Predicatives (state category words, impersonal predicative words, status words, predicative words, predicative adverbs) - words denoting a static state and acting as a predicate (predicate) of an impersonal sentence. The term "predicative" was introduced by Czech linguists in the second half of the 20th century and was applied to the group of words that was previously called the "category of state" in Russian linguistic literature.
History of the concept
For the first time, the term "category of state" was introduced by L. V. Shcherba in the article "On Parts of Speech in the Russian Language" (1928). A number of scientists, following Vinogradov, defined the category of state as a special part of speech.
Poetics of the predicative
Predicatives are actively used by authors as a text-forming means when creating poetic works. Among the poets of the XX century. Innokenty Annensky, Marina Tsvetaeva, Anna Akhmatova, Nikolai Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam, Bella Akhmadulina, Veronika Tushnova and others addressed the words of the state category. At the same time, the functioning of the words of this part of speech in the poetic systems of each of the authors is unique. The nature of the selection of predicatives directly depends on the individual style of an author. The words of the category of state allow poets to accurately and fully reflect inner world lyrical heroes, convey their ethical and aesthetic preferences.
Predicative in Esperanto
The main difference between the predicate in Esperanto and the Russian predicate is that in Esperanto the nominal part of the predicate always has the form of a simple nominative case, for example: Mi fariĝis kuracisto (I became a doctor).
According to their meaning, the words of the state category are divided into several categories:
- Words denoting the mental and physical state of living beings, the state of nature, environment and conditions: a) the mental state of a person: annoying, ashamed, fearful, cheerful, sad, sorry, funny, insulting, scary, boring; b) volitional state: laziness, hunting, reluctance, captivity; c) the physical condition of living beings: painful, nauseating, stuffy, disgusting; d) the state of nature, the environment and the situation: dark, light, frosty, rainy, windy, comfortable, clean, dirty, damp, cramped.
- Words denoting a state with a modal coloring, i.e., containing the meaning of necessity, possibility, obligation: it is possible, it is necessary, it is possible, it must, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible.
- Words denoting an assessment of a state or position. The assessment can be relative to the extent in time and space: late, early, time, time, far, near, low, high; from a psychological, moral and ethical point of view: convenient, bad, good, difficult, easy, sin, horror, shame, disgrace; from the side of visual or auditory perception: seen, heard.
Some words of the state category are multi-valued and are included in several categories: bad, cold, hot, etc. Compare: Bad for a person. When he is alone (1a). Poor outdoors during autumn rain (1 g). It is bad that he does not admit to his deed (3). Depending on the relationship with others parts of speech words of the state category are divided into two groups: 1) impersonal-predicative words starting with “o” in the form of adverbs and adjectives: quiet, joyful, cheerful, scary, clear, etc.; 2) impersonal predicative words in the form of nouns: time, sin, shame, shame, bondage, torment, misfortune, laziness, shame, etc. In addition, there is a whole group of words in the category of state that do not have homonyms among other parts of speech : fearful, necessary, ashamed, unaware, etc. When passing into impersonal-predicative words of nouns, the latter lose not only the meaning of objectivity, but also the gender forms. Numbers, cases. For example: It was a pity to leave. Too lazy to get up. In these sentences, the loss of gender forms by the words of the category of state is indicated by the lack of agreement with the link “was”. The place of participles, gerunds and words of the category of state in the system of parts of speech. There is no consensus on the place of participles, gerunds and words of the state category in the system of the Russian language. Some linguists distinguish them as separate parts of speech, which have their own grammatical categories and syntactic functions. But, at the same time, the proximity of participles and gerunds to verbs allows us to speak of them as special forms of verbs and not distinguish them into separate parts of speech. For the same reason, the words of the category of state are often spoken of as predicative adverbs - a special kind of adverbs.
LinksImpersonally predicative words are by origin associated with adjectives, correlative adverbs, and partly nouns. This transition is carried out on the basis of a complex interweaving of the properties of the name, adverb and verb.
1. The main group of impersonal-predicative words are words in -o, correlative with short adjectives of the middle gender singular and adverbs: warm, hot, quiet, fun, pleasant, easy, funny, beautiful, windy, far, close, dreary, early, late.
With adjectives and adverbs, these forms are brought together by the common derivational features and the presence of comparison forms. For example: ... I became more bored than before, because I lost almost my last hope (L.). Compare: A letter is slower than a bullet (Sim.) (short adjective); He went faster (M. G.) (adverb).
