The main provisions of accounting and analysis of the financial results of the enterprise. Accounting for the financial results of the enterprise - displaying profits and losses in accounting reports Accounting for the results of the organization's activities

The new chart of accounts has significantly changed the accounting procedure financial results organizations. The main idea of these changes is the new procedure for the formation of the amount of the financial result, which the accountant must receive before it is reflected on account 99 "Profit and Loss". However, in articles and seminars on the new chart of accounts, this topic was practically not discussed. Its consideration is especially important for closing questions on drafting financial statements. In this article, Ph.D. n. Petersburg State University M.L. Pyatov will comment on the main provisions of accounting for financial results.

Reflection of the financial result on the accounts of accounting

The financial result (profit or loss) of the current reporting period in accordance with the chart of accounts is reflected in a separate synthetic account 99 "Profit and Loss".

The final financial result (net profit or net loss) is made up of the financial result from ordinary activities, as well as other income and expenses, including extraordinary ones. At the same time, net profit is the amount of profit of the current reporting period minus income tax due to be paid to the budget.

The debit of account 99 "Profits and losses" reflects losses (losses, expenses), and the credit - profits (income) of the organization. Comparison of debit and credit turnover for the reporting period shows the final financial result of the reporting period.

Thus, account 99 "Profits and losses" during the reporting year reflects:

1. Profit or loss from ordinary activities - in correspondence with account 90 "Sales".

The amount of profit is reflected in the entry -

A transaction is made for the amount of the loss from sales -

2. Balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month - in correspondence with account 91 "Other income and expenses" -

Loan 99 "Profit and Loss".

The negative difference between other income and other expenses is fixed by posting -

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"

According to the debit and credit of account 99 "Profits and losses", losses, expenses and incomes are recorded in connection with emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.) - in correspondence with accounts for accounting for material assets, settlements with personnel for wages, cash, etc..

The amounts of accrued payments of income tax and payments on recalculations of this tax from actual profit, as well as the amounts of tax sanctions due, are reflected in the entry:

Debit 99 "Profit and loss" Credit 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees."

At the end of the reporting year, when compiling the annual financial statements, account 99 "Profit and Loss" is closed. In this case, the final entry in December, the amount of net profit (loss) of the reporting year is debited from account 99 "Profits and losses" to the credit (debit) of account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)".

Options for the ratio of elements of the financial result

The schemes of accounting entries presented above for reflecting the financial result are of a general nature. So, an enterprise in the current reporting period can make a profit from sales, but at the same time have a negative balance of other income and expenses, and vice versa. Moreover, in each specific case, the financial result from sales may be more or less than the balance of other income and expenses.

Thus, we can single out three factors that affect the size and nature of the financial result of an enterprise for the current year:

financial result from sales;
balance of other income and expenses;
the ratio of the amounts of the financial result from sales and the balance of other income and expenses.

Possible combinations of these conditions can be presented in the form of table No. 1:

Table 1

Options for combining conditions,
affecting the financial result

Let's consider each of these situations.

In situation 1 the company makes a profit both on sales operations and in the form of a balance of other income and expenses. Consequently, the ratio of the financial result from sales and the balance of other income and expenses does not matter for the way the financial result (profit) is reflected in accounting.

For the amount of profit from sales, a posting is made:

Debit 90 "Sales" sub-account 9 "Profit / loss on sales"
Loan 99 "Profit and Loss".

The amount of the positive balance of other income and expenses is reflected in the entry:

Debit 91 "Other income and expenses" subaccount 9 "Balance of other income and expenses"
Loan 99 "Profit and Loss".

The debt to the budget for the amount of accrued income tax is formed as follows:

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"

The value of the net profit of the current reporting year will be recorded as follows:

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"

In situation 2 the financial result from sales for the current reporting period is a loss. In situation 2, the record schema is as follows:

The amount of loss from sales is fixed by posting:

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 90 "Sales" sub-account 9 "Profit/loss from sales".

Profit in the form of a balance of other income and expenses is reflected in the accounting entry:

Debit 91 "Other income and expenses" subaccount 9 "Balance of other income and expenses"
Loan 99 "Profit and Loss".

The amount of loss of the current reporting year as the difference between the loss on sale and the positive balance of other income and expenses is formed as follows:

Loan 99 "Profit and Loss".

Situation 3 is a combination of the selected conditions, directly opposite to situation 2, while maintaining the condition that the financial result from the sale exceeds the balance of other income and expenses, their ratio changes - the result of sales becomes profit, and the balance of other income and expenses is a loss . Hence, the financial result of the enterprise in the current reporting period is profit. These conditions assume the following scheme of accounting entries:

Debit 90 "Sales" sub-account 9 "Profit / loss on sales"
Loan 99 "Profit and Loss".

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 91 "Other income and expenses" sub-account 9 "Balance of other income and expenses".

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees".

The amount of net profit of the current reporting year is reflected:

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Loan 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)".

In situation 4 , as in situation 1, the ratio of the financial result from sales and the balance of other income and expenses is not significant, since both the financial result from sales and the difference between other income and expenses represent a loss. Therefore, the scheme of records reflecting the formation of the financial result will look like this:

The amount of loss from sales is reflected:

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 90 "Sales" sub-account 9 "Profit/loss from sales".

The amount of loss is fixed in the form of a balance of other income and expenses:

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 91 "Other income and expenses" sub-account 9 "Balance of other income and expenses".

The loss of the current reporting year is reflected as the sum of sales losses and the excess of other expenses over other income:

Debit 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)"
Loan 99 "Profit and Loss".

In situation 5 the same nature of the financial result from sales and the balance of other income and expenses deprives the significance of the factor of excess of the balance of other income and expenses over profit from sales. Therefore, the order of accounting entries for the formation of the financial result of the current reporting year is similar to situation 1.

In situation 6 the financial result from sales is a loss, and the balance of other income and expenses is a profit. At the same time, since the value of the balance of other income and expenses is greater than the loss on sales, the total financial result of the current year in this case will be profit. Therefore, the accounting entry scheme takes the following form:

The amount of loss from sales is reflected:

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 90 "Sales" sub-account 9 "Profit/loss from sales".

The amount of profit is reflected as a balance of other income and expenses:

Debit 91 "Other income and expenses" subaccount 9 "Balance of other income and expenses"
Loan 99 "Profit and Loss".

The debt to the budget is accrued in the amount of income tax:

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees".

The amount of profit of the current reporting year is reflected:

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Loan 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)".

In situation 7 , in contrast to situation 6, the financial result from sales is profit, and the balance of other income and expenses is a loss. At the same time, due to the condition that the balance of other income and expenses exceeds the profit from sales, the financial result of the company's activities in the current reporting year will be a loss. The accounting entry scheme will look like this:

The amount of profit from sales is reflected:

Debit 90 "Sales" sub-account 9 "Profit / loss on sales"
Loan 99 "Profit and Loss".

