What do animals belong to? Main types of animals. Types of animals: classification. On the requirements for feed and feed additives

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The Russian word “animal” is derived from “zhivot,” which in the past meant “life, property.” In everyday life, the terms “wild animals” and “domestic animals” often mean only mammals or four-legged land vertebrates ( mammals, reptiles And amphibians). However, in science the term “animals” has a broader meaning, corresponding to the Latin Animalia (see above). In a scientific sense, to animals In addition to mammals, reptiles and amphibians, there are a huge variety of other organisms: fish, birds, insects, arachnids, mollusks, starfish, worms and others.

At the same time, many heterotrophic protists were previously assigned to this kingdom and animals were divided into subkingdoms: unicellular Protozoa and multicellular Metazoa. Now the name “animals” in the taxonomic sense is assigned to multicellular organisms. In this understanding, animals as a taxon have more definite characteristics - they are characterized by oogamy, a multi-tissue structure, the presence of at least two germ layers, blastula and gastrula stages in embryonic development. Man belongs to the animal kingdom, but is traditionally studied separately. The vast majority of animals have muscles and nerves, and the groups that do not have them - sponges, lamellar, mesozoans, cnidosporidia - may have lost them for the second time.

At the same time, in science, the term “animals” is sometimes proposed to be used in an even broader meaning, meaning by animals not a taxon, but a type of organization - a life form based on mobility.

Currently (Zhang, 2013), scientists have described more than 1.6 million species of animals (including more than 133 thousand fossil species; Zhang, 2013), most of which are arthropods (more than 1.3 million species, 78%), mollusks ( more than 118 thousand species) and vertebrates (more than 42 thousand species).

Origin of Animals

The first animals are believed to have appeared in the mid-Proterozoic. This creature called Grypania in the form of spiral-shaped carbonaceous ribbons, imprints of which were found in rocks 1.9-1.4 billion years old in the vicinity of Lake Superior. The belonging of the find to animals is not in dispute. Some researchers consider it to be the remains of primitive multicellular eukaryotic algae or a highly developed colony of cyanobacteria.

Another supposed ancient animal is called Horodyskia, found in sediments 1.44 billion years old in North America and 1.4-1.07 billion years old in Australia.

Description

Animals vary greatly in life expectancy. Among the longest living is a coral colony Savalia savaglia, whose age is 2700 years.

Animals in culture

Some religions and philosophies deny that man belongs to animals and claim that he is a superior being relative to them. For example, this is described in the Christian book “Genesis” from the biblical cycle: there animals are created by God arbitrarily, and man is like the divine, and animals are given to his service.

Classification

History of classification of the animal world

Biological systematics

In the above version of the classification, there are 32 types of modern animals (the word “type” is not indicated). Some alternative classifications are described below:

Subkingdom Prometazoa
- Sponges (Porifera or Spongia) - about 8000 species
- Lamellar (Placozoa) - 2 species
Subkingdom Eumetazoa or true multicellular organisms (Eumetazoa)
- Ctenophora - 100-150 species
- Cnidarians or cnidarians (Cnidaria) - about 11 thousand species
- Bilaterally symmetrical (Bilateria)
  - Xenacoelomorpha - about 400 species
  - Protostomia
    - Chaetognatha - about 120 species
    - Dicyemida - 70-75 species
    - Orthonectida - about 30 species
    - Flatworms (Plathelmintes) - about 25 thousand species
    - Gastrotricha worms or gastrotrichas - about 600 species
    - Gnathostomulida - about 100 species
    - Micrognathozoa - the only species - Limnognathia maerski
    - Acanthocephala (Acanthocephala) - about 750 species
    - Rotifers (Rotatoria or Rotifera) - about 1500 species
    - Entoprocta - about 150 species
    - Cycliophora (Cycliophora) - 3 species
    - Bryozoans (Bryozoa or Ectoprocta) - about 5000 species
    - Phoronida - 12 species
    - Brachiopods or brachiopods (Brachiopoda) - approximately 280 modern and 30 thousand extinct species
    - Nemertines (Nemertina or Nemertini) - about 1000 species
    - Sipunculids (Sipuncula) - 144-320 species
    - Ringed worms, or ringworms, or annelids (Annelida) - more than 12 thousand species
    - Mollusks or soft-bodied mollusks (Mollusca) - more than 150 thousand species
    - Scalidophora - about 300 species
    - Nematodes or roundworms (Nematoda) - about 80 thousand species have been described, the total number of species is estimated to be about a million
    - Hairworms (Nematomorpha or Gordiacea) - about 320 species
    - Tardigrades (Tardigrada) - more than 900 species
    - Onychophora or primary tracheal (Onychophora) - about 100 species
    - Arthropods (Arthropoda): insects (more than 1 million species), arachnids (about 114 thousand species), crustaceans (about 73 thousand species), etc.
  - Deuterostomia
    - Echinodermata (Echinodermata) - about 7000 species: starfish (about 1600 species), sea urchins (about 940 species), etc.
    - Hemichordata - 130 species
    - Chordata (Chordata) - about 51 thousand species: mammals (up to 5400 species), birds (about 10.7 thousand species), etc.

