Municipal budgetary educational institution
Bolsheokulovskaya secondary school
Navashinsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region
Computer science lesson notes
in 8th grade
"Measuring Information. An Alphabetical Approach to Measuring Information."
prepared
computer science and mathematics teacher
Nuribekova Irina Aleksandrovna
Big Okulovo 2013
Computer science lesson in 8th grade on the topic: "Measuring information. Alphabetical approach to measuring information."
Target:
To develop students' understanding of the alphabetical approach to measuring information.
teach how to solve problems to determine the information volume of a message
Tasks:
- educational – give the concept of the amount of information, introduce the alphabetical approach to determining the amount of information, introduce the units of measurement of information, teach how to calculate the information volume of a message
developing – develop communication skills; independent work skills; develop imaginative, critical thinking
educational – development of ICT competence skills; increasing student motivation in the classroom, fostering independence in learning activities, responsibility for decision making
Lesson type: Combined. A lesson in obtaining and consolidating new knowledge using electronic educational resources.
Forms of student work: frontal, individual
Required technical equipment
Personal Computer
Multimedia projector
Lesson plan:
Organizational moment – 1 min
Updating basic knowledge – 5 min
Learning new material – 15 min
Primary consolidation 6 min
Control of what has been learned – 14 min
Homework – 2 min
Final part: summing up, reflection – 2 min
During the classes:
1. Good afternoon, guys! I am glad to welcome you to the computer science lesson. The topic of our lesson “Units of information measurement. An Alphabetical Approach to Information Measurement.” Write it down in your notebook. So, let's start the lesson by checking your homework.
2. Updating knowledge
Questions for the class:
What is meant by information?
What types of information representation in a computer do you know?
What is code and information encoding?
What is the alphabet of a language?
What is the power of the alphabet?
What characters can be included in the binary alphabet?
3. Studying new material.
How to evaluate the amount of information received?
Motivation of students. Demonstration of a video clip.
Information exchanges are happening everywhere around us. Information is exchanged between people, animals, technical devices, human or animal organs, etc. in all these cases, information is transmitted in the form of sequences of various signals. In computing, such signals encode certain semantic symbols, i.e. such signals encode sequences of characters - letters, numbers, dot color codes, etc. From this point of view, another approach to measuring information is considered - alphabetical.
Watching a video clip. Recording basic concepts in a notebook.
http ://
files .
school -
collection .
edu .
ru /
dlrstore /6
a 493343-35
e 0-4574-
a 2
b 5-82
bc 452
a 7
d 36/%5
BINF _026%5
D _%5
BAM _14%5
D .
swf
With the alphabetical approach to determining the amount of information, one abstracts from the content of the information and considers the information message as a sequence of signs of a certain sign system.
The easiest way to understand this is to use an example of a text written in a language. It is more convenient for us if it is Russian.
We will traditionally call the entire set of symbols used in a language an alphabet. Usually, the alphabet refers to only letters, but since the text may contain punctuation marks, numbers, and parentheses, we will also include them in the alphabet. The alphabet should also include a space, i.e. space between words.
Alphabet- a set of symbols used when writing text.
Power (size) of the alphabet- the total number of characters in the alphabet.
We will denote this quantity by the letter N.
i is the amount of information carried by one character in the text (information weight of the character).
K – number of characters in the text, including spaces and punctuation marks.
To find the amount of information in the entire text, you need to count the number of characters in it and multiply by i.
In the alphabetic approach to measuring information, the amount of information depends not on the content, but on the size of the text and the power of the alphabet.
Thus, the alphabetical approach to measuring information can be depicted in the form of a table. A poster or presentation is shown on the screen.
When using the binary system (the alphabet consists of two characters: 0 and 1), each binary character carries 1 bit of information.
The use of the alphabetic approach is convenient, first of all, when using technical means of working with information.
4.Primary consolidation.
Problem 1The message, written in letters from the 32-character alphabet, contains 30 characters. How much information does it carry?Self-monitoring on the topic
Students take the test on a PC and ask the teacher questions about how to complete this test.
Homework
(Students send completed assignments to e-teacher's email).
Homework
Subject: Information Measurement
1. The Multi tribe alphabet consists of 32 letters. Which amount of information carries one letter this alphabet?
Summarizing.