The loss is reflected in the form of a balance of other income and expenses:

Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 91 "Other income and expenses" sub-account 9 "Balance of other income and expenses".

The loss is reflected as the financial result of the current reporting year:

Debit 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)"
Loan 99 "Profit and Loss"

In situation 8 the same nature of the financial result from sales and the balance of other income and expenses (loss), as well as in situations 1, 4 and 5, deprives the significance of the condition that the financial result from the sale is less than the balance of other income and expenses. Hence, the scheme of accounting records for reflecting the financial result of the enterprise for the current reporting year will be similar to situation 4.

The financial result from the main activity includes profit (loss) from operations defined by the organization as a subject of activity. To determine this indicator, account 90 "Sales" is used.

This account reflects the recognized revenue and cost of operations that are the subject of the enterprise's activities. In this case, the amount of proceeds from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, provision of services is reflected in the credit of account 90-1 “Sales” and the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”. At the same time, the cost of sold goods, products, works, services is debited from the credit of accounts 43 “Finished products”, 41 “Goods”, 44 “Sales expenses” and a number of others to the debit of account 90-2 “Sales”.

In accordance with the Chart of Accounts and instructions for its application to account 90 "Sales", the following sub-accounts are opened:

90-1 "Revenue";
90-2 "Cost of sales";
90-3 "Value Added Tax";
90-9 "Profit/loss on sales".

Sub-account 90-1 “Revenue” takes into account the receipt of assets recognized as revenue (income from activities defined by the organization as ordinary). The amount of revenue is reflected in the credit of account 90 "Sales" and the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers". At the same time, no entries are made on the debit of the specified sub-account during the reporting year.

Sub-account 90-2 "Cost of sales" takes into account the cost of sales (expenses for activities defined by the organization as ordinary), for which revenue is recognized on sub-account 90-1 "Revenue". At the time of recognition of revenue, the cost determined for transactions related to the subjects of the enterprise's activity is debited from the credit of accounts 43 "Finished products", 41 "Goods", 44 "Sales costs" and a number of others to the debit of account 90 "Sales", subaccount 2 " Cost of Sales".

In the event that, in accordance with accounting policy enterprises, management and commercial expenses are recognized in the cost of goods sold, works and services in full in the reporting year of their recognition as expenses for ordinary activities, the cost of sales is formed according to the principles of "direct-costing". In this situation, expenses are written off by writing to the debit of account 90 “Sales”, subaccount 2 “Cost of sales” and credit of accounts 26 “General expenses” and 44 “Sale expenses”.

When an organization uses this method of writing off administrative and commercial expenses, instead of using sub-account 90-2 “Cost of sales”, it is recommended to maintain two separate sub-accounts of the second order. The first of them reflects the cost formed on accounts 20 or 43 according to the principles of "direct-costing". The second is the amount of administrative and commercial expenses of the enterprise.

On sub-account 90-3 "Value added tax" the amounts of value added tax due to be received from the buyer (customer) are taken into account. The amounts of the specified tax are reflected in the debit of the sub-account in question and the credit of account 68-2 "Value Added Tax". VAT is allocated for payment on the invoice.

Entries on sub-accounts 90-1 "Revenue", 90-2 "Cost of sales", 90-3 "Value added tax" are made in a cumulative way (cumulatively) during the reporting year. At the same time, no entries are made on the credit of these sub-accounts during the reporting year.

On a monthly basis, by comparing the total debit turnover on subaccounts 90-2 “Cost of sales”, 90-3 “Value added tax” and the credit turnover on subaccount 90-1 “Revenue”, the financial result (profit or loss) from ordinary activities for the reporting month is determined . This financial result is monthly (final turnovers) debited from sub-account 90-9 “Profit/loss from sales” to account 99 “Profit and loss”. Thus, sub-account 90-9 “Profit / loss from sales” is intended to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the reporting month. At the same time, the considered order of entries on these sub-accounts leads to the fact that synthetic account 90 “Sales” does not have a balance on the reporting date.

At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened to account 90 “Sales” (except for sub-account 90-9 “Sales profit/loss”) are closed by internal entries to sub-account 90-9 “Sales profit/loss”.

The structure of account 90 "Sales" is presented in table 1.1.

Table 1.1 - Structure of account 90 "Sales"

In this way, regulation accounting, a rigid division of the main account into sub-accounts is fixed. In this case, entries are not made on the main account. In addition, the revealed financial result on this account is not only written off monthly for its intended purpose, but also accumulated on a special account 90-9 “Profit / loss from sales” to the main account.

Analytical accounting on account 90 "Sales" is aimed at identifying the effectiveness (profitability) of the sale of certain types or groups of products (goods), work performed and services rendered, as well as by forms of sale, regions and other parameters. These complex goals make it necessary to conduct analytical accounting in several sections: the first direction - by types of products sold, by groups of goods, by specific work performed and services rendered; the second direction - in the areas of implementation; the third - by sectors of a particular market; the fourth - on a territorial basis, etc. Analytical accounting reflects sales proceeds; value added tax and excises; cost and result (profit or loss) from the sale separately.

Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation “Corporate Income Tax” determines that for tax purposes, proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) are determined either on a cash basis (for non-cash payments as funds for goods (works, services) are received on accounts in institutions banks, and in cash settlements upon receipt of funds at the cash desk, but under certain conditions, or according to the accrual method, i.e. the date of receipt of income is the day of shipment of goods (performance of works, services) and presentation of settlement documents to the buyer (customer).

The method for determining revenue from the sale of products (works, services) is established by the organization in the provision on accounting policy for a long period (several years) based on the conditions of management and contracts. At the same time, it is not allowed to change the method for determining sales proceeds during the reporting financial year. The change in accounting policy from the previous year should be explained in the explanatory note to the annual financial statements.

Correspondence of accounts for operations to identify the financial result on account 90 "Sales" is presented in table 1.2.

Table 1.2 - Correspondence of sales accounts for ordinary activities



The actual cost of works or services of the main production is written off
The cost of semi-finished products of own production sold to the side was written off
The actual cost of works or services of auxiliary production is written off
Written off the actual cost of work or services of service industries and farms
Written off general business expenses for the sale of the company's products
Written off accounting value of goods sold
Selling expenses written off
Write-off of cost of goods sold
The accounting value (actual cost) of goods shipped was written off
The amounts of taxes paid from the proceeds for sold products, works, services (accounting "on shipment") VAT, excises
End of table 1.2

Accrued amounts, VAT, excises, paid from the proceeds for sold products, works, services, if the accounting policy accepts taxation "on payment"
Received to the cashier, to the current account proceeds from the sale of products - accounting "on payment"
Received payment for the sold products to the settlement account of the enterprise "on shipment"
Reflected revenue from the sale of products (works, services) "on shipment"
Written off profit from the sale of products (works, services)
Reflected loss from the sale of products (works, services)

The financial result from other activities is understood as the result of all operations of the enterprise, other than operations for ordinary activities, with the exception of operations related to emergency business circumstances.

