- The nature of land ownership in X- early XIII in.
- The structure of the agricultural population X-XIII centuries
- The evolution of land relations during the period of the Horde yoke.
The main economic unit of ancient Russian society is the rope
Public:
Personal:
land, reservoirs, meadows, fishing grounds.
arable land and meadows were divided among members of the community
In ancient Russian society, land had no particular value.
Wealth indicators:
money, jewelry,
livestock, horses,
slave ownership.
FROM XI century princely economy is expanding;
Horse breeding has received significant development;
The staff of the princely service is increasing:
servants, serfs, firemen, tiuns ...
predominantly commercial
preserved
their personal needs for bread princes
covered by collected from the population
tribute. (subsequently - taxes)
Interest in the land appears only at the turn XII - XIII century, when trade with Byzantium was destroyed.
Why did interest in the land intensify at this stage?
Already in the XI-XII centuries, there was an increase in the princely and boyar patrimonial economy. The patrimony is the hereditary private land property of the princely-boyar estate of Russia. The patrimonial lands are inhabited by peasant communities, which are obliged by various duties in favor of the owners of the land. The supreme property of the land belonged to the prince.
Forms of land mobilization in the hands of princes and boyars are diverse:
- simple conquests during wars;
- forcible expropriation of land from "guilty" members of the community;
- appropriation of "escheated" lands of free smerds.
Reasons for the growth of princely land ownership Page 175
- Reduced export opportunities due to the Polovtsian threat;
- The growth of the princely family led to the fragmentation of possessions, which reduced incomes;
- Preservation of patriarchal land tenure.
All this contributed to the creation
princely domain.
The emergence of church land ownership:“So, St. Vladimir provided the bishops with the means of maintenance, firstly, tithe, which was to be levied from the princely income in more or less full amount of the latter and from the income of private people who made up the class of patrimonials; secondly, as it should be assumed with all probability, immovable estates that consisted of lands for running their own households, with the addition of the required number of rural serfs to the lands, as well as the required number of service people or servants who would actually run the household and generally manage by them." (E. Golubinsky)
- Land becomes a commodity (this was facilitated by the purchase of land by Moscow princes);
- Moscow princes - the supreme owners of the annexed lands;
- "reigning" "black" - communal lands;
- The distribution of lands for lifelong possession began, subject to the service of the Grand Duke (ser. XV c.) - a local system is being formed;
- A system of duties is being formed.
Local system formed
Duties:
- For the right to use land, payment is dues or corvee.
To regulate relations between landowners and peasants, special articles are introduced in the Sudebnik of 1497.
- *Task 2
Grand Duke- the supreme owner of the land.
The landowner is the owner of the land for which he serves "horse, crowded and armed." *
In order to serve, one had to have an income.
- Ryadovichi
- Servants
- Smerd
- Procurement
- serfs
Dates
Stages of enslavement
The term for the transition of peasants to other owners and the amount of compensation (elderly) are established
Confirmation of the right to move only on St. George's Day and an increase in the elderly
The introduction of "reserved" years - a ban on the transition to other owners.
Decree on the search for fugitive peasants, the term of the investigation (“lesson summer”) is 5 years.
The period of investigation is increased to 15 years, for harboring fugitives - a fine.
The Cathedral Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich establishes an indefinite search for fugitives - the completion of the process of enslavement.
What forms of landownership and why became the leading ones during the formation of a unified Russian state? Exercise 1.
Name
Source of occurrence
Subjects of ownership
Land ownership specifics
Western European counterpart
Literature: Danilov A. A., Kosulina L. G., Brandt M. Yu.
Russia and the world. Antiquity. Middle Ages.
New time. Grade 10
M., "Enlightenment", 2008
Internet resources:
http://clubs.ya.ru/4611686018427397615/posts.xml?tb=40&mint=1230757200&maxt=1233435599&posttype=photo
http://www.zastavki.com/category/42/2/
http://unity.stroyinf.ru/cgi-bin/unity/gallery.cgi?a=12&p=0&i=15
http://gothicgame.ru/t-21964/
http://genealogy.su/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/post221.jpg
http://kirillov.vologdatourinfo.ru/index/attraction/
"The fragmentation of the Old Russian state" - The fourth son of Yaroslav the Wise. Vsevolod Big nest. Izyaslav Yaroslavich. Construction of the wooden Kremlin. Unsuccessful trip. State and military figure of Kievan Rus. Lyubech Congress of Princes. Civil strife. Mstislav Vladimirovich. Birch letters. Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Yaroslav the Wise.