Lesson summary: Units of measurement of information (8th grade, lesson 5, textbook by L.L. Bosov). In this lesson, students will learn the units of measurement of information and the relationships between them.
Planned educational results:
— subject– knowledge of units of measurement of information and free handling of them;
— meta-subject– understanding the essence of measurement as a comparison of the measured value with the unit of measurement;
— personal- concentration skills.
Solvable educational tasks:
1) consideration of an alphabetical approach to measuring information;
2) determination of the information weight of a character of an arbitrary alphabet;
3) determining the information volume of a message consisting of a certain number of alphabetic characters;
4) study of units of measurement of information and the relationship between them;
5) familiarity with uniform and non-uniform binary codes.
Basic concepts studied in the lesson:
- bit;
— information weight of the symbol;
— information volume of the message;
— units of measurement of information.
ICT tools used in the lesson:
— teacher’s personal computer (PC), multimedia projector, screen;
— Students’ PCs.
Electronic educational resources
— presentation “Measuring Information”;
— resources of federal educational portals:
1) animation “Calculating the amount of information”;
3) animation “Measuring information”
2) animation - simulator “Interactive problem book. Measuring information."
Features of presenting the content of the lesson topic
1. Organizational moment (1 minute)
Greeting students, communicating the topic and objectives of the lesson.
2. Repetition (5 minutes)
1) checking the studied material according to the questions in §1.3;
2) checking the completion of homework in the Republic of Tatarstan (No. 18, 21, 24, 30, 33, 36)
3) consideration of tasks that caused difficulties in completing homework. (No. 33 was mandatory for all students to solve, since a similar task was discussed in detail in the previous lesson.)
3. Learning new material (20 minutes)
New material is presented accompanied by the presentation “Units of Information Measurement”.
1 slide- title of the presentation;
2 slide- keywords;
- bit
— information weight of the symbol
— information volume of the message
— units of measurement of information
3 slide- alphabetical approach to measuring information;
Each character of a message has a certain information weight - it carries a fixed amount of information.
All characters of the same alphabet have the same weight, depending on the power of the alphabet.
The information weight of a symbol of the binary alphabet is taken as the minimum unit of information and is called 1 bit.
4 slide- information weight of a symbol of an arbitrary alphabet;
— The alphabet of any language can be replaced by a binary alphabet.
— To encode N characters of an arbitrary alphabet, an i-bit binary code is required.
— Information weight of the symbol = bit depth of the binary code.
— Power of the alphabet and information weight of the alphabet symbol: N=2i
5 slide- task 1;
The Pulti alphabet contains 8 characters. What is the information weight of a symbol of this alphabet?
Answer: 3 bits.
6 slide- information volume of the message;
The information volume of the I message is equal to the product of the number K of characters in the message by the information weight of the i character of the alphabet:
I = K x i
View and discuss the animation “Calculating the amount of information”
7 slide- task 2;
The message, written in the 32-character alphabet, contains 140 characters. How much information does it carry?
Answer: 700 bits.
8 slide- task 3;
An information message with a volume of 720 bits consists of 180 characters. What is the power of the alphabet in which this message is written?
Answer: 16 characters.
Slide 9- units of measurement of information;
Computer alphabet
- Russian (RUS) letters
— Latin (LAT) letters
- numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0)
— mathematical signs (+, -, *, /, ^, =)
— other symbols (“”, №, %, :, ;, #, &)
The alphabet contains 256 characters. 256 = 28, i=8
1 byte is the information weight of an alphabet symbol with a capacity of 256.
1 byte = 8 bits
View and discuss the animation “Measuring Information”
10 slide- task 4;
A 4 KB information message consists of 4096 characters. What is the informational weight of the symbol of this message? How many characters does the alphabet with which this message is written contain?
Answer: information weight of a character = 8, the alphabet contains 256 characters.
11 slide- the most important;
— 1 bit is the minimum unit of measurement of information.
— The information weight of the i character of the alphabet and the power N of the alphabet are related to each other by the relation: N = 2i.
— The information volume of the message I is equal to the product of the number of characters K in the message by the information weight of the i character of the alphabet: I = K x i.