To identify the specified financial result, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is intended. The credit of this account reflects the receipts of assets recognized as operating or non-operating, and its debit reflects the expenses corresponding to these receipts.

In accordance with the Chart of Accounts and instructions for its application to account 91 “Other income and expenses”, the following sub-accounts can be opened:

91-1 "Other income";
91-2 "Other expenses";
91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses".

On sub-account 91-1 "Other income" on his loan, the receipt of assets recognized as other income is taken into account. At the same time, no entries are made on the debit of the specified sub-account during the reporting year.

The assets that are subject to reflection under the credit of the sub-account in question include:

- fixed assets, material assets, cash and other property found in excess in correspondence with the debit of 07, 08, 10, 11, 15, 20, 21, 23, 29, 41, 43, 45, 58 accounts;
- positive exchange rate differences in correspondence with the debit of 50, 51, 52, 58, 60, 62, 76 accounts;
- the amount of financial sanctions in connection with non-fulfillment ( improper performance) partners of business contracts, that is, fines, penalties and forfeits in correspondence with the debit of 50, 51, 52, 76 accounts;
- write-off income accounts payable at the expiration of limitation period; on shares and other securities; interest receivable on debt obligations; dividends due on long-term securities, as well as dividends and other income from participation in organizations in correspondence with the debit of account 76 on the corresponding sub-accounts;
- income arising from operations on contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, provided that the assessment of the contribution is higher than the cost transferred property in correspondence with debit 58 accounts.

On subaccount 91-2 “Other expenses”, other expenses are taken into account in his debit. At the same time, no entries are made on the credit of the specified sub-account during the reporting year.

The expenses reflected in the specified sub-account include:

- the residual value of depreciable objects being retired upon their sale, write-off due to dilapidation, obsolescence, partial liquidation, transfer free of charge in correspondence with credit 01, 03, 04, 07 accounts;
- the actual cost of materials when they are sold, written off due to damage, transferred free of charge in correspondence with credit 10 of the account;
- the difference between the assessment of the contribution to the authorized capital, made in non-monetary form, and the value of the transferred property in correspondence with the credit of account 58;
- expenses recorded on the accounts of production costs, from the credit of which they are written off as other expenses in correspondence with the credit of accounts 20 and 23;
- the actual cost of work and services of service industries and farms that are not recognized as the normal activities of the organization in correspondence with credit 29 of the account;
- the amount of markdown of materials, finished products, goods carried out in cases permitted by the current legislation and regulatory documents in correspondence with a credit of 10, 41 and 43 accounts;
- negative exchange rate differences in correspondence with credit 50, 51, 52, 58, 60, 62, 76 accounts;
- fines, penalties, forfeits recognized by the debtor organization and paid in correspondence with credit 50, 51, 52 (76) accounts;
- the amount of reserves for the depreciation of material assets, reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities and reserves for doubtful debts in correspondence with credit 14, 59, 63 accounts;
- the amount of receivables due to the expiration of the limitation period, other debts that are unrealistic for collection in correspondence with a loan of 62 or 76 accounts;
- the amount of interest for the use of a short-term (long-term) loan or loan in correspondence with a loan of 66 or 67 accounts;
- the amounts due for payment of certain types of taxes and fees attributable to the account of financial results in correspondence with credit 68 of the account;
- the amount of accrued wages to employees, as well as mandatory deductions for social needs from it in the case when these employees are engaged in activities other than the usual activities of the enterprise in correspondence with credit 70 and 69 accounts;

Sub-account 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses" is designed to identify the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month.

Entries on the credit of sub-account 91-1 “Other income” and the debit of sub-account 91-2 “Other expenses” are made in a cumulative way, that is, accumulatively throughout the reporting year.

On a monthly basis, by comparing the debit turnover on subaccount 91-1 “Other expenses” and the credit turnover 91-2 “Other income”, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is determined. This balance is deducted from sub-account 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses” by the final turnover of each reporting month to account 99 “Profit and loss”. Thus, synthetic account 91 “Other income and expenses” does not have a balance as of the reporting date.

At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened to account 91 “Other income and expenses” (except for sub-account 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses”) are closed by internal entries to sub-account 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses”.

To enhance the information capabilities of accounting, an enterprise can establish additional sub-accounts to the main accounts.

The structure of account 91 "Other income and expenses" is presented in table 1.3.

Table 1.3 - Structure of account 91 "Other income and expenses"

Analytical accounting on account 91 “Other income and expenses” is kept for each type of other income and expenses. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting for other income and expenses related to the same financial, business transaction should make it possible to identify the financial result for each transaction.

When depreciable property is disposed of as a result of the sale of a write-off due to the end of its useful life and for other reasons, a gratuitous transfer, the amount of depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets is written off to the debit of accounts "Depreciation of fixed assets", 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets" from the credit of accounts 01 "Basic funds” and 04 “Intangible assets”. The residual value of fixed assets and intangible assets is debited from the credit of accounts 01 and 04 to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”. In the debit of account 91, all expenses associated with the disposal of depreciable property (including VAT on sold property) are also written off.

Upon disposal of materials and other non-depreciable property due to sale, write-off due to damage, gratuitous transfer, their value is written off to the debit of account 91. The amount of buyers' debt for the sold property is reflected in the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" and the credit of account 91.

When carrying out operations on contributions to the authorized capitals of other organizations and on contributions of participants in a simple partnership to the common property of partners with non-monetary funds, a difference usually arises between the value of the transferred property and the agreed assessment of the contribution. This difference is reflected depending on its value in the credit or debit of account 91 (the excess of the agreed value over the accounting value is reflected in the debit of account 58 “Financial investments” and the credit of account 91; the opposite ratio is in the debit of account 91 and the credit of account 58).

Income from participation in other organizations can be taken into account:

- on the actual receipt of funds;
- on preliminary accrual of income and entries on accounts.

In the first option, as funds are received, accounts 50, 51, 52, 55 are debited and account 91 “Other income and expenses” is credited.

In the second option, accrued income is drawn up in the following accounting entry:

Debit account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" (for the amount of income from contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations, rent and dividends);

Credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" (for the entire amount of accrued income).

Received payments on income are reflected in the debit of cash accounts (50, 51, 52, 55) and the credit of account 76.

Interest received for the provision of funds for use by an organization is recorded in accounting records in the same manner as income from participation in other organizations. The interest paid for the provision of the organization's funds for use is usually written off to the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" from the credit of the cash accounts.

