Culture of Rus' in the 13th century and its development. Who surrounded Rus'

1200
Founding of the University of Paris.

1201
The Crusaders founded the Riga fortress at the mouth of the Dvina, bringing under control all trade along this river. A long struggle of Russians and Estonians against the crusaders began.

1202
In Livonia, with the active participation of Pope Innocent III, the Order of the Sword Bearers was created.

1202
The fourth crusade began (1202 - 1204). Organized by Pope Innocent III. The Crusaders, instead of the planned campaign in Egypt, moved to the Byzantine Empire and conquered the Christian cities of Zadar in Dalmatia (1202) and Constantinople (1204). On part of the territory of the collapsed Byzantine Empire, the crusaders formed several states, of which the largest was the Latin Empire that existed until 1261. As a result of the campaign, Venice monopolized trade with the East, seizing a number of Byzantine possessions that were important in commercial and military relations.

1202
A wave of famine passed through the lands of Serbia, which led to mass flight and indignation of the peasantry.

1203.01
Rurik Rostislavovich, relying mainly on the Polovtsian army, defeated the army of the Torci of Roman Volynsky, captured and burned Kyiv.

1203
The decline of Kyiv's influence began (the period from 1203 to 1214) and the rise of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes. Strife intensified on the Kiev and Vladimir thrones.

1204
Genghis Khan (Temuchin) defeated the Naiman, their khan died in the battle, and his son fled to the country of Kara-Kidan (southwest of Lake Balkhash).

1204
The Crusaders, as a result of the Fourth Crusade, took and mercilessly plundered Christian Constantinople, which was the result of the intrigues of Venice.

1204
The Latin Empire was formed.

1206
In Mongolia, at a clan meeting of leaders (kurultai), Temurchin was proclaimed Emperor of the Earth and given a new name - Genghis Khan.

1209
In Western Europe, persecution began (1209 - 1229) of “heretics”, Albigensians and Cathars - the Albigensian Wars (crusades of northern French knights, undertaken on the initiative of the papacy against the Albigensians - participants in a wide movement in the south of France). At the end of the wars, the French king Louis VIII joined the crusaders with his troops. The Albigensians were defeated, and part of the County of Toulouse was annexed to the royal domain.

1209
Uprising of “black young” people in Novgorod due to the introduction of new duties.

1211
Genghis Khan's first Chinese campaign began: the Mongol troops were divided into several army groups, forcing the Jin (North China) commanders to disperse their forces. At the same time, the Khitan opposition was organized diplomatically.

1212
King Alfonso VIII of Castile, at the head of the combined forces of Castile, Aragon, Portugal and Navarre, won a decisive victory over the Arabs at Las Navas le Tolosa, after which the Arabs could no longer recover and were gradually driven out of Spain.

1212
Children's Crusade. Thousands of children who reached Marseille were sold into slavery. Another group of children who headed east died from hunger and disease.

1212
The reign of the German king Frederick II (1212 - 1250) began. King of Sicily from 1197, Emperor of the “Holy Roman Empire” from 1220. Transformed the Kingdom of Sicily into a centralized state. He fought against the papacy and the northern Italian cities, and failed in this struggle.

1214
The French king Philip II Augustus defeated the British and their allies at Bouvines.

1215
The IV Lateran Council, convened by Pope Innocent III (1198 - 1216), severely condemned all false heretical teachings and demanded severe punishments for heretics. Here for the first time the Inquisition was spoken of as an institution whose task was to investigate heresy with a view to punishing those responsible for it.

1215
Famine in Novgorod.

1215
The English king John the Landless, under pressure from the barons supported by knighthood and cities, signed the Magna Carta.

1216
The Polovtsy hosted the Merkits, with whom the Mongols were at war.

1216
The reign of the English king Henry III (1216 - 1272) began. He relied on foreign feudal lords and an alliance with the Roman Curia, which caused discontent among the barons, supported by the townspeople and the top of the peasantry (civil war 1263-1267). Under Henry III, the first English parliament was created.

1217
The Volga Bulgarians captured Ustyug.

1217
The fifth crusade began (1217 - 1221). Taken against Egypt by a combined army of crusaders led by the Austrian Duke Leopold VI and the Hungarian King Endre II. Having landed in Egypt, the crusaders captured the Damietta fortress, but were forced to conclude a truce with the Egyptian Sultan and leave Egypt.