Lophotrochozoa, Spiralia

Panarthropoda

Panarthropoda (lat.) - a taxon of invertebrates from the group of protostomes (Protostomia), uniting arthropods, tardigrades, onychophorans, including the extinct group of xenusia.

The general structural features of Panarthropoda are subject to the laws of metameric symmetry: the body of the organism includes several similar elements - segments- located one behind the other along the axis of the body. One of the most noticeable manifestations of segmentation is the arrangement of paired limbs, which in all Panarthropoda were originally armed with hard claws. Metamerism is also characteristic of internal organs: muscles that move limbs, excretory organs and elements of the nervous system. It should be noted that the morphology of Panathropoda is very diverse, so that it is often difficult to establish homologous features of the appearance of a particular representative with the structure plan described above.

Deuterostomes

Notes

Zhang Z.-Q.“Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013.” - In: Zhang Z.-Q. (Ed.) "Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)." (English) // Zootaxa / Zhang Z.-Q. (Chief Editor & Founder). - Auckland: Magnolia Press, 2013. - Vol. 3703, no. 1 . - P. 5–11. -

It is believed that the first representatives of animals appeared about 610 million years ago. Currently, the animal kingdom includes 35 phyla, from mollusks and worms to birds and mammals. Man also belongs to animals, but is traditionally considered separately from them. Over the centuries, various animals have played an important role in people's lives. We treat some as food, others serve as indispensable helpers for us. Today, the lens includes several bright representatives of the animal kingdom. Puma on the hunt: The first thing that catches the eye of a toucan is its disproportionately large and bright beak. Its length is almost equal to the size of the body of this bird:
Fox on the hunt:

Meet the sloths! We had a big separate one about them:
Brown bear. One of the most dangerous land predators. The largest individuals live in Alaska and Kamchatka - they weigh more than 500 kilograms. Sometimes there are giants weighing 700-1000 kg:
The fastest land animal is the cheetah. It is believed that in pursuit of prey it reaches speeds of up to 110-115 km/h and accelerates to 75 km/h in 2 seconds:
Cubs:
Birds are direct descendants of dinosaurs and appeared 150-200 million years ago. There are currently about 9,800 different bird species on Earth:
Which bird flies the highest and fastest? Who's the most talkative? Who has the largest wingspan? Read about bird records:

Pink flamingo:
Fishing:
Another successful angler:
Mountain sheep. Their distinctive feature is their long horns, up to 2 meters, twisted into a spiral:
Leopard is one of 4 representatives of the panther genus from the subfamily of big cats:
Turtles belong to the class of reptiles and have existed on Earth for 220 million years since the Mesozoic era:
There are 3 types of elephants: African, forest and Indian. The rest, including mammoths, died out during the Ice Age, which ended about 10,000 years ago. See separate.