Short adjectives turn into impersonal predicative words as a result of the loss of their forms of change and fixation in the position of the predicate. The latter was the reason for their acquisition of the meanings of time, which are contained in the verb copula.
The replenishment of impersonal predicative words at the expense of adverbs is directly related to the history of the verb to be. Adverbs in combination with the verb to be did not lose their specificity only until the verb to be turned into a bunch, into a formal indicator of tense and mood. “The transformation of the verb to be into an abstract connective strengthened the “predicativity” of the adverbs. In combination, ashamed was, the word ashamed could no longer be perceived as an adverb to the verb was. It merged with a copula-morpheme into one compound grammatical form, the form of the past tense from the word ashamed. But such use of adverbs was not reconciled with their function of qualitative and adverbial relation. Thus, the weakening of the lexical meaning of the verb in the link to be led to the transition of the adverbs used with it into the category of impersonal predicative words.
The ability of predicative use is more palpable in circumstantial adverbs than in attributive adverbs. For example, compare: It was late, early, if it was impossible to say - it was fast, it was long.
Among the impersonal-predicative words in -o, a group of words stands out that do not have homonyms among adverbs (as well as short adjectives). In modern Russian, such words are used only as impersonal predicative words. These are the following: it is possible, it is necessary, it should be, ashamed, fearful, ashamed, sickening, ticklish and some others. In words of this type, the syntactic properties of the verb develop especially noticeably, up to the ability to control the accusative case of a direct object, for example: My little hands, my little hands hurt (M. G.).
In terms of meaning, the impersonal predicative word cannot (from the word lga in the meaning of “ease, possibility” with a negative particle not) adjoins this group.
In those cases where there are short adjectives similar in appearance, the impossibility of identifying them with impersonal predicative words is emphasized by stress. Wed: The child is sick about. - I would about flax; It shouldn't about repeat. - Me d about false to return.
2. A relatively small group of impersonal predicative words is etymologically related to nouns. These are words expressing an assessment of the state from the moral, ethical, emotional, modal, etc. side: sin, shame, torment, pity, time, time, lack of leisure, laziness, hunting, reluctance. For example: I was bitter for both of you, and I was sorry to tell the truth (Fet); It's time to get to the buckshot! (L.); And there is no time to ask for forgiveness for that, at least at three archangels rattle the trumpets (Gr.).
In the transition to impersonal-predicative words, nouns not only lose the meaning of objectivity, but also the forms of cases, gender, number. For example, in the sentences Len' was to rise and Hunt was to ride the impersonal predicative words laziness, hunting lost their gender form, since the copula was not consistent with them.
Related information:
- In intersexual relations, the compensation of animal instincts is to counteract female dominance and the formation of a herd sexual market.
II. Permanent morphological properties:
(2) group by value;
(3) the presence of homonyms among other parts of speech (indicate the motivating word);
(4) immutability.
Variable morphological properties:
(5) for words of state ending in o, motivated by an adjective or adverb, the degree of comparison;
(6) mood and - in the indicative mood - time: are expressed analytically (syntactically) using a linking verb (indicate the linking verb).
III. Syntax properties:
(7) role in the proposal.
PARSE SAMPLES
Climbers have a golden rule: never lose altitude. (V. Soloukhin.) It is impossible (to lose height) -
II - permanent properties:
(2) with modal meaning;
(3) unmotivated word;
(4) does not change; non-permanent properties:
(6) copula null: indicative mood, present tense;
III- syntactic properties:
(7) predicate.
I feel the social atmosphere in the world as clearly as the physical one. Sometimes it becomes painful and stuffy, sometimes it becomes easier, sometimes as if before a thunderstorm. (V. Soloukhin.)
(becomes) easier -
2) post. - indicates the psychological state of a person; correlates with short f. attach. and adverb (easy);
non-post. - in the form of synthetic compare, degree; used with a bunch becomes ". will express, obl., present, temp.;
3) predicate.
Kostya and I firmly believed that there could be no lies in the book, but it was described as it was in reality. (D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak.)
(In the book) described -
1) cat. states (state);
2) post. - indicates the state of the phenomenon (object); correlates with short f. suffer. past participles;
non-post. - zero link: will express, obl., present, temp.;
3) predicate.