1217
Serbia is proclaimed a kingdom.

1217
The reign of Ferdinand III (1217 - 1252), king of Castile, and Leon (from 1230) began. He took Cordoba from the Arabs in 1236 and Seville in 1248. On the territory of Spain, the Arabs have only an emirate with its center in Granada.

1219
The concentration of Mongol troops along the border with Khorezm ended - the Turkestan campaign began. Otrar and Bukhara were besieged, later they were taken by storm, after which (1220) Bukhara was plundered by soldiers and burned down. Samarkand fell. Small towns surrendered without a fight. Khorezm Shah Mohammed II fled to the Caspian island, and his son Jalal ad-Din to Afghanistan, where he gathered a new army and defeated the tumen of his half-brother Genghis Khan.

1221
At the confluence of the Oka and the Volga on Mordovian land, a fortress was founded - Nizhny Novgorod, which sealed the victory over the Bulgarians.

1222
A corps of three tumens led by Subedei and Jebe passed through the Caucasus, completely defeating the army of the Georgian king George Lash.

1222
King Andrew of Hungary equalized the serving and hereditary nobility by issuing the Golden Bull.

1223.05.31
Genghis Khan's troops invaded the Polovtsian lands. At the Kalka River, a battle took place between the combined forces of the Russians and Polovtsians against the Mongol-Tatars, who were led by Subedei and Jebe.

1224
Formation of the Lithuanian state.

1226
The Russians made campaigns against Mordovians.

1226
The Teutonic Order, transferred by order of the Pope from Palestine to the Baltic States, began the conquest of the lands of the Lithuanian tribe of Prussians who inhabited the Baltic coast between the Vistula and the Neman. The Prussians were subjected to merciless extermination.

1226
The reign of the French king Louis IX Saint (1226 - 1270) began. Conducted reforms to centralize state power. He led the 7th (1248-1254) and 8th (1270) crusades, which suffered complete collapse.

1227
Earth Emperor Genghis Khan has died. After his death, the Mongol kingdom was divided by his sons.

1227
King Stefan the First-Crown of Serbia has died.

1228
Sixth Crusade (1228 - 1229). The emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick II, who headed it, through negotiations (rather than military action), concluded an agreement with the Egyptian Sultan (1229), according to which Jerusalem was returned to Christians and a 10-year truce was declared.

1229
After the death of Genghis Khan, a kurultai convened to elect a new great khan. The youngest son Tolui was temporarily regent, but he refused to nominate himself. Ogedei (1229 - 1241) was unanimously elected Great Khan. Under Ogedei, the conquest of Northern China by the Mongol feudal lords was completed, and Armenia was conquered. Georgia and Azerbaijan, Batu's campaigns were undertaken in Eastern Europe.

1229
The Smolensk prince concluded a trade agreement with the Germans.

1230
Famine and pestilence "throughout the entire Russian land."

1233
The Roman Curia established the Inquisition. The first inquisitors are sent to Toulouse, Albi. Cahors and Narbonne.

1234
Reflecting the offensive of the Livonian Order on the borders of Pskov.

1235
The Lithuanians captured Novgorod.

1236
Batu undertook a campaign against the Volga Bulgarians.

1237
Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in Rus'. The devastation of the Ryazan land. Pestilence in Pskov.

1237
There was a merger of the Order of the Crusaders (Teutonic) and the Order of the Swordsmen, which had established themselves in the Baltic states.

1238
The Mongol-Tatars burned Vladimir. The Russians were defeated at the City River.

1239
The Mongol-Tatars made a campaign against the Rostov-Suzdal lands and Ukraine.

1239
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich defeated the Lithuanians near Smolensk.

1240
Batu destroyed Kyiv.

1240
The Swedes were defeated by the Russian army under the leadership of Alexander Yaroslavich (Nevsky) in the Battle of the Neva River.

1240
The Mongol-Tatars imposed tribute on the Russian lands. Since the 19th century, this period from 1240 to 1480 was called the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

1241
Batu founded the Golden Horde.

1242
"Battle of the Ice" - Alexander Nevsky's victory over the German knights on Lake Peipsi.

1242
Batu's troops defeated the army of King Belo IV of Hungary, captured Hungary and invaded Slovenia.

1243
The first trip of the Russian prince (Yaroslav Vsevolodovich) to the headquarters of the Mongol Khan for a label to reign.

1244
The Sultan of Egypt encouraged the Khorezm people to move from Iraq to Syria. They captured and plundered Jerusalem. After this, Pope Innocent IV blessed a new crusade.

1250

1250
Louis IX was captured by the Muslims. He was later released for a huge ransom.

1250
Baptism of the Lithuanian prince Mindaugas. Conclusion of an alliance with the Germans.

1251
Alexander Nevsky concluded an agreement with King Haakon IV of Norway.

1252
The reign of Alexander Nevsky began in Vladimir (from 1252 to 1263).

1255
An uprising of “lesser” people in Novgorod due to an attempt by the Mongol-Tatars to impose tribute on the city.

1258
The Mongol-Tatars captured the capital of the Seljuk Emirate, Baghdad.

1259
Khan Burundai made a campaign in southwestern Rus' and Poland.

1259
The French king Louis IX the Saint concluded the Treaty of Paris, according to which the English king renounced claims to Normandy, Maine and other French territories lost by England under John the Landless, but retained Guienne.

1262
Mongol-Tatar "tributers" were expelled from Rostov, Vladimir, Suzdal and Yaroslavl.

1265
The oldest contractual document between Novgorod and the princes.

1269
Treaty of Novgorod with the Hansa.

1270
Khan's label, allowing Novgorod to trade freely in Suzdal land.

1278
Slovenia was included in the Habsburg Empire.

1281
The Golden Horde army, called by Prince Andrei Alexandrovich, conducted a punitive raid across the Russian lands: Murom, Suzdal, Rostov, Pereyaslavl.

1284
Novgorod concluded an agreement with Livonia and Riga.

1285
The campaign (from 1285 to 1287) of the Golden Horde Khan Tulabug, Temnik Nogai and Russian princes began on Poland.

1288
Campaign of the Mongol-Tatars to Ryazan. Expulsion of Archbishop Arseny from Novgorod.

1289
The Mongol-Tatar tributaries were again expelled from Rostov.

1293
"Dudenev's army." The ruin of Suzdal, Vladimir, Pereyaslavl, Yuryev.

1300
The metropolitanate was transferred from Kyiv to Vladimir (Metropolitan Maxim).

The very first human settlements in the territory
Russia were discovered in Kostenki (Voronezh
region), they are about 45 thousand years old. People's homes
were made from mammoth bones, covered
skins.

"Venus" from
Bones. Done
from mammoth ivory.
20-30 thousand years.

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongol hordes invaded the Black Sea steppes through the Caucasus, defeated the Polovtsians, and advanced to Rus'. A united army of Russian princes and Polovtsy came out against them. The battle took place on May 31, 1223 Kalka River
and ended in complete defeat - only a tenth of the army survived.

Batu's invasion of Rus' took place in the winter of 1237. The Ryazan principality was the first to be devastated. Then Batu moved to the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
In January 1238, Kolomna and Moscow fell, in February Vladimir, Suzdal, Pereslavl, etc. Battle of the Sit River(March 4, 1238) ended in the defeat of the Russian army.
The “evil city” (Kozelsk) held the defense for 7 weeks. The Mongols did not reach Novgorod (according to the dominant version, due to the spring thaw).

Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. Briefly

History of the Old Russian State 9-12 centuries. Briefly

In 1238, Batu sent troops to conquer southern Rus'. In 1240,
Having captured Kiev, his army moved to Europe.
During the invasion, the Mongols captured all Russian lands except Novgorod.
Every year the Russian principalities paid tribute. Right to reign ( label)
Russian princes received in the Golden Horde.

Diorama of the assault on Vladimir by the Tatars (Exhibition at the Golden Gate). In the foreground is the Golden Gate. The Mongols were unable to enter through them and made a breach in the wall. Author of the photo: Dmitry Bakulin (Photos-Yandex)

Slavic tribes. Baptism of Rus'. Formation of the Old Russian state.

Princes of the ancient Russian state. Feudal fragmentation in Rus'.

Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' 1237-1240.

Old Russian state. Mongolian
Tata invasion.

1300-1613

1613-1762

1762-1825

9th-13th centuries

1825-1917

1917-1941

1941-1964

1964-2014

Brief summary of the history of Russia. Part 1
(9th-13th centuries)

History of the Old Russian state 9-12 centuries.
Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'.

Brief history of Russia. Brief summary of the history of Russia. History of Russia in pictures. History of the Old Russian State 9-12 centuries. The Mongol-Tatar invasion is brief. History of Russia for children.

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After the death of the prince Mstislava(ruled: 1125 -1132) Kievan Rus disintegrates
into principalities that are comparable in size to Western European ones
kingdoms. In 1136, an uprising in Novgorod leads
to the emergence of an independent state - Novgorod
republics, which occupied the territory from the Baltic
sea to the Ural Mountains (in the north).

IN 6th century The Great Migration of the Slavs takes place, the first political associations of the Eastern Slavs appear in the region of the Dnieper and Lake Ilmen. It is known about the existence of 13 tribes: Polyans, Krivichi, Drevlyans, Ulichs, Vyatichi, etc. At that time, the territory of modern Central Russia was inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes, they gradually assimilated with the Slavs.

The development of crafts in the 8th-9th centuries led to the emergence
cities. Most often they were built at the confluence of rivers,
which served as trade routes. The most famous
trade route of that time - "from the Varangians to the Greeks" on
Novgorod was located in the north of the route, and Kyiv in the south.

IN 862 residents of Novgorod called on the Varangian princes to rule the city
(according to the Norman theory). Prince Rurik became the founder of the princely,
and subsequently the royal dynasty. The Norman theory has been repeatedly refuted by famous historians and scientists (M. Lomonosov, V. Tatishchev, etc.)

After the death of Rurik, he becomes the Prince of Novgorod
Oleg(Prophetic). He captures Kyiv and moves there
capital of Rus'. Subjugates a number of Slavic tribes.
In 907 he made a successful campaign against Byzantium,
receives tribute and concludes a profitable trade agreement.

Prince Igor subjugated the eastern tribes of the Slavs.
In 945 he was killed by the Drevlyans when he tried again
receive tribute from them. Princess Olga(wife) took revenge
to the Drevlyans, but makes the tribute fixed.
In Constantinople she converts to Christianity. In the 16th century her
canonized as saints.

Olga ruled during her childhood Svyatoslav And
continued to rule after her son became prince
in 964 Svyatoslav was in the military almost all the time
hiking. They defeated the Bulgarian and Khazar
kingdoms. Upon returning to Rus', after an unsuccessful
During the campaign against Byzantium (971), he was killed by the Pechenegs.

The death of Svyatoslav led to internecine struggle between
his sons. After the murder of his brother Yaropolk came to power
the prince comes Vladimir.
In 988, Vladimir was baptized in Chersonesos
(now it is a museum-reserve in Sevastopol). Begins
stage of the formation of Christianity in Rus'.

During civil war (1015-1019), after the death of Vladimir, they die
from the hands of Svyatopolk, princes Boris and Gleb (became the first Russian saints).
In the fight against Svyatopolk the prince gains the upper hand
Yaroslav the Wise. He strengthens the state, relieves
Rus' from the Pecheneg raids. It began under Yaroslav
creation of the first set of laws in Rus' - “Russian Truth”.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise (1054), a division took place
Rus' between his sons - " Yaroslavich Triumvirate".
In 1072, “The Truth of the Yaroslavichs”, the second part, was compiled
"Russian Truth".

After the death of the Kyiv prince Svyatopolk (reign: 1093 - 1113), according to
comes to power at the insistence of the people of Kiev Vladimir Monomakha. During the years of his reign, Kievan Rus strengthened and princely civil strife stopped.
As a result of the agreement at the Dolob Congress of Russian Princes (1103), it was possible to stop the discord and, in subsequent years, defeat the Polovtsian khans with a joint army.

In 1169 Andrey Bogolyubsky ruins Kyiv. He carries
the capital of Rus' in Vladimir. Policy to centralize power
leads to a conspiracy among the boyars. In 1174 the prince was killed in his
palace in Bogolyubovo (suburb of Vladimir).
His successor becomes Vsevolod's Big Nest.

862

945

988

1019

1113

1136

1169

1223

1237

1242

The Novgorod Republic escaped the Mongol invasion, but experienced
aggression from Western neighbors. July 15, 1240 took place Battle of Neva.
The squad led by Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich (who became Nevsky) defeated the Swedish army.
On April 5, 1242, a battle between the Russian army, led by Alexander Nevsky, and the knights of the Livonian Order took place on Lake Peipus. During Battle on the Ice the German knights were defeated. In the 16th century. A. Nevsky was canonized.

The culture of our country is so interesting and diverse that I want to study it more and more deeply. Let's plunge into the history of our country in the 13th century.
A Russian person is a great person; he must know the history of his Motherland.
Without knowing the history of their country, not a single civilized society will develop, but, on the contrary, will begin to lag behind in its development, and perhaps stop altogether.
The period of culture of the 13th century is usually called the pre-Mongol period, that is, before the arrival of the Mongols in our state. During this period of time, Byzantium had a great influence on the development of culture. Thanks to Byzantium, Orthodoxy appeared in Rus'.

The culture of Ancient Rus' of the 13th century is a great creation of the past. Each period of time in history is so unrepeatable that each period separately is worthy of in-depth study. Looking at historical monuments, we can say that culture has entered modern spiritual life. Despite the fact that many works of art have not survived to our times, the beauty of that time continues to delight and surprise us with its scale.

Features of the culture of the 13th century:
- the religious worldview prevailed;
- during this period, many signs were invented, there were no explanations for them by science, and to this day they cannot be explained;
- great attention was paid to traditions, grandfathers were revered;
-slow pace of development;
The tasks facing the masters of that time:
- unity - the unity of the entire Russian people, at that time in the fight against enemies;
- glorification of great princes and boyars;
- assessed all previous historical events. The culture of the 13th century is closely connected with the past.

During this time, literature continued to develop. The work “Prayer” was written by Daniil Zatochnik. The book was dedicated to Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, son of Vsevolod the Big Nest. The book used colloquial speech combined with satire. In it, the author condemns the dominance of the boyars, the tyranny that they committed. He created a prince who protected orphans and widows, thereby trying to show that good and good-natured people were not extinct in Rus'.
The centers for storing books were still monasteries and churches. Books were copied and chronicles were kept on their territory.
The genre - Life, the main idea - has become widespread. These works were a description of the lives of saints. Particular attention was paid to the lives of monks and ordinary people.

They began to write parables.

An important place in the development of literature was occupied by chronicles, where everything that happened in people's lives was written, everything was described year by year.
Epics glorified the exploits of soldiers who defended their homeland. The epics were based on events that actually happened.

Architecture.

During this period, construction began to develop. As already mentioned, the entire culture of this period was imbued with the trends of Byzantium, which could not have a positive effect on the culture of Rus'. The transition from wooden construction to stone begins.
In addition, Byzantine culture always put the church and icon painting in first place, cutting off everything that contradicted Christian principles.
The coming principles of art collided with the fact that the Eastern Slavs worshiped the sun and wind. But the power of the cultural heritage of Byzantium left its mark on the culture of Ancient Rus'.
The main symbol of the construction of this period of time was the St. Sophia Cathedral. The walls of the cathedral, for the first time in Rus', were made of red brick. The church had five domes, behind them stood eight more small ones. The ceiling and walls were decorated with frescoes and mosaics. Many of the frescoes were not on a religious theme; there were many everyday drawings dedicated to the family of the Grand Duke.
Wood carving has developed greatly. The houses of the boyars were decorated with cuttings.
In addition to churches at this time, the wealthy segments of the population began to build stone houses made of pink brick.

Painting.

The paintings of the 13th century were marked by the cities where the masters worked. Thus, Novgorod painters sought to simplify the style of their craft. He achieved his greatest expression in the painting of the Church of St. George in Staraya Ladoga.
At the same time, they began to paint mosaics directly on the walls of temples. Frescoes became widespread. Fresco is a painting painted with water paints directly on walls covered with plaster.

Folklore.

The history of Rus' is so great that it is impossible not to talk about folklore. Folklore occupies a huge place in the life of the Russian people. By reading epics you can learn about the entire life of the Russian people. They glorified the exploits of heroes, their strength and courage. Bogatyrs have always been glorified as protectors of the Russian population.

Life and customs of the people.

The culture of our country is inextricably linked with its people, way of life, and morals. People lived in cities and villages. The main type of housing was the estate; houses were built from log frames. Kyiv in the 13th century was a very rich city. It had palaces, estates, mansions of boyars and rich merchants. The favorite pastime of the rich population was hunting hawks and falcons. The common population staged fist fights and horse races.
The clothes were made of cloth. The main costume was a long shirt and trousers for men.
Women wore long skirts made of cloth. Married women wore a headscarf. Unmarried girls had long beautiful braids; they could only be cut off when they got married.
Weddings were played on a large scale in the villages; the entire village gathered for them. Huge, long tables were set right in the courtyard of the house.
Since the church played a large role in the life of the population in the 13th century, church fasts and holidays were sacredly observed by the residents.

Socio-economic development of Russian lands

By the end of the XIII - beginning of the XIV century. A new political system emerged in Rus'. Vladimir became the capital. There was a separation of North-Eastern Rus'. The Galicia-Volyn land turned out to be independent from it, although it was also subject to the power of the khans. In the West there arose Grand Duchy of Lithuania , under whose influence the western and southwestern lands of Rus' fall.

Most of the old cities of North-Eastern Rus' - Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir - fell into decay, losing political supremacy to the outlying ones: Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow. Serious changes are taking place in the socio-economic field. In the second half of the 13th century, agriculture was restored in Northeastern Rus', handicraft production revived, the importance of cities increased, and fortress construction was actively underway.

In the XIV century. In Rus', water wheels and water mills became widespread, parchment began to be actively replaced by paper, and the size of the iron parts of the plow increased. Salt making is becoming widespread. Copper foundries emerged, and the art of filigree and enamel was revived. In agriculture, field arable land is replacing shifting, two-field farming is becoming widespread, and new villages are being built.

Large land holding

The end of the XIII - the beginning of the XIV century. - the time of growth of feudal land ownership. Numerous villages are owned by princes. There are more and more boyar estates - large hereditary land holdings. The main way for the appearance of an estate at this time was the granting of land by the prince to the peasants.

Along with the boyars, there were also small feudal landowners - servants under the courtiers . The courtiers are the managers of the princely household in individual volosts. Subordinate to them were small princely servants, who received small plots of land from the prince for their service and for the duration of their service. From their land tenure a manorial system subsequently developed.

Peasantry

In the XIII - XIV centuries. most of the land still belonged to peasant communities. Black peasants (free) paid tribute and other taxes independently, and not through feudal lords, and lived in villages that did not belong to individual feudal lords. The level of exploitation of the dependent peasantry in the XIII-XIV centuries. I wasn't tall yet. Quirk in kind was the main type of feudal rent. Labor rent existed in the form of separate duties. New categories of feudal-dependent population appear: silversmiths- paid cash rent in silver; ladles- gave away half of the harvest; wipers- lived and worked in other people's yards. Since the 14th century, the entire rural population began to be designated by the term "peasants"(“Christians”).

The struggle of the Moscow and Tver principalities

By the 70s of the 13th century, 14 principalities emerged from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, of which the most significant were Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Tver and Moscow. At the head of the feudal hierarchy was the Grand Duke of Vladimir. He remained at the same time the head of his own principality. The princes waged a fierce struggle for the shortcut to the Vladimir throne that was being issued in the Horde. The main contenders in the 14th century were the Tver and Moscow princes.

In the 14th century, trends emerged in the political unification of lands. In the struggle for the Vladimir throne, it was decided which principality would lead the unification process. The capabilities of the Moscow and Tver principalities were approximately equal. Their capitals stood at the crossroads of trade routes. The territories were well protected by dense forests and other principalities from enemy attacks. Both principalities arose in the 13th century: Tver in the 40s was received by the younger brother of Alexander Nevsky - Yaroslav Yaroslavich, Moscow - in the 70s, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky Daniel. Yaroslav and Daniil became the founders of the Tver and Moscow princely dynasties. The Moscow principality was one of the smallest, but Daniil Alexandrovich managed to significantly expand it. He annexed Kolomna and the Pereyaslavl principality. A densely populated territory with developed feudal land tenure fell into the hands of the Moscow princes.

At the end of the 13th - beginning of the 14th century, the label was owned by the Tver dynasty. In 1319, Moscow Prince Yuri Danilovich, married to the khan's sister, received the Grand Duke's label for the first time. But after his death the label returned to the Tver princes.

Ivan Kalita

In 1325, Daniel’s second son became the prince of Moscow - Ivan Danilovich Kalita. Ivan Kalita strengthened his principality with the help of the Horde. In 1327, an uprising against the Horde broke out in Tver. The Tver prince, who tried to dissuade the townspeople from the uprising, was forced to join them. Ivan Kalita took upon himself the suppression of the popular movement. As a reward for suppressing the uprising, he received a label for a great reign and became the main collector of tribute in Rus'.

Under Ivan Kalita, the Moscow principality became the strongest in Rus'. Collecting tribute gave him the opportunity, by concealing part of it, to become significantly rich. He significantly expanded his possessions, annexing the Galich, Uglich, and Belozersk principalities. No one dared to challenge his great reign. Metropolitan Peter made Moscow his permanent residence. While strengthening the Moscow principality, Ivan Kalita did not set himself any major state goals. He sought only to enrich himself and strengthen his personal power. However, the strengthening of the Moscow principality allowed his grandson to enter into an open fight with the Horde.

Moscow is at the head of the struggle to overthrow the Mongol-Tatar yoke

The policy of Ivan Kalita was continued by his sons - Simeon Ivanovich Proud and Ivan Ivanovich Red. Under them, new lands became part of the Moscow Principality. In 1359, Grand Duke Ivan Ivanovich died, leaving a 9-year-old heir, Dmitry. The child has never received a label for a great reign. The Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince received the label. However, the Moscow boyars and Metropolitan Alexei decided to defend the interests of the Moscow dynasty. Their efforts were crowned with success: at the age of 12, Dmitry received a label. The Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince forever renounced the grand-ducal throne and subsequently married his daughter to Dmitry. The main rival remained the Tver prince.

In 1371, Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich of Tver received a label for the great reign. But the residents of Vladimir had already become accustomed to the power of the Moscow princes and did not allow Mikhail into the city. Dmitry also disobeyed the Horde, declaring that he would not give up the label. Khan decided not to interfere. The Moscow-Tver war began. Other principalities and Novgorod the Great came out on the side of Moscow. Mikhail Alexandrovich admitted defeat. The Vladimir throne was declared a patrimony - the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes.

These events showed that the balance of forces had changed, and the fate of the Vladimir throne was now being decided in Rus', and not in the Horde. In the Horde itself, strife continued from the 50s. Over 20 years, more than 20 khans changed on the throne. In the mid-70s, the strife stopped. One of the military leaders seized power - Mamai . He was not a descendant of Genghis Khan and had no rights to the throne, but became the de facto ruler of the Horde. Mamai managed to partially restore the military power of the Horde.

In 1375, Mamai's troops raided the Nizhny Novgorod principality. In response, a joint Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod squad attacked the Horde city of Bulgar. The city paid a large ransom. In 1378, the Moscow squad defeated the Tatar detachment on the Vozha River.

Mamai needed to take revenge. The reason for the campaign was the demand to increase the tribute. Mamai's army was very large. His allies were Grand Duke of Lithuania Jagiello And Ryazan prince Oleg Ivanovich . The Ryazan principality was the first on the way from the horde to Rus'; it always suffered the strongest blow. The alliance with Mamai was a means to save the principality from a pogrom. It was Oleg Ivanovich who informed Dmitry about the approach of the Horde army and the path of its advance.

Dmitry's army was also unusually large. In addition to warriors from the Grand Duchy of Vladimir and the Moscow land, it included squads of other principalities and the people's militia.

Before the start of the march, the Russian troops were blessed Sergius of Radonezh - a growing church leader, founder of the Trinity Monastery, who enjoyed enormous authority in Rus'. In Kolomna, Moscow troops united with the rest of the squads and moved towards Mamai, towards the Don.

Battle of Kulikovo

Dmitry sought to engage in battle with Mamai before his allies approached him. Jagiello and Oleg Ivanovich were in no hurry and did not participate in the battle. On the night of September 7-8 1380 years, Russian regiments crossed the Don to the Kulikovo Field. Along the edges of the field, Dmitry managed to cover the ambush regiment. The battle began early in the morning September 8, 1380 and it was extremely bitter. The outcome of the battle was decided by the ambush regiment. When fresh troops entered the battle, Mamai, tired of the war, could not stand it and fled from the battlefield. After this battle, Moscow Prince Dmitry was nicknamed Donskoy .

The Battle of Kulikovo was an event of enormous historical significance. This was the first victory over the main forces of the Horde, and not over individual detachments. The Battle of Kulikovo showed that victory can only be achieved by uniting all forces under common leadership. Moscow became the national capital.

However, the Battle of Kulikovo did not end the Horde yoke. Mamaia dethroned Tokhtamysh , one of the descendants of Genghis Khan. Mamai fled to Crimea and was killed there. Tokhtamysh demanded tribute from the Russian princes. He argued that it was not the Golden Horde that lost the battle on the Kulikovo Field, but Mamai, whose resistance was justified. IN 1382 year Tokhtamysh set out on a campaign against Rus'. He reached Moscow before Dmitry gathered troops and burned it. The Horde yoke was restored.

Dmitry Donskoy died in 1389. His will was not only of a traditional economic nature, but also of a political nature. He handed over the Vladimir grand-ducal throne to his eldest son as his patrimony, without mentioning a word about the khan's label.

The beginning of the state unification of Russian lands

The heir of Dmitry Donskoy, Vasily I Dmitrievich (1389-1425), successfully continued his father’s policies. He managed to annex the Nizhny Novgorod, Murom and Tarusa principalities. By the end of the reign of Vasily Dmitrievich, the power of the Grand Duke of Moscow-Vladimir increased even more. In terms of the size of the territory belonging to him, he was far superior to all other princes. Some princes switched to the position of grand ducal servants and received appointments as governors and governors, although they retained princely rights in their lands. The princes who retained their sovereignty were forced to obey him. The Moscow prince led all the country's armed forces. The entire management system is gradually being rebuilt, turning from local, Moscow, into all-Russian. Administrative-territorial units appeared - counties, former independent principalities. The counties are governed by grand ducal governors.

The process of political unification of Russian lands into a single state was slowed down by the feudal war that lasted about 30 years in the second quarter of the 14th century. The reason for it was a dynastic conflict between the son of Vasily I Vasily II and his uncle Yuri Dmitrievich, and then his sons Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka. During the war, Vasily II was blinded and lost the Moscow throne, but thanks to the support of the boyars he managed to win. The feudal war ultimately strengthened the power of the grand duke. Vasily the Dark increasingly controlled the affairs of all Rus'. Thus, at the end of the XIV - first half of the XV centuries. the foundations were laid for the final elimination of feudal fragmentation and the creation of a unified state.

This period became one of the blackest in the history of the principalities of Kievan Rus. At the beginning of the new century in Rus' there was a constant struggle between multiple principalities. Constant wars led to the ruin and decline of cities, to a reduction in population and to the weakening of all of Rus' as a whole. Even in the face of the universal threat that the Golden Horde became, the Russian principalities did not unite into a single state, and therefore were unable to give a worthy rebuff.

The Polovtsians, who had previously been at odds with the Russian princes, were the first to be attacked by a cruel enemy. They could not resist them alone, so they turned to the rulers of the eastern Russian principalities. However, their combined forces were not enough to repel the great threat. The united army did not have a single command; the princes acted according to their own judgment and were most concerned about their own benefit. In 1223, the battle on the Kalka River (modern Donetsk region of Ukraine) was lost. Then the Mongols only reached the edges of Russian lands.

In 1237, Batu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, entered the Ryazan principality with his army, beginning the conquest of Rus'. Yuri Vsevolodovich tried to stop his opponents, but the princes from the southern Russian principalities and the Novgorod army did not come to his aid, so in 1238 he was defeated. Subsequently, Batu captured and imposed tribute on almost all the eastern, southern and central territories of the former Kievan Rus. The most powerful Russian principality at that time was Novgorod Rus', but it had its own problems. The Swedes and Teutonic Knights opposed him and the allied Principality of Lithuania. The terrible enemy was defeated thanks to the skillful actions of Prince Alexander, the son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the ruler of Vladimir. The Novgorodians turned to him for help, and with joint efforts they first defeated the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva, after which Alexander received his famous nickname. Two years later, a battle took place that went down in history as the Battle of the Ice, during which the Teutonic knights suffered a crushing defeat in battle with Alexander’s army.

During the same period, the Principality of Galicia, which had previously successfully repelled Tatar raids on its lands, began to weaken. Despite some successes, in general Rus' in the 13th century, briefly described in this section, fell into decline. Most of it came under the rule of foreign invaders, who slowed down its development for several centuries. Only several centuries later, the Moscow principality was able to defeat other Russian principalities in the struggle, get rich by fire, sword and deception and capture almost the entire territory of the former Kievan Rus, and throw off the yoke of the Golden Horde.