"The fragmentation of Kievan Rus" - The sons of Yaroslav received Russian lands. What are negative sides fragmentation in Russia? The defense capability of the state is undermined. Journey to Ancient Russia. What is feudalism? The beginning of feudal fragmentation in Russia. Consequences of feudal fragmentation in Russia.
"Kievan Rus of the 12th-13th centuries" - Dmitry Thessalonica. View of the Moscow River. Yury Dolgoruky. Konstantin Vsevolodovich (1186–1218). Our Lady of Vladimir. The first mention of Moscow (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle). Vsevolod the Big Nest (1154-1212). Construction of the Moscow Kremlin under Yuri Dolgoruky. Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. 1174 - boyar conspiracy, the murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky.
"Feudal fragmentation in Russia" - The founder of the Caves Monastery was one of the first students of Anthony - Theodosius. The largest political centers of southern and southwestern Russia. The princes had strong squads, often fought with the Polovtsians. Causes of feudal fragmentation. Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Kyiv, having lost its primacy among the Russian lands, remained a large principality.
"The fragmentation of Russia in the 12th-13th centuries" - Galicia-Volyn principality. Princes. Vladimir-Suzdal land. Think. Throne in Suzdal. Kyiv. Principality. Foundation of Moscow. Sons. Power struggle. The clash of princes with the boyars.
"The beginning of the collapse of the Old Russian state" - Collection of information. The beginning of the collapse of the Old Russian state. Davyd Igorevich. Basic concepts. To get acquainted with the events of the history of the Old Russian state. Our villages were deserted. Crusade. Information about childhood. Development of the Old Russian state. Characteristics of the historical personality of Vladimir Monomakh.
There are 15 presentations in total in the topic
In the IX-XII centuries. the economy of the Old Russian state is characterized as a period of early feudalism. This period is associated with the beginning of the emergence of the very basis of the relationship between the state, feudal lords and agriculture. The most basic issues concerning the entire population, such as production, the procedure for collecting taxes, military service, are being resolved. After all, the core of the "Russian land" is Agriculture, which occupies a central place in the economy of Kievan Rus. Its basis was arable agriculture. If compared with the primitive communal system, then at that time the farming technique was significantly improved. The cultivation of land in the southern part, where noble chernozem plots of land prevailed, was carried out by a plow (or ral), in the north they used a plow. Agriculture played a major role in life Ancient Russia, therefore, the sown fields were called life, and the main cereal for each locality was called zhit (from the verb "to live").
By the IX-X centuries. a shifting system appeared and began to be used, in which arable land was abandoned for a while. Two-field and three-field with spring and winter crops became famous.
The old traditions of tillage have also been preserved in the forest areas (slash or burn). Peasant farms had horses, cows, pigs, sheep, goats and poultry.
characteristic feature there was also how developed the commodity economy was, because almost everything necessary for life was produced. Crafts developed, the centers of which, of course, were the cities, but certain industries also developed in the villages. The dominant role was occupied by ferrous metallurgy for the simple reason that Ancient Russia was rich in swamp ores, from which iron was extracted. Various processing of iron was carried out, the manufacture of numerous things from it for the economy, military affairs and everyday life, while various technological methods were used: forging, welding, cementing, turning, inlay with non-ferrous metals. However, along with metallurgy, woodworking, pottery, and leather crafts also received a big boost.
Thus, metallurgy and agriculture become a strong support and the main article of the economy of Kievan Rus.
Ticket 4.
The most important event carried out by Prince Vladimir (980-1015) was the religious reform.
Carrying out a religious reform, Prince Vladimir sought to strengthen the state, rally the collapsing intertribal alliance and preserve the dominant position of the Kyiv nobility in it.
There were 2 attempts at religious reform:
1) the pagan reform of 980, which did not solve the tasks assigned to it. Its essence was to gather all the gods worshiped by various tribes, and make a pantheon in Kyiv, mandatory for the entire state;
2) the introduction of Christianity (988).
