. Between the parietal and lung pleura, a narrow gap is the pleural cavity, filled with a thin layer of fluid, which facilitates the sliding of the lung wall during inhalation and exhalation.
The human lungs are made up of tiny pulmonary sacs called alveoli.
The alveoli are surrounded by a network of blood vessels - capillaries. The alveoli are formed by the epithelium, which secretes a special fluid that lines the alveoli (surfactant) with the thinnest film. Its functions: reduces surface tension and prevents the alveoli from closing; kills microbes that enter the lungs. In the alveoli, gas exchange takes place between the blood and the surrounding air by diffusion.
Gas exchange in tissues
In tissue fluid, the oxygen content is lower than in arterial blood, so oxygen from the capillaries enters the tissue fluid. From there it diffuses into the cells, where it immediately enters into energy metabolism reactions (oxidizes organic compounds and releases energy), Therefore, there is almost no free oxygen in the cells.
Energy metabolism reactions produce carbon dioxide. Its concentration in the cells becomes higher than in the tissue fluid, and the gas diffuses into it, and then to the capillaries. In them, one part of the carbon dioxide molecules dissolves in the blood plasma, and the other enters the red blood cells.
- Page 158-161 textbook
- Creative:
- - make a crossword on the topic
- - make a presentation "Formation of sound"
Lesson Objectives:
- Educational:
- to study the structural features of the respiratory organs in connection with their functions;
- reveal the essence of the breathing process, its significance in metabolism;
- find out the mechanisms of voice formation;
- Developing:
- continue the formation of the basics of hygiene (respiratory hygiene rules);
- develop the skills of research work through the setting of educational experiments;
- Educational:
- cultivate a caring attitude towards your body, towards your health, towards the health of others;
- draw an analogy: breathing is life; human lungs are the lungs of our planet (vegetable world).
A healthy planet means a healthy person!
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment
II. Updating of basic knowledge
It is possible to show a fragment of a video film on the topic.
– What is breathing?
Does the structure of an organ affect its function?
We will try to find answers to all these and many other questions in today's lesson.
III. Learning new material
Appendix. Slide number 7.
Respiratory system
consists of airways(cavities and tubes connected in series) and respiratory part.
To airways include the nasal cavity and nasopharynx (upper respiratory tract), larynx, trachea and bronchi.
Respiratory part- These are the lungs and the connective tissue membrane - the pleura.
Appendix. Slide number 8.
Respiratory system
- Before you is a table that we will try to fill in during the study of new material. Redraw it, please. (It is better to print and distribute the table in advance so as not to waste precious lesson time on this)
Appendix. Slide number 9.
upper respiratory tract
During normal breathing, air necessarily passes through the external nostrils into the nasal cavity, which is divided into two halves by an osteochondral septum. In each half there are sinuous nasal passages that increase the surface of the nasal cavity. Their walls are lined with a mucous membrane containing numerous cells of the ciliated (ciliated) epithelium.
In an adult, the mucous membrane secretes 0.5 liters of mucus per day.
Its function is to humidify the inhaled air, trap dust particles and microorganisms that settle on the walls of the cavity. Mucus contains substances that kill microbes or prevent their reproduction (the enzyme lysozyme and leukocytes). Numerous blood vessels branch under the mucous membrane, so even minor injuries of the nose are accompanied by heavy bleeding. These choroid plexuses warm the inhaled air to body temperature. The nasal cavity is connected to the cavities in the bones of the skull: maxillary, frontal and sphenoid. They serve not only to warm the incoming air, but also serve as resonators for voice formation. The nasal cavities are equipped with sensitive cells that provide a protective function: the sneeze reflex. The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through the internal nostrils - choanae, and from there - into the larynx.
Appendix. Slide number 10. Nasal hygiene
- It is recommended to breathe through the nose, because. when breathing through the mouth, cold air enters the lungs, which is the cause of colds.
- A sick person who does not follow the rules of hygiene becomes a source of infection.
(After explaining the structure and functions of a separate organ, you can check the correctness of filling out the table, or you can single it out as an independent work as a consolidation of the material or as homework)
Appendix. Slide number 11.
Observations
“Check the passage of air through the nasal passages”
We close one nasal passage, and bring a light piece of cotton wool to the other. A jet of air will throw it away when you exhale, and press it against the nasal opening when you inhale. This technique can be shown on the subject.
Conclusion: During normal breathing, air necessarily passes through the external nostrils into the nasal cavity.
Appendix. slide number 12.
Larynx
The larynx is like a funnel, the walls of which are formed by cartilage.
The cavity of the larynx is lined with mucous membrane and equipped with receptors - reflex cough.
The entrance to the larynx during swallowing is closed by the epiglottic cartilage.
The largest cartilage is the thyroid cartilage, which protects the larynx from the front.
The vocal cords are stretched between the cartilages, and between the cords is the glottis.
Thus, the function of the larynx is to conduct air into the trachea, participate in voice formation and prevent penetration harmful substances into the respiratory tract.
Appendix. slide number 13.
Observation
1. Prove that when swallowing, the thyroid cartilage rises.
Feel for the thyroid cartilage, make a swallowing movement. Make sure that the cartilage goes up and then back to its original place.
Conclusion: with this movement, the epiglottis closes the entrance to the trachea and, like a bridge, saliva or a food bolus moves into the esophagus through it.
2. Find out why breathing stops during swallowing.
Make another swallowing movement and make sure this fact is true.
Conclusion: the tongue closes the entrance to the nasal cavity, the epiglottis blocks the entrance to the trachea. As a result, the air at the moment of swallowing cannot enter the lungs.