A striking representative of the largest order of amphibians, numbering more than 5,600 species:
The lion is the second largest large cat of the panther genus after the tiger:

Lemurs with their long and striped tails:

Thomson's gazelles. Their main natural enemy is the cheetah:
Representatives of the pinniped order on vacation:
The main distinguishing feature of rhinoceroses is the horn on their nose. The largest horn was 158 centimeters long (recorded case). Rhinoceroses have poor eyesight, but they run well at speeds of up to 45 km/h:
Monkeys are the closest “relatives” of people:

Friend of human:
Lizards belong to the class of reptiles. There are over 4,300 species of lizards in total. Most lizards are predators:

Black and white. Each zebra has a unique pattern of black and white stripes, like a human fingerprint:
Afternoon nap:
Swans are distinguished from geese by their longer necks, which allow them to search the bottom of bodies of water in search of food:
Insects are the most numerous class of living creatures on Earth. They make up about 80% of all animals. Today, about 1 million different species of insects are known, but their actual number may be more than 2-3 million:
The body of these unusual animals is 95% water. There are jellyfish whose dimensions exceed a meter and weigh up to several centners:
Crocodiles - descendants of dinosaurs - appeared about 250 million years ago in the Triassic period. The closest relatives of these ancient predators are birds:
Fish. In total, according to various sources, from 25,000 to 30,000 different species of fish live on Earth. It is believed that the first animals resembling fish appeared about 530 million years ago:
Chameleons. This is a family of lizards adapted to an arboreal lifestyle and able to change color and body pattern:
Spiders from the order Arthropods. In total, about 42 thousand species of these predators are known:

The legal definition of the concept of “fauna” is given in Article 1 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On the Animal World” , according to which the animal world should be understood as the totality of living organisms of all types of wild animals that permanently or temporarily inhabit the territory of the Russian Federation and are in a state of natural freedom, as well as belonging to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation. Accordingly, an object of the animal world is an organism of animal origin (wild animal) or their population - i.e. wild fauna. Following Article 1 of the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” , along with the earth, subsoil, soil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, flora, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space, the animal world is component of the natural environment, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on earth.

The definition given in the Law “On Animal World” causes mixed assessments. For example, N.N. Vedenin categorically disagrees with the definition for a number of reasons. Firstly, in his opinion, territorial restrictions are inappropriate - the animal world is a collection of animals that inhabit not only the Russian Federation. Secondly, the definition does not cover all animals, but identifies only those in a state of natural freedom. In other words, only wild fauna fits the definition, which is not equivalent to the animal world as a whole .

Let us beg to differ with the researcher. The territorial aspect outlined in the Law indicates that the law regulates relations within the Russian Federation regarding those representatives of the animal world that live on its territory - in other words, this determines the spatial and territorial limits of the Law.

As for the semantic side, namely the inclusion of only wild animals in the animal world, here, in our opinion, the legislator proceeded from the expediency and priority of protecting the wild animal world from human encroachment.

In the legislation of the CIS countries on fauna, the definition of the concept of “fauna” also applies only to “wild” animals living in the natural environment. For example, the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic “On Animal World” dated June 17, 1999 No. 59 gives the following definition: “Animal world is a natural object protected by law, including insects, reptiles, animals, birds, fish and other aquatic animals located in a state of natural freedom and performing environmental, cultural and health functions.” Or the Law of the Republic of Armenia “On Fauna” dated April 3, 2000: “fauna is a collection of species wild animals(invertebrates and vertebrates) and their communities."

Of course, one cannot but agree that in the broad sense of the word, the animal world is all organisms of animal origin, and not just wild fauna. However, it is wild animals that are the most vulnerable in terms of the impact of human life and activity on them, so their protection is a priority. In addition, there is separate legislation regarding domestic (farm) animals .

N.N. Vedenin proposes that relations in the field of protection and use of “domestic” and “wild” animals should be regulated by one regulatory act (with an appropriate name) - a fundamental federal law that would contain norms dedicated to the legal regulation of the protection and use of all animals. Moreover, it should also contain norms reflecting generally humane principles of treatment of animals, protecting them from cruelty, as well as norms defining issues of protection and use of domestic animals, regulated by it and other legislation, especially civil legislation. The subject of the latter, according to the researcher, should be mainly relations associated with the use of domestic animals as objects of property legal relations, and legislation on the animal world should be relations associated mainly with the protection of the gene pool and the consolidation of generally humane principles of treatment of animals. In this regard, I would like to note the following. Draft federal law “On the protection of animals from cruelty” submitted for consideration to the State Duma State Duma deputies V.D. Leonchev, D.N. Greshnevikov, G.I. Berdov, M.K. Glubokovsky in 1997 contained provisions on the humane treatment of animals - wild and domestic. However, the bill was rejected by the acting. president in 2000, including due to the fact that "law does not have its own subject of legal regulation, since a significant part of the norms contained in it are already enshrined in the federal laws “On Wildlife”, “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population”, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the Code of Administrative Offenses, The Law of the Russian Federation “On Veterinary Medicine” and other regulatory legal acts" . This once again confirms that at the moment there is no need to develop and adopt a unified regulatory act on the use and protection of wildlife. Existing legislation, if properly executed and observed, represents sufficient material for the full and comprehensive protection of the animal world and regulation of the rules for its use. Another thing is that we need effective mechanisms for its implementation.