- 1 byte = 8 bits.
— Bit, byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte are units of information. Each subsequent unit is 1024 (210) times larger than the previous one.
4. Practical part. Problem solving (17 minutes)
12 slide- RT No. 38;
Slide 13- RT No. 39 and No. 41;
Slide 14- RT No. 50;
If time permits No. 43,44,45,53.
Tell students! The workbook contains a selection of 18 tasks that are directly related to the topic discussed in the lesson. These tasks are intended in full for motivated schoolchildren planning to take the State Exam and the Unified State Exam.
5. Summing up the lesson. Homework message. Grading (2 minutes)
15 slide- supporting summary;
16 slide- D/z;
Homework.
§1.4, questions and tasks 1–3, 5 to paragraph;
RT: No. 42, 46, 47, 49, 50, 54.
Additional task: work at home with an interactive problem book ("Trainer" and "Control" modes).
All material for the lesson is in the archive.
The archive includes:
- summary,
- answers and solutions to tasks in the workbook,
— presentation “Units of measurement of information”,
— animation “Calculating the amount of information”;
— animation “Measuring information”
— animation — simulator “Interactive problem book. Measuring information."
Download(3 MB, rar): Lesson summary
Lesson topic:"Measuring Information"
The purpose of the lesson: develop students' understanding of the alphabetical approach to measuring information .
Tasks:
Educational: teach how to solve problems to determine the information capacity of a message, introduce units of measurement of information.
Developmental- develop cognitive interest, logical thinking.
Educational- increase student motivation through the use of interactive learning tools and create an information culture.
Health-saving - compliance with sanitary standards when working with a computer, compliance with safety regulations, the optimal combination of forms and methods to prevent overwork.
Lesson type: combined lesson.
Teaching methods: problem-based, partially search-based, game-based
Forms of work in the lesson: collective, group, individual.
Equipment: PC, interactive whiteboard
During the classes:
I.Organizing time. Motivation for learning activities.
Before we start the lesson, let's see how we feel at the beginning of the lesson?
Placed appropriate emoticons
Guys, let's complete the task
II.Updating and recording difficulties in activities.
Questions for the class:
What is shown in front of you? Units of mass, time and length
How can you measure them? Ruler, scales, clock
What units of information did we consider? Bit, byte, KB, MB.
III.Formulating the topic and objectives of the lesson.
It turns out that information can also be measured and its quantity found.
Let's formulate the topic of the lesson. (How to measure information).
What will we learn in today’s lesson and what will we learn new? (Let's learn to find the amount of information in a message) - The teacher specifies the objectives of the lesson.
IV.Problematic situation.
How to evaluate the amount of information received?
The student cannot solve the problem.
System of leading questions
Which word contains more information and why? Characters
Which text contains more information and why? number of lines
Which book contains more information and why? number of pages
Note (about the largest book):
Matthews decided to collect all selected articles from Wikipedia. Only included here
most visited Wikipedia pages. As a result, the book turned out to be 5 000 pages. Height of the thickest book 0.5 meters. It is worth considering that the electronic version of Wikipedia has 3 million pages.
Let's return to our task 
Students find the information volume of the textbook and independently derive a formula for measuring information.
V.Consolidation of what has been learnedmaterial.
Training in working with units of measurement (interactive simulator) 
Joint solution to the problem of fipi GIA-9 for 2017 
Technological lesson map (FSES)
AuthorMalakhovskaya Maria Georgievna
Subject, class
Computer Science 7th grade
UMK
Educational and training complex “Informatics and ICT” for grades 5-7, author Bosova L.L.
Subject:
"Measuring Information"
Goal setting lesson type:
Lesson on solving particular problems using the open method
The purpose of the lesson:
Developing problem solving skills for measuring information using an alphabetical approach
Lesson objectives:
Educational – the use of an alphabetic approach to measuring the amount of information, the use of an alphabetic approach to measuring information when solving life problems
Developmental - development of logical and algorithmic thinking of schoolchildren,methods of mental activity, formation and development of functional thinking of students, developmentindependence andcognitive activity
Educational – stimulate interest in studying computer science,fostering discipline, accuracy, and composure.