Deductions to valuation reserves (for the depreciation of material assets, for securing investments in securities, for doubtful debts) are reflected in the debit of account 91 and the credit of accounts 14 “Reserves for the depreciation of material assets”, 59 “Reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities” and 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts". Unused reserves in the period following the period of their creation are written off to the debit of accounts 14, 59 and 63 from the credit of account 91.

Proceeds from the payment of fines, penalties, various forfeits and other types of sanctions are reflected in the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” and in the debit of accounts for accounting for cash and settlements with debtors.

The amounts of fines, penalties, forfeits and amounts from other sanctions paid by the organization are reflected in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” from the credit of cash accounts. At the same time, the amounts contributed to the budget in the form of sanctions are not included in the composition of expenses from non-sales operations, but are attributed to a decrease in the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise (i.e., to account 99 “Profit and losses”).

The profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year, is reflected in the debit of account 51 "Settlement account" and the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses"; losses are recorded in reverse accounting. In the same way, receipts for compensation and compensation for losses caused to the organization are taken into account.

The amounts of accounts payable and depository debts for which the limitation period has expired are written off to the debit of account 76 and account 91 credit. debit account 91.

Positive exchange rate differences depending on the object are made out by the following accounting entries:

Debit of account 58 "Financial investments" (for the difference in operations with financial investments);

Debit of accounts 50 "Cashier", 52 "Currency account" (for the difference in cash in foreign currency);

Debit of account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" (on operations of issuing currency under the report) and other accounts;

Credit account 91.

For debts to suppliers and contractors, a positive exchange rate difference is reflected in the credit of account 91 and the debit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”.

Negative exchange rate differences are made out by reverse accounting entries in relation to a positive exchange rate difference.

The amounts of revaluation of assets are debited from the credit of account 91 to the debit of asset accounting accounts; the amount of depreciation of assets is recorded as a reverse accounting entry.

Assets received free of charge, in accordance with paragraph 68 of the Accounting Regulations, until January 1, 2000 were accounted for as additional capital; From January 1, 2000, in accordance with paragraph 8 of PBU 9/99, these assets are accounted for on the Profit and Loss account, and in the new Chart of Accounts - on account 98 Deferred Income.

In the debit of account 91, from the credit of various accounts, expenses related to charitable activities, the implementation of events - sports, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational activities and other similar events are written off.

Other non-operating expenses and losses are written off from the debit or credit of the relevant accounts at the time of their discovery to account 91.

For example, the costs of canceled production orders are written off to the debit of account 91 from the credit of accounts 20 “Main production” (for the cost of unused semi-finished products, parts and assemblies), 97 “Deferred expenses” (for the amount of production preparation costs related to canceled orders) and etc.

Correspondence of accounts for accounting for other income and expenses is presented in table 1.4. The table also reflects the primary documents on the basis of which other income and expenses are taken into account.

Table 1.4 - Correspondence of accounts for accounting for other income and expenses

	Document

Identified profit from sales, fixed assets, material assets and other assets
Received income from equity participation in other enterprises, income from securities, from the lease of property	Current account statement
Amounts received to pay off receivables written off as a loss in previous years	Incoming cash order, bank account statement
Received fines, penalties under business contracts	Money orders
Adding to the profit of the reporting year the unspent amount of the reserve for depreciation of investments in securities
Added to the profit of the reporting year unused reserve for doubtful debts
End of table 1.4

Positive exchange rate differences are attributed:
According to the received funds in payment for shipped products, received bills of exchange, with contributions to the authorized capital in foreign currency
For monetary documents in foreign currency
According to accountable amounts
Costs for the maintenance of mothballed facilities	requirements, outfits,
Costs of canceled orders, costs of production that did not produce products
Losses from writing off receivables with a missed limitation period
Losses from the write-off of awarded debts due to the insolvency of the defendant
Losses on operations of previous years identified in the reporting year
Legal costs and arbitration fees	Current account statement
Paid fines and penalties under business contracts.	Current account statement
Evaluation reserve created
Provision for doubtful debts created
Foreign exchange losses written off
Property tax charged

The final financial result (net profit or net loss) is made up of financial results from ordinary and other types of activities, including extraordinary business circumstances, as well as the amounts of income tax and other similar obligatory payments. All these indicators are reflected in account 99 "Profit and Loss". Losses are reflected in its debit, and the profit of the enterprise is reflected in the credit of this account. Comparison of debit and credit turnover for the reporting period shows the final financial result of the reporting period. Thus, the main function of the account under consideration is to summarize information on the formation of the final financial result of the enterprise in the reporting year.

Profit of a legal entity registered in accordance with the law Russian Federation, is subject to income tax, which is paid by legal entities.

The normative document regulating the taxation of profits is Chapter 25 "Corporate Income Tax". base for taxation legal entities is the amount of profit, which is revealed in accounting as a credit balance on the accounts of “Sales” and “Other income and expenses”, taking into account the balance of extraordinary income and expenses.

In connection with the introduction of tax accounting, the determination of taxable profit is made in tax accounting registers. Profit (loss) according to accounting data is reduced or increased by adjustments made in tax accounting registers.

Settlements with budgets (federal, regional, local) are carried out by transferring payments accrued in accordance with the calculation from the settlement account of the organization. These calculations are reflected in the account of Calculations for taxes and fees, to which a sub-account "Calculations for income tax" is opened. Based on the calculations of advance payments to the budget during the quarter and the tax on actual profit on the credit of this account, the amounts of income tax due to the budget are monthly accrued. Advance payments to the budget for income taxes accrued during the reporting period and the amounts for these taxes based on actual profit (in the final calculation) are debited to account 99 “Profit and Loss” to the subaccount “Payments to the budget from profit”.

At the same time, the procedure for identifying the final financial result of interim reporting periods and the same result for the year differs significantly from the point of view of its reflection in accounting. The final financial result of the interim reporting periods is revealed by comparing the turnover to account 99 "Profit and Loss" without its entry in the accounting records. Such a comparison is necessary only for the preparation of interim financial statements. At the same time, the revealed final financial result based on the results of activities for the year is reflected in the corresponding entry in the accounting.

As already mentioned, during the reporting year, financial results are recorded separately on accounts 90 “Sales”, sub-account 9 “Profit / loss from sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses” and 99 “Profit and losses”. At the end of the reporting year, when compiling the annual accounting report with the closing entries in December, all financial results accounts are closed. At the same time, the procedure for closing these accounts is fundamentally different. All sub-accounts opened to accounts 90 "Sales" are closed by internal entries.