Appendix. Slide number 14.
sound formation
The person is silent - the glottis is triangular in shape and large enough.
The sound appears when the glottis is not completely closed, the passage of air through it, which vibrates the vocal cords.
The shorter the vocal cords, the higher the sound. The final formation of sound occurs in the cavities of the pharynx, nasopharynx, mouth and nose (remember the sinuses?) and depends on the position of the lips, lower jaw and tongue.
Appendix. Slide number 15.
Phonogram of the word MAMA, which clearly shows that consonants cause a stronger vibration of the vocal cords than vowels.
Appendix. Slide number 16. Voice hygiene
Shouting damages the vocal cords, which can cause inflammation, hoarseness, or loss of voice. When whispering, the ligaments relax and do not close completely. Frequent inflammation of the respiratory tract, smoking and alcohol have a negative effect on the voice-forming apparatus.
Appendix. slide number 17
Trachea and bronchi
The larynx, a 10–12 cm tube, passes directly into the trachea, which is in front of the esophagus. Its front wall is formed by cartilaginous half rings, so the lumen of the trachea is always open.
The back wall is soft and adjacent to the esophagus.
At the bottom, the trachea divides into 2 bronchi. Both the trachea and the bronchi are lined with a mucous membrane that contains ciliated epithelium with glandular cells. Here, the saturation of the air with water vapor and its purification continues.
Appendix. slide number 18. Respiratory hygiene
- Swallowing large pieces of food, you can choke and block the trachea.
- At inflammatory processes a cough occurs to help clear mucus from the airways.
Appendix. slide number 19
Lungs
The lungs are a large paired cone-shaped organ. Outside covered with pulmonary pleura; the chest cavity is covered with a parietal pleura, between them is a pleural cavity that does not contain air. It is filled with liquid, which reduces friction when breathing. 100 liters of air passes through the lungs in 1 minute. What is the structure of the lung?
Appendix. slide number 20.
The internal structure of the lung
The bronchi, having entered the lungs, continue to branch, forming bronchioles, at the ends of which there are clusters of thin-walled pulmonary vesicles - alveoli. The walls of the alveoli and capillaries are single-layer, which facilitates gas exchange. Alveolar epithelial cells secrete biologically active substances that form a surfactant, which prevents the alveoli from sticking together and neutralizes microorganisms that have entered the lungs.
Waste surfactant is digested by phagocytes or excreted as sputum.
Appendix. slide number 21.Respiratory hygiene
In pulmonary diseases, the surfactant may not be released, then the alveoli close and do not participate in gas exchange. Smoking disrupts the physiological properties of the surfactant.
Appendix. slide number 22It is interesting
- 300–350 million alveoli with a total area of 100 sq.m
- The length of the pulmonary capillary - 7-8 microns
- Blood passes through the capillaries of the alveoli in 0.8 s, but hemoglobin has time to be saturated with oxygen
Appendix. slide number 23
Observation
Find out how full breathing differs from shallow breathing.
Are you able to breathe correctly? It turns out that this is very important, especially in winter and during the transitional winter-spring period, during an influenza epidemic. According to experts, improper breathing significantly increases the likelihood of respiratory infections entering the body, which increases the risk of flu or colds.
Many people breathe too quickly (and the norm is 16 breaths per minute at rest) and shallow, from time to time holding inhalation and exhalation. This type of breathing is called shallow breathing. As a result, the lungs do not have time to properly ventilate - fresh air enters only the outer sections, while most of the volume of the lungs remains, as it were, unclaimed, that is, the air in it is not renewed. And that's all that viruses and bacteria need.
A full breath is a combination of lower, middle and upper breathing. A person who constantly practices full breathing will have a wide chest - and any narrow-chested person can develop his chest to normal size.
Let's check if you are breathing correctly. To do this, put a watch with a second hand in front of you, sit back, relax, straighten your shoulders. Count how many breaths you take in one minute. Follow the rhythm of breathing: the ratio of inhalation and exhalation, the arrangement of pauses in this cycle. Determine exactly how you breathe: actively relaxing the stomach - abdominal type of breathing, raising and lowering the chest - chest type, combining both - mixed type of breathing.
If you are doing less than 14 breaths per minute, great. This is how well-trained and hardy people usually breathe. You can rightfully be proud of yourself. Taking in the air with a full chest, you let the lungs straighten out, perfectly ventilate them, that is, make your respiratory system almost invulnerable to infectious agents.
A good result is from 14 to 18 breaths per minute. This is how most practically healthy people breathe, who can get the flu or SARS no more than 2 times a season.
More than 18 breaths per minute is already a serious cause for concern. With shallow and frequent breathing, only half of the inhaled air enters the lungs. This is clearly not enough to constantly update the pulmonary atmosphere.
Appendix. Slide 24 and 25. check yourself(fixing material)
It is necessary to connect the organ and the function it performs with arrows. This table can be printed to check the correctness of its completion by each student.
Appendix. slide number 26. check yourself(fixing material)
- Let's go back to the questions that were posed at the beginning of the lesson and try to answer them.
– What is breathing?
– Why do they say: breathing is life?
Does the structure of an organ affect its function? Etc.
(According to the proposed drawings, each teacher will be able to compose his own questions, depending on the preparation of the class and the amount of time left, etc.)
Appendix. slide number 27.Homework
Creative Lab:
1. When is nasal breathing difficult? What are the consequences of this violation? Suggest a code of practice for respiratory hygiene.
2. Develop recommendations and a set of exercises to correct breathing.