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More on the topic STATE CATEGORY (impersonal-predicative words):
- 8. Category of the case of the noun. The meaning of cases.
Impersonally predicative words, or the category of state, - these are significant unchangeable nominal and adverbial words that denote a state and are used as a predicate in an impersonal sentence.
Semantic features of the state category.
Impersonally predicative words are characterized by a single meaning - an expression of a state or its assessment. This can be a mental or physical state of living beings, a state of nature and the environment, a state with a modal color, an assessment of the state from a moral and ethical point of view, from the point of view of extension in time, space, etc.
Ranks of impersonal predicative words by meaning.
| The mental and physical state of living beings, the state of nature, the environment and the situation. | State with modal coloring (necessity, possibility, obligation) | Assessing the state or position | |||
| The mental state of a person | Volitional state of a person | The physical condition of living beings | State of nature, environment and environment | ||
| Sad, pitiful, funny, insulting, scary, fearful, annoying, ashamed, fun, boring, etc. | Laziness, hunting, reluctance, captivity. | Painful, nauseating, disgusting, bad, stuffy, disgusting, etc. | Dark, light, quiet, cold, frosty, rainy, sunny, clean, dirty, windy, etc. | It is possible, it is necessary, it is possible, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible. | Late, early, time, time, far, near, high, low; sin, horror, shame, good, convenient, bad, easy; seen, heard, etc. |
| And you are not ashamed to do so? You are bored with me. | And you want to deal with it? I'm too lazy to raise my hand. | The room is stuffy. It hurts us to remember the past. | By evening it was quiet and warm. The living room was noisy and disorderly. | You can't be left behind by your friends. You need to think about your future profession. | Now it's too late. It's a sin for you to complain about fate. |
1.Immutability, i.e. lack of declension and conjugation forms.
2.The presence of a suffix about in words formed from adjectives and adverbs, for example: need, apparently, cold, terribly.
3.The ability to express the meaning of time, transmitted by a connective, with which impersonal predicative words are combined, for example: cold, it was cold, it will be cold; it's fun, it's fun.
4.Preservation of comparison forms with words on - about formed from short names of adjectives and adverbs, for example: It was cold - it will get colder.
Syntactic features of the state category.
1.The syntactic function of the predicate in an impersonal sentence (in combination with or without the infinitive). For example: The room is stuffy. It was cloudy outside.
2.They do not agree and are not controlled, they can only be combined with a bunch of abstract or semi-abstract ( be, become, become, be done) expressing time and inclination. For example: I was getting sad. I felt uncomfortable and uncomfortable.
3.They can manage nouns and pronouns in the form of the dative case without a preposition and the genitive and prepositional with prepositions. For example: It was cloudy outside. You may be bored with me.
4.Unlike adverbs and adjectives, impersonal predicative words do not define any words; they cannot be questioned. For example: He looked sad (the adverb determines the verb). His face was sad (an adjective specifies a noun). He was sad (state category).
Thus, impersonal-predicative words are distinguished into a special lexico-grammatical group on the basis of semantic, morphological and syntactic features, the main of which are the following: the meaning of the “ineffective” state, the function of the impersonal predicate, immutability.
Formation of impersonal predicative words.
1.Impersonally predicative words -about correlated with short adjectives and adverbs: warm, hot, far, close, quiet, etc. These forms are similar to adjectives and adverbs by the common derivational features and the presence of comparison forms: I became even more sad.
Short adjectives move into the category of state as a result of their loss of declension forms and fixation in the position of the predicate, and subsequently the acquisition of time values by them, which are contained in the verb copula.
Among impersonal predicative words on -about a group of words is distinguished that do not have homonyms among adverbs and short adjectives, for example: possible, necessary, necessary, should, ashamed, fearful, ashamed, sick, ticklish, etc. They especially noticeably develop the syntactic properties of the verb, for example, to control the accusative case.
In the combination "infinitive + word in -o" it can be difficult to distinguish between impersonal predicative words and adverbs or short neuter adjectives. Consider examples: deceive friends not good. Wait boring. About it Nice recall. Travel in the desert dangerously. It is believed that the syntactic nature of such a construction is determined by the order of its components. If the infinitive precedes the word in -o, then it is the subject, and the sentence is a two-part personal, in which the word in -o is a short neuter adjective. Usually such a sentence is pronounced with a characteristic ambiguous intonation, clearly contrasting the subject group and the predicate group ( Cheating friends / not good). In the same case, when the word in -o precedes the infinitive ( It's not good to deceive your friends) the sentence is regarded as impersonal, and the infinitive depends on the impersonal-predicative word.