It's interesting that inIn various regulatory acts, the concept of “fauna” does not coincide with that given from the Law “On Wildlife”. For example, in the legislation on taxes and fees, the animal world does not mean all wild animals, but only those that are classified as hunting objects by the legislation on the animal world (Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Chapter 25.1 - objects of the animal world are exhaustively listed in paragraph 1 Article 333.3 of the Tax Code).

Thus, the objects of use and protection of the animal world are only mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, mollusks, insects, etc., living in a natural wild environment on land, in water, atmosphere, soil. The current legislation establishes a different legal regime for objects of the animal world (wild animals) and all other animals (domestic, agricultural and others). As Bogolyubov S.A. correctly notes, as soon as objects of the animal world are removed from the environment, they become not “objects”, but animals, property, relations regarding which are regulated not by environmental with public legal means of regulation, but by civil legislation with predominantly private law remedies . Hence, wild animals kept in captivity for economic, cultural, scientific, aesthetic or other purposes, as well as farm and other domestic animals are not objects of the animal world. This is clearly stated in paragraph 3 of Article 3 of the Law. At the same time, wild animals kept in semi-captivity (the so-called limited captivity, semi-captivity - a closed reserve) or an artificially created habitat in order to preserve the resource and genetic fund, as well as for other scientific and educational purposes are objects of the animal world and relations regarding their use and protection are regulated by the Law (paragraph 2, Article 3 of the Law).

In this work, “wildlife” is understood as its meaning given in the Law; however, in the third chapter of the study, certain issues of legal regulation of the position of animals that are not included in the “wild animal world” will be touched upon.

Article 4 of the Law classifies objects of the animal world as state property. The division of state ownership of wildlife into federal property and the property of federal subjects is carried out in the manner established by federal law. However, as researchers note, such a law has not yet been adopted, which makes it difficult to resolve many issues and causes many conflicts in practice.

Issues of ownership, use, and disposal of wildlife on the territory of the Russian Federation fall under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The following fauna objects may be considered federal property:

rare and endangered, as well as listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation;

living in specially protected natural areas of federal significance;

inhabiting the territorial sea, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;

falling under international treaties of the Russian Federation;

classified as specially protected and economically valuable;

naturally migrating across the territories of two or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Objects of the animal world (wild animals) cannot be in private, municipal or other property other than state property. And this, in our opinion, is completely justified, since often, when using these resources, citizens and legal entities seek to obtain the maximum profit from their use, without caring about their conservation. Citizens and legal entities can only have the right use objects of the animal world. According to Art. 34 of the Law, wildlife may be provided for the use of legal entities and individuals for the following types of use: hunting; fisheries, including the harvest of aquatic invertebrates and marine mammals; extraction of objects of the animal world that are not classified as objects of hunting and fishing; the use of beneficial properties of the vital activity of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural environmental health workers, plant pollinators, biofilters and others; study, research and other use of wildlife for scientific, cultural, educational, educational, recreational, aesthetic purposes without removing them from their habitat; obtaining waste products from animals. This list is not exhaustive, and other types of use of wildlife are possible with the direct establishment of a specific species in other legal acts. The use of the animal world is carried out through the removal of objects of the animal world from their habitat or without it.