In turn, on account 99 “Profit and Loss” before its closure, all indicators are reflected, the totality of which makes it possible to identify the final financial result of the economic activity of the enterprise. By recording December of the reporting year, the amount of net profit (loss) of the reporting year is debited from account 99 “Profit and Loss” to the credit (debit) of account 84 “Retained earnings (Uncovered loss)”. Thus, the final financial result of the economic activity of the enterprise for the reporting year is included in the capital of the enterprise.

The indicators of the final records of the reporting year are recorded in the registers of analytical accounting for the formation of financial results.

Account 84 “Retained earnings (Uncovered loss)” is intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of amounts of undistributed profit of an enterprise or uncovered loss. Account - active-passive, stock, has a balance showing the amount of retained earnings of the enterprise or uncovered loss. The debit turnover shows the crediting of the net loss of the reporting year or the use of retained earnings, the credit turnover - the crediting of the net profit of the reporting year or the write-off of the uncovered loss.

If necessary, you can keep analytical records on account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)". Shneidman suggests opening the following sub-accounts for the account:

84-1 "Profit to be distributed"
84-2 "Retained earnings in circulation"
84-3 "Retained earnings used."

There is a movement of funds on the sub-accounts, but the balance on the synthetic account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” retains its value and does not change during the year.

The amount of net profit formed in accordance with the normative documents for accounting order on account 99 "Profits and losses", is debited by the final turnovers of December to the debit of account 84 "Retained earnings (Uncovered loss)".

Correspondence of accounts on operations of formation of the final financial result of the organization's activities and its use is presented in table 1.5. The table also reflects the primary documents on the basis of which the formation and distribution of the financial result is carried out.

The profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after paying taxes can be used for certain purposes, such as:

- payment of remuneration to owners, it is reflected in the debit entry of account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” and credit of accounts 75 “Settlements with founders”, if the founders are not employed by the enterprise and 70 “Settlements with personnel for remuneration”, if they are in state;
- formation of reserve capital. In accounting, deductions to reserve capital from retained earnings of the reporting year during its formation or replenishment are made by the following entry:

Debit account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)"

Credit of account 82 "Reserve capital";

Coverage of losses of previous years.

Table 1.5 - Correspondence of accounts for the formation and distribution of the final financial result of the enterprise

	Document
Earned profit from core business
Received a loss from the main activity
Earned income from other activities
Loss received from other activities
Accrued income tax
The balance sheet was reformed (at the end of the reporting year)
The amount of retained earnings of previous years was used to cover the loss
Deducted from profit to reserve capital
Dividends accrued from participation in the enterprise to employees who are shareholders	Payslip
The parent organization determined the amount of retained earnings due to a separate division, which is on a separate balance sheet
Direction of the share of net profit to increase the authorized capital
Use of profit for the modernization of fixed assets
Accrued dividends from participation in the enterprise, interest on the bonds of the enterprise	Payslip

The accounting registers for accounting for profit and its use are:

- with a journal-order form: journal-orders: No. 11, No. 12, No. 15; Main book;
- in a simplified form: statement No. 3-5; No. B-4;
- in a tabular-automated form: statements and journal-orders for debit and credit accounts of profit and its use; Main book.

The journal-order form of accounting is based on the principles of accumulating and systematizing the data of primary documents in accounting registers, which make it possible to provide synthetic and analytical accounting of source funds and business transactions in all sections of accounting.

Analytical and synthetic accounting is carried out, as a rule, in a single system of records, using two types of accounting registers: order journals and auxiliary statements.

At the same time, enterprises can independently adapt the applied accounting registers to the specifics of their activities, while observing the general methodological principles established by the Accounting Law.

For some types of accounts, for which there is a significant number of personal accounts, analytical accounting cards can be created as an exception, and based on their data at the end of the month, turnover sheets.

In addition, inventory cards or books of accounting for fixed assets, cards or statements of accounting for production costs for calculated objects, as well as sorted balance sheets for accounting materials, sorted (balance or turnover) sheets for accounting finished products are maintained.

The main registers of this form of accounting are order journals. Auxiliary statements are usually used if the necessary analytical indicators are difficult to obtain directly in order journals. Therefore, the data of primary documents are preliminarily grouped in statements, and their totals are then transferred to order journals.

The totals of the order journals at the end of the month are transferred to the General Ledger.

According to the General Ledger, a balance sheet is compiled. If accounting balances should be shown in the balance sheet for several items, the entry is made on the basis of accounting registers.

The tax accounting system in accordance with Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation is built on the basis of analytical registers, where accounting data and (or) primary documents are grouped and processed.

Analytical registers of tax accounting are development tables, statements, journals in which data from primary accounting documents are grouped to form a tax base for income tax without being reflected in accounting accounts. They can be conducted both on paper and in in electronic format. According to Article 314 of the Tax Code, the forms of tax accounting registers and the procedure for reflecting analytical data of tax accounting in them, data of primary accounting documents are developed by the taxpayer independently and are established by the annexes to the accounting policy of the organization for tax purposes. At the same time, the forms of analytical tax accounting registers must contain the following details established by Article 313 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation:

– name of the register;
– period (date) of compilation;
– transaction meters in kind (if possible) and in monetary terms;
- name of business transactions;
– signature (decoding of the signature) of the person responsible for compiling the indicated registers.

The Federal Tax Service of Russia made it easier for accountants to create their own tax registers by developing a tax accounting system recommended for calculating profits.

It should be noted that the tax accounting registers developed by the Federal Tax Service of Russia establish methodological principles for maintaining tax accounting and forming indicators for tax registers. The developed registers can be expanded, supplemented, divided or transformed in another way, taking into account the specifics of the activities of a particular organization. In addition, organizations have the right to develop their own tax registers without using the registers recommended by the Federal Tax Service of Russia.

The financial result is the result of the economic activity of the organization and its divisions, expressed in the form of financial indicators, such as profit (loss), change in the cost of equity, receivables and payables, income.

When conducting accounting, information on the income and expenses of the organization, as well as the final financial result of its activities for the reporting period, are reflected in the accounts provided for this by the Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its application.

To summarize information on the income and expenses of the organization, as well as to identify the final financial result of the activity for the reporting period, according to the Chart of Accounts, the following accounts are used:

- 90 "Sales";
- 91 "Other income and expenses";
- 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables";
- 96 "Reserves for future expenses";
- 97 "Deferred expenses";
- 98 "Deferred income";
- 99 "Profit and loss".

Account 90 "Sales" is used to summarize information on income and expenses associated with the ordinary activities of the organization, as well as determine the financial result for them.

This account may reflect, in particular, revenue and cost:

- for finished products and semi-finished products of own production;
- purchased products (purchased for assembly);
- goods;
- services for the transportation of goods and passengers;
- communication services;
- participation in authorized capitals other organizations (when it is the subject of activity), etc.