Historians cite various reasons for Vladimir's conversion to Christianity. According to a number of scholars, during the baptism of Russia, Vladimir was guided not only by considerations of public benefit. He converted to Christianity sincerely. Perhaps as a result of remorse for the atrocities committed (the murder of Yaropolk's brother, who reigned in Kyiv, and the seizure of the Kyiv throne), fatigue from a wild life (Vladimir spent a lot of time in noisy drinking parties at the banquet table and in the chambers of his many wives and slave concubines), feelings of spiritual emptiness. Having become a Christian, Vladimir also baptized Russia. This decision was also influenced by the desire of the Kyiv prince to strengthen the foreign policy position of Russia. In any relations with Christian states, the pagan power inevitably turned out to be an unequal partner, which Vladimir did not want to put up with.
The people of Kiev, among whom there were many Christians, accepted the transition to the "Greek faith" without obvious resistance. The inhabitants of the southern and western cities of Russia reacted calmly to baptism, often communicating with non-Christians and living in a multilingual, multi-tribal environment.
Religious innovations were met with much greater resistance in the north and east. So, Novgorodians rebelled against Bishop Joachim (991), who was sent to the city, who ridiculed pagan beliefs. To subdue them, Vladimir sent detachments led by Dobrynya and Putyata: “He baptized Putyata with a sword, and Dobrynya with fire.” The inhabitants of Murom refused to let Vladimir's son, Prince Gleb, into the city and declared their desire to preserve the religion of their ancestors. Similar conflicts arose in other cities of the Novgorod and Rostov lands.
Reasons for the resistance of the northern cities to Christianization:
A religious pagan organization developed there (regular and stable rituals, isolated groups of priests - sorcerers, sorcerers);
Wary attitude of Novgorodians and Rostovites to all orders coming from Kyiv.
However, Christianity did not immediately establish itself in the minds of people, especially in the villages. For centuries, the dual faith of Russia was preserved: the Christian faith was combined with faith in the former pagan gods. In an effort to facilitate the adoption of Christianity by the Slavs, the church consecrated some pagan holidays. Thus, the Maslenitsa holiday is pagan in origin. The feast of Ivan Kupala, which marked the arrival of summer, merged with the day of St. John the Baptist. Worship of the Thunderer Perun was replaced by the veneration of Elijah the Prophet, St. Blaise became the patron of cattle instead of Veles. These beliefs have firmly entered Russian Christianity.
The meaning of the adoption of Christianity in Russia:
2) The life of people has changed.
3) The Church forbade sacrifices, polygamy, blood feuds and other pagan traditions.
4) Development of the Byzantine cultural heritage. The development of culture, the creation of written monuments.
5) The international position of the Old Russian state has changed. It joined the general ranks of the Christian states of Europe. The prince needed a religion capable of strengthening princely power. (example Byzantium).
6) It is impossible to keep all the Slavic lands, relying only on military force.
Ticket 5.
International relationships Kievan Rus IX-XI centuries. (article)
International relations in Russia as an integral part and tool foreign policy appeared and developed simultaneously with the birth and formation of the Russian state, the history of which dates back to the formation of Kievan Rus in the 9th century. Approximately half of the ninth century. external and internal relations in the commercial and industrial world of Russian cities developed into such a combination in which the protection of the country's borders and foreign trade became their common interest, subordinating them to the prince of Kyiv and making the Kiev Varangian principality the grain of the Russian state. In the vastness of Eastern Europe, a new leading political force- The Old Russian state, or Russia, as it was called at that time.
Kievan Rus - this is how historians call the state of the ancient Slavs from the 9th to the 11th centuries. with the center in the city of Kyiv. But the concept of Kievan Rus includes not only the city of Kyiv with the surrounding lands, but also all the cities and settlements of the Eastern Slavs - the ancestors of Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Russians.
Until the 12th century the borders of Kievan Rus were not clearly marked. And if in the north and south they were determined by the geographical boundaries of the White and Black Seas, then in the west and especially in the east they were very conditional. At the same time, part of the borders in the west could still be considered more or less definite, since they separated Kievan Rus from the previously formed states - Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. There were no demarcations along the rest of the perimeter, because. Russia was surrounded by the lands of peoples and tribes that were at a lower stage of development, which did not have their own statehood, or knew only its initial forms.
According to historians (S.F. Platonov, I.Ya. Froyanov, V.O. Klyuchevsky and others), the objects of foreign policy and external relations of Kievan Rus were a total of about four dozen different states, principalities, unions and tribes, of which about a third were Western European monarchies and empires, almost a dozen - Russian principalities and the rest - small nationalities and tribes. The overwhelming majority of the neighboring non-Slavic peoples were in some form of vassalage from Russia and paid tribute to it. Others, such as the Varangians and Ugrians, Kievan Rus paid tribute itself. In accordance with this, various functions of ancient Russian international relations were also determined: one in relation to neighboring small peoples who did not have their own statehood, the other in relation to already formed states.
So, for example, relations with powerful Byzantium developed in a special way. A notable milestone in the development of international relations was the sending in 838 of the Russian embassy to Constantinople. For the first time, Russia was represented at the court of the Byzantine emperor Theophilus as a state. The main purpose of the Russian embassy was to establish direct contacts with the central government of Byzantium. The well-known historian Shakhmatov A.A., who devoted almost half his life to studying the history and annals of Kievan Rus, testifies that in Byzantium they welcomed recent opponents kindly. The embassy was given a worthy reception, as evidenced by the attention shown to him by the supreme authorities, who took care of his safety and food supply, as well as the duration of his stay in the Greek capital, which fully corresponded to the plans of the Empire (it expected to turn Russia into allies in the fight against their old enemy - the Arab Caliphate).
However, the embassy did not lead to a solution of the fundamental issues of relations between the two states. The powerful Byzantine Empire did not recognize the emerging Old Russian state. An important role in the formation of Russian statehood, the development of the diplomatic system of Russia, the expansion of its external relations and the increase in prestige was played by the negotiations that took place after the successful attack of the Russians on Constantinople in 860, and the first peace treaty in the history of Ancient Russia on "peace and love", concluded with Byzantine Empire. For the first time, the Russian army laid siege to Constantinople, this richest city, where there were huge values. Russia, which was previously content with local attacks on Byzantine possessions and the conclusion of private agreements with imperial officials, achieved negotiations with the Greeks at the walls of Constantinople.
According to historian B.D. Grekov, it was this fact that changed the nature of relations between Byzantium and Kievan Rus. In the course of negotiations with Constantinople, the Russians mastered the complex diplomatic arsenal of the Empire step by step, while creating their own foreign policy stereotypes. They managed to ensure that Byzantium treated its partner as a sovereign entity and recognized Russia as a new East Slavic state. According to the terms of the agreement, peaceful relations were established between the two states, the payment by the Empire of tribute to Kievan Rus, as well as an agreement on the baptism of Rus. The Christian Greek mission was admitted to Russia. The treaty included, in addition, the allied obligation of Kievan Rus in relation to Byzantium. Thus, the beginning of the exit of Russia from the zone of isolation in which the East Slavic tribes found themselves after the attack of the Avars, and later in connection with dependence on the Khazars, was laid.
As noted by most famous historians, such as A.A. Shakhmatov, V.T. Pashuto, V.O. Klyuchevsky, B.D. Grekov and others, the external activities of the first Kyiv princes were directed mainly economic interest. And this activity was directed towards two main goals: 1) to acquire overseas markets, 2) to clear and protect the trade routes that led to these markets.
The main thing that ancient Russian diplomacy achieved in the territories under its vassals was the preservation of the internal structure of power there and the development of trade, and later the spread of Christianity.
The situation was different with the neighboring neighboring states, with which the "power of Rurikovich" sought to establish beneficial ties. Oleg (882 - 912) ruled, "having peace to all countries" (from The Tale of Bygone Years). Vladimir Svyatoslavich (980 - 1015) had good relations with the rulers of Hungary and the Czech Republic. Kievan Rus maintained especially close ties with Poland. Both states, despite differences over Prussia, refused to participate in coalitions hostile to each other and managed to come to a close alliance, sealed and confirmed by a series of treaties. Stable international relations have developed between Kievan Rus and the states of the Volga region - Bulgaria and Khazaria, in the Caucasus - with Dagestan; in the north - with the Scandinavian countries - Sweden and Denmark. Occasionally interrupted by conflicts, these relations were invariably renewed and strengthened by dynastic alliances with subsequent growth of mutual political and commercial benefits. Less regular and stable were international relations with distant countries - Germany, France, England and Italy.
Trade relations of Kievan Rus were also lively. They stretched from Flanders to the Yugra land and from Scandinavia to Constantinople. Boats with wax, honey, furs and other export items were usually equipped for overseas voyages in Kyiv or the cities closest to it on the Dnieper. Russian merchants were well known in the East, in Central and Northern Europe. Their land caravans carried their goods to Baghdad and India. Along the Black Sea, Russian military-trading expeditions went to Bulgaria and Byzantium.
In an effort to consolidate the diplomatic success of the Russians, Prince Oleg of Kyiv again sent “his husbands” to Tsargrad (Constantinople) in 911, who, upon arrival in the capital, were received by the ruling emperors Leo VI and his brother Alexander. At the embassy conference in 911, negotiations ended with the signing of a detailed general political agreement, in which for the first time in writing specific articles of relations between the two states in the legal, economic, political and military fields were recorded. Under the treaty, the Empire received, in particular, the right to recruit Russian warriors.
Connected with Byzantium by allied obligations, in 912 Russia undertook a campaign in the regions of the Southern and South-Western Caspian Sea. Sakharov A.N. in his work "Diplomacy of Ancient Russia" notes that the successful offensive became possible largely due to the diplomatic efforts of the Russians, who managed to ensure the "transit" of the squad through the territory of Khazaria. Later, Russian diplomacy more than once used the Pechenegs, Alans and other peoples of the North Caucasus in various political combinations in the east.
In 944, Kievan Rus, desiring to achieve complete equality with Byzantium, undertook a new military campaign against Constantinople and again succeeded. The Byzantine government, through its diplomats, promised the Grand Duke Igor to pay tribute under the previous agreement. Moreover, it sent an official embassy to Kyiv in order to work out the terms of a new treaty, where, according to the chronicle, Igor "spoke with them about peace." Then the Russian embassy went to Constantinople, where negotiations were continued with the Greek "boyars and dignitaries." So, for the first time in the Russian practice of international relations, the form of sending a response embassy was used.
Having organized a farewell audience for the Greeks, the Russians adopted the diplomatic experience not only of Byzantium, but also international practice. The Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Military Alliance was not mutually beneficial, although some of its articles are permeated with the spirit of compromise. Russia confirmed its political and commercial status in Byzantium, but lost important right duty free. At the same time, she achieved official recognition of her influence on the northern shores of the Black Sea, and in particular at the mouth of the Dnieper. great success Russ was also the fact that the title "lordship" disappeared from the contract, which put the Kyiv prince on a par with insignificant rulers. Igor was titled as the "Grand Duke of Russia", which indicated the rise of his political prestige in the eyes of the Empire and among the Eastern European states.
After the death of her husband Grand Duke Igor, Princess Olga, who combined all the qualities of an intelligent and rare empress (890 - 969), showed the high art of strengthening international relations. In an effort to further increase the authority of the grand duke's power and raise the prestige of Russia, she decided to receive the rite of baptism in Byzantium. To this end, Olga went to Constantinople at the head of a numerous and magnificent embassy.
On September 9, 957, she was given an audience with Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus. Having studied the annals of those times, A.A. Shakhmatov came to the conclusion that the reception of the princess was fully consistent with the ceremonial of other foreign rulers. The atmosphere in the palace was extremely solemn and pompous, during the reception the whole court was present. After that, some deviations from the rules were made for the princess. Olga, unaccompanied, approached the throne and talked with the emperor while standing, and did not prostrate before him, as was customary and as her retinue did. Soon the Grand Duchess was invited to a meeting with the imperial family, during which a conversation with the emperor took place, for which she arrived in Constantinople. In the family circle, Olga was honored to sit in the presence of the emperor, which was considered a high privilege, which was granted only to crowned persons.
In a conversation with Konstantin Porphyrogenitus, Olga discussed the procedure for the upcoming rite of baptism. Soon she was baptized in the presence of the emperors Constantine Porphyrogenitus and Roman in the main church of Constantinople and received the blessing of Patriarch Polievkt.
Thus, the years of Olga's reign were characterized by the expansion of international relations of Kievan Rus: relations with Byzantium were strengthened, embassies were exchanged with the German emperor, trade relations of Kievan Rus were significantly expanded.
Questions of the state prestige of Russia, the expansion of its international relations continued to be constantly in the center of attention of the Kyiv rulers. The strengthening and expansion of international relations was achieved in different ways: at the cost of political deals and concessions, or with the help of military force. Sometimes the enemy was openly informed about the war, but more often wars were prepared secretly, and military correspondence was conducted secretly. The diplomacy of that time was by no means primitive, it bore the stamp of its time. The means, methods and forms used by it were improved as the state became established (V.T. Pashuto).
Already in those distant times, participating in campaigns against the Arabs and Normans who threatened the allied Byzantium, Russia did not forget about its own interests, strengthened its influence not only in the Caucasus, but also in the Mediterranean Sea, influencing the German-imperial struggle for Italy. The attempt of the Greeks to push the nomads against Russia also ended in failure. Pushing aside Byzantium, the Russians managed to keep the forest-steppe border and take control of the policy towards nomads, turning the Khazars, Pechenegs, Torks and a significant part of the Polovtsians into their allies. Oaths, bribery and the distribution of border lands, the organization of magnificent receptions for ambassadors, gifts, etc. were used. A lot of Polovtsian girls - "khatuns", having adopted Orthodoxy, became Russian princesses. Widely using diplomacy in international relations with other countries, the Russians also retained their positions on the main trade routes along the Volga, Don, Dnieper, Dniester, Seret and the Lower Danube.
And in conclusion, it must be said that marriage unions occupied an important place in the complex system of international relations of Kievan Rus. So, Yaroslav the Wise (1019 - 1054) was married to the daughter of the Swedish king Olaf Ingigerda, his eldest daughter Elizabeth was married to the Norwegian king Harald, the middle one - Anna - to the French king Henry I, after whose death she became the regent of France; the younger Anastasia - for the Hungarian king Andrew. A noticeable trace was left by the Russian princesses in political life Poland, Lithuania and other countries. In turn, the Russian princes, in an effort to strengthen relations between Russia and foreign countries, often married girls from royal and royal families.
Thus, summing up my report on the topic "International relations of Kievan Rus in the 9th-11th centuries." I would like to note that the princes of the ancient Russian state tried in every possible way to expand the borders of their state, to strengthen political and economic ties, and most importantly, to develop trade relations with overseas markets.
Ticket 6.
Similar information.
Ticket 2
Problems of S-E.H. 9th to 13th centuries historians have distinguished two periods.
1-9 to 2nd floor 11th c. - characterized by the relative political unity of the state in the field of economics; in the sphere of social-but-ek-their relations, the DR.Rus.obshch had the character of a transition from a tribal system to a class society; in the spiritual life - paganism and acceptance in the end of the 10th century. Christianity.
2- from the 2nd floor. 11th c. until the 40s. 13th c. - Feudalism.
At the beginning of the 12th c. DR.Rus disintegrated into 15 principalities; development of feudal relations; Lord of Christ in the spirit of the life of the country.
1- assessment of character Dr.Rus. society; - it is feudal: in this concept there are 3 points of view:
Grekov-DR. Rus. society - feudal society;
Cherepnin - early feudal community;
The modern literature is the society of state feudalism.
features of feudalism. Agrarian (antique) society; the monopoly of the ruling class on landed property; independent cross-th economy, which is conducted on land belonging to the feudal lord, or state-woo, therefore, kr-did not bear duties in favor of the owner. Feud. hierarchy. The Grand Duke acted as master - his vassals (junior princes) - the boyars. Social-class-stru-ra Dr.-R. total Islands.
3 main social Groups:
1- forming the ruling class of feudal lords.
2 - free population in cities and rural areas (these two groups had the right to bear arms).
According to some estimates, the number of DR. Russia is equal to 2 million people.
2 - DR.R. society - pre-feudal. (Leningrad. school of historians, PhD Froyanov). Soc-no-ek-th basis Dr. Rus. Society Islands were communal land tenure and free kr-non-community members + private feudal land tenure. Main Kinds. Household Activities. (gardens, agriculture, handicraft production, livestock, trade, crafts). Conclusion: the development of Feod-ma in DR.R. followed the same path as in Western countries. Heb. This process was interrupted by the Mongol-Tatar invasion.
The economy of Russia was agrarian in nature. Forms of land ownership:
one). Princely domains - the beginning of the 11th century, the first private princely landholdings appear;
2). Boyar estates (hereditary estates) - in the 2nd half of the 11th century;
3). Church lands - from the end of the 11th century;
four). Estates - the land of the nobles given for service.
Private land holdings are just beginning to appear in the Old Russian period, and most of the arable land belonged to free peasants - community members, the land is collectively owned by the peasant community - vervi. The community at first had a kindred character, then it becomes territorial; the community collectively performs all state. duties, egalitarian distribution of everything produced, is responsible for each member of his community (mutual responsibility). Community is the most important feature social life Russia. The main items of trade are servants and furs, which were acquired as a result of conquests and tribute.