Interesting in terms of state ownership is the opinion of the authors of the commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation T.E. Abova and A.Yu. Kabalkin, who believe that it is very doubtful to classify the animal world as objects of state property rights. Objects of property rights cannot leave the owner’s possession against his will, except in cases expressly specified in the law. This necessary condition is missing in many wild animals, which are free to migrate from one country to another. Wild animals can be the object of property rights in cases where they live in closed natural areas protected by the state (reserves, etc.), or when they are removed from their natural habitat . In our opinion, state property in relation to the animal world in this case is determined not so much by the power of ownership and disposal (at the same time - control of the property), but by the power of rational use to satisfy the spiritual and material needs of citizens of the Russian Federation, simultaneously with the obligation of full protection. Therefore, state property here determines the ownership of the animal world to all peoples of the Russian Federation and is their property.

The law assigns civil law norms a subsidiary role in regulating relations related to the animal world. It establishes: the rules of civil law relating to property, including sales, pledges and other transactions, apply to objects of the animal world to the extent permitted by the Law and other federal laws.

Relations regarding the ownership, use and disposal of objects of the animal world are regulated by civil legislation to the extent that they are not regulated by this Federal Law.

Objects of wildlife removed from their habitat in accordance with the established procedure may be in private, state, municipal or other forms of ownership. Relations regarding the ownership, use and disposal of such animals are regulated by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On Animal World”, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

According to Article 137 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation as well as Part 6 of Article 4 of the Law, general rules on property apply to animals within the limits established by the Civil Code or other legal acts. In relation to animals as objects of civil law, general rules apply regarding the emergence, change and termination of ownership and other real rights, with the exception of the specifics established by the Law and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Animals that are not in conditions of natural freedom can be the object of property of citizens, legal entities, and municipalities. When exercising rights, cruelty to animals that is contrary to the principles of humanity is not allowed.

Let's consider other features that characterize objects of the animal world as objects of civil legal relations.

Wild animals, unlike others, cannot be in private or municipal ownership, but in accordance with Article 33 of the Law, they can be provided by government bodies authorized to exercise the rights of the owner on behalf of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, to legal entities for long-term use on the basis of a license and to citizens for short-term use on the basis of a personal one-time license. In addition, it is stipulated that the user exercises his rights of ownership and use of objects of the animal world on the terms and within the limits established by law, license and agreement with the relevant government authority. The content of rights to objects of the animal world is determined by federal law on the basis of general provisions of civil legislation.

As a general rule, in accordance with Article 210 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the burden of maintaining property owned by him is borne by the owner, respectively, based on Art. 40 of the Law, it can be concluded that the burden of maintaining wildlife objects in accordance with the conditions set out in the license lies with the user.

The risk of accidental death of an animal object in accordance with Article 211 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as a general rule, is borne by its owner. However, an agreement between a government body authorized to dispose (on behalf of the Russian Federation or a subject of the Russian Federation) of objects of the animal world and the user may provide that this risk passes to the user from the moment the animal is transferred to him if it is removed from the habitat (para. .3 Article 34 of the Federal Law), or from the moment of conclusion of the said agreement .

An interesting debatable question in practice and in theory is whether a wild animal is a source of increased danger, and how to apply the rules of the law to the user of an animal object if the object caused harm to a third party or his property? Let's give an example from practice:

According to the case materials, on September 28, 1995, at the 46th kilometer of the Kungur-Salikamsk highway, an adult elk was hit and injured by a ZIL-130 vehicle belonging to the defendant. The fact of the collision and causing harm to wildlife is reflected in the act dated September 28, 1995. The moose died. The Main Department of Natural Resources Management of the Perm Region Administration filed a claim with the arbitration court against the municipal enterprise "Improvement Plant" - the owner of the vehicle - to recover 2,766,500 rubles in compensation for damage caused to wildlife. The defendant did not admit these claims, citing the fact that the harm was caused as a result of the interaction of two sources of increased danger.

It follows that an animal that is not an object of the animal world (that is, is not in natural free conditions), as well as wild animals temporarily removed from their habitat and kept in captivity or semi-free conditions can be considered a source of increased danger. . An animal is recognized as a source of increased danger as a property that has properties that are dangerous to others and cannot be fully controlled by humans.

The position of the court was that the source of increased danger is derived from human activity, the implementation of which creates an increased danger for others due to the lack of the possibility of complete control over it, therefore, the source of increased danger is understood to be the animal that is directly under human control and acts object of property rights.

Federal Law of April 24, 1995 No. 52-FZ “On the Animal World” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation - April 24, 1995, - No. 17 - Art. 1462.