The amount of proceeds from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, provision of services, etc. is reflected in the credit of account 90 and the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers". At the same time, the cost of goods sold, products, works, services, etc. are debited from the credit of accounts 43 "Finished products", 41 "Goods", 44 "Sales expenses", 20 "Main production" to the debit of account 90.

In organizations engaged in the production of agricultural products, the credit of account 90 reflects the proceeds from the sale of products in correspondence with account 62. In the debit of account 90, the actual cost of production is debited from the credit of product accounting accounts.

In industries where the actual cost of goods sold is determined at the end of the year, the planned cost of production is written off to account 90 during the year. At the end of the year, the difference between the planned and actual cost of products sold is determined and the amount of the difference is written off to the debit of account 90 (or reversed) in correspondence with the accounts on which these products were recorded.

In organizations engaged in retail trade and keeping records of goods at sale prices, the credit of account 90 reflects the sale value of the goods sold (in correspondence with accounts for cash and settlements), and in debit - their accounting value (in correspondence with account 41 "Goods ") with the simultaneous reversal of the amounts of discounts (markups) relating to the goods sold (in correspondence with account 42 "Trade margin").

Sub-accounts can be opened for account 90:

- 90/1 "Revenue";
- 90/2 "Cost of sales";
- 90/3 "Value Added Tax";
- 90/4 "Excises";
- 90/9 "Profit/loss on sales".

Organizations - payers of export duties can open a sub-account 90/5 "Export duties" to account 90 to record their amounts.

Subaccount 90/9 is designed to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the reporting month.

Entries on sub-accounts 90/1 - 90/4 are made accumulatively during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the total debit turnover on subaccounts 90/2 - 90/4 and the credit turnover on subaccount 90/1, the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the reporting month is determined.

This financial result is monthly (final turnovers) written off from sub-account 90/9 to account 99 "Profits and losses". Thus, synthetic account 90 does not have a balance on the reporting date.

At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened for account 90 (except for sub-account 90/9) are closed by internal entries to sub-account 90/9.

Analytical accounting on account 90 is maintained for each type of goods sold, products, work performed, services provided, and, if necessary, in other areas (by sales regions, etc.).

Revenue is the amount of funds that the organization has received or should receive from buyers (customers) for the goods sold to them (products, work performed, services rendered). The amount of revenue is reflected on sub-account 90/1 if it is received from the ordinary activities of the organization, i.e. from the sale of products and goods, the performance of works or the provision of services. To account for other income, subaccount 91/1 "Other income" of account 91 "Other income and expenses" is used.

As a rule, the usual activities of the organization are specified in its charter (in the section "Types of activity"). However, often in this section of the charter it is written that the organization can carry out "any activity not prohibited by law."

In this case, income is considered to be received from ordinary activities if the organization receives them regularly and their amount exceeds 5%. total amount revenue for the reporting period.

When accounting for revenue from ordinary activities, the following entry should be made:

Dt 62 Kt 90/1 - the amount of proceeds from the sale of goods (products, work, services) is recognized.

It is necessary to reflect the revenue in accounting immediately after the ownership of the goods (products) sold by your organization has passed to the buyer (the work has been accepted by the customer, the service has been rendered).

As a rule, this happens at the time of shipment of goods (products) or at the time of transfer to the customer of the results of the work performed (services rendered).

Simultaneously with the reflection of revenue, the cost of goods sold (products, work performed, services rendered) should be written off to the debit of subaccount 90/2:

Dt 90/2 Kt 41 (43, 45, 20) - the cost of goods sold (products, work performed, services rendered) was written off.

On the debit of subaccount 90/2, it is necessary to indicate the cost of only those goods (products, works, services), the income from the sale of which is taken into account on the credit of subaccount 90/1.

In the contract of sale, it is possible to provide that the ownership right does not pass to the buyer at the time of shipment of the goods, but later (for example, after payment for the goods). An agreement containing such a condition is also called an agreement with a special transfer of ownership. In this case, revenue should be recognized only after the receipt of money from the buyer. And the goods transferred to the buyer under such an agreement, until the moment of their payment, are accounted for on account 45 "Goods shipped". In this case, the following posting is made in accounting:

Dt 45 Kt 41 (43) - goods (finished products) were shipped under a contract with a special transfer of ownership.

Account 91 "Other income and expenses" is intended to summarize information on other income and expenses of the reporting period.

The credit of this account during the reporting period reflects:

- receipts related to the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
- receipts related to the granting for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
- receipts related to participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations, as well as interest and other income on securities - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
- profit received by the organization under a simple partnership agreement - in correspondence with account 76 (sub-account "Settlements on due dividends and other income");
- receipts related to the sale and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash in Russian currency, products, goods - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
- proceeds from operations with packaging - in correspondence with the accounts of accounting for containers and settlements;
- interest received (receivable) for the provision of the organization's funds for use, as well as for the use by the credit organization of the funds on the organization's account - in correspondence with the accounts of financial investments or funds;
- fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts received or recognized to be received - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
- receipts related to the gratuitous receipt of assets - in correspondence with the account for accounting for deferred income;
- receipts in compensation for losses caused to the organization - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
- profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year, - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
- amounts of accounts payable for which the limitation period has expired - in correspondence with accounts payable;
- Other income.

The debit of account 91 during the reporting period reflects:

- expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets, rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property, as well as participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, - in correspondence with cost accounting accounts;
- the residual value of assets for which depreciation is charged, and the actual cost of other assets written off by the organization - in correspondence with the accounts of the relevant assets;
- expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash in Russian currency, goods, products - in correspondence with cost accounting accounts;
- expenses on operations with containers - in correspondence with cost accounting accounts;
- interest paid by the organization for providing it with the use of funds (credits, loans), - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
- expenses related to payment for services rendered by credit institutions - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
- fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, paid or recognized for payment, - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
- expenses for the maintenance of production facilities and facilities under conservation - in correspondence with the cost accounting accounts;
- compensation for losses caused by the organization - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
- losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year - in correspondence with accounts for accounting for settlements, depreciation charges, etc.;
- deductions to reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities, for the depreciation of material assets, for doubtful debts - in correspondence with the accounts of these reserves;
- amounts of receivables for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are unrealistic to collect - in correspondence with accounts receivable;
- exchange rate differences - in correspondence with cash accounts, financial investments, settlements, etc.;
- expenses associated with the consideration of cases in courts - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
- other expenses.

Sub-accounts can be opened for account 91:

- 91/1 "Other income";
- 91/2 "Other expenses";
- 91/9 "Balance of other income and expenses".

Entries on sub-accounts 91/1 and 91/2 are made accumulatively during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the debit turnover on subaccount 91/2 and the credit turnover on subaccount 91/1, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is determined.

This balance is monthly (final turnovers) written off from sub-account 91/9 to account 99 "Profits and losses". Thus, as of the reporting date, synthetic account 91 has no balance.