Basic terms and concepts Items:
units of information: bit, byte, KB, MB, GB
formulas for calculating the information volume of information.
Planned results:
-personal
- subject
- meta-subject
personal:
formation of skills of self-organization, concentration of attention, conscious, respectful and friendly attitude towards another person, his opinion;
meta-subject :
regulatory:
be able tocarry out educational tasks in accordance with the goal,independently control and manage your time; adequately independently assess the correctness of the action and make the necessary adjustments to the execution
educational:
possession of the skills of setting a problem based on known and learned information and what is not yet known; choosing the most effective ways to solve problems depending on specific conditions;
communicative:
the ability to work in a group, listen to others, try to accept a different point of view, be ready to change your point of view, formulate your thoughts in oral and written speech, taking into account your educational and life speech situations
subject
knowledge of units of measurement of information and free handling of them; the ability to measure the information volume of a message, understanding the essence of measurement as a comparison of the measured value with the unit of measurement
Solvable educational tasks:
1) repetition of the alphabetical approach to measuring information;
2) determination of the information weight of a character of an arbitrary alphabet;
3) determining the information volume of a message consisting of a certain number of alphabetic characters;
4) application of knowledge on measuring information in non-standard situations
Organization of space
Study room. interactive boardSmartBoard, projector, computers.
Desks are arranged for group work.
Lesson rules
Rules of conduct in the office.
Forms of work
Frontal, steam room, group
Hardware and software, network services
Computers, teacher's computer, interactive whiteboardSmart Board, projector.
OSWindowsXP,
MSOffice 2007;
Resources used:
- literature;
- didactic materials
Literature;
Bosova L. L. “Informatics-7”, M: Binom. Knowledge Laboratory, 2014.
Bosova L.L. Bosova A.L. “Informatics lessons in grades 5-7: methodological manual”, M: Binom. Knowledge Laboratory, 2008.
Didactic materials:
"Crossword" for group work
Cards for group work
Table 1
STRUCTURE AND PROGRESS OF THE LESSON
Nameused ESM
Activity
teachers
Activity
student
Time
1
Organizing time
Greets students and notes absentees
Listening
1 min.
2.
Setting the goals and objectives of the lesson. Motivation for students' learning activities.
There are 2 crossword puzzles for groups on the screen.
Each group has a printed version of the crossword puzzle..
We will start the lesson by solving a crossword puzzle. Each group, working with their crossword puzzle, must guess the keyword
(Crossword app 1)
Guys, what is the keyword in the crossword puzzle?
Well done! You have formulated the topic of our lesson.
Work in groups.
Students solve crossword puzzles and name key words to determine the topic of the lesson.
Crossword 1: DIMENSION
Crossword 2: INFORMATION
Determine the topic of the lesson.
7 min
3.
Updating of reference knowledge
Guys, what knowledge and skills should you have in order to solve problems involving measuring information?
Conducts a frontal survey:
Listen and answer questions:
be able to translate units of information, determine the power of the alphabet, know formulas for calculating the amount of information
Students, using variables, collect formulas (to calculate the volume of a text message and the power of the alphabet), explain the purpose of these formulas and the dependence of the quantities.
Result of work
6 min.
4
Primary consolidation
The lesson is accompanied by a presentation
Guys, is it enough just to know the formulas to solve a given problem?
bit, byte, GB, KB;
byte, MB, Kbit, GB;
bit, byte, Kbit, Mbit, MB, GB;
bit, byte, Mbit, Kbit, MB, GB;
Determine the correct ascending order of information units
Is the algorithm used correctly? If not, then identify the error
4 MB = 4:1024 = ? KB
1 KB = 1*2014 = ? bit
2 GB=2*1024 = ? MB
Answer the question
The message is written using an alphabet containing 8 characters. How much information does one character of this alphabet carry?
The information volume of one character of a certain message is 6 bits. How many characters are in the alphabet with which this message was composed?
Define inputs and outputs in tasks
How much information does a message contain, occupying three pages of 25 lines, each line containing 80 characters of a 32-character alphabet?
The letter consisted of 30 lines. Each line, including spaces, contains 48 characters. The letter contained 900 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet in which the letter was written?
Answer the question:
be able to express variables in formulas, determine task data
Answer questions.