Federal Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation - January 14, 2002 - No. 2 - Art. 133.

Vedenin N.N. Fauna: problems of protection and use // Journal of Russian Law, 2002, - No. 12.

See Federal Law of August 3, 1995 No. 123-FZ “On Livestock Breeding” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation - August 7, 1995 - No. 32 - Art. 3199; Law of the Russian Federation of May 14, 1993 No. 4979-1 “On Veterinary Medicine” // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation - June 17, 1993 - No. 24 - Art. 857; and etc.

Part one of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation of July 31, 1998 No. 146-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation - August 3, 1998 - No. 31 - Art. 3824; Part two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation - August 5, 2000 - No. 117-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation - August 7, 2000 - No. 32 - Art. 3340.

Bogolyubov S.A. The relationship between public law and private law means in ensuring the environmental rights of citizens // Journal of Russian Law - No. 7 - 2005.

The science of classifying animals is called systematics or taxonomy. This science determines family relationships between organisms. The degree of relationship is not always determined by external similarity. For example, marsupial mice are very similar to ordinary mice, and tupai are very similar to squirrels. However, these animals belong to different orders. But armadillos, anteaters and sloths, completely different from each other, are united into one squad. The fact is that family ties between animals are determined by their origin. By studying the skeletal structure and dental system of animals, scientists determine which animals are closest to each other, and paleontological finds of ancient extinct species of animals help to more accurately establish family ties between their descendants. Plays a major role in the taxonomy of animals genetics- the science of the laws of heredity.

The first mammals appeared on Earth about 200 million years ago, separating from animal-like reptiles. The historical path of development of the animal world is called evolution. During evolution, natural selection occurred - only those animals survived that were able to adapt to environmental conditions. Mammals have evolved in different directions, forming many species. It happened that animals that had a common ancestor at some stage began to live in different conditions and acquired different skills in the struggle for survival. Their appearance was transformed, and changes useful for the survival of the species were consolidated from generation to generation. Animals whose ancestors looked the same relatively recently began to differ greatly from each other over time. Conversely, species that had different ancestors and went through different evolutionary paths sometimes find themselves in the same conditions and, changing, become similar. Thus, species unrelated to each other acquire common features, and only science can trace their history.

Classification of the animal world

The living nature of the Earth is divided into five kingdoms: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, plants and animals. Kingdoms, in turn, are divided into types. Exists 10 types animals: sponges, bryozoans, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, coelenterates, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms and chordates. Chordates are the most progressive type of animals. They are united by the presence of a notochord, the primary skeletal axis. The most highly developed chordates are grouped into the vertebrate subphylum. Their notochord is transformed into a spine.

Kingdoms

Types are divided into classes. Total exists 5 classes of vertebrates: fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles (reptiles) and mammals (animals). Mammals are the most highly organized animals of all vertebrates. What all mammals have in common is that they feed their young with milk.

The class of mammals is divided into subclasses: oviparous and viviparous. Oviparous mammals reproduce by laying eggs, like reptiles or birds, but feed their young with milk. Viviparous mammals are divided into infraclasses: marsupials and placentals. Marsupials give birth to underdeveloped young, which are carried to term in the mother's brood pouch for a long time. In placentals, the embryo develops in the mother's womb and is born already formed. Placental mammals have a special organ - the placenta, which carries out the exchange of substances between the maternal body and the embryo during intrauterine development. Marsupials and oviparous animals do not have a placenta.

Types of animals

Classes are divided into squads. Total exists 20 orders of mammals. In the oviparous subclass there is one order: monotremes, in the marsupial infraclass there is one order: marsupials, in the placental infraclass there are 18 orders: odontates, insectivores, woolly wings, chiropterans, primates, carnivores, pinnipeds, cetaceans, sirenians, proboscideans, hyraxes, aardvarks, artiodactyls, Callopods, lizards, rodents and lagomorphs.

Mammal class

Some scientists distinguish the independent order Tupaya from the order of primates, from the order of insectivores they separate the order Jumpers, and the predators and pinnipeds are combined into one order. Each order is divided into families, families into genera, and genera into species. In total, about 4,000 species of mammals currently live on earth. Each individual animal is called an individual.

Fauna is the totality of living organisms of all types of wild animals that permanently or temporarily inhabit the territory of the Russian Federation and are in a state of natural freedom, as well as belonging to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation.
Object of the animal world - an organism of animal origin (wild animal) or their population.
The fauna located within the territory of the Russian Federation is state property.
Fauna objects related to federal property:
rare and endangered, as well as listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation;
living in specially protected natural areas of federal significance;
inhabiting the territorial sea, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;
subject to international treaties of the Russian Federation; *
classified as specially protected and economically valuable;
naturally migrating across the territories of two or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Use of wildlife is a legally stipulated activity of citizens, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities to use objects of wildlife.
Users of wildlife are citizens, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities who are given the opportunity to use wildlife by laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and laws and other regulatory legal acts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
State authorities may provide objects of wildlife to legal entities for long-term use on the basis of a long-term license and to citizens for short-term use on the basis of a personal one-time license.
The rights to own and use objects of the animal world belong to the user on the terms and within the limits established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, a license and an agreement with the government authority that provides the appropriate territory and water area for the use of the animal world.
Types of use of wildlife in the Russian Federation:
hunting;
fisheries, including the harvest of aquatic invertebrates and marine mammals;
extraction of objects of the animal world that are not classified as objects of hunting and fishing;
the use of beneficial properties of the vital activity of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural environmental health workers, plant pollinators, biofilters, etc.;
study, research and other use of wildlife for scientific, cultural, educational, educational, recreational, aesthetic purposes without removing them from their habitat;
extraction of useful properties of the vital activity of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural environmental health workers, plant pollinators, biofilters and others;
obtaining waste products from animals.
Use of animal objects -
studying, obtaining objects of the animal world or obtaining in other ways benefits from these objects to satisfy the material or spiritual needs of a person, with or without removing them from their habitat.
natural phenomena, preventing environmental pollution, reducing the noise impact of railway transport.
Tree and shrub vegetation located on motor transport lands (on highway rights-of-way) is intended to protect roads and canals from adverse natural, anthropogenic and man-made phenomena;
Vegetation on the lands of urban and rural settlements, including those provided for summer cottages, housing and other construction (with the exception of urban forests).
Settlement lands - lands used and intended for the construction and development of urban and rural settlements and separated by their line from lands of other categories;
Vegetation on water fund lands (on canal rights-of-way).
Lands of the water fund - lands occupied by water bodies, lands of water protection zones of water bodies, as well as lands allocated for the establishment of right of way and protection zones for water intakes, hydraulic structures and other water management structures and facilities.
Tree and shrub vegetation located on water fund lands (on canal strips) is intended to protect canals from adverse natural, anthropogenic and man-made phenomena.
Lands can be used for the construction and operation of structures that ensure the satisfaction of the population's needs for drinking water, household, health and other needs of the population, as well as for water management, agricultural, environmental, industrial, fishery, energy, transport and other state or municipal needs, subject to established requirements;
Vegetation on lands of other categories.
od in readiness, ensuring their immediate use.
Measures to protect the forest fund and not
forests included in the forest fund from pests and forest diseases:
current, expeditionary, aerovisual and other forest pathological surveys;
general, reconnaissance and detailed surveillance of the development of forest pests and diseases;
development of aviation and ground measures to combat forest pests and diseases; ,
organizing work to prevent forest diseases and eliminate outbreaks of forest pests and diseases;
state control over the implementation of the listed activities.
State authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation:
organize annually the development and implementation of action plans for the prevention of forest fires, fire-fighting arrangement of the forest fund and forests not included in the forest fund;
ensure the readiness of organizations entrusted with the protection and protection of forests, as well as forest users, for the fire season;
approve annually before the start of the fire season operational plans for combating forest fires;
establish a procedure for attracting the population, employees of commercial and non-profit organizations, as well as fire-fighting equipment, transport and other means of these organizations to extinguish forest fires, provide citizens involved in this work with means of transportation, food and medical care;
provide for the creation of forest fire formations from among the citizens involved in extinguishing forest fires during periods of high fire danger in forests and ensure the readiness of these formations for immediate departure in cases of forest fires;
create a reserve of fuels and lubricants for the fire season, etc.