At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened to account 91 (except for sub-account 91/9) are closed by internal entries to sub-account 91/9.

Analytical accounting on account 91 is kept for each type of other income and expenses. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting for other income and expenses related to the same financial or business transaction should provide the ability to identify the financial result for each transaction.

Account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" is used to summarize information on the amounts of shortages and losses from damage to material and other valuables (including cash) identified in the process of their preparation, storage and sale, regardless of whether they are subject to attribution to accounts accounting for production costs (sales expenses) or responsible persons. Losses of valuables resulting from natural disasters are charged to account 99 as losses of the reporting year (uncompensated losses from natural disasters).

The debit of account 94 reflects:

- for missing or completely damaged inventory items - their actual cost;
- for missing or completely damaged fixed assets - their residual value (initial value minus the amount of accrued depreciation);
- for partially damaged material assets - the amount of determined losses, etc.

For shortages and damage to valuables, entries are made on the debit of account 94 from the credit of the accounts for recording the named values.

When the buyer, upon acceptance of the valuables received from the suppliers, reveals a shortage or damage, then the amount of the shortage, within the limits provided for in the contract, he refers to the debit of account 94 from the credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" when posting the valuables. The buyer presents the amount of losses in excess of the amounts provided for in the contract to the supplier or transport organization and takes into account the debit of account 76 (sub-account "Calculations on claims") and the credit of account 60.

If the court refuses to recover the amounts of losses from suppliers or transport organizations, the amount previously debited to account 76 (sub-account "Calculations on claims") is debited to account 94.

If the court has decided to recover from the supplier the amounts of shortages and losses of valuables in excess of the amounts provided for in the contract, in the supplier's accounting the sales amount previously reflected in the debit of accounts 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" or 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts " and the credit of account 90 "Sales" are reversed for the amount of shortages and losses recovered by the buyer.

At the same time, the indicated amount is reflected in the usual entry on the debit of accounts 62 or 51, 52 and the credit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors". When transferring amounts to the buyer, account 76 is debited in correspondence with account 51. The supplier must also reverse the turnover on the debit of account 90 and the credit of account 43 "Finished products". The amount recovered in this way on account 43 is then written off to the debit of account 94.

The credit of account 94 reflects the write-off:

- shortages and damage to valuables within the limits provided for in the contract - to the accounting records of material assets (when they are identified during procurement);
- shortages and damage to valuables within the limits of natural loss - to the accounts of production costs and sales costs (when they are identified during storage or sale);
- shortages of valuables in excess of the values (norms) of loss, losses from damage - to the debit of account 73 (sub-account "Calculations for compensation of material damage");
- shortages of valuables in excess of the values (norms) of loss and losses from damage to valuables in the absence of specific perpetrators, as well as shortages of inventory items, the collection of which was refused by the court due to the groundlessness of claims - to account 91.

The credit of account 94 reflects amounts in the amounts and amounts accepted for accounting in the debit of the specified account. At the same time, the missing or damaged material values are written off to the accounts for accounting for production costs (sales costs) at their actual cost.

When recovering the cost of missing valuables from the guilty persons, the difference between their value credited to account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations" and the value reflected on account 94 is taken into account on account 98 "Deferred income".

As the due amount is recovered from the guilty person, the indicated difference is written off to the debit of account 98 and the credit of account 91.

Shortfalls in valuables identified in the reporting year, but related to previous reporting periods, recognized as financially responsible persons or for which there are court decisions to recover from the perpetrators, are reflected in the debit of account 94 and the credit of account 98.

At the same time, account 73 is debited to these amounts (sub-account "Calculations for compensation for material damage") and account 94 is credited. As the debt is repaid, account 98 is debited and account 91 is credited.

Account 96 "Reserves for future expenses" is used to summarize information on the status and movement of amounts reserved in order to evenly include expenses in production costs and sales expenses. In particular, the following amounts may be reflected on this account:

- forthcoming vacation pay (including payments for social insurance and provision) to employees of the organization;
- for the payment of annual remuneration for the length of service;
- production costs for preparatory work due to the seasonal nature of production;
- for the repair of fixed assets;
- forthcoming costs for land reclamation and implementation of other environmental measures;
- for warranty repairs and warranty service.

The reservation of certain amounts is reflected in the credit of account 96 in correspondence with the accounts of accounting for production costs and sales expenses.

The actual expenses for which the reserve was previously formed are charged to the debit of account 96 in correspondence, in particular, with the accounts:

- 70 "Settlements with personnel for remuneration" - for the amount of remuneration to employees during the holidays and annual remuneration for length of service;
- 23 "Auxiliary production" - for the cost of repair of fixed assets, produced by the subdivision of the organization.

The correctness of the formation and use of amounts for a particular reserve is periodically (and at the end of the year - mandatory) checked according to estimates, calculations and, if necessary, adjusted.

Analytical accounting on account 96 is carried out for individual reserves.

Account 97 "Deferred expenses" is used to summarize information on expenses incurred in this, but related to future reporting periods. In particular, this account may reflect the costs associated with mining and preparation work, preparation for production due to their seasonal nature, the development of new industries, installations and units, land reclamation and the implementation of other environmental measures that are unevenly carried out during years of repair of fixed assets (when the organization does not create an appropriate reserve or fund), etc.

The expenses recorded on account 97 are written off to the debit of accounts 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "General production expenses", 26 "General expenses", 44 "Sale expenses", etc.

Analytical accounting on account 97 is carried out by types of expenses.

Account 98 "Deferred income" is intended to summarize information on income received (accrued) in the reporting period, but related to future reporting periods, as well as upcoming inflows of debts for shortages identified in the reporting period for previous years, and the difference between the amount due recovery from the perpetrators, and the cost of valuables accepted for accounting when shortages and damage are detected.

Sub-accounts can be opened for account 98:

- 98/1 "Income received on account of future periods";
- 98/2 "Gratuitous receipts";
- 98/3 "Upcoming receipts of debts for shortages identified in previous years";
- 98/4 "The difference between the amount to be recovered from the perpetrators and the balance sheet value for shortages of valuables", etc.

Sub-account 98/1 takes into account income received in the reporting period, but related to future reporting periods: rent or apartment fees, utility bills, revenue from freight transportation, passenger transportation on monthly and quarterly tickets, subscription fees for using communication facilities and etc.

On the credit of account 98, in correspondence with the accounts of accounting for cash or settlements with debtors and creditors, they reflect the amounts of income relating to future reporting periods, and on the debit - the amounts of income transferred to the corresponding accounts upon the onset of the reporting period to which these incomes relate.