Correct order in point 3
To convert to KB from MB, you must perform a multiplication action.
When converting from KB to bits, you must multiply the coefficient by 1024 and 8
The algorithm was used incorrectly.
One character carries 3 bits of information, since 8=2 3
There are 64 characters in the alphabet, since 2 6 = 64
Input: number of characters (K), alphabet power(N)
Output:I
Input: number of characters (K), information volume (I)
Output: alphabet power(N)
5
Fizminutka
Let's do the exercise:“Owl”, “Hedgehog frowned”, “Cheerful hedgehog”, “Libra”
Doing exercises
“Owl” - turning the head left and right.
“The hedgehog frowned” - shoulders forward, chin to chest.
“Cheerful hedgehog” - shoulders back, head back.
“Libra” - left shoulder up, right shoulder down. Change the position of your hands.
6
Creative application and acquisition of knowledge in a new situation (problem tasks)
Students receive task cards
And now, guys, your task is to show how the acquired knowledge will help you solve problems in specific situations. You will work in groups
Students receive worksheets
( Appendix 2 ).
At the end of the work, each group presents its results.
7
Information about homework, instructions on how to complete it
Prepare creative homework on A4 sheet of paper
Voices homework: come up with a plot drawing
- Lesson summary on computer science and ICT in 8th grade
The purpose of the lesson:
educational:
- study the concepts: “measurement of information”, “alphabet”, “power of the alphabet”, “unit of information”;
- teach how to calculate the amount of information using a formula;
- teach students to solve practical problems on measuring information;
developing:
- develop elements of logical thinking: generalization, comparison, analogy, synthesis;
- learn to pose and solve problems, draw conclusions; develop communication skills;
- independent work skills;
- develop imaginative, critical thinking.
educational:
- cultivate respect for the opinions of others.
Planned lesson results:
Students should know:
- determination of information in accordance with the content approach and the cybernetic (alphabetic) approach;
- what are information processes;
- what types of storage media exist;
- How is the unit of measurement of information - bit - determined?
- what is a byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte;
In what units is the speed of information transfer measured?
Students should be able to:
Give examples of information and information processes from the field of human activity, wildlife, technology;
Determine the source, receiver, channel in a specific process of information transmission;
Give examples of informative and non-informative communications;
Give examples of messages carrying 1 bit of information;
Measure the information volume of text in bytes (when using a computer alphabet);
Recalculate the amount of information in various units (bits, bytes, KB, MB, GB);
Calculate the speed of information transmission based on the amount of transmission time, as well as solve inverse problems;
Lesson type: presentation of new material.
Forms of student work: frontal, practical work.
Required technical equipment: PC, interactive complex or projector with screen.
Main content topics, concepts and terms: Bit, information weight of a symbol, units of measurement of information, information volume of a message.
Basic tutorial: Computer science and information and communication technologies. Textbook for grade 8 / I. G. Semakin, L. A. Zalogova, S. V. Rusakov, L. V. Shestakova. – 5th ed. – M.: BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, 2012. – 165 p.
During the classes:
- Organizational moment – 2 min
- Repetition and reinforcement of material covered in the previous lesson
The teacher welcomes students, checks their readiness for the lesson, and notes those who are absent.
– 6 min
In the last lesson, we talked about the fact that we live in a world of information. We are accustomed to such words and phrases as “information process”, “information crisis”, “information society”, etc. We tried to define what “information” is? What is “information” for a person, and what is “information” for a technical system, in particular for a computer.
Let's repeat:
- What properties of information presented in the form of messages and knowledge do you know?
- What should be the properties of information disseminated by the media?
- What should be the properties of the information you receive in class?
- What properties should information distributed via the Internet have?
- Motivational-target stage – 2 min
- Explanation of new material – 15 min
- Problem solving –15 min
- Homework – 3 min
How can you measure the amount of information? Yes, just like we measure the length or mass of something: compare it with the corresponding standard. The number of times the reference unit fits into the measured value is the result of the measurement. You just need to choose a standard.
For example, in the cartoon “38 Parrots” the standard of length is the length of the parrot’s step.
What is the standard for measuring information? Let's figure this out.
So, the topic of our lesson is “Measuring information.