However, it is not always possible to rely on the order of words in a sentence - the totality of semantic-syntactic features is important. Let's compare two sentences: It hurts to swallow. It's bad for him to smoke.
1) Word hurt impersonal-predicative, it expresses the state of the subject and can also act outside the combination with the infinitive: He hurts. Word harmful has an evaluative meaning, it denotes a sign, a characteristic of an action, which brings it closer to an adjective. Outside of combination with the infinitive, it cannot be used, one cannot say " It's bad for him."
Estimated words can be predicates only in a personal sentence, in particular, with a subject expressed by an infinitive.
2) The two-part constructions with evaluative words ending in -o are confirmed by the possibility of synonymous replacements of both main members. The infinitive can be replaced by a verbal noun: Smoking is bad - Smoking is bad. The -o word can be replaced by a descriptive expression: Smoking is a harmful activity.
In a combination of an infinitive with an impersonal predicative word, such substitutions are impossible.
3) The dative case form in an impersonal sentence denotes the subject of the state: To swallow to him hurt, that is " he has pain when swallowing.
The form of the dative case in constructions with evaluative words has the meaning not of the subject, but of the object with shades of benefit, purpose, interest. The dative form is not an organically essential member of the construction and can be omitted: Smoking is harmful.
4) The syntactic role of the infinitive in the compared constructions is different. In sentences with evaluative words, the infinitive is the subject, in impersonal sentences the infinitive is dependent, it forms a predicate together with the impersonal predicative word.
So suggestions: It hurts to swallow and It's bad for him to smoke- have different syntactic constructions.
Based on this, some linguists do not include evaluative words in the category of state.
2. A small group is etymologically related to nouns: sin, shame, torment, pity, time, time, lack of time, etc. In the transition to impersonal-predicative words, they lose the meaning of objectivity and form of cases, gender, number. For example: It's time to get to the buckshot! I don't have time to talk to you
S. F. Bakhtin
40. The problem of singling out the words of the state category as a separate CR in Russian linguistics. special properties of these words.
Impersonal-predicative words, or state category, are significant unchangeable nominal and adverbial words that denote a state and are used in the function of a predicate impersonal sentence (they are also called predicative adverbs, thereby emphasizing the function of the predicate).
In a sentence Leonid will come, we will be veryfunny(Writing) word funny denotes the mental state of a person, is a predicate of an impersonal sentence, combined with a bunch of will, forming an analytical form of the future tense. impersonal-predicative word funny homonymous with the short form of the adjective and adverb; Wed: The expression on her facefunny (funny- short adjective). - Hefunnysmiled (funny- adverb). But it differs from the adjective in the absence of gender forms ( merry, merry, merry) and the inability to determine the name; from the adverb - the inability to determine the verb and the adjective. In addition, the impersonal-predicative word is alien to the meaning of the feature (the feature of an object is an adjective; the feature of an action is an adverb).
Impersonally predicative words are characterized by a single meaning - an expression of a state or its assessment. This can be a state of living beings, mental or physical, a state of nature and the environment, a state with a modal color, an assessment of the state in terms of moral and ethical, in terms of extension in time, space, etc. The state expressed by this category of words is thought only impersonally: The child is hurt(cf. the expression of a state by an adjective and a verb: The child is sick and The baby is ill).
Morphological features impersonal predicative words are as follows:
The absence of declension and conjugation, i.e. immutability.
Presence of a suffix -about in words formed from adjectives and adverbs ( cold, visible, insulting, necessary).
The ability to express the meaning of time, transmitted by a bunch, with which impersonal predicative words are combined ( sad, was sad, will be sad; become sad, become sad). The absence of a link serves as an indicator of the present tense.
Saving comparison forms with words on -about formed from short names of adjectives and adverbs. For example: It was warm - it will be warmer. It was easy, it will get easier.
Correlation with those parts of speech from which this category of words originated: sad correlates with the word sad, warm- with warm, hard- with heavy, frosty- with frosty. However, this feature is not characteristic of all impersonal predicative words: for example, ashamed in modern Russian does not correlate with “conscientious”, it is possible that it does not correlate with “possible”.
The most clear and definite syntactic signs of impersonal predicative words.
An essential feature of these words is the syntactic function of the predicate in an impersonal sentence (in combination with or without an infinitive). For example: She then suddenly became thoughtful and somehow gloomily thought, so thathardandit was sad to seeher in this position(Letters); Usshould have gone downfive more versts over icy rocks and slushy snow to reach Kobi station(L.).
Impersonally predicative words do not agree and are not controlled, they can be combined with a bunch of abstract or semi-abstract ( to be, become, become, become) expressing time and inclination. For example: to mewas getting sadwhen listening to her from the next room(L.); I have becomeunpleasant and awkward(Letters).
Impersonal-predicative words are able to spread by the forms of nouns and pronouns in the dative case without a preposition and in the genitive and prepositional with prepositions, i.e. manage these forms. For example: ... To youmay beboringI have, and I am sincerely glad(Letters); Outsidewasdarkat least gouge out your eye(L.). The accusative case is also possible: I felt sad andshame on Lisa(Letters).
In addition, with impersonal predicative words, the dependent infinitive is often used. For example: The snow at parting with the earth shimmered with such diamonds thatit hurt to look(Ch.); ... But these three birches in life to no onecan't be given away(Sim.).
Unlike adverbs and adjectives, impersonal predicative words do not define any words. Wed, for example: She was watchingsad(adverb determines the verb) - Her face wassad(a short adjective defines a noun) - She wassad(impersonal predicative word).
Thus, impersonal-predicative words are distinguished into a special lexico-grammatical group on the basis of semantic, morphological and syntactic features, the main of which are the following: the meaning of the “ineffective” state, the function of the impersonal predicate, immutability and morphological correlation with adjectives, adverbs and nouns.
Ranks by value. The following groups of impersonal predicative words are distinguished by meaning:
Impersonal-predicative words denoting the mental and physical state of living beings, the state of nature, the environment and the situation:
a) the mental state of a person: annoying, ashamed, fearful, fun, sad, pitiful, funny, insulting, scary, boring. For example: And you don'tashamedwas to believe this woman?(Letters); His face did not express anything special, and I feltannoyingly(L.);
b) volitional state: laziness, hunting, reluctance, captivity. For example: Times to the commanderreluctancetalk to everyone(Laurel); But our ladies, apparently,lazinessget off the porch and flash cold beauty over the Neva(P.); I just need to livehuntingI haven't lived yet(Tward.);
c) the physical condition of living beings: painful, nauseating, stuffy, disgusting. For example: There is where to deploy cold wings, but here youstuffyandcloselylike an eagle that screams against the bars of its iron cage(L.);
d) the state of nature, the environment and the situation: dark, light, quiet, cold, frosty, rainy, sunny, windy, comfortable, clean, dirty, damp, spacious, cramped, free. For example: At the beginning of the street there waswindy, and the road was swept up, but in the middle of the village it becamequiet, warmandfunny(L. T.); The living room wasnoisyanddisorderly, as always happens before a general departure(Cupr.); The house waswarmly, but Olya was seized by chills even more than on the street(Kochet.).
Impersonal-predicative words denoting a state with modal coloring, i.e. containing the meaning of necessity, possibility, obligation: it is possible, it is necessary, it is possible, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible. For example: need toto say that when the conversation touched on love and feelings in general, she started talking(Letters); nothingit is forbiddenflatter my vanity, as if recognizing my skill in horseback riding in the Caucasian way(L.).
Impersonally predicative words denoting an assessment of a state or position. The estimate can be relative to the extent in time and space: late, early, time, time, far, near, low, high; from the point of view of psychological, moral and ethical: convenient, bad, good, difficult, easy, sin, horror, shame, disgrace; from the side of visual or auditory perception: seen, heard. For example: Now alreadylate, yesterday they gave him the floor, Lisa agreed(Letters); And quiet and light - until duskfar(Fet); Difficultdescribe the delight of the whole honest company(L.); Okayyou rejoice, but I do, right,sadas I remember(L.); There were no houses around.it is seenno yards, no trees(Ch.).
Education ranks. Impersonally predicative words are by origin associated with adjectives, correlative adverbs, and partly nouns. This transition is carried out on the basis of a complex interweaving of the properties of the name, adverb and verb.
The main group of impersonal predicative words are words on -about, correlative with short neuter singular adjectives and adverbs: warm, hot, quiet, fun, pleasant, easy, funny, beautiful, windy, far, close, dreary, early, late.
With adjectives and adverbs, these forms are brought together by the common derivational features and the presence of comparison forms. For example: ...I becamemore boringthe former, because I lost almost my last hope(L.). Wed: Letterslowerbullets(Sim.) (short adjective); He wentfaster(M. G.) (adverb).
Short adjectives turn into impersonal predicative words as a result of the loss of their forms of change and fixation in the position of the predicate. The latter was the reason for their acquisition of the meanings of time, which are contained in the verb copula.
Replenishment of impersonal-predicative words at the expense of adverbs is directly related to the history of the verb to be. Adverbs combined with a verb to be did not lose their specificity only until the verb to be turned into a bunch, into a formal indicator of time and mood. "The transformation of the verb to be into an abstract bundle strengthened the "predicativity" of adverbs. In combination I was ashamed word ashamed could no longer be perceived as an adverb to the verb was. It merged with a copula-morpheme into one compound grammatical form, the form of the past tense from the word ashamed. But such use of adverbs was not reconciled with their function of qualitative and adverbial relation. Thus, the weakening in the bond to be the lexical meaning of the verb led to the transition of the adverbs used with it into the category of impersonal predicative words.
The ability of predicative use is more palpable in circumstantial adverbs than in attributive adverbs. For example, compare: It was late, early when unable to say it was fast, it was long.
Among impersonal predicative words on -about a group of words is distinguished that do not have homonyms among adverbs (as well as short adjectives). In modern Russian, such words are used only as impersonal predicative words. These are the following: can, should, should, ashamed, fearful, ashamed, nauseated, ticklish and some others. In words of this type, the syntactic properties of the verb develop especially noticeably, up to the ability to control the accusative case of a direct object, for example: My little hands, my little hands hurt(M. G.).
In terms of meaning, the impersonal predicative word adjoins this group it is forbidden(from the word lie in the meaning of "lightness, possibility" with a negative particle not).
In those cases where there are short adjectives similar in appearance, the impossibility of identifying them with impersonal predicative words is emphasized by stress. Wed: The child is sickabout . - I wouldabout flax; It shouldn'tabout repeat. - Me dabout false to return.
A relatively small group of impersonal predicative words is etymologically related to nouns. These are words expressing an assessment of the state from the side of moral, ethical, emotional, modal, etc.: sin, shame, torment, pity, time, time, lack of leisure, laziness, hunting, reluctance. For example: I was bitter for both of you, and to tell me the truth wasit's a pity(Fet); It's timeget to the buckshot!(L.); Andlack of leisureto ask for forgiveness, at least three archangels rattle the trumpets(Gr.).
In the transition to impersonal-predicative words, nouns not only lose the meaning of objectivity, but also the forms of cases, gender, number. For example, in sentences Lazinesshad to climb and Huntinghad to go impersonal predicative words laziness, hunting lost the form of the genus, since the bunch was does not agree with them.
The question of the category of state in grammatical literature. Impersonal predicative words, as words intermediate between nouns and verbs, began to stand out in Russian grammars from the first third of the 19th century.
When highlighting these words, usually such properties as immutability, use as a predicate, and designation of the main state were emphasized. Noting special meaning and the characteristic function of these words, some grammarians attributed them to verb words (A.Kh. Vostokov, A.A. Shakhmatov), others - to short adjectives (K.S. Aksakov). A.M. Peshkovsky, pointing out the syntactic function of impersonal predicative words, does not classify them as any part of speech.
For the first time, L.V. singled out predicative adverbs as a special part of speech. Shcherba in the work “On parts of speech in the Russian language”, calling them the category of state and including in it not only impersonal predicative words, but also adverbs used as a predicate in a personal sentence, as well as some short adjectives with the meaning of state and obligation ( eg: alert, unconscious, sad, must, intend and etc.).
However, not all grammarians recognize the right of the category of state to stand out as a special part of speech. The existing disagreements, apparently, are explained by the fact that the process of forming a special part of speech has not yet been completed and reaches different degrees in different words. Most clearly at the present stage of language development, the signs of a special lexico-grammatical category are expressed in impersonal predicative words, and therefore the allocation of words like happy, ready, intending, unconscious, married and others in personal constructions cannot be considered indisputable.