The final financial result (net profit or net loss) is made up of the financial result of ordinary activities, as well as other income and expenses. The debit of account 99 reflects losses (losses, expenses), and the credit shows the profit (income) of the organization. Comparison of debit and credit turnover for the reporting period shows the final financial result of the reporting period. On account 99 during the reporting year reflect:

- profit or loss from ordinary activities - in correspondence with account 90 "Sales";
- balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month - in correspondence with account 91 "Other income and expenses";
- the amounts of the accrued conditional income tax expense, permanent liabilities and payments for recalculations of this tax from actual profit, as well as the amounts of tax sanctions due - in correspondence with account 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees".

At the end of the reporting year, when compiling the annual financial statements, account 99 is closed. The final entry in December, the amount of net profit (loss) of the reporting year is written off from account 99 to the credit (debit) of account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)". The construction of analytical accounting for account 99 should provide the formation of the data necessary for compiling a profit and loss statement

The activity of any enterprise is aimed at the result, but it is not always positive. It is thanks to accounting that the calculation of income received and expenses incurred is carried out. The difference between these two concepts in accounting is called the financial result. Consider the postings generated when determining the financial result.

Calculation of totals or formation of final financial results

The determination of the final financial results of the enterprise is carried out on a monthly basis, which makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of its functioning and assess situations in a timely manner in order to make adequate management decisions.

The final financial result of the enterprise's activities for the reporting period consists of the financial result from ordinary activities and the balance of other income and expenses.

To calculate financial results in accounting, account 99 “Profit and losses” is used. This account allows you to accumulate revenue and expenditure parts in the context of their activities:

Income and expenses received from the main activity;
Other income and expenses;
Income and expenses received as a result of emergency situations at the enterprise (natural disasters, fires, accidents).

As for the procedure for reflecting information on this account, the amount of losses incurred is recorded here on the debit, and the amount of profit received on the credit.

Calculation of the financial result is carried out on a monthly basis, however, the “knocking up” of the final performance indicators is carried out based on the results of the past year.

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If, according to the results of the past year, the enterprise works with a profit, then the heads of the organization have the right to use it in several directions:

To meet the needs of the organization (purchase of non-current assets);
Dividend payment;
Covering losses incurred in previous periods of activity.

The procedure for calculating income tax

The final indicator of the financial result is affected not only by the amount of income received and costs incurred, but also by the amount of accrued tax payments for income tax.

Please note that income tax is reflected in accounting in two stages:

Initially, tax is charged on accounting profit;
Adjustment of accounting profit in accordance with tax accounting data.

Calculation of tax on accounting profit (loss) or as it is also called conditional income (loss) is carried out according to the formula:

Accounting Profit Tax = Income Tax Rate Percentage * Accounting profit shown on line 2300 of the income statement.

The amount of accounting profit tax received is adjusted at the end of the year by the amount of the same tax, but in accordance with tax accounting data. The amount of income tax in tax accounting is calculated by the formula:

It should be noted that the amount of taxable profit is not reduced by the amount of accrued tax in accounting.

Determination of financial result: posting table

Account Dt	Account Kt	Posting amount, rub.	Wiring Description	A document base
90/9	90/2, 90/3, 90/4	1 218 800	Closing debit balances on the product sales account	Accountant's certificate
90/9	99	1 218 800	According to the final data of the reporting period, profit was received from the main activity	Accountant's certificate
99	90/9	95 000	According to the final data of the reporting period, a loss was received from the main type of activity	Accountant's certificate
91/9	91-2	54 900	Closing debit balances received from other income and expenses	Accountant's certificate
91/9	99	54 900	Upon closing the results received from other income and expenses, profit was formed	Accountant's certificate
99	91/9	28 000	Upon closing the results received from other income and expenses, a loss was formed	Accountant's certificate
99	68	13 500	The accrual of income tax for its subsequent payment to the budget is displayed	Accountant's certificate
99	84	86 900	Net profit received for the year of the enterprise's activity	Accountant's certificate
84	99	52 000	Reflected the amount of loss received for the year of the enterprise	Accountant's certificate

Accounting for financial results is organized on the basis of PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization" and PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization". These provisions have been developed in accordance with international standards financial reporting.

To summarize information on other income and expenses, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is used. The following sub-accounts can be opened for this account:

91/1 "Other income";

91/2 "Other expenses";

91/9 "Balance of other income and expenses".

Sub-account 91/1 "Other income" takes into account receipts of assets recognized as other income.

Sub-account 91/2 "Other expenses" takes into account expenses recognized as other expenses.

Sub-account 91/9 "Balance of other income and expenses" is used to identify the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month.

Entries on sub-accounts 91/1 and 91/2 are made accumulatively and during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the debit turnover on subaccount 91/1 and the credit turnover on subaccount 91/2, the balance of other income and expenses is determined. This balance is monthly (final turnovers) debited from sub-account 91/9 to account 99 “Profit and Loss”. Thus, as of the reporting date, account 91 “Other income and expenses” has no balance.

At the end of the reporting year, sub-accounts 91/1 and 91/2 are closed by internal entries to sub-account 91/9.

Accounting for income and expenses from the sale of assets (excluding finished products and goods). Upon disposal of depreciable property due to sale, write-off due to the end of its useful life and for other reasons, upon disposal of materials and other non-depreciable property due to sale, write-off due to damage, gratuitous transfer, their value is written off to the debit of account 91. The amount of debt of buyers for the sold property is reflected in the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” and the credit of account 91.

Accounting for other income and expenses.

When writing off the value of property lost as a result of emergency circumstances, depreciable property is debited to account 91 at the residual value (from the credit of accounts 01 and 04), and the rest of the property - at actual cost (from the credit of accounts 08, 10, 20, 21, 23 , 29, 41, 43, 50, 58, etc.).

In accordance with PBU 9/99 and 10/99, other income and expenses are:

income and expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets;

· revenues and expenses associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;

· receipts and expenses associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (including interest and other income from securities);

profit received by the organization as a result of joint activities (under a simple partnership agreement);

receipts and expenses from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), products, goods;

Interest received and paid for the provision of the organization's funds for use, as well as interest for the bank's use of funds held on the organization's account with this bank;

Expenses related to payment for services rendered by credit institutions;

fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts;

assets received free of charge, including under a donation agreement;

Receipts in compensation for losses caused to the organization;

Profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year;

Losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year;

· amounts of accounts payable and depositor's debts, receivables for which the limitation period has expired;

· exchange differences;

the amount of revaluation and devaluation of assets;

other income and expenses.

Other income and expenses are also, respectively, receipts and expenses arising as the consequences of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization of property, etc.): the cost of material assets remaining from the write-off of assets that are not suitable for restoration and further use , etc.

Analytical accounting on account 91 is kept for each type of other income and expenses. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting for other income and expenses related to the same financial, business transaction should provide the possibility of identifying the financial result for each transaction.

Purpose and structure of account 99 "Profit and loss".