So information is measurable. Now let's try to answer the questions - How to determine the information volume of a message? What does it depend on?
There are two approaches to determining the amount of information: semantic and alphabetical (presentation “Units of information measurement”, slide 3).
With a semantic approach, the amount of information can be considered as a measure of reducing uncertainty when receiving information messages. For example, which side of a coin will land when tossed, “heads” or “tails”? In this case, the answer reduces the uncertainty by exactly two times; this will be the minimum unit of measurement of information, which is called a bit (slide 4).
So, when semantically determining the amount of information per unit of measurement of the amount of information the amount of information that is contained in the message is accepted, reducing the uncertainty of knowledge by 2 times. Such a unit is called bit.
There are several ways to measure the amount of information. The concepts that are more familiar to you and me are LANGUAGE and ALPHABET. So, let's consider the ALPHABETIC APPROACH to measuring information (slide 5).
The most famous sign systems are languages. Any language has its own alphabet (set of characters) and rules for working with it. Languages are divided into natural (Russian, Chinese, etc.) and formal (Morse code, programming languages, mathematics, music notation).
The alphabetic approach allows you to measure the amount of information in a text (symbolic message) composed of characters of some alphabet.
The alphabetical approach is convenient when calculating the amount of information stored, transmitted and processed by technical devices. Devices don't care about the content of messages. Computers, printers, modems do not work with the information itself, but with its presentation in the form of messages. Only a person can evaluate the information results of their work as useful or useless.
Alphabet is a set of letters, signs, numbers, brackets, etc. The number of characters in the alphabet is called its power . (Slide 4)
For example, the power of the alphabet of Russian letters and additional symbols is: 33 letters + 10 numbers + 11 punctuation marks + parentheses + space = 54.
What is the minimum power of the alphabet that can be used to record (encode) information?
Binary alphabet(Slide 5)
The binary alphabet consists of 2 characters: 0 and 1
The information weight of a binary alphabet character is called 1 bit
Therefore, 1 bit is 0 or 1
The information weight of a symbol depends on the power of the alphabet.
As the power of the alphabet increases, the information weight of each symbol increases.
To measure the volume of information, it is necessary to determine how many times information equal to 1 bit is contained in the determined volume of information.
Quite often they use as a unit of information byte.
Information objects in a modern computer have quite large volumes, so there are other, derived units of information measurement (slide 6).
What modern storage media do you know? What information volumes can be recorded on them? (slides 7-8)
When solving problems, we will have to work with different units of information; let's look at the relationships between these units (slide 9).
Now, let's try this in practice! (slide 10). We need to fill in the gaps in the table, where the same amounts of information are expressed in different units of measurement. Students have all the texts of the tasks printed out at their workplaces.
Problem solving (slides 11-13).
Solve problems in your notebook. (slide 14).
- Lesson summary – 2 min
Today we got acquainted with the measurement of information.
So, let's summarize the lesson:
- The minimum unit of information measurement is...
- What other pieces of information do you know?
- What storage media do you know?
- What approaches to measuring information did you learn today?
APPLICATION
Handouts for the lesson - printouts with tasks and background information
UNITS OF INFORMATION
1 byte = 8 bits
1 kilobyte = 1 KB = 1024 bytes = 2 10 bytes
1 megabyte = 1 MB = 1024 KB = 2 20 bytes
1 gigabyte = 1 GB = 1024 MB = 2 30 bytes
1 terabyte = 1 TB = 1024 GB = 2 40 bytes
1 petabyte = 1 PB = 1024 TB = 2 50 bytes
Fill in the table with the appropriate values:
Tasks:
- The book contains 256 pages, each with 32 lines of 64 characters. What is the information volume of the book in Kilobytes?
- The volume of the designer's project is 600 MB. How many of these projects can he fit on a 32 GB flash drive?
- The volume of the course work is 7 MB. The professor records students' work on a 2 GB flash drive. How many of these coursework can he write?
Homework tasks:
1. The textbook has 512 pages, each page has 48 lines of 64 characters each. What is the size of this textbook in kilobytes?
2. What is the volume of a school library consisting of 50,000 such textbooks? Give your answer in MB and GB
3. How many 700 MB CDs will be needed to